Mediterranean diet and dementia of the Alzheimer type

Current Aging Science

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 150-162

  Vassallo, Neville ^a   Scerri, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MALTA   (Malta)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Antioxidants; Dementia; Mediterranean diet; Nutrition; Polyphenols; Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CATECHIN; CHOLESTEROL; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; EPICATECHIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; KAEMPFEROL; MORIN; MYRICETIN; OLIVE OIL; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; QUERCETIN; RESVERATROL; RETINOL; TANNIN; VITAMIN B GROUP; VITAMIN D; POLYPHENOL;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREAL; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COGNITION; EGG; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; HUMAN; LEGUME; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDITERRANEAN DIET; MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; POTATO; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RED WINE; REVIEW; SEA FOOD; VEGETABLE; WHITE MEAT; WINE; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE COURSE; EARLY INTERVENTION; FISH; IN VITRO STUDY; LIFESTYLE;

EID: 84882779002     PISSN: 18746098     EISSN: 18746128     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874609811306020003     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Selkoe DJ. Alzheimer's disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011; 3(7). pii: a004457.
2. Martorana A, Esposito Z, Koch G. Beyond the cholinergic hypothesis: do current drugs work in Alzheimer's disease? CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 16: 235-45.
3. Chakroborty S, Stutzmann GE. Early calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease: setting the stage for synaptic dysfunction. Sci China Life Sci 2011; 54: 752-62.
4. Maruszak A, Żekanowski C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35: 320-30.
5. Huang Y. Abeta-independent roles of apolipoprotein E4 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16: 287-94.
6. Cummings JL. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 56-67.
7. Rimmer E. WHO should work to develop Alzheimer's standards. Lancet 2003; 361: 3.
8. The Global Burden of Disease. A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. The Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University Press: 1996.
9. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005; 366: 2112-7.
10. Bergvall N, Brinck P, Eek D, et al. Relative importance of patient disease indicators on informal care and caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease. Int Psychogeriatr 2011; 23: 73-85.
11. Galimberti D, Scarpini E. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease: symptomatic and disease-modifying approaches. Curr Aging Sci 2010; 3: 46-56.
12. Wimo A, Winblad B, Jönsson L. The worldwide societal costs of dementia: Estimates for 2009. Alzheimers Dement 2010; 6: 98-103.
13. Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-_ pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease? Nat Rev Neurosci 2010; 11: 361-70.
14. Feldstein CA. Effects of blood pressure changes on Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 2010; 35: 202-12.
15. Burns MP, Rebeck GW. Intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and amyloid precursor protein processing. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010; 1801: 853-9.
16. Davis JD, Podolanczuk A, Donahue JE, et al. Thyroid hormone levels in the prefrontal cortex of post-mortem brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Curr Aging Sci 2008; 1: 175-81.
17. Akter K, Lanza EA, Martin SA, Myronyuk N, Rua M and Raffa RB. Diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: shared pathology and treatment? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 71: 365-76.
18. Gorelick PB, Scuteri A, Black SE, et al. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011; 42: 2672-713.
19. Aznar S, Knudsen GM. Depression and Alzheimer's disease: is stress the initiating factor in a common neuropathological cascade? J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 23: 177-93.
20. Naderali EK, Ratcliffe SH, Dale MC. Obesity and Alzheimer's disease: a link between body weight and cognitive function in old age. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2009; 24: 445-9.
21. Sofi F, Cesari F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and health status. BMJ 2008; 337: a1344.
22. Menotti A, Lanti M, Kromhout D, et al. Homogeneity in the relationship of serum cholesterol to coronary deaths across different cultures: 40-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab 2008; 15: 719-25.
23. Menotti A, Keys A, Aravanis C, et al. Seven Countries Study. First 20-year mortality data in 12 cohorts of six countries. Ann Med 1989; 21: 175-9.
24. Knoops KT, de Groot LC, Kromhout D, et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA 2004; 292: 1433-9.
25. Martínez-González MA, García-López M, Bes-Rastrollo M, et al. Mediterranean diet and the incidence of cardiovascular disease: A Spanish cohort. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21: 237-44.
26. Esposito K, Maiorino MI, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. Prevention and control of type 2 diabetes by Mediterranean diet: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 89: 97-102.
27. Spence JD. Nutrition and stroke prevention. Stroke 2006; 37: 2430-5.
28. Gardener H, Wright CB, Gu Y, et al. Mediterranean-style diet and risk of ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death: the Northern Manhattan Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 1458-64.
29. Sofi F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: An updated systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clinic Nutr 2010; 92: 1189-96.
30. Trovato GM, Pirri C, Martines GF, Tonzuso A, Trovato F, Catalano D. Lifestyle interventions, insulin resistance, and renal artery stiffness in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 32: 262-9.
31. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a lowcarbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 229-41.
32. Panagiotakos DB, Dimakopoulou K, Katsouyanni K, et al. Mediterranean diet and inflammatory response in myocardial infarction survivors. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38: 856-66.
33. Fung TT, McCullough ML, Newby PK, et al. Diet-quality scores and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 163-73.
34. Gu Y, Luchsinger JA, Stern Y, Scarmeas N. Mediterranean diet, inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, and risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 22: 483-92.
35. Diethelm K, Jankovic N, Moreno LA, et al. Food intake of European adolescents in the light of different food-based dietary guidelines: results of the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study. Public Health Nutr 2011; 22: 1-13.
36. Tzotzas T, Krassas GE. Prevalence and trends of obesity in children and adults of South Europe. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2004; 1: 448-54.
37. Wardle J, Rogers P, Judd P, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering dietary treatment on psychological function. Am J Med 2000; 108: 547-53.
38. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Capurso A. The role of diet in cognitive decline. J Neural Transm 2003; 110: 95-110.
39. Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Colacicco AM, et al. Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 959-63.
40. Solfrizzi V, Colacicco AM, D'Introno A, et al. Dietary intake of unsaturated fatty acids and age-related cognitive decline: a 8.5-year follow-up of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 1694-704.
41. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Tang MX, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 2006; 59: 912-21.
42. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation. Arch Neurol 2006; 63: 1709-17.
43. Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Mayeux R, Stern Y. Mediterranean diet and Alzheimer disease mortality. Neurology 2007; 69: 1084-93.
44. Trichopoulou A, Costacou T, Bamia C, Trichopoulos D. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and survival in a Greek population. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2599-608.
45. Mitrou PN, Kipnis V, Thiebaut AC, et al. Mediterranean dietary pattern and prediction of all-cause mortality in a US population: results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 2461-8.
46. Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, et al. Physical activity, diet and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2009; 302: 627-37.
47. Tangney CC, Kwasny MJ, Li H, Wilson RS, Evans DA and Morris MC. Adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern and cognitive decline in a community population. Am J Clinic Nutr 2011; 93: 601-7.
48. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Mayeux R, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet and mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 216-25.
49. Féart C, Samieri C, Rondeau V, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet, cognitive decline, and risk of dementia. JAMA 2009; 302: 638-48.
50. Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ. The Mediterranean diet is not related to cognitive change in a large prospective investigation: The PATH Through Life Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 20(7): 635-9.
51. Markesbery WR. Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 23: 134-47.
52. Honda K, Casadesus G, Petersen RB, Perry G, Smith MA. Oxidative stress and redox-active iron in Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1012: 179-82.
53. Butterfield DA, Drake J, Pocernich C, Castegna A. Evidence of oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease brain: central role for amyloid beta-peptide. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7: 548-54.
54. Santos RX, Correia SC, Wang X, et al. Alzheimer's disease: diverse aspects of mitochondrial malfunctioning. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2010; 3: 570-81.
55. Dai Q, Borenstein AR, Wu Y, Jackson JC, Larson EB. Fruit and vegetable juices and Alzheimer's disease: the Kame Project. Am J Med 2006; 119: 751-9.
56. Gustaw-Rothenberg K. Dietary patterns associated with Alzheimer's disease: population based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2009; 6: 1335-40.
57. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS. Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change. Neurology 2006; 67: 1370-6.
58. Nooyens AC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, van Boxtel MP, van Gelder BM, Verhagen H, Verschuren WM. Fruit and vegetable intake and cognitive decline in middle-aged men and women: the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Br J Nutr 2011; 106: 752-61
59. Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, et al. Reversals of agerelated declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 8114-21.
60. Shukitt-Hale B, Cheng V, Joseph JA. Effects of blackberries on motor and cognitive function in aged rats. Nutr Neurosci 2009; 12: 135-40.
61. Shukitt-Hale B, Carey A, Simon L, Mark DA, Joseph JA. Effects of Concord grape juice on cognitive and motor deficits in aging. Nutrition 2006; 22: 295-302.
62. Krikorian R, Nash TA, Shidler MD, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph JA. Concord grape juice supplementation improves memory function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Br J Nutr 2009; 103: 730-4.
63. Krikorian R, Shidler M, Nash T, et al. Blueberry supplementation improves memory in older adults. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58: 3996-4000.
64. Tagliari B, Scherer EB, Machado FR, Ferreira AG, Dalmaz C, Wyse AT. Antioxidants prevent memory deficits provoked by chronic variable stress in rats. Neurochem Res 2011; 36: 2373-80.
65. Shahidi S, Komaki A, Mahmoodi M, Atrvash N, Ghodrati M. Ascorbic acid supplementation could affect passive avoidance learning and memory in rat. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76: 109-13.
66. Socci DJ, Crandall BM, Arendash GW. Chronic antioxidant treatment improves the cognitive performance of aged rats. Brain Res 1995; 693: 88-94.
67. Naseer MI, Ullah I, Ullah N, et al. Neuroprotective effect of vitamin C against PTZ induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in adult rat brain. Pak J Pharm Sci 2011; 24: 263-8.
68. Crouzin N, Ferreira MC, Cohen-Solal C, Barbanel G, Guiramand J, Vignes M. Neuroprotection induced by vitamin E against oxidative stress in hippocampal neurons: involvement of TRPV1 channels. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54: 496-505.
69. Osakada F, Hashino A, Kume T, Katsuki H, Kaneko S, Akaike A. Alpha-tocotrienol provides the most potent neuroprotection among vitamin E analogs on cultured striatal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47: 904-15.
70. Gillette Guyonnet S, Abellan Van Kan G, Andrieu S, et al. IANA task force on nutrition and cognitive decline with aging. J Nutr Health Aging 2007; 11: 132-52.
71. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. JAMA 2002; 287: 3230-7.
72. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2002; 287: 3223-9.
73. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. Antioxidant vitamin intake and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 203-8.
74. Laurin D, Masaki KH, Foley DJ, White LR, Launer LJ. Midlife dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of late-life incident dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 959-67.
75. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2379-88.
76. Baldeiras I, Santana I, Proença MT, et al. Oxidative damage and progression to Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 21: 1165-77.
77. Rinaldi P, Polidori MC, Metastasio A, et al. Plasma antioxidants are similarly depleted in mild cognitive impairment and in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24: 915-9.
78. Waugh WH. Inhibition of iron-catalyzed oxidations by attainable uric acid and ascorbic acid levels: therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease and late cognitive impairment. Gerontology 2008; 54: 238-43.
79. Yallampalli S, Micci MA, Taglialatela G. Ascorbic acid prevents beta-amyloid-induced intracellular calcium increase and cell death in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 1998; 251: 105-8.
80. Medina S, Martínez M, Hernanz A. Antioxidants inhibit the human cortical neuron apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, dopamine and beta-amyloid peptide 1-42. Free Radic Res 2002; 36: 1179-84.
81. Huang J, May JM. Ascorbic acid protects SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from apoptosis and death induced by beta-amyloid. Brain Res 2006; 1097: 52-8.
82. Harrison FE, Allard J, Bixler R, et al. Antioxidants and cognitive training interact to affect oxidative stress and memory in APP/PSEN1 mice. Nutr Neurosci 2009; 12: 203-18.
83. Behl C, Davis J, Cole GM, Schubert D. Vitamin E protects nerve cells from amyloid beta protein toxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186: 944-50.
84. Zhou Y, Gopalakrishnan V, Richardson JS. Actions of neurotoxic beta-amyloid on calcium homeostasis and viability of PC12 cells are blocked by antioxidants but not by calcium channel antagonists. J Neurochem 1996; 67: 1419-25.
85. Koppal T, Subramaniam R, Drake J, Prasad MR, Dhillon H, Butterfield DA. Vitamin E protects against Alzheimer's amyloid peptide (25-35)-induced changes in neocortical synaptosomal membrane lipid structure and composition. Brain Res 1998; 786: 270-3.
86. Subramaniam R, Koppal T, Green M, et al. The free radical antioxidant vitamin E protects cortical synaptosomal membranes from amyloid beta-peptide(25-35) toxicity but not from hydroxynonenal toxicity: relevance to the free radical hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 1998; 23: 1403-10.
87. Butterfield DA, Koppal T, Subramaniam R, Yatin S. Vitamin E as an antioxidant/free radical scavenger against amyloid beta-peptideinduced oxidative stress in neocortical synaptosomal membranes and hippocampal neurons in culture: insights into Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 1999; 10: 141-9.
88. Munoz FJ, Opazo C, Gil-Gómez G, et al. Vitamin E but not 17beta-estradiol protects against vascular toxicity induced by betaamyloid wild type and the Dutch amyloid variant. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 3081-9.
89. Yatin SM, Varadarajan S, Butterfield DA. Vitamin E prevents Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide(1-42)-induced neuronal protein oxidation and reactive oxygen species production. J Alzheimers Dis 2000; 2: 123-31.
90. Conte V, Uryu K, Fujimoto S, et al. Vitamin E reduces amyloidosis and improves cognitive function in Tg2576 mice following repetitive concussive brain injury. J Neurochem 2004; 90: 758-64.
91. Rota C, Rimbach G, Minihane AM, Stoecklin E, Barella L. Dietary vitamin E modulates differential gene expression in the rat hippocampus: potential implications for its neuroprotective properties. Nutr Neurosci 2005; 8: 21-9.
92. Huebbe P, Schaffer S, Jofre-Monseny L, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and alpha-tocopherol modulate amyloid precursor protein metabolism and cell cycle regulation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51: 1510-7.
93. Yang SG, Wang WY, Ling TJ, et al. αTocopherol quinone inhibits βamyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity, disaggregates preformed fibrils and decreases the production of reactive oxygen species, NO and inflammatory cytokines. Neurochem Int 2010; 57: 914-22.
94. Nishida Y, Yokota T, Takahashi T, Uchihara T, Jishage K, Mizusawa H. Deletion of vitamin E enhances phenotype of Alzheimer disease model mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 350: 530-6.
95. Nishida Y, Ito S, Ohtsuki S, et al. Depletion of vitamin E increases amyloid beta accumulation by decreasing its clearances from brain and blood in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 33400-8.
96. Chan A, Rogers E, Shea TB. Dietary deficiency in folate and vitamin E under conditions of oxidative stress increases phosphotau levels: potentiation by ApoE4 and alleviation by Sadenosylmethionine. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 17: 483-7.
97. Nakashima H, Ishihara T, Yokota O, et al. Effects of alphatocopherol on an animal model of tauopathies. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37: 176-86.
98. Murakami K, Murata N, Ozawa Y, et al. Vitamin C restores behavioral deficits and amyloid-_ oligomerization without affecting plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 26: 7-18.
99. Ono K, Yoshiike Y, Takashima A, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Yamada M. Vitamin A exhibits potent antiamyloidogenic and fibrildestabilizing effects in vitro. Exp Neurol 2004; 189: 380-92.
100. Takasaki J, Ono K, Yoshiike Y, et al. Vitamin A has antioligomerization effects on amyloid-_ in vitro. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 27: 271-80.
101. Ono K, Yamada M. Vitamin A and Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 180-8. [Epub ahead of print].
102. Ding Y, Qiao A, Wang Z, et al. Retinoic acid attenuates betaamyloid deposition and rescues memory deficits in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 11622-34.
103. Lalonde R, Joyal CC, Botez MI. Effects of folic acid and folinic acid on cognitive and motor behaviors in 20-month-old rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 44: 703-7.
104. Balk E, Chung M, Raman G, et al. B vitamins and berries and agerelated neurodegenerative disorders. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) 2006; 134: 1-161.
105. Ciccia RM, Langlais PJ. An examination of the synergistic interaction of ethanol and thiamine deficiency in the development of neurological signs and long-term cognitive and memory impairments. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000; 24: 622-34.
106. Kruman II, Kumaravel TS, Lohani A, et al. Folic acid deficiency and homocysteine impair DNA repair in hippocampal neurons and sensitize them to amyloid toxicity in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 1752-62.
107. Zhang X, Huang G, Liu H, Chang H, Wilson JX. Folic acid enhances Notch signaling, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cognitive function in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Nutr Neurosci 2012; 15: 55-61.
108. Dangour AD, Whitehouse PJ, Rafferty K, et al. B-vitamins and fatty acids in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 22: 205-24.
109. Hinterberger M, Fischer P. Folate and Alzheimer: when time matters. J Neural Transm 2013; 120(1): 211-24
110. Eyles DW, Burne TH, McGrath JJ. Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links between low levels of vitamin D and neuropsychiatric disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2013; 34(1): 47-64.
111. Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. Arch Int Med 2010; 170: 1135-41.
112. Annweiler C, Rolland Y, Schott AM, Blain H, Vellas B, Beauchet O. Serum vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of incident non- Alzheimer dementias: a 7-year longitudinal study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011; 32: 273-8.
113. Winocur G, Greenwood CE. Studies of the effects of high fat diets on cognitive function in a rat model. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26: 46-9.
114. Grant WB. Dietary links to Alzheimer's disease. Alz Dis Rev 1987; 2: 42-55.
115. Kivipelto M, Rovio S, Ngandu T, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: a population-based study. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12: 2762-71.
116. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, et al. Diet and risk of dementia: Does fat matter?: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 2002; 59: 1915-21.
117. Naqvi AZ, Harty B, Mukamal KJ, Stoddard AM, Vitolins M, Dunn JE. Monounsaturated, trans, and saturated fatty acids and cognitive decline in women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 837-43.
118. Vercambre MN, Grodstein F, Kang JH. Dietary fat intake in relation to cognitive change in high-risk women with cardiovascular disease or vascular factors. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64: 1134-40.
119. Bhatia HS, Agrawal R, Sharma S, Huo YX, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency during brain maturation reduces neuronal and behavioral plasticity in adulthood. PLoS One 2011; 6: e28451.
120. Tully AM, Roche HM, Doyle R, et al. Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease: a casecontrol study. Br J Nutr 2003; 89: 483-9.
121. Corrigan FM, Horrobin DF, Skinner ER, Besson JA, Cooper MB. Abnormal content of n-6 and n-3 long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in the phosphoglycerides and cholesterol esters of parahippocampal cortex from Alzheimer's disease patients and its relationship to acetyl CoA content. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30: 197-207.
122. Cunnane SC, Plourde M, Pifferi F, Bégin M, Féart C, Barberger- Gateau P. Fish, docosahexaenoic acid and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48: 239-56.
123. Newton W, McManus A. Consumption of fish and Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15: 551-2.
124. Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 776-82.
125. Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, Pérès K, Dartigues JF, Renaud S. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ 2002; 325: 932-3.
126. Barberger-Gateau P, Raffaitin C, Letenneur L, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the Three-City cohort study. Neurology 2007; 69: 1921-30.
127. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS. Fish consumption and cognitive decline with age in a large community study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1849-53.
128. van Gelder BM, Tijhuis M, Kalmijn S, Kromhout D. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1142-7.
129. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 940-6.
130. Lopez LB, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett Connor E. High dietary and plasma levels of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid are associated with decreased dementia risk: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15: 25-31.
131. Chiu CC, Su KP, Cheng TC, et al. The effects of omega-3 fatty acids monotherapy in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a preliminary randomized double-blind placebocontrolled study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32: 1538-44.
132. Irving GF, Freund-Levi Y, Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effects on weight and appetite in patients with Alzheimer's disease: the omega-3 Alzheimer's disease study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 11-7.
133. Freund-Levi Y, Basun H, Cederholm T, et al. Omega-3 supplementation in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: effects on neuropsychiatric symptoms. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 23: 161-9.
134. Turner PR, O'Connor K, Tate WP, Abraham WC. Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory. Prog Neurobiol 2003; 70: 1-32.
135. Sahlin C, Pettersson FE, Nilsson LN, Lannfelt L, Johansson AS. Docosahexaenoic acid stimulates non-amyloidogenic APP processing resulting in reduced Abeta levels in cellular models of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26: 882-9.
136. Eckert GP, Chang S, Eckmann J, et al. Liposome-incorporated DHA increases neuronal survival by enhancing non-amyloidogenic APP processing. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1808: 236-43.
137. Yang X, Sheng W, Sun GY, Lee JC. Effects of fatty acid unsaturation numbers on membrane fluidity and _-secretasedependent amyloid precursor protein processing. Neurochem Int 2011; 58: 321-9.
138. Hashimoto M, Shahdat HM, Katakura M, et al. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on in vitro amyloid beta peptide 25-35 fibrillation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1791: 289-96.
139. Wang PY, Chen JJ, Su HM. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation of primary rat hippocampal neurons attenuates the neurotoxicity induced by aggregated amyloid beta protein(42) and up-regulates cytoskeletal protein expression. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21: 345-50.
140. Hossain S, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Miwa K, Shimada T, Shido O. Mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid-induced inhibition of in vitro Abeta1-42 fibrillation and Abeta1-42-induced toxicity in SHS5Y5 cells. J Neurochem 2009; 111: 568-79.
141. Machová E, Nováková J, Lisá V, Dolezal V. Docosahexaenoic acid supports cell growth and expression of choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic receptors in NG108-15 cell line. J Mol Neurosci 2006; 30: 25-6.
142. Boudrault C, Bazinet RP, Ma DW. Experimental models and mechanisms underlying the protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20: 1-10.
143. Hashimoto M, Tanabe Y, Fujii Y, Kikuta T, Shibata H, Shido O. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates the impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in amyloid betainfused rats. J Nutr 2005; 135: 549-55.
144. Hashimoto M, Hossain S, Shimada T, Shido O. Docosahexaenoic acid-induced protective effect against impaired learning in amyloid beta-infused rats is associated with increased synaptosomal membrane fluidity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33: 934-9.
145. Bailes JE, Mills JD. Docosahexaenoic acid reduces traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27: 1617-24.
146. Mills JD, Bailes JE, Sedney CL, Hutchins H, Sears B. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and reduction of traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model. J Neurosurg 2011; 114: 77-84.
147. Ward RE, Huang W, Curran OE, Priestley JV, Michael-Titus AT. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents white matter damage after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27: 1769-80.
148. Lim GP, Calon F, Morihara T, et al. A diet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 3032-40.
149. Oksman M, Iivonen H, Hogyes E, et al. Impact of different saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid and cholesterol containing diets on beta-amyloid accumulation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23: 563-72.
150. Hooijmans CR, Rutters F, Dederen PJ, et al. Changes in cerebral blood volume and amyloid pathology in aged Alzheimer APP/PS1 mice on a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) diet or cholesterol enriched Typical Western Diet (TWD). Neurobiol Dis 2007; 28: 16-29.
151. Hooijmans CR, Van der Zee CE, Dederen PJ, et al. DHA and cholesterol containing diets influence Alzheimer-like pathology, cognition and cerebral vasculature in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 33: 482-98.
152. Green KN, Martinez-Coria H, Khashwji H, et al. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid ameliorate amyloid-beta and tau pathology via a mechanism involving presenilin 1 levels. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 4385-95.
153. Lebbadi M, Julien C, Phivilay A, et al. Endogenous conversion of omega-6 into omega-3 Fatty acids improves neuropathology in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 27: 853-69.
154. Arendash GW, Jensen MT, Salem N Jr, et al. A diet high in omega- 3 fatty acids does not improve or protect cognitive performance in Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2007; 149: 286-302.
155. Amtul Z, Keet M, Wang L, Merrifield P, Westaway D, Rozmahel RF. DHA supplemented in peptamen diet offers no advantage in pathways to amyloidosis: is it time to evaluate composite lipid diet? PLoS One 2011; 6: e24094.
156. Rossi L, Mazzitelli S, Arciello M, Capo CR, Rotilio G. Benefits from dietary polyphenols for brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2008; 33: 2390-400.
157. Nijveldt RJ, van Nood E, van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, van Norren K, van Leeuwen PA. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 418-25.
158. Ho L, Pasinetti GM. Polyphenolic compounds for treating neurodegenerative disorders involving protein misfolding. Expert Rev Proteomics 2010; 7: 579-89.
159. Baranowska I, Magiera S. Development and validation of a UHPLC method for the determination of flavonoids in red wine. J AOAC Int 2011; 94: 786-94.
160. Yadav M, Jain S, Bhardwaj A, et al. Biological and medicinal properties of grapes and their bioactive constituents: an update. J Med Food 2009; 12: 473-84.
161. Letenneur L. Risk of dementia and alcohol and wine consumption: a review of recent results. Biol Res 2004; 37: 189-93.
162. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Siddiqui M, Shea S, Mayeux R. Alcohol intake and risk of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004; 52: 540-6.
163. Ashe KH. Molecular basis of memory loss in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2006; 9: 123-6.
164. Wang J, Ho L, Zhao Z, et al. Moderate consumption of Cabernet Sauvignon attenuates Abeta neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2006; 220: 2313-20.
165. Ho L, Chen LH, Wang J, et al. Heterogeneity in red wine polyphenolic contents differentially influences Alzheimer's disease-type neuropathology and cognitive deterioration. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 16: 59-72.
166. Wang J, Ho L, Zhao W, et al. Grape-derived polyphenolics prevent Abeta oligomerization and attenuate cognitive deterioration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 6388-92.
167. Liu P, Kemper LJ, Wang J, Zahs KR, Ashe KH, Pasinetti GM. Grape seed polyphenolic extract specifically decreases a_*56 in the brains of Tg2576 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 26: 657-66.
168. Wang J, Santa-Maria I, Ho L, et al. Grape derived polyphenols attenuate tau neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 22: 653-61.
169. Hamaguchi T, Ono K, Murase A, Yamada M. Phenolic compounds prevent Alzheimer's pathology through different effects on the amyloid-beta aggregation pathway. Am J Pathol 2009; 175: 2557-65.
170. Karuppagounder SS, Pinto JT, Xu H, Chen HL, Beal MF, Gibson GE. Dietary supplementation with resveratrol reduces plaque pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2009; 54: 111-8.
171. Ono K, Yoshiike Y, Takashima A, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Yamada M. Potent anti-amyloidogenic and fibril-destabilizing effects of polyphenols in vitro: implications for the prevention and therapeutics of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2003; 87: 172-81.
172. Ono K, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Yamada M. Anti-amyloidogenic activity of tannic acid and its activity to destabilize Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1690: 193-202.
173. Feng Y, Wang XP, Yang SG, et al. Resveratrol inhibits betaamyloid oligomeric cytotoxicity but does not prevent oligomer formation. Neurotoxicology 2009; 30: 986-95.
174. LeVine H. The challenge of inhibiting Abeta polymerization. Curr Med Chem 2002; 9: 1121-33.
175. Lemkul JA, Bevan DR. Destabilizing Alzheimer's Abeta(42) protofibrils with morin: mechanistic insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Biochemistry 2010; 49: 3935-46.
176. Ehrnhoefer DE, Bieschke J, Boeddrich A, et al. EGCG redirects amyloidogenic polypeptides into unstructured, off-pathway oligomers. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2008; 15: 558-66.
177. Bieschke J, Russ J, Friedrich RP, et al. EGCG remodels mature alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta fibrils and reduces cellular toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 7710-5.
178. Gauci AJ, Caruana M, Giese A, Scerri C, Vassallo N. Identification of polyphenolic compounds and black tea extract as potent inhibitors of lipid membrane destabilization by A_42 aggregates. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 27: 767-79.
179. Haass C. Take five - BACE and the gamma-secretase quartet conduct Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide generation. EMBO J 2004; 23: 483-8.
180. Shimmyo Y, Kihara T, Akaike A, Niidome T, Sugimoto H. Flavonols and flavones as BACE-1 inhibitors: structure-activity relationship in cell-free, cell-based and in silico studies reveal novel pharmacophore features. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1780: 819-25.
181. Manczak M, Mao P, Calkins MJ, et al. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants protect against amyloid-beta toxicity in Alzheimer's disease neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20(Suppl 2): S609-S31.
182. López-Miranda J, Pérez-Jiménez F, Ros E, et al. Olive oil and health: summary of the II international conference on olive oil and health consensus report, Jaén and Córdoba (Spain) 2008. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20: 284-94.
183. Perez-Jimenez F, Alvarez de Cienfuegos G, Badimon L, et al. International conference on the healthy effect of virgin olive oil. Eur J Clin Invest 2005; 35: 421-4.
184. Berr C, Portet F, Carriere I, et al. Olive oil and cognition: results from the three-city study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009; 28: 357-64.
185. Waterman E, Lockwood B. Active components and clinical applications of olive oil. Altern Med Rev 2007; 12: 331-42.
186. Rietjens SJ, Bast A, Haenen GR. New insights into controversies on the antioxidant potential of the olive oil antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55: 7609-14.
187. St-Laurent-Thibault C, Arseneault M, Longpré F, Ramassamy C. Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, two main components of olive oil, protect N2a cells against amyloid-_-induced toxicity. Involvement of the NF-_B signaling. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011; 8: 543-51.
188. Ho L, Yemul S, Wang J, Pasinetti GM. Grape seed polyphenolic extract as a potential novel therapeutic agent in tauopathies. J Alzheimers Dis 2009; 16: 433-9.
189. Daccache A, Lion C, Sibille N, et al. Oleuropein and derivatives from olives as Tau aggregation inhibitors. Neurochem Int 2011; 58: 700-7.
190. Li W, Sperry JB, Crowe A, Trojanowski JQ, Smith AB, Lee VM. Inhibition of tau fibrillization by oleocanthal via reaction with the amino groups of tau. J Neurochem 2009; 110: 1339-51.
191. Bach-Faig A, Berry EM, Lairon D, et al. Mediterranean diet pyramid today: Science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutr 2011; 14: 2274-84.
192. Halvorsen BL, Carlsen MH, Phillips KM, et al. Content of redoxactive compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 95-135.