메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 604-630

Diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection: An ongoing conundrum for clinicians and for clinical laboratories

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL TOXIN; CALGRANULIN; CEPHALOSPORIN; CLINDAMYCIN; GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 96; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 8; LACTOFERRIN; METRONIDAZOLE; STREPTOMYCIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84879764131     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: 10986618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00016-13     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (321)

References (272)
  • 1
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: Mechanism of action and role in disease
    • Voth DE, Ballard JD. 2005. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:247-263.
    • (2005) Clin. Microbiol. Rev , vol.18 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 2
    • 84863661973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapse versus reinfection: Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin
    • doi:10.1093/cid/cis357
    • Figueroa I, Johnson S, Sambol SP, Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Gerding DN. 2012. Relapse versus reinfection: recurrent Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with fidaxomicin or vancomycin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(Suppl 2):S104-S109. doi:10.1093/cid/cis357.
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Figueroa, I.1    Johnson, S.2    Sambol, S.P.3    Goldstein, E.J.4    Citron, D.M.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 3
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in newborn infants: With a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall IC, O'Toole E. 1935. Intestinal flora in newborn infants: with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am. J. Dis. Child. 49:390-402.
    • (1935) Am. J. Dis. Child , vol.49 , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.C.1    O'Toole, E.2
  • 4
    • 70450228628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: Historic review
    • Bartlett JG. 2009. Clostridium difficile infection: historic review. Anaerobe 15:227-229.
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , pp. 227-229
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 5
    • 0005748691 scopus 로고
    • Further studies on Bacillus difficilis
    • Synder MD. 1937. Further studies on Bacillus difficilis. J. Infect. Dis. 60:223.
    • (1937) J. Infect. Dis , vol.60 , pp. 223
    • Synder, M.D.1
  • 6
    • 0002871458 scopus 로고
    • Gastroenterostomy for cicatrizing ulcer of the pylorus
    • Finney JMT. 1893. Gastroenterostomy for cicatrizing ulcer of the pylorus. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 4:53-55.
    • (1893) Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp , vol.4 , pp. 53-55
    • Finney, J.M.T.1
  • 7
    • 0016208952 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin-associated colitis. A prospective study
    • Tedesco FJ, Barton RW, Alpers DH. 1974. Clindamycin-associated colitis. A prospective study. Ann. Intern. Med. 81:429-433.
    • (1974) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.81 , pp. 429-433
    • Tedesco, F.J.1    Barton, R.W.2    Alpers, D.H.3
  • 8
    • 0021167666 scopus 로고
    • Enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in fecal specimens
    • Laughon BE, Viscidi RP, Gdovin SL, Yolken RH, Bartlett JG. 1984. Enzyme immunoassays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in fecal specimens. J. Infect. Dis. 149:781-788.
    • (1984) J. Infect. Dis , vol.149 , pp. 781-788
    • Laughon, B.E.1    Viscidi, R.P.2    Gdovin, S.L.3    Yolken, R.H.4    Bartlett, J.G.5
  • 9
    • 0018098448 scopus 로고
    • Clindamycin- induced enterocolitis in hamsters as a model of pseudomembranous colitis in patients
    • Chang T-W, Bartlett JG, Gorbach SL, Onderdonk AB. 1978. Clindamycin- induced enterocolitis in hamsters as a model of pseudomembranous colitis in patients. Infect. Immun. 20:526-529.
    • (1978) Infect. Immun , vol.20 , pp. 526-529
    • Chang, T.-W.1    Bartlett, J.G.2    Gorbach, S.L.3    Onderdonk, A.B.4
  • 12
    • 79958024067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxinotyping
    • Rupnik M. 2010. Clostridium difficile toxinotyping. Methods Mol. Biol. 646:67-76.
    • (2010) Methods Mol. Biol , vol.646 , pp. 67-76
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 13
    • 84861206666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft genome sequence of the nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile strain CD37
    • Brouwer MS, Allan E, Mullany P, Roberts AP. 2012. Draft genome sequence of the nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile strain CD37. J. Bacteriol. 194:2125-2126.
    • (2012) J. Bacteriol , vol.194 , pp. 2125-2126
    • Brouwer, M.S.1    Allan, E.2    Mullany, P.3    Roberts, A.P.4
  • 14
    • 84862770598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host in Clostridium difficile colonization resistance
    • Britton RA, Young VB. 2012. Interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host in Clostridium difficile colonization resistance. Trends Microbiol. 20:313-319.
    • (2012) Trends Microbiol , vol.20 , pp. 313-319
    • Britton, R.A.1    Young, V.B.2
  • 15
    • 79960420811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host immune response to Clostridium difficile
    • Kelly CP, Kyne L. 2011. The host immune response to Clostridium difficile. J. Med. Microbiol. 60:1070-1079.
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1070-1079
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Kyne, L.2
  • 17
    • 84868546746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can we identify patients at high risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection?
    • Kelly CP. 2012. Can we identify patients at high risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(Suppl 6):21-27.
    • (2012) Clin. Microbiol. Infect , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 21-27
    • Kelly, C.P.1
  • 18
    • 0019767313 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of Clostridium difficile by normal hamster cecal flora and prevention of antibioticassociated cecitis
    • Wilson KH, Silva J, Fekety FR. 1981. Suppression of Clostridium difficile by normal hamster cecal flora and prevention of antibioticassociated cecitis. Infect. Immun. 34:626-628.
    • (1981) Infect. Immun , vol.34 , pp. 626-628
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Silva, J.2    Fekety, F.R.3
  • 19
    • 0022929923 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli with microfloras in continuous-flow cultures and gnotobiotic mice
    • Wilson KH, Freter R. 1986. Interaction of Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli with microfloras in continuous-flow cultures and gnotobiotic mice. Infect. Immun. 54:354-358.
    • (1986) Infect. Immun , vol.54 , pp. 354-358
    • Wilson, K.H.1    Freter, R.2
  • 20
    • 0001785410 scopus 로고
    • The fatal enteric cholera infection in the guinea pig, achieved by inhibition of normal enteric flora
    • Freter R. 1955. The fatal enteric cholera infection in the guinea pig, achieved by inhibition of normal enteric flora. J. Infect. Dis. 97:57-65.
    • (1955) J. Infect. Dis , vol.97 , pp. 57-65
    • Freter, R.1
  • 21
    • 78049494788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009836
    • Jakobsson HE, Jernberg C, Andersson AF, Sjolund-Karlsson M, Jansson JK, Engstrand L. 2010. Short-term antibiotic treatment has differing long-term impacts on the human throat and gut microbiome. PLoS One 5:e9836. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009836.
    • (2010) PLoS One , vol.5
    • Jakobsson, H.E.1    Jernberg, C.2    Andersson, A.F.3    Sjolund-Karlsson, M.4    Jansson, J.K.5    Engstrand, L.6
  • 22
    • 56849106496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280
    • Dethlefsen L, Huse S, Sogin ML, Relman DA. 2008. The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol. 6:e280. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060280.
    • (2008) PLoS Biol , vol.6
    • Dethlefsen, L.1    Huse, S.2    Sogin, M.L.3    Relman, D.A.4
  • 23
    • 79952756960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation
    • Dethlefsen L, Relman DA. 2011. Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108(Suppl 1):4554-4561.
    • (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A , vol.108 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 4554-4561
    • Dethlefsen, L.1    Relman, D.A.2
  • 24
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E, Shaikh H, Manges AR. 2011. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53:994-1002.
    • (2011) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.53 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1    Shaikh, H.2    Manges, A.R.3
  • 26
    • 80053253206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of Clostridium difficile: Implications for epidemiology and diagnosis
    • Carroll KC, Bartlett JG. 2011. Biology of Clostridium difficile: implications for epidemiology and diagnosis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 65:501-521.
    • (2011) Annu. Rev. Microbiol , vol.65 , pp. 501-521
    • Carroll, K.C.1    Bartlett, J.G.2
  • 27
    • 62249099118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New trends in Clostridium difficile virulence and pathogenesis
    • doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70012-3
    • Deneve C, Janoir C, Poilane I, Fantinato C, Collignon A. 2009. New trends in Clostridium difficile virulence and pathogenesis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33(Suppl 1):S24-S28. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(09)70012-3.
    • (2009) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Deneve, C.1    Janoir, C.2    Poilane, I.3    Fantinato, C.4    Collignon, A.5
  • 28
    • 34249782307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC
    • Matamouros S, England P, Dupuy B. 2007. Clostridium difficile toxin expression is inhibited by the novel regulator TcdC. Mol. Microbiol. 64:1274-1288.
    • (2007) Mol. Microbiol , vol.64 , pp. 1274-1288
    • Matamouros, S.1    England, P.2    Dupuy, B.3
  • 29
    • 84878486491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a structural understanding of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Front
    • doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00028
    • Pruitt RN, Lacy DB. 2012. Toward a structural understanding of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2:28. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00028.
    • (2012) Cell. Infect. Microbiol , vol.2 , pp. 28
    • Pruitt, R.N.1    Lacy, D.B.2
  • 31
    • 42149172381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: Importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes
    • Rupnik M. 2008. Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32:541-555.
    • (2008) FEMS Microbiol. Rev , vol.32 , pp. 541-555
    • Rupnik, M.1
  • 33
    • 70449652469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-a continually evolving and problematic pathogen
    • Dawson LF, Valiente E, Wren BW. 2009. Clostridium difficile-a continually evolving and problematic pathogen. Infect. Genet. Evol. 9:1410-1417.
    • (2009) Infect. Genet. Evol , vol.9 , pp. 1410-1417
    • Dawson, L.F.1    Valiente, E.2    Wren, B.W.3
  • 35
    • 40749109390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing prevalence of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates of Clostridium difficile in Korea: Impact on laboratory diagnosis
    • Kim H, Riley TV, Kim M, Kim CK, Yong D, Lee K, Chong Y, Park JW. 2008. Increasing prevalence of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive isolates of Clostridium difficile in Korea: impact on laboratory diagnosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:1116-1117.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 1116-1117
    • Kim, H.1    Riley, T.V.2    Kim, M.3    Kim, C.K.4    Yong, D.5    Lee, K.6    Chong, Y.7    Park, J.W.8
  • 36
    • 40749151063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging toxin A-B+variant strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for pseudomembranous colitis at a tertiary care hospital in Korea
    • Shin BM, Kuak EY, Yoo SJ, Shin WC, Yoo HM. 2008. Emerging toxin A-B+variant strain of Clostridium difficile responsible for pseudomembranous colitis at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 60:333-337.
    • (2008) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.60 , pp. 333-337
    • Shin, B.M.1    Kuak, E.Y.2    Yoo, S.J.3    Shin, W.C.4    Yoo, H.M.5
  • 38
    • 29444439842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of receptorbinding C-terminal repeats from Clostridium difficile toxin A
    • Ho JG, Greco A, Rupnik M, Ng KK. 2005. Crystal structure of receptorbinding C-terminal repeats from Clostridium difficile toxin A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:18373-18378.
    • (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A , vol.102 , pp. 18373-18378
    • Ho, J.G.1    Greco, A.2    Rupnik, M.3    Ng, K.K.4
  • 40
    • 84857790535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: Mediators of inflammation
    • Shen A. 2012. Clostridium difficile toxins: mediators of inflammation. J. Innate Immun. 4:149-158.
    • (2012) J. Innate Immun , vol.4 , pp. 149-158
    • Shen, A.1
  • 41
    • 77957873211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression, purification and cell cytotoxicity of actinmodifying binary toxin from Clostridium difficile
    • Sundriyal A, Roberts AK, Ling R, McGlashan J, Shone CC, Acharya KR. 2010. Expression, purification and cell cytotoxicity of actinmodifying binary toxin from Clostridium difficile. Protein Expr. Purif. 74:42-48.
    • (2010) Protein Expr. Purif , vol.74 , pp. 42-48
    • Sundriyal, A.1    Roberts, A.K.2    Ling, R.3    McGlashan, J.4    Shone, C.C.5    Acharya, K.R.6
  • 42
    • 33645761368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters
    • Geric B, Carman RJ, Rupnik M, Genheimer CW, Sambol SP, Lyerly DM, Gerding DN, Johnson S. 2006. Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. J. Infect. Dis. 193:1143-1150.
    • (2006) J. Infect. Dis , vol.193 , pp. 1143-1150
    • Geric, B.1    Carman, R.J.2    Rupnik, M.3    Genheimer, C.W.4    Sambol, S.P.5    Lyerly, D.M.6    Gerding, D.N.7    Johnson, S.8
  • 43
    • 73449097193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria
    • doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000626
    • Schwan C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T, van Ham M, Rohde M, Hardt WD, Wehland J, Aktories K. 2009. Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000626. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000626.
    • (2009) PLoS Pathog , vol.5
    • Schwan, C.1    Stecher, B.2    Tzivelekidis, T.3    van Ham, M.4    Rohde, M.5    Hardt, W.D.6    Wehland, J.7    Aktories, K.8
  • 47
    • 77958132074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile
    • doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001061
    • Lanis JM, Barua S, Ballard JD. 2010. Variations in TcdB activity and the hypervirulence of emerging strains of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog. 6:e1001061. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001061.
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog , vol.6
    • Lanis, J.M.1    Barua, S.2    Ballard, J.D.3
  • 49
    • 25144469664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe
    • Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, Thompson A, Brazier J, Frost E, McDonald LC. 2005. Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366:1079-1084.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Warny, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Fang, A.3    Killgore, G.4    Thompson, A.5    Brazier, J.6    Frost, E.7    McDonald, L.C.8
  • 51
    • 39749170731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • doi:10.1086/521863
    • Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. 2008. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46(Suppl 1):S12-S18. doi:10.1086/521863.
    • (2008) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 52
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect. Control Hosp
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, Pepin J, Wilcox MH. 2010. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31:431-455.
    • (2010) Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Loo, V.G.5    McDonald, L.C.6    Pepin, J.7    Wilcox, M.H.8
  • 53
    • 84861331778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection
    • McCollum DL, Rodriguez JM. 2012. Detection, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10: 581-592.
    • (2012) Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol , vol.10 , pp. 581-592
    • McCollum, D.L.1    Rodriguez, J.M.2
  • 54
    • 81055140085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-morbidities as predictors of mortality in Clostridium difficile infection and derivation of the ARC predictive score
    • Welfare MR, Lalayiannis LC, Martin KE, Corbett S, Marshall B, Sarma JB. 2011. Co-morbidities as predictors of mortality in Clostridium difficile infection and derivation of the ARC predictive score. J. Hosp. Infect. 79:359-363.
    • (2011) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.79 , pp. 359-363
    • Welfare, M.R.1    Lalayiannis, L.C.2    Martin, K.E.3    Corbett, S.4    Marshall, B.5    Sarma, J.B.6
  • 56
    • 78650828068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference assays for Clostridium difficile infection: One or two gold standards
    • Planche T, Wilcox M. 2011. Reference assays for Clostridium difficile infection: one or two gold standards? J. Clin. Pathol. 64:1-5.
    • (2011) J. Clin. Pathol , vol.64 , pp. 1-5
    • Planche, T.1    Wilcox, M.2
  • 57
    • 65249184354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid detection of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in diarrheal stools by real-time PCR
    • Barbut F, Braun M, Burghoffer B, Lalande V, Eckert C. 2009. Rapid detection of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in diarrheal stools by real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:1276-1277.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 1276-1277
    • Barbut, F.1    Braun, M.2    Burghoffer, B.3    Lalande, V.4    Eckert, C.5
  • 58
    • 70349644969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of nine commercially available Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods
    • Eastwood K, Else P, Charlett A, Wilcox M. 2009. Comparison of nine commercially available Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:3211-3217.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 3211-3217
    • Eastwood, K.1    Else, P.2    Charlett, A.3    Wilcox, M.4
  • 59
    • 35348821180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Peterson LR, Manson RU, Paule SM, Hacek DM, Robicsek A, Thomson RB, Jr, Kaul KL. 2007. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:1152-1160.
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1152-1160
    • Peterson, L.R.1    Manson, R.U.2    Paule, S.M.3    Hacek, D.M.4    Robicsek, A.5    Thomson Jr., R.B.6    Kaul, K.L.7
  • 60
    • 60849136597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples
    • Stamper PD, Alcabasa R, Aird D, Babiker W, Wehrlin J, Ikpeama I, Carroll KC. 2009. Comparison of a commercial real-time PCR assay for tcdB detection to a cell culture cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture for direct detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:373-378.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 373-378
    • Stamper, P.D.1    Alcabasa, R.2    Aird, D.3    Babiker, W.4    Wehrlin, J.5    Ikpeama, I.6    Carroll, K.C.7
  • 62
    • 0021004191 scopus 로고
    • Detection of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin in HEp-2 and CHO cell lines
    • Murray PR, Weber CJ. 1983. Detection of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin in HEp-2 and CHO cell lines. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1:331-333.
    • (1983) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.1 , pp. 331-333
    • Murray, P.R.1    Weber, C.J.2
  • 63
    • 0026643403 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease: Comparison of a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B with a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxin A only and two cytotoxicity assays
    • Doern GV, Coughlin RT, Wu L. 1992. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease: comparison of a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B with a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxin A only and two cytotoxicity assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:2042-2046.
    • (1992) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.30 , pp. 2042-2046
    • Doern, G.V.1    Coughlin, R.T.2    Wu, L.3
  • 64
    • 84858603076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile testing algorithms using glutamate dehydrogenase antigen and C. difficile toxin enzyme immunoassays with C. difficile nucleic acid amplification testing increase diagnostic yield in a tertiary pediatric population
    • Ota KV, McGowan KL. 2012. Clostridium difficile testing algorithms using glutamate dehydrogenase antigen and C. difficile toxin enzyme immunoassays with C. difficile nucleic acid amplification testing increase diagnostic yield in a tertiary pediatric population. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:1185-1188.
    • (2012) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 1185-1188
    • Ota, K.V.1    McGowan, K.L.2
  • 65
    • 73949154049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of BD GeneOhm Cdiff real-time PCR assay with a two-step algorithm and a toxin A/B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of toxigenic Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kvach EJ, Ferguson D, Riska PF, Landry ML. 2010. Comparison of BD GeneOhm Cdiff real-time PCR assay with a two-step algorithm and a toxin A/B enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of toxigenic Clostridium difficile infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:109-114.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 109-114
    • Kvach, E.J.1    Ferguson, D.2    Riska, P.F.3    Landry, M.L.4
  • 66
    • 0023427099 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of alcohol shock enrichment and selective enrichment for the isolation of Clostridium difficile
    • Riley TV, Brazier JS, Hassan H, Williams K, Phillips KD. 1987. Comparison of alcohol shock enrichment and selective enrichment for the isolation of Clostridium difficile. Epidemiol. Infect. 99:355-359.
    • (1987) Epidemiol. Infect , vol.99 , pp. 355-359
    • Riley, T.V.1    Brazier, J.S.2    Hassan, H.3    Williams, K.4    Phillips, K.D.5
  • 67
    • 84872822741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic evaluation of methods to optimize culture-based recovery of Clostridium difficile from stool specimens
    • Hink T, Burnham CA, Dubberke ER. 2013. A systematic evaluation of methods to optimize culture-based recovery of Clostridium difficile from stool specimens. Anaerobe 19:39-43.
    • (2013) Anaerobe , vol.19 , pp. 39-43
    • Hink, T.1    Burnham, C.A.2    Dubberke, E.R.3
  • 70
    • 0030012616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of culture and toxin detection in laboratory testing for diagnosis of Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea
    • Peterson LR, Kelly PJ, Nordbrock HA. 1996. Role of culture and toxin detection in laboratory testing for diagnosis of Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15:330-336.
    • (1996) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.15 , pp. 330-336
    • Peterson, L.R.1    Kelly, P.J.2    Nordbrock, H.A.3
  • 71
    • 0018371957 scopus 로고
    • Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile
    • George WL, Sutter VL, Citron D, Finegold SM. 1979. Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 9:214-219.
    • (1979) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.9 , pp. 214-219
    • George, W.L.1    Sutter, V.L.2    Citron, D.3    Finegold, S.M.4
  • 72
    • 79958027409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile isolation and culture techniques. Methods Mol
    • Wren M. 2010. Clostridium difficile isolation and culture techniques. Methods Mol. Biol. 646:39-52.
    • (2010) Biol , vol.646 , pp. 39-52
    • Wren, M.1
  • 73
    • 0030782899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA) and taurocholate- CCFA for recovery of Clostridium difficile during surveillance of hospitalized patients
    • Bliss DZ, Johnson S, Clabots CR, Savik K, Gerding DN. 1997. Comparison of cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA) and taurocholate- CCFA for recovery of Clostridium difficile during surveillance of hospitalized patients. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 29:1-4.
    • (1997) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.29 , pp. 1-4
    • Bliss, D.Z.1    Johnson, S.2    Clabots, C.R.3    Savik, K.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 74
    • 26944457344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of a selective enrichment broth to recover Clostridium difficile from stool swabs stored under different conditions
    • Arroyo LG, Rousseau J, Willey BM, Low DE, Staempfli H, McGeer A, Weese JS. 2005. Use of a selective enrichment broth to recover Clostridium difficile from stool swabs stored under different conditions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:5341-5343.
    • (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 5341-5343
    • Arroyo, L.G.1    Rousseau, J.2    Willey, B.M.3    Low, D.E.4    Staempfli, H.5    McGeer, A.6    Weese, J.S.7
  • 75
    • 0033984615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of lysozyme agar incorporation and alkaline thioglycollate exposure for the environmental recovery of Clostridium difficile
    • Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, Parnell P. 2000. Value of lysozyme agar incorporation and alkaline thioglycollate exposure for the environmental recovery of Clostridium difficile. J. Hosp. Infect. 44:65-69.
    • (2000) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.44 , pp. 65-69
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Parnell, P.3
  • 76
    • 58549116341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of enzyme immunoassays to detect Clostridium difficile toxin from anaerobic stool culture
    • She RC, Durrant RJ, Petti CA. 2009. Evaluation of enzyme immunoassays to detect Clostridium difficile toxin from anaerobic stool culture. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 131:81-84.
    • (2009) Am. J. Clin. Pathol , vol.131 , pp. 81-84
    • She, R.C.1    Durrant, R.J.2    Petti, C.A.3
  • 77
  • 78
    • 84869008045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utility of perirectal swab specimens for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kundrapu S, Sunkesula VC, Jury LA, Sethi AK, Donskey CJ. 2012. Utility of perirectal swab specimens for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55:1527-1530.
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , pp. 1527-1530
    • Kundrapu, S.1    Sunkesula, V.C.2    Jury, L.A.3    Sethi, A.K.4    Donskey, C.J.5
  • 81
    • 84873095624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two selective media for the recovery of Clostridium difficile from environmental surfaces
    • Hill KA, Collins J, Wilson L, Perry JD, Gould FK. 2013. Comparison of two selective media for the recovery of Clostridium difficile from environmental surfaces. J. Hosp. Infect. 83:164-166.
    • (2013) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.83 , pp. 164-166
    • Hill, K.A.1    Collins, J.2    Wilson, L.3    Perry, J.D.4    Gould, F.K.5
  • 82
    • 60549088961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: Same incidence and worse prognosis?
    • Bouza E. 2009. Clostridium difficile infection: same incidence and worse prognosis? Clin. Infect. Dis. 48:577-579.
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.48 , pp. 577-579
    • Bouza, E.1
  • 83
    • 70349923388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of culture for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin from stool samples to report true incidence and mortality related to C. difficile in hospitals
    • Bayardelle P. 2009. Importance of culture for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin from stool samples to report true incidence and mortality related to C. difficile in hospitals. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49:1134-1135.
    • (2009) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.49 , pp. 1134-1135
    • Bayardelle, P.1
  • 84
    • 84860867261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of tcdA-negative variant Clostridium difficile infections
    • doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-109
    • Kim J, Pai H, Seo MR, Kang JO. 2012. Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of tcdA-negative variant Clostridium difficile infections. BMC Infect. Dis. 12:109. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-109.
    • (2012) BMC Infect. Dis , vol.12 , pp. 109
    • Kim, J.1    Pai, H.2    Seo, M.R.3    Kang, J.O.4
  • 85
    • 79960383931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New types of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strains among clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile in Australia
    • Elliott B, Squire MM, Thean S, Chang BJ, Brazier JS, Rupnik M, Riley TV. 2011. New types of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strains among clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile in Australia. J. Med. Microbiol. 60:1108-1111.
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1108-1111
    • Elliott, B.1    Squire, M.M.2    Thean, S.3    Chang, B.J.4    Brazier, J.S.5    Rupnik, M.6    Riley, T.V.7
  • 86
    • 70749150720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis to determine clonal spread of toxin A-negative Clostridium difficile in a general hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina
    • Goorhuis A, Legaria MC, van den Berg RJ, Harmanus C, Klaassen CH, Brazier JS, Lumelsky G, Kuijper EJ. 2009. Application of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis to determine clonal spread of toxin A-negative Clostridium difficile in a general hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15:1080-1086.
    • (2009) Clin. Microbiol. Infect , vol.15 , pp. 1080-1086
    • Goorhuis, A.1    Legaria, M.C.2    van den Berg, R.J.3    Harmanus, C.4    Klaassen, C.H.5    Brazier, J.S.6    Lumelsky, G.7    Kuijper, E.J.8
  • 88
    • 26944496048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time PCR for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients
    • van den Berg RJ, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LS, Gerritsen HJ, Endtz HP, van der Vorm ER, Kuijper EJ. 2005. Prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time PCR for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:5338-5340.
    • (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 5338-5340
    • van den Berg, R.J.1    Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet, L.S.2    Gerritsen, H.J.3    Endtz, H.P.4    van der Vorm, E.R.5    Kuijper, E.J.6
  • 89
    • 84865176393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a new molecular test, the BD Max Cdiff, for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in fecal samples
    • Le Guern R, Herwegh S, Grandbastien B, Courcol R, Wallet F. 2012. Evaluation of a new molecular test, the BD Max Cdiff, for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in fecal samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50: 3089-3090.
    • (2012) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 3089-3090
    • Le Guern, R.1    Herwegh, S.2    Grandbastien, B.3    Courcol, R.4    Wallet, F.5
  • 90
    • 80054075999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of five assays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Chapin KC, Dickenson RA, Wu F, Andrea SB. 2011. Comparison of five assays for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin. J. Mol. Diagn. 13:395-400.
    • (2011) J. Mol. Diagn , vol.13 , pp. 395-400
    • Chapin, K.C.1    Dickenson, R.A.2    Wu, F.3    Andrea, S.B.4
  • 91
    • 77952929599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the C. Diff Quik Chek Complete Assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease
    • Sharp SE, Ruden LO, Pohl JC, Hatcher PA, Jayne LM, Ivie WM. 2010. Evaluation of the C. Diff Quik Chek Complete Assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:2082-2086.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 2082-2086
    • Sharp, S.E.1    Ruden, L.O.2    Pohl, J.C.3    Hatcher, P.A.4    Jayne, L.M.5    Ivie, W.M.6
  • 93
    • 85047687669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical usefulness of components of the Triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B, and cytotoxin B tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Massey V, Gregson DB, Chagla AH, Storey M, John MA, Hussain Z. 2003. Clinical usefulness of components of the Triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B, and cytotoxin B tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 119:45-49.
    • (2003) Am. J. Clin. Pathol , vol.119 , pp. 45-49
    • Massey, V.1    Gregson, D.B.2    Chagla, A.H.3    Storey, M.4    John, M.A.5    Hussain, Z.6
  • 94
    • 34548103852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Clostridium difficile toxin: Comparison of enzyme immunoassay results with results obtained by cytotoxicity assay
    • Musher DM, Manhas A, Jain P, Nuila F, Waqar A, Logan N, Marino B, Graviss EA. 2007. Detection of Clostridium difficile toxin: comparison of enzyme immunoassay results with results obtained by cytotoxicity assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:2737-2739.
    • (2007) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 2737-2739
    • Musher, D.M.1    Manhas, A.2    Jain, P.3    Nuila, F.4    Waqar, A.5    Logan, N.6    Marino, B.7    Graviss, E.A.8
  • 97
    • 84860357843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Clostridium difficile infection "intervention": Change in toxin assay results in fewer C difficile infection cases without changes in patient outcomes
    • Han Z, McMullen KM, Russo AJ, Copper SM, Warren DK, Dubberke ER. 2012. A Clostridium difficile infection "intervention": change in toxin assay results in fewer C difficile infection cases without changes in patient outcomes. Am. J. Infect. Control 40:349-353.
    • (2012) Am. J. Infect. Control , vol.40 , pp. 349-353
    • Han, Z.1    McMullen, K.M.2    Russo, A.J.3    Copper, S.M.4    Warren, D.K.5    Dubberke, E.R.6
  • 99
    • 84874041424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of Clostridium difficile toxin enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid amplification tests stratified by patient disease severity
    • Humphries RM, Uslan DZ, Rubin Z. 2013. Performance of Clostridium difficile toxin enzyme immunoassay and nucleic acid amplification tests stratified by patient disease severity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51:869-873.
    • (2013) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.51 , pp. 869-873
    • Humphries, R.M.1    Uslan, D.Z.2    Rubin, Z.3
  • 100
    • 80051935450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tests for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: The next generation
    • Carroll KC. 2011. Tests for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: the next generation. Anaerobe 17:170-174.
    • (2011) Anaerobe , vol.17 , pp. 170-174
    • Carroll, K.C.1
  • 101
    • 70649095042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): Data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficileinfection (CDI)
    • Crobach MJ, Dekkers OM, Wilcox MH, Kuijper EJ. 2009. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficileinfection (CDI). Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15:1053-1066.
    • (2009) Clin. Microbiol. Infect , vol.15 , pp. 1053-1066
    • Crobach, M.J.1    Dekkers, O.M.2    Wilcox, M.H.3    Kuijper, E.J.4
  • 102
    • 73649098522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reevaluation of the Premier Clostridium difficile toxin A and B immunoassay with comparison to glutamate dehydrogenase common antigen testing evaluating Bartels cytotoxin and Prodesse ProGastro Cd polymerase chain reaction as confirmatory procedures
    • Doing KM, Hintz MS, Keefe C, Horne S, LeVasseur S, Kulikowski ML. 2010. Reevaluation of the Premier Clostridium difficile toxin A and B immunoassay with comparison to glutamate dehydrogenase common antigen testing evaluating Bartels cytotoxin and Prodesse ProGastro Cd polymerase chain reaction as confirmatory procedures. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 66:129-134.
    • (2010) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.66 , pp. 129-134
    • Doing, K.M.1    Hintz, M.S.2    Keefe, C.3    Horne, S.4    Levasseur, S.5    Kulikowski, M.L.6
  • 103
    • 71749087461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-step glutamate dehydrogenase antigen real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile
    • Goldenberg SD, Cliff PR, Smith S, Milner M, French GL. 2010. Two-step glutamate dehydrogenase antigen real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile. J. Hosp. Infect. 74:48-54.
    • (2010) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.74 , pp. 48-54
    • Goldenberg, S.D.1    Cliff, P.R.2    Smith, S.3    Milner, M.4    French, G.L.5
  • 104
    • 73949155915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of tcdB real-time PCR in a three-step diagnostic algorithm for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile
    • Larson AM, Fung AM, Fang FC. 2010. Evaluation of tcdB real-time PCR in a three-step diagnostic algorithm for detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:124-130.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 124-130
    • Larson, A.M.1    Fung, A.M.2    Fang, F.C.3
  • 105
    • 75649108236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. Diff Quik Chek complete enzyme immunoassay provides a reliable first-line method for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens
    • Quinn CD, Sefers SE, Babiker W, He Y, Alcabasa R, Stratton CW, Carroll KC, Tang YW. 2010. C. Diff Quik Chek complete enzyme immunoassay provides a reliable first-line method for detection of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:603-605.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 603-605
    • Quinn, C.D.1    Sefers, S.E.2    Babiker, W.3    He, Y.4    Alcabasa, R.5    Stratton, C.W.6    Carroll, K.C.7    Tang, Y.W.8
  • 106
    • 45149121464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of real-time PCR for detection of the tcdC gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Sloan LM, Duresko BJ, Gustafson DR, Rosenblatt JE. 2008. Comparison of real-time PCR for detection of the tcdC gene with four toxin immunoassays and culture in diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:1996-2001.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 1996-2001
    • Sloan, L.M.1    Duresko, B.J.2    Gustafson, D.R.3    Rosenblatt, J.E.4
  • 107
  • 109
    • 73949135042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two rapid assays for Clostridium difficile common antigen and a C difficile toxin A/B assay with the cell culture neutralization assay
    • Reller ME, Alcabasa RC, Lema CA, Carroll KC. 2010. Comparison of two rapid assays for Clostridium difficile common antigen and a C difficile toxin A/B assay with the cell culture neutralization assay. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 133:107-109.
    • (2010) Am. J. Clin. Pathol , vol.133 , pp. 107-109
    • Reller, M.E.1    Alcabasa, R.C.2    Lema, C.A.3    Carroll, K.C.4
  • 110
    • 34548593193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of TechLab C. DIFF QUIK CHEK and TechLab C. DIFFICILE TOX A/B II for the detection of Clostridium difficile in stool samples
    • Reyes RC, John MA, Ayotte DL, Covacich A, Milburn S, Hussain Z. 2007. Performance of TechLab C. DIFF QUIK CHEK and TechLab C. DIFFICILE TOX A/B II for the detection of Clostridium difficile in stool samples. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 59:33-37.
    • (2007) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.59 , pp. 33-37
    • Reyes, R.C.1    John, M.A.2    Ayotte, D.L.3    Covacich, A.4    Milburn, S.5    Hussain, Z.6
  • 111
    • 44449145110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of two rapid immunochromatography tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Samra Z, Luzon A, Bishara J. 2008. Evaluation of two rapid immunochromatography tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins. Dig. Dis. Sci. 53:1876-1879.
    • (2008) Dig. Dis. Sci , vol.53 , pp. 1876-1879
    • Samra, Z.1    Luzon, A.2    Bishara, J.3
  • 112
    • 67349149366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple 3-step algorithm for improved laboratory detection of Clostridium difficile toxin without the need for tissue culture cytotoxicity neutralization assays
    • Sharp SE, Ivie WM, Buckles MR, Coover DM, Pohl JC, Hatcher PA. 2009. A simple 3-step algorithm for improved laboratory detection of Clostridium difficile toxin without the need for tissue culture cytotoxicity neutralization assays. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 64:344-346.
    • (2009) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.64 , pp. 344-346
    • Sharp, S.E.1    Ivie, W.M.2    Buckles, M.R.3    Coover, D.M.4    Pohl, J.C.5    Hatcher, P.A.6
  • 113
    • 38149108080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile
    • Fenner L, Widmer AF, Goy G, Rudin S, Frei R. 2008. Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:328-330.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 328-330
    • Fenner, L.1    Widmer, A.F.2    Goy, G.3    Rudin, S.4    Frei, R.5
  • 114
    • 78650509570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of glutamate dehydrogenase for the detection of Clostridium difficile in faecal samples: A metaanalysis
    • Shetty N, Wren MW, Coen PG. 2011. The role of glutamate dehydrogenase for the detection of Clostridium difficile in faecal samples: a metaanalysis. J. Hosp. Infect. 77:1-6.
    • (2011) J. Hosp. Infect , vol.77 , pp. 1-6
    • Shetty, N.1    Wren, M.W.2    Coen, P.G.3
  • 115
    • 84855289115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a simultaneous detection kit for the glutamate dehydrogenase antigen and toxin A/B in feces for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kawada M, Annaka M, Kato H, Shibasaki S, Hikosaka K, Mizuno H, Masuda Y, Inamatsu T. 2011. Evaluation of a simultaneous detection kit for the glutamate dehydrogenase antigen and toxin A/B in feces for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Infect. Chemother. 17:807-811.
    • (2011) J. Infect. Chemother , vol.17 , pp. 807-811
    • Kawada, M.1    Annaka, M.2    Kato, H.3    Shibasaki, S.4    Hikosaka, K.5    Mizuno, H.6    Masuda, Y.7    Inamatsu, T.8
  • 116
    • 5444240100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of the TechLab C. DIFF CHEK-60 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in combination with the C. difficile Tox A/B II EIA kit, the Triage C. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea
    • Snell H, Ramos M, Longo S, John M, Hussain Z. 2004. Performance of the TechLab C. DIFF CHEK-60 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in combination with the C. difficile Tox A/B II EIA kit, the Triage C. difficile panel immunoassay, and a cytotoxin assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4863-4865.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 4863-4865
    • Snell, H.1    Ramos, M.2    Longo, S.3    John, M.4    Hussain, Z.5
  • 117
    • 33644902113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin
    • Ticehurst JR, Aird DZ, Dam LM, Borek AP, Hargrove JT, Carroll KC. 2006. Effective detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:1145-1149.
    • (2006) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.44 , pp. 1145-1149
    • Ticehurst, J.R.1    Aird, D.Z.2    Dam, L.M.3    Borek, A.P.4    Hargrove, J.T.5    Carroll, K.C.6
  • 120
    • 79959250276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by glutamate dehydrogenase and polymerase chain reaction
    • Goldenberg SD, Gumban M, Hall A, Patel A, French GL. 2011. Lack of effect of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by glutamate dehydrogenase and polymerase chain reaction. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 70:417-419.
    • (2011) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.70 , pp. 417-419
    • Goldenberg, S.D.1    Gumban, M.2    Hall, A.3    Patel, A.4    French, G.L.5
  • 121
    • 82955220507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: Can molecular amplification methods move us out of uncertainty
    • Tenover FC, Baron EJ, Peterson LR, Persing DH. 2011. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: can molecular amplification methods move us out of uncertainty? J. Mol. Diagn. 13:573-582.
    • (2011) J. Mol. Diagn , vol.13 , pp. 573-582
    • Tenover, F.C.1    Baron, E.J.2    Peterson, L.R.3    Persing, D.H.4
  • 122
    • 80053895967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in pediatric stool samples: An evaluation of Quik Check Complete Antigen assay, BD GeneOhm Cdiff PCR, and ProGastro Cd PCR assays
    • Selvaraju SB, Gripka M, Estes K, Nguyen A, Jackson MA, Selvarangan R. 2011. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in pediatric stool samples: an evaluation of Quik Check Complete Antigen assay, BD GeneOhm Cdiff PCR, and ProGastro Cd PCR assays. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 71:224-229.
    • (2011) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.71 , pp. 224-229
    • Selvaraju, S.B.1    Gripka, M.2    Estes, K.3    Nguyen, A.4    Jackson, M.A.5    Selvarangan, R.6
  • 123
    • 84865174667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of testing algorithms at a university hospital for detection of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Culbreath K, Ager E, Nemeyer RJ, Kerr A, Gilligan PH. 2012. Evolution of testing algorithms at a university hospital for detection of Clostridium difficile infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:3073-3076.
    • (2012) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 3073-3076
    • Culbreath, K.1    Ager, E.2    Nemeyer, R.J.3    Kerr, A.4    Gilligan, P.H.5
  • 124
    • 84894487490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of a modified two-step algorithm using a combined glutamate dehydrogenase/toxin enzyme immunoassay and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • in press
    • Vasoo S, Stevens J, Portillo L, Barza R, Schejbal D, Wu MM, Chancey C, Singh K. Cost-effectiveness of a modified two-step algorithm using a combined glutamate dehydrogenase/toxin enzyme immunoassay and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., in press.
    • J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect
    • Vasoo, S.1    Stevens, J.2    Portillo, L.3    Barza, R.4    Schejbal, D.5    Wu, M.M.6    Chancey, C.7    Singh, K.8
  • 125
    • 0025092109 scopus 로고
    • Rapid identification of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction
    • Wren B, Clayton C, Tabaqchali S. 1990. Rapid identification of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 335:423.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 423
    • Wren, B.1    Clayton, C.2    Tabaqchali, S.3
  • 127
    • 0025889371 scopus 로고
    • Use of the polymerase chain reaction for the specific and direct detection of Clostridium difficile in human feces
    • Gumerlock PH, Tang YJ, Meyers FJ, Silva J, Jr. 1991. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for the specific and direct detection of Clostridium difficile in human feces. Rev. Infect. Dis. 13:1053-1060.
    • (1991) Rev. Infect. Dis , vol.13 , pp. 1053-1060
    • Gumerlock, P.H.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Meyers, F.J.3    Silva Jr., J.4
  • 128
    • 0027536984 scopus 로고
    • Specific detection of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens
    • Gumerlock PH, Tang YJ, Weiss JB, Silva J, Jr. 1993. Specific detection of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:507-511.
    • (1993) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 507-511
    • Gumerlock, P.H.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Weiss, J.B.3    Silva Jr., J.4
  • 130
    • 71549130737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a new commercial TaqMan PCR assay for direct detection of the Clostridium difficile toxin B gene in clinical stool specimens
    • Stamper PD, Babiker W, Alcabasa R, Aird D, Wehrlin J, Ikpeama I, Gluck L, Carroll KC. 2009. Evaluation of a new commercial TaqMan PCR assay for direct detection of the Clostridium difficile toxin B gene in clinical stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:3846-3850.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 3846-3850
    • Stamper, P.D.1    Babiker, W.2    Alcabasa, R.3    Aird, D.4    Wehrlin, J.5    Ikpeama, I.6    Gluck, L.7    Carroll, K.C.8
  • 131
    • 70449627477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a rapid molecular method, the BD GeneOhm Cdiff assay, to the most frequently used laboratory tests for detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in diarrheal feces
    • Terhes G, Urban E, Soki J, Nacsa E, Nagy E. 2009. Comparison of a rapid molecular method, the BD GeneOhm Cdiff assay, to the most frequently used laboratory tests for detection of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile in diarrheal feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:3478-3481.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 3478-3481
    • Terhes, G.1    Urban, E.2    Soki, J.3    Nacsa, E.4    Nagy, E.5
  • 133
    • 79960418173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two commercial molecular tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile in the routine diagnostic laboratory
    • Zidaric V, Kevorkijan BK, Oresic N, Janezic S, Rupnik M. 2011. Comparison of two commercial molecular tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile in the routine diagnostic laboratory. J. Med. Microbiol. 60:1131-1136.
    • (2011) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1131-1136
    • Zidaric, V.1    Kevorkijan, B.K.2    Oresic, N.3    Janezic, S.4    Rupnik, M.5
  • 134
    • 84861743930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of commercial molecular assays for toxigenic Clostridium difficile detection in stools: BD GeneOhm Cdiff, XPert C. difficile and Illumigene C. difficile
    • Viala C, Le Monnier A, Maataoui N, Rousseau C, Collignon A, Poilane I. 2012. Comparison of commercial molecular assays for toxigenic Clostridium difficile detection in stools: BD GeneOhm Cdiff, XPert C. difficile and Illumigene C. difficile. J. Microbiol. Methods 90:83-85.
    • (2012) J. Microbiol. Methods , vol.90 , pp. 83-85
    • Viala, C.1    Le Monnier, A.2    Maataoui, N.3    Rousseau, C.4    Collignon, A.5    Poilane, I.6
  • 135
    • 77953676473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in diarrheal stools by rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction
    • Goldenberg SD, Dieringer T, French GL. 2010. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in diarrheal stools by rapid real-time polymerase chain reaction. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 67:304-307.
    • (2010) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.67 , pp. 304-307
    • Goldenberg, S.D.1    Dieringer, T.2    French, G.L.3
  • 136
    • 84865976286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Xpert Clostridium difficile assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Shin S, Kim M, Kim M, Lim H, Kim H, Lee K, Chong Y. 2012. Evaluation of the Xpert Clostridium difficile assay for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Ann. Lab. Med. 32:355-358.
    • (2012) Ann. Lab. Med , vol.32 , pp. 355-358
    • Shin, S.1    Kim, M.2    Kim, M.3    Lim, H.4    Kim, H.5    Lee, K.6    Chong, Y.7
  • 137
    • 84858603395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: Comparison of the cell culture neutralization, Xpert C. difficile, Xpert C. difficile/Epi, and Illumigene C. difficile assays
    • Pancholi P, Kelly C, Raczkowski M, Balada-Llasat JM. 2012. Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: comparison of the cell culture neutralization, Xpert C. difficile, Xpert C. difficile/Epi, and Illumigene C. difficile assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:1331-1335.
    • (2012) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 1331-1335
    • Pancholi, P.1    Kelly, C.2    Raczkowski, M.3    Balada-Llasat, J.M.4
  • 138
    • 78650074645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Clostridium difficile Epi assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection and typing of the NAP1 strain at a cancer hospital
    • Babady NE, Stiles J, Ruggiero P, Khosa P, Huang D, Shuptar S, Kamboj M, Kiehn TE. 2010. Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Clostridium difficile Epi assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection and typing of the NAP1 strain at a cancer hospital. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48: 4519-4524.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 4519-4524
    • Babady, N.E.1    Stiles, J.2    Ruggiero, P.3    Khosa, P.4    Huang, D.5    Shuptar, S.6    Kamboj, M.7    Kiehn, T.E.8
  • 139
    • 80053519955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile strain 027/NAP1/BI on Cepheid Xpert: Interpret with caution
    • Kok H, Wang Q, Thomas LC, Gilbert GL. 2011. Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile strain 027/NAP1/BI on Cepheid Xpert: interpret with caution. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49:3719-3721.
    • (2011) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 3719-3721
    • Kok, H.1    Wang, Q.2    Thomas, L.C.3    Gilbert, G.L.4
  • 140
    • 84871388767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of antigen and two molecular methods for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Ylisiurua P, Koskela M, Vainio O, Tuokko H. 2013. Comparison of antigen and two molecular methods for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 45:19-25.
    • (2013) Scand. J. Infect. Dis , vol.45 , pp. 19-25
    • Ylisiurua, P.1    Koskela, M.2    Vainio, O.3    Tuokko, H.4
  • 141
    • 79959856960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Lalande V, Barrault L, Wadel S, Eckert C, Petit JC, Barbut F. 2011. Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49:2714-2716.
    • (2011) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 2714-2716
    • Lalande, V.1    Barrault, L.2    Wadel, S.3    Eckert, C.4    Petit, J.C.5    Barbut, F.6
  • 142
    • 84867991729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of three enzyme immunoassays and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bruins MJ, Verbeek E, Wallinga JA, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LE, Kuijper EJ, Bloembergen P. 2012. Evaluation of three enzyme immunoassays and a loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31:3035-3039.
    • (2012) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.31 , pp. 3035-3039
    • Bruins, M.J.1    Verbeek, E.2    Wallinga, J.A.3    van Coppenraet, L.E.B.4    Kuijper, E.J.5    Bloembergen, P.6
  • 147
    • 84872067731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a dog's superior olfactory sensitivity to identify Clostridium difficile in stools and patients: Proof of principle study
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.e7396
    • Bomers MK, van Agtmael MA, Luik H, van Veen MC, Vandenbroucke- Grauls CM, Smulders YM. 2012. Using a dog's superior olfactory sensitivity to identify Clostridium difficile in stools and patients: proof of principle study. BMJ 345:e7396. doi:10.1136/bmj.e7396.
    • (2012) BMJ , vol.345
    • Bomers, M.K.1    van Agtmael, M.A.2    Luik, H.3    van Veen, M.C.4    Vandenbroucke- grauls, C.M.5    Smulders, Y.M.6
  • 148
    • 68249127635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does my patient have Clostridium difficile infection
    • Peterson LR, Robicsek A. 2009. Does my patient have Clostridium difficile infection? Ann. Intern. Med. 151:176-179.
    • (2009) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.151 , pp. 176-179
    • Peterson, L.R.1    Robicsek, A.2
  • 149
    • 80051713229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of PCR testing for Clostridium difficile on incident rates and potential on public reporting: Is the playing field level?
    • Fong KS, Fatica C, Hall G, Procop G, Schindler S, Gordon SM, Fraser TG. 2011. Impact of PCR testing for Clostridium difficile on incident rates and potential on public reporting: is the playing field level? Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 32:932-933.
    • (2011) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.32 , pp. 932-933
    • Fong, K.S.1    Fatica, C.2    Hall, G.3    Procop, G.4    Schindler, S.5    Gordon, S.M.6    Fraser, T.G.7
  • 150
    • 80955164690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public reporting of Clostridium difficile and improvements in diagnostic tests
    • Goldenberg SD. 2011. Public reporting of Clostridium difficile and improvements in diagnostic tests. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 32: 1231-1232.
    • (2011) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.32 , pp. 1231-1232
    • Goldenberg, S.D.1
  • 151
    • 84875368642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile using the Cepheid XpertCdifficile assay and impact onCdifficile infection rates in a tertiary hospital: A double-edged sword
    • Williamson DA, Basu I, Freeman J, Swager T, Roberts SA. 2013. Improved detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile using the Cepheid XpertCdifficile assay and impact onCdifficile infection rates in a tertiary hospital: a double-edged sword. Am. J. Infect. Control 41:270-272.
    • (2013) Am. J. Infect. Control , vol.41 , pp. 270-272
    • Williamson, D.A.1    Basu, I.2    Freeman, J.3    Swager, T.4    Roberts, S.A.5
  • 153
    • 84865784824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for Clostridium difficile reduces isolation time and improves patient management in a small community hospital
    • Catanzaro M, Cirone J. 2012. Real-time polymerase chain reaction testing for Clostridium difficile reduces isolation time and improves patient management in a small community hospital. Am. J. Infect. Control 40:663-666.
    • (2012) Am. J. Infect. Control , vol.40 , pp. 663-666
    • Catanzaro, M.1    Cirone, J.2
  • 156
    • 40449100021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of faecal occult blood test and lactoferrin latex agglutination test in screening hospitalized patients for diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhoea in Dhaka, Bangladesh
    • Ashraf H, Beltinger J, Alam NH, Bardhan PK, Faruque AS, Akter J, Salam MA, Gyr N. 2007. Evaluation of faecal occult blood test and lactoferrin latex agglutination test in screening hospitalized patients for diagnosing inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhoea in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Digestion 76:256-261.
    • (2007) Digestion , vol.76 , pp. 256-261
    • Ashraf, H.1    Beltinger, J.2    Alam, N.H.3    Bardhan, P.K.4    Faruque, A.S.5    Akter, J.6    Salam, M.A.7    Gyr, N.8
  • 157
    • 84867909695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faecal markers of gastrointestinal inflammation
    • Sherwood RA. 2012. Faecal markers of gastrointestinal inflammation. J. Clin. Pathol. 65:981-985.
    • (2012) J. Clin. Pathol , vol.65 , pp. 981-985
    • Sherwood, R.A.1
  • 158
    • 78650715539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential value of faecal lactoferrin as a screening test in hospitalized patients with diarrhoea
    • van Langenberg DR, Gearry RB, Wong HL, Ward M, Gibson PR. 2010. The potential value of faecal lactoferrin as a screening test in hospitalized patients with diarrhoea. Intern. Med. J. 40:819-827.
    • (2010) Intern. Med. J , vol.40 , pp. 819-827
    • van Langenberg, D.R.1    Gearry, R.B.2    Wong, H.L.3    Ward, M.4    Gibson, P.R.5
  • 161
    • 0030853278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Steiner TS, Flores CA, Pizarro TT, Guerrant RL. 1997. Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 4:719-722.
    • (1997) Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 719-722
    • Steiner, T.S.1    Flores, C.A.2    Pizarro, T.T.3    Guerrant, R.L.4
  • 163
    • 84871685474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative fecal lactoferrin in toxin-positive and toxin-negative Clostridium difficile specimens
    • LaSala PR, Ekhmimi T, Hill AK, Farooqi I, Perrotta PL. 2013. Quantitative fecal lactoferrin in toxin-positive and toxin-negative Clostridium difficile specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 51:311-313.
    • (2013) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.51 , pp. 311-313
    • Lasala, P.R.1    Ekhmimi, T.2    Hill, A.K.3    Farooqi, I.4    Perrotta, P.L.5
  • 167
    • 84868574552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overcoming barriers to effective recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Wilcox MH. 2012. Overcoming barriers to effective recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18(Suppl 6):13-20.
    • (2012) Clin. Microbiol. Infect , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 13-20
    • Wilcox, M.H.1
  • 168
    • 84864927300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Policy development for Clostridium difficile
    • doi:10.1093/jac/dks203
    • Wilcox MH. 2012. Policy development for Clostridium difficile. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67(Suppl 1):i19-i22. doi:10.1093/jac/dks203.
    • (2012) J. Antimicrob. Chemother , vol.67 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Wilcox, M.H.1
  • 170
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. 2007. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:302-307.
    • (2007) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.45 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3    Davis, M.B.4
  • 171
    • 43249096532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bartlett JG. 2008. The case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 46:1489-1492.
    • (2008) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.46 , pp. 1489-1492
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 173
    • 0032939481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and Etest
    • Wong SS, Woo PC, Luk WK, Yuen KY. 1999. Susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and Etest. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 34:1-6.
    • (1999) Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.34 , pp. 1-6
    • Wong, S.S.1    Woo, P.C.2    Luk, W.K.3    Yuen, K.Y.4
  • 177
    • 84864065953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile using EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values and disk diffusion correlates
    • doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03907.x
    • Erikstrup LT, Danielsen TK, Hall V, Olsen KE, Kristensen B, Kahlmeter G, Fuursted K, Justesen US. 2012. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile using EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values and disk diffusion correlates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18:E266-E272. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03907.x.
    • (2012) Clin. Microbiol. Infect , vol.18
    • Erikstrup, L.T.1    Danielsen, T.K.2    Hall, V.3    Olsen, K.E.4    Kristensen, B.5    Kahlmeter, G.6    Fuursted, K.7    Justesen, U.S.8
  • 178
  • 179
    • 0034160360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the E test to the reference agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile
    • Poilane I, Cruaud P, Torlotin JC, Collignon A. 2000. Comparison of the E test to the reference agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Clostridium difficile. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 6:155-156.
    • (2000) Clin. Microbiol. Infect , vol.6 , pp. 155-156
    • Poilane, I.1    Cruaud, P.2    Torlotin, J.C.3    Collignon, A.4
  • 180
    • 33847618667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narrative review: The new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease
    • Bartlett JG. 2006. Narrative review: the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 145:758-764.
    • (2006) Ann. Intern. Med , vol.145 , pp. 758-764
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 181
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: A changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, Villemure P, Pelletier A, Forget K, Pepin K, Chouinard D. 2004. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 171:466-472.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 466-472
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3    Villemure, P.4    Pelletier, A.5    Forget, K.6    Pepin, K.7    Chouinard, D.8
  • 182
    • 45249095548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC
    • Dupuy B, Govind R, Antunes A, Matamouros S. 2008. Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC. J. Med. Microbiol. 57:685-689.
    • (2008) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.57 , pp. 685-689
    • Dupuy, B.1    Govind, R.2    Antunes, A.3    Matamouros, S.4
  • 183
    • 46349087809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical severity of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: A case-case study
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001812
    • Morgan OW, Rodrigues B, Elston T, Verlander NQ, Brown DF, Brazier J, Reacher M. 2008. Clinical severity of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: a case-case study. PLoS One 3:e1812. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001812.
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3
    • Morgan, O.W.1    Rodrigues, B.2    Elston, T.3    Verlander, N.Q.4    Brown, D.F.5    Brazier, J.6    Reacher, M.7
  • 185
    • 78650575216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diverse sporulation characteristics of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates are not associated with type
    • Burns DA, Heap JT, Minton NP. 2010. The diverse sporulation characteristics of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates are not associated with type. Anaerobe 16:618-622.
    • (2010) Anaerobe , vol.16 , pp. 618-622
    • Burns, D.A.1    Heap, J.T.2    Minton, N.P.3
  • 186
    • 80052859469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI/ NAP1/027
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024894
    • Burns DA, Heeg D, Cartman ST, Minton NP. 2011. Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI/ NAP1/027. PLoS One 6:e24894. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024894.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Burns, D.A.1    Heeg, D.2    Cartman, S.T.3    Minton, N.P.4
  • 187
    • 84863676446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology
    • doi:10.1093/cid/cis319
    • Lessa FC, Gould CV, McDonald LC. 2012. Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55(Suppl 2):S65-S70. doi:10.1093/cid/cis319.
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Lessa, F.C.1    Gould, C.V.2    McDonald, L.C.3
  • 190
    • 70450277819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia with a large clostridial toxin-negative, binary toxin-positive strain of Clostridium difficile
    • Elliott B, Reed R, Chang BJ, Riley TV. 2009. Bacteremia with a large clostridial toxin-negative, binary toxin-positive strain of Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe 15:249-251.
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , pp. 249-251
    • Elliott, B.1    Reed, R.2    Chang, B.J.3    Riley, T.V.4
  • 192
    • 84870167616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: An emerging entity
    • Khanna S, Pardi DS. 2012. Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: an emerging entity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55:1741-1742.
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , pp. 1741-1742
    • Khanna, S.1    Pardi, D.S.2
  • 193
    • 77955260309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The growing incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection in inpatient and outpatient settings
    • Khanna S, Pardi DS. 2010. The growing incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infection in inpatient and outpatient settings. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 4:409-416.
    • (2010) Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol , vol.4 , pp. 409-416
    • Khanna, S.1    Pardi, D.S.2
  • 194
    • 70350011973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population- based surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection in Manitoba, Canada, by using interim surveillance definitions
    • Lambert PJ, Dyck M, Thompson LH, Hammond GW. 2009. Population- based surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection in Manitoba, Canada, by using interim surveillance definitions. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 30:945-951.
    • (2009) Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 945-951
    • Lambert, P.J.1    Dyck, M.2    Thompson, L.H.3    Hammond, G.W.4
  • 196
    • 77955821357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: A new foodborne pathogen?
    • Gould LH, Limbago B. 2010. Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: a new foodborne pathogen? Clin. Infect. Dis. 51:577-582.
    • (2010) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.51 , pp. 577-582
    • Gould, L.H.1    Limbago, B.2
  • 198
    • 67651244516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork
    • Weese JS, Avery BP, Rousseau J, Reid-Smith RJ. 2009. Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75:5009-5011.
    • (2009) Appl. Environ. Microbiol , vol.75 , pp. 5009-5011
    • Weese, J.S.1    Avery, B.P.2    Rousseau, J.3    Reid-Smith, R.J.4
  • 201
    • 0035557641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular typing methods for the epidemiological identification of Clostridium difficile strains
    • Cohen SH, Tang YJ, Silva J, Jr. 2001. Molecular typing methods for the epidemiological identification of Clostridium difficile strains. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 1:61-70.
    • (2001) Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn , vol.1 , pp. 61-70
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Silva Jr., J.3
  • 202
    • 0034757959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining confidence intervals when measuring genetic diversity and the discriminatory abilities of typing methods for microorganisms
    • Grundmann H, Hori S, Tanner G. 2001. Determining confidence intervals when measuring genetic diversity and the discriminatory abilities of typing methods for microorganisms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:4190-4192.
    • (2001) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.39 , pp. 4190-4192
    • Grundmann, H.1    Hori, S.2    Tanner, G.3
  • 203
    • 0023738045 scopus 로고
    • Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: An application of Simpson's index of diversity
    • Hunter PR, Gaston MA. 1988. Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson's index of diversity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:2465-2466.
    • (1988) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.26 , pp. 2465-2466
    • Hunter, P.R.1    Gaston, M.A.2
  • 204
    • 84873808423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current application and future perspectives of molecular typing methods to study Clostridium difficile infections
    • Knetsch C, Lawley T, Hensgens M, Corver J, Wilcox M, Kuijper E. 2013. Current application and future perspectives of molecular typing methods to study Clostridium difficile infections. Euro Surveill. 18(4):pii=20381. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20381.
    • (2013) Euro Surveill , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 20381
    • Knetsch, C.1    Lawley, T.2    Hensgens, M.3    Corver, J.4    Wilcox, M.5    Kuijper, E.6
  • 205
    • 38949178833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of seven techniques for typing international epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile: Restriction endonuclease analysis, pulsedfield gel electrophoresis, PCR-ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and surface layer protein A gene sequence typing
    • Killgore G, Thompson A, Johnson S, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Pepin J, Frost EH, Savelkoul P, Nicholson B, van den Berg RJ, Kato H, Sambol SP, Zukowski W, Woods C, Limbago B, Gerding DN, McDonald LC. 2008. Comparison of seven techniques for typing international epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile: restriction endonuclease analysis, pulsedfield gel electrophoresis, PCR-ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and surface layer protein A gene sequence typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:431-437.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 431-437
    • Killgore, G.1    Thompson, A.2    Johnson, S.3    Brazier, J.4    Kuijper, E.5    Pepin, J.6    Frost, E.H.7    Savelkoul, P.8    Nicholson, B.9    van den Berg, R.J.10    Kato, H.11    Sambol, S.P.12    Zukowski, W.13    Woods, C.14    Limbago, B.15    Gerding, D.N.16    McDonald, L.C.17
  • 206
    • 0028334234 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of restriction endonuclease analysis, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for molecular differentiation of Clostridium difficile strains
    • Kristjansson M, Samore MH, Gerding DN, DeGirolami PC, Bettin KM, Karchmer AW, Arbeit RD. 1994. Comparison of restriction endonuclease analysis, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for molecular differentiation of Clostridium difficile strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:1963-1969.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 1963-1969
    • Kristjansson, M.1    Samore, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3    Degirolami, P.C.4    Bettin, K.M.5    Karchmer, A.W.6    Arbeit, R.D.7
  • 207
    • 0032901542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes
    • Stubbs SL, Brazier JS, O'Neill GL, Duerden BI. 1999. PCR targeted to the 16S-23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region of Clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different PCR ribotypes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:461-463.
    • (1999) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.37 , pp. 461-463
    • Stubbs, S.L.1    Brazier, J.S.2    O'Neill, G.L.3    Duerden, B.I.4
  • 208
    • 0032815109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a new PCR-ribotyping method for Clostridium difficile based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing
    • Bidet P, Barbut F, Lalande V, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. 1999. Development of a new PCR-ribotyping method for Clostridium difficile based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 175:261-266.
    • (1999) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.175 , pp. 261-266
    • Bidet, P.1    Barbut, F.2    Lalande, V.3    Burghoffer, B.4    Petit, J.C.5
  • 210
    • 80053467680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extended multilocus variable-number tandemrepeat analysis of Clostridium difficile correlates exactly with ribotyping and enables identification of hospital transmission
    • Manzoor SE, Tanner HE, Marriott CL, Brazier JS, Hardy KJ, Platt S, Hawkey PM. 2011. Extended multilocus variable-number tandemrepeat analysis of Clostridium difficile correlates exactly with ribotyping and enables identification of hospital transmission. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49:3523-3530.
    • (2011) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.49 , pp. 3523-3530
    • Manzoor, S.E.1    Tanner, H.E.2    Marriott, C.L.3    Brazier, J.S.4    Hardy, K.J.5    Platt, S.6    Hawkey, P.M.7
  • 212
    • 84879762729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Protection Agency, Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network (CDRN) for England and Northern Ireland 2010/2011 annual report. Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
    • Health Protection Agency. 2011. Clostridium difficile Ribotyping Network (CDRN) for England and Northern Ireland 2010/2011 annual report. Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom. http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317133396963.
    • (2011)
  • 213
    • 83755172954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of new PCR ribotypes from the hypervirulent Clostridium difficile 027 lineage
    • Valiente E, Dawson LF, Cairns MD, Stabler RA, Wren BW. 2012. Emergence of new PCR ribotypes from the hypervirulent Clostridium difficile 027 lineage. J. Med. Microbiol. 61:49-56.
    • (2012) J. Med. Microbiol , vol.61 , pp. 49-56
    • Valiente, E.1    Dawson, L.F.2    Cairns, M.D.3    Stabler, R.A.4    Wren, B.W.5
  • 215
    • 33947195010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Typing and subtyping of Clostridium difficile isolates by using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis
    • van den Berg RJ, Schaap I, Templeton KE, Klaassen CH, Kuijper EJ. 2007. Typing and subtyping of Clostridium difficile isolates by using multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:1024-1028.
    • (2007) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 1024-1028
    • van den Berg, R.J.1    Schaap, I.2    Templeton, K.E.3    Klaassen, C.H.4    Kuijper, E.J.5
  • 216
    • 84866445046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Utilizing rapid multiplelocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis typing to aid control of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: A multicenter study
    • Hardy K, Manzoor S, Marriott C, Parsons H, Waddington C, Gossain S, Szczepura A, Stallard N, Hawkey PM. 2012. Utilizing rapid multiplelocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis typing to aid control of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a multicenter study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:3244-3248.
    • (2012) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.50 , pp. 3244-3248
    • Hardy, K.1    Manzoor, S.2    Marriott, C.3    Parsons, H.4    Waddington, C.5    Gossain, S.6    Szczepura, A.7    Stallard, N.8    Hawkey, P.M.9
  • 217
    • 75649095225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis and multilocus sequence typing reveal genetic relationships among Clostridium difficile isolates genotyped by restriction endonuclease analysis
    • Marsh JW, O'Leary MM, Shutt KA, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN, Harrison LH. 2010. Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis and multilocus sequence typing reveal genetic relationships among Clostridium difficile isolates genotyped by restriction endonuclease analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48:412-418.
    • (2010) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 412-418
    • Marsh, J.W.1    O'Leary, M.M.2    Shutt, K.A.3    Sambol, S.P.4    Johnson, S.5    Gerding, D.N.6    Harrison, L.H.7
  • 218
    • 80053348373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of PCR ribotyping and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) for improved detection of Clostridium difficile
    • doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-217
    • Wei HL, Kao CW, Wei SH, Tzen JT, Chiou CS. 2011. Comparison of PCR ribotyping and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) for improved detection of Clostridium difficile. BMC Microbiol. 11:217. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-217.
    • (2011) BMC Microbiol , vol.11 , pp. 217
    • Wei, H.L.1    Kao, C.W.2    Wei, S.H.3    Tzen, J.T.4    Chiou, C.S.5
  • 219
    • 33750290454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilocus sequence typing of bacteria
    • Maiden MC. 2006. Multilocus sequence typing of bacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 60:561-588.
    • (2006) Annu Rev. Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 561-588
    • Maiden, M.C.1
  • 221
    • 2942594170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilocus sequence typing analysis of human and animal Clostridium difficile isolates of various toxigenic types
    • Lemee L, Dhalluin A, Pestel-Caron M, Lemeland JF, Pons JL. 2004. Multilocus sequence typing analysis of human and animal Clostridium difficile isolates of various toxigenic types. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2609-2617.
    • (2004) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 2609-2617
    • Lemee, L.1    Dhalluin, A.2    Pestel-Caron, M.3    Lemeland, J.F.4    Pons, J.L.5
  • 222
    • 27144504255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilocus sequence analysis and comparative evolution of virulence- associated genes and housekeeping genes of Clostridium difficile
    • Lemee L, Bourgeois I, Ruffin E, Collignon A, Lemeland JF, Pons JL. 2005. Multilocus sequence analysis and comparative evolution of virulence- associated genes and housekeeping genes of Clostridium difficile. Microbiology 151:3171-3180.
    • (2005) Microbiology , vol.151 , pp. 3171-3180
    • Lemee, L.1    Bourgeois, I.2    Ruffin, E.3    Collignon, A.4    Lemeland, J.F.5    Pons, J.L.6
  • 227
    • 78650827616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BIGSdb: Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level
    • doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-595
    • Jolley KA, Maiden MC. 2010. BIGSdb: scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level. BMC Bioinformatics 11:595. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-11-595.
    • (2010) BMC Bioinformatics , vol.11 , pp. 595
    • Jolley, K.A.1    Maiden, M.C.2
  • 231
    • 80052127895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile laboratory testing in Australia and New Zealand: National survey results and Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases recommendations for best practice
    • Ferguson JK, Cheng AC, Gilbert GL, Gottlieb T, Korman T, McGregor A, Richards M, Roberts S, Robson J, Van Gessel H, Riley TV. 2011. Clostridium difficile laboratory testing in Australia and New Zealand: national survey results and Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases recommendations for best practice. Pathology 43:482-487.
    • (2011) Pathology , vol.43 , pp. 482-487
    • Ferguson, J.K.1    Cheng, A.C.2    Gilbert, G.L.3    Gottlieb, T.4    Korman, T.5    McGregor, A.6    Richards, M.7    Roberts, S.8    Robson, J.9    van Gessel, H.10    Riley, T.V.11
  • 235
    • 55849102417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of repeat Clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassay testing
    • Cardona DM, Rand KH. 2008. Evaluation of repeat Clostridium difficile enzyme immunoassay testing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:3686-3689.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 3686-3689
    • Cardona, D.M.1    Rand, K.H.2
  • 236
    • 0030050163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lack of value of repeated Clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays
    • Renshaw AA, Stelling JM, Doolittle MH. 1996. The lack of value of repeated Clostridium difficile cytotoxicity assays. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 120:49-52.
    • (1996) Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med , vol.120 , pp. 49-52
    • Renshaw, A.A.1    Stelling, J.M.2    Doolittle, M.H.3
  • 237
    • 20444449289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of sample submission for optimal utilization of the cell culture cytotoxicity assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Borek AP, Aird DZ, Carroll KC. 2005. Frequency of sample submission for optimal utilization of the cell culture cytotoxicity assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:2994-2995.
    • (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 2994-2995
    • Borek, A.P.1    Aird, D.Z.2    Carroll, K.C.3
  • 238
    • 84872609388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unnecessary repeat Clostridium difficile PCR testing in hospitalized adults with C. difficilenegative diarrhea
    • Nistico JA, Hage JE, Schoch PE, Cunha BA. 2013. Unnecessary repeat Clostridium difficile PCR testing in hospitalized adults with C. difficilenegative diarrhea. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 32:97-99.
    • (2013) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.32 , pp. 97-99
    • Nistico, J.A.1    Hage, J.E.2    Schoch, P.E.3    Cunha, B.A.4
  • 239
    • 55849138317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of Clostridium difficile by use of PCR or enzyme immunoassay
    • Aichinger E, Schleck CD, Harmsen WS, Nyre LM, Patel R. 2008. Nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of Clostridium difficile by use of PCR or enzyme immunoassay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 3795-3797.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 3795-3797
    • Aichinger, E.1    Schleck, C.D.2    Harmsen, W.S.3    Nyre, L.M.4    Patel, R.5
  • 240
    • 84867310805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The utility of repeat enzyme immunoassay testing for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review of the literature
    • Garimella PS, Agarwal R, Katz A. 2012. The utility of repeat enzyme immunoassay testing for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review of the literature. J. Postgrad. Med. 58:194-198.
    • (2012) J. Postgrad. Med , vol.58 , pp. 194-198
    • Garimella, P.S.1    Agarwal, R.2    Katz, A.3
  • 241
    • 84867520688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile carriage in healthy infants in the community: A potential reservoir for pathogenic strains
    • Rousseau C, Poilane I, De Pontual L, Maherault AC, Le Monnier A, Collignon A. 2012. Clostridium difficile carriage in healthy infants in the community: a potential reservoir for pathogenic strains. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55:1209-1215.
    • (2012) Clin. Infect. Dis , vol.55 , pp. 1209-1215
    • Rousseau, C.1    Poilane, I.2    de Pontual, L.3    Maherault, A.C.4    Le Monnier, A.5    Collignon, A.6
  • 244
    • 23844496525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colonization by Clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day-care facilities of Kanazawa, Japan
    • Matsuki S, Ozaki E, Shozu M, Inoue M, Shimizu S, Yamaguchi N, Karasawa T, Yamagishi T, Nakamura S. 2005. Colonization by Clostridium difficile of neonates in a hospital, and infants and children in three day-care facilities of Kanazawa, Japan. Int. Microbiol. 8:43-48.
    • (2005) Int. Microbiol , vol.8 , pp. 43-48
    • Matsuki, S.1    Ozaki, E.2    Shozu, M.3    Inoue, M.4    Shimizu, S.5    Yamaguchi, N.6    Karasawa, T.7    Yamagishi, T.8    Nakamura, S.9
  • 245
    • 0021228694 scopus 로고
    • The intestinal microflora of infants: Composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants
    • Benno Y, Sawada K, Mitsuoka T. 1984. The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. Microbiol. Immunol. 28:975-986.
    • (1984) Microbiol. Immunol , vol.28 , pp. 975-986
    • Benno, Y.1    Sawada, K.2    Mitsuoka, T.3
  • 246
    • 58249093008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the United States, 2001-2006
    • Kim J, Smathers SA, Prasad P, Leckerman KH, Coffin S, Zaoutis T. 2008. Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the United States, 2001-2006. Pediatrics 122:1266-1270.
    • (2008) Pediatrics , vol.122 , pp. 1266-1270
    • Kim, J.1    Smathers, S.A.2    Prasad, P.3    Leckerman, K.H.4    Coffin, S.5    Zaoutis, T.6
  • 248
    • 77950682247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997-2006
    • Zilberberg MD, Tillotson GS, McDonald C. 2010. Clostridium difficile infections among hospitalized children, United States, 1997-2006. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16:604-609.
    • (2010) Emerg. Infect. Dis , vol.16 , pp. 604-609
    • Zilberberg, M.D.1    Tillotson, G.S.2    McDonald, C.3
  • 250
    • 62749120128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of the epidemic North American pulsed field type 1 Clostridium difficile strain in hospitalized children
    • Toltzis P, Kim J, Dul M, Zoltanski J, Smathers S, Zaoutis T. 2009. Presence of the epidemic North American pulsed field type 1 Clostridium difficile strain in hospitalized children. J. Pediatr. 154:607-608.
    • (2009) J. Pediatr , vol.154 , pp. 607-608
    • Toltzis, P.1    Kim, J.2    Dul, M.3    Zoltanski, J.4    Smathers, S.5    Zaoutis, T.6
  • 251
    • 61949167805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infections in children
    • Bryant K, McDonald LC. 2009. Clostridium difficile infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 28:145-146.
    • (2009) Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J , vol.28 , pp. 145-146
    • Bryant, K.1    McDonald, L.C.2
  • 254
    • 84872846834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in infants and children
    • Schutze GE, Willoughby RE. 2013. Clostridium difficile infection in infants and children. Pediatrics 131:196-200.
    • (2013) Pediatrics , vol.131 , pp. 196-200
    • Schutze, G.E.1    Willoughby, R.E.2
  • 255
    • 77958175876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in cancer patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
    • Chopra T, Alangaden GJ, Chandrasekar P. 2010. Clostridium difficile infection in cancer patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 8:1113-1119.
    • (2010) Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther , vol.8 , pp. 1113-1119
    • Chopra, T.1    Alangaden, G.J.2    Chandrasekar, P.3
  • 256
    • 71349084101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, a frequent complication in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
    • Schalk E, Bohr UR, Konig B, Scheinpflug K, Mohren M. 2010. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, a frequent complication in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Ann. Hematol. 89:9-14.
    • (2010) Ann. Hematol , vol.89 , pp. 9-14
    • Schalk, E.1    Bohr, U.R.2    Konig, B.3    Scheinpflug, K.4    Mohren, M.5
  • 257
    • 33751208063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea on an adult hematology-oncology ward
    • Gifford AH, Kirkland KB. 2006. Risk factors for Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea on an adult hematology-oncology ward. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 25:751-755.
    • (2006) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis , vol.25 , pp. 751-755
    • Gifford, A.H.1    Kirkland, K.B.2
  • 258
    • 84864098452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemotherapy patients with C. difficile colitis have outcomes similar to immunocompetent C. difficile patients
    • Stewart DB, Yacoub E, Zhu J. 2012. Chemotherapy patients with C. difficile colitis have outcomes similar to immunocompetent C. difficile patients. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 16:1566-1572.
    • (2012) J. Gastrointest. Surg , vol.16 , pp. 1566-1572
    • Stewart, D.B.1    Yacoub, E.2    Zhu, J.3
  • 260
    • 84867640865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of Clostridium difficile infection with outcomes of hospitalized solid organ transplant recipients: Results from the 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database
    • Pant C, Anderson MP, O'Connor JA, Marshall CM, Deshpande A, Sferra TJ. 2012. Association of Clostridium difficile infection with outcomes of hospitalized solid organ transplant recipients: results from the 2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Transpl. Infect. Dis. 14: 540-547.
    • (2012) Transpl. Infect. Dis , vol.14 , pp. 540-547
    • Pant, C.1    Anderson, M.P.2    O'Connor, J.A.3    Marshall, C.M.4    Deshpande, A.5    Sferra, T.J.6
  • 262
    • 58149467637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated disease in human stem cell transplant recipients: Coming epidemic or false alarm?
    • Bobak D, Arfons LM, Creger RJ, Lazarus HM. 2008. Clostridium difficile-associated disease in human stem cell transplant recipients: coming epidemic or false alarm? Bone Marrow Transplant. 42:705-713.
    • (2008) Bone Marrow Transplant , vol.42 , pp. 705-713
    • Bobak, D.1    Arfons, L.M.2    Creger, R.J.3    Lazarus, H.M.4
  • 264
    • 0033754142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients is associated with severe graft-versus-host disease and non-relapse mortality
    • Chakrabarti S, Lees A, Jones SG, Milligan DW. 2000. Clostridium difficile infection in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients is associated with severe graft-versus-host disease and non-relapse mortality. Bone Marrow Transplant. 26:871-876.
    • (2000) Bone Marrow Transplant , vol.26 , pp. 871-876
    • Chakrabarti, S.1    Lees, A.2    Jones, S.G.3    Milligan, D.W.4
  • 268
    • 33947112799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea: A growing problem
    • Tremaine WJ. 2007. Inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea: a growing problem. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5:310-311.
    • (2007) Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 310-311
    • Tremaine, W.J.1
  • 269
    • 84859652162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting and treating Clostridium difficile infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Ananthakrishnan AN. 2012. Detecting and treating Clostridium difficile infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 41:339-353.
    • (2012) Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am , vol.41 , pp. 339-353
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1
  • 270
    • 48249135038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: A marker for disease extent?
    • Powell N, Jung SE, Krishnan B. 2008. Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a marker for disease extent? Gut 57:1183-1184.
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 1183-1184
    • Powell, N.1    Jung, S.E.2    Krishnan, B.3
  • 271
    • 44949261865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients
    • Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, Brant SR. 2008. A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 103:1443-1450.
    • (2008) Am. J. Gastroenterol , vol.103 , pp. 1443-1450
    • Nguyen, G.C.1    Kaplan, G.G.2    Harris, M.L.3    Brant, S.R.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.