메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 581-592

Detection, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection

Author keywords

Antimicrobial Associated Diarrhea; Clostridium difficile Infection; Fidaxomicin; Metronidazole; Vancomycin

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMPICILLIN; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL VACCINE; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLINDAMYCIN; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE VACCINE; CLOSTRIDIUM TOXIN; FIDAXOMICIN; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LAXATIVE; MACROLIDE; METRONIDAZOLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84861331778     PISSN: 15423565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.03.008     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (59)

References (178)
  • 1
    • 0000795948 scopus 로고
    • Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis
    • Hall I. Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Child 1935, 390-402.
    • (1935) Am J Dis Child , pp. 390-402
    • Hall, I.1
  • 2
    • 39749142406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical perspectives on studies of Clostridium difficile and C. difficile infection
    • Bartlett J.G. Historical perspectives on studies of Clostridium difficile and C. difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(Suppl 1):S4-S11.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 3
    • 0021038539 scopus 로고
    • Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis
    • Teasley D.G., Gerding D.N., Olson M.M., et al. Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis. Lancet 1983, 2:1043-1046.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1043-1046
    • Teasley, D.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 4
    • 0030056217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Wenisch C., Parschalk B., Hasenhündl M., et al. Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1996, 22:813-818.
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 813-818
    • Wenisch, C.1    Parschalk, B.2    Hasenhündl, M.3
  • 5
    • 28844441314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality
    • Loo V.G., Poirier L., Miller M.A., et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:2442-2449.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2442-2449
    • Loo, V.G.1    Poirier, L.2    Miller, M.A.3
  • 6
    • 28844494086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile
    • McDonald L.C., Killgore G.E., Thompson A., et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:2433-2441.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 2433-2441
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Killgore, G.E.2    Thompson, A.3
  • 7
    • 0035034120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-CDAD in Canada: results of the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program 1997 N-CDAD prevalence surveillance project
    • Hyland M., Ofner-Agostini M., Miller M., et al. N-CDAD in Canada: results of the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program 1997 N-CDAD prevalence surveillance project. Can J Infect Dis 2001, 12:81-88.
    • (2001) Can J Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 81-88
    • Hyland, M.1    Ofner-Agostini, M.2    Miller, M.3
  • 8
    • 0036129083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden of nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in Canadian hospitals
    • Miller M.A., Hyland M., Ofner-Agostini M., et al. Morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden of nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in Canadian hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002, 23:137-140.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , pp. 137-140
    • Miller, M.A.1    Hyland, M.2    Ofner-Agostini, M.3
  • 9
    • 45249099998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005
    • Zilberberg M.D., Shorr A.F., Kollef M.H. Increase in adult Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations and case-fatality rate, United States, 2000-2005. Emerging Infect Dis Jun 2008, 14:929-931.
    • (2008) Emerging Infect Dis Jun , vol.14 , pp. 929-931
    • Zilberberg, M.D.1    Shorr, A.F.2    Kollef, M.H.3
  • 10
    • 58849146283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations among US adults, 2006
    • Zilberberg M.D. Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations among US adults, 2006. Emerging Infect Dis 2009, 15:122-124.
    • (2009) Emerging Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 122-124
    • Zilberberg, M.D.1
  • 11
    • 32544446901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk: four states, 2005
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk: four states, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005, 54:1201-1205. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    • (2005) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.54 , pp. 1201-1205
  • 12
    • 19344364596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole
    • Musher D.M., Aslam S., Logan N., et al. Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1586-1590.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1586-1590
    • Musher, D.M.1    Aslam, S.2    Logan, N.3
  • 13
    • 33847701773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • McDonald L.C., Coignard B., Dubberke E., et al. Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28:140-145.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 140-145
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Coignard, B.2    Dubberke, E.3
  • 14
    • 77954581650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections
    • Freeman J., Bauer M.P., Baines S.D., et al. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010, 23:529-549.
    • (2010) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.23 , pp. 529-549
    • Freeman, J.1    Bauer, M.P.2    Baines, S.D.3
  • 16
    • 79952585695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-associated Clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals
    • Miller B.A., Chen L.F., Sexton D.J., et al. Comparison of the burdens of hospital-onset, healthcare facility-associated Clostridium difficile infection and of healthcare-associated infection due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32:387-390.
    • (2011) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.32 , pp. 387-390
    • Miller, B.A.1    Chen, L.F.2    Sexton, D.J.3
  • 17
    • 79960555026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of and risk factors for community-associated Clostridium difficile infection: a nested case-control study
    • Kuntz J.L., Chrischilles E.A., Pendergast J.F., et al. Incidence of and risk factors for community-associated Clostridium difficile infection: a nested case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2011, 11:194.
    • (2011) BMC Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 194
    • Kuntz, J.L.1    Chrischilles, E.A.2    Pendergast, J.F.3
  • 18
    • 84855422347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection: a population-based study
    • Khanna S., Pardi D.S., Aronson S.L., et al. The Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012, 107:89-95.
    • (2012) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.107 , pp. 89-95
    • Khanna, S.1    Pardi, D.S.2    Aronson, S.L.3
  • 19
    • 0036467063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile
    • Kyne L., Hamel M.B., Polavaram R., et al. Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:346-353.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 346-353
    • Kyne, L.1    Hamel, M.B.2    Polavaram, R.3
  • 20
    • 57749091990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of current literature on the economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Dubberke E.R., Wertheimer A.I. Review of current literature on the economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:57-66.
    • (2009) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 57-66
    • Dubberke, E.R.1    Wertheimer, A.I.2
  • 22
    • 0024545882 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection
    • McFarland L.V., Mulligan M.E., Kwok R.Y., et al. Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 1989, 320:204-210.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 204-210
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Mulligan, M.E.2    Kwok, R.Y.3
  • 23
    • 0026727849 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection
    • Clabots C.R., Johnson S., Olson M.M., et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. J Infect Dis 1992, 166:561-567.
    • (1992) J Infect Dis , vol.166 , pp. 561-567
    • Clabots, C.R.1    Johnson, S.2    Olson, M.M.3
  • 24
    • 80455173556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization
    • Loo V.G., Bourgault A.M., Poirier L., et al. Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization. N Engl J Med 2011, 365:1693-1703.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.365 , pp. 1693-1703
    • Loo, V.G.1    Bourgault, A.M.2    Poirier, L.3
  • 25
    • 79958752799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: hospital-associated illness compared with long-term care-associated illness
    • Kim J.H., Toy D., Muder R.R. Clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: hospital-associated illness compared with long-term care-associated illness. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32:656-660.
    • (2011) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.32 , pp. 656-660
    • Kim, J.H.1    Toy, D.2    Muder, R.R.3
  • 26
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pépin J., Valiquette L., Alary M.E., et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 2004, 171:466-472.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 466-472
    • Pépin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3
  • 27
    • 33644523410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 19962003
    • McDonald L.C., Owings M., Jernigan D.B. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 19962003. Emerging Infect Dis 2006, 12:409-415.
    • (2006) Emerging Infect Dis , vol.12 , pp. 409-415
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Owings, M.2    Jernigan, D.B.3
  • 28
    • 80053253206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology of Clostridium difficile: implications for epidemiology and diagnosis
    • Karen C.C., John G.B. Biology of Clostridium difficile: implications for epidemiology and diagnosis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2011, 65:501-521.
    • (2011) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.65 , pp. 501-521
    • Karen, C.C.1    John, G.B.2
  • 29
    • 78650370258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative metagenomic study of alterations to the intestinal microbiota and risk of nosocomial Clostridum difficile-associated disease
    • Manges A.R., Labbe A., Loo V.G., et al. Comparative metagenomic study of alterations to the intestinal microbiota and risk of nosocomial Clostridum difficile-associated disease. J Infect Dis 2010, 202:1877-1884.
    • (2010) J Infect Dis , vol.202 , pp. 1877-1884
    • Manges, A.R.1    Labbe, A.2    Loo, V.G.3
  • 30
    • 27444437759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec
    • Pépin J., Saheb N., Coulombe M.A., et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:1254-1260.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 1254-1260
    • Pépin, J.1    Saheb, N.2    Coulombe, M.A.3
  • 31
    • 20144386999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use
    • Muto C.A., Pokrywka M., Shutt K., et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005, 26:273-280.
    • (2005) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.26 , pp. 273-280
    • Muto, C.A.1    Pokrywka, M.2    Shutt, K.3
  • 32
    • 35348853726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for Clostridium difficile-associated disease within a Veterans Administration health care system
    • McFarland L.V., Clarridge J.E., Beneda H.W., et al. Fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for Clostridium difficile-associated disease within a Veterans Administration health care system. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1141-1151.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1141-1151
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Clarridge, J.E.2    Beneda, H.W.3
  • 34
    • 62249195493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and fluoroquinolones: is there a link?
    • Weiss K. Clostridium difficile and fluoroquinolones: is there a link?. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009, 33(Suppl 1):S29-S32.
    • (2009) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL 1
    • Weiss, K.1
  • 35
    • 58849103516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What have we learned about antimicrobial use and the risks for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea?
    • Blondeau J.M. What have we learned about antimicrobial use and the risks for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea?. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 63:238-242.
    • (2009) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.63 , pp. 238-242
    • Blondeau, J.M.1
  • 36
    • 34547629612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of fluoroquinolone treatment on growth of and toxin production by epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains in the cecal contents of mice
    • Adams D.A., Riggs M.M., Donskey C.J. Effect of fluoroquinolone treatment on growth of and toxin production by epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains in the cecal contents of mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:2674-2678.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 2674-2678
    • Adams, D.A.1    Riggs, M.M.2    Donskey, C.J.3
  • 37
    • 61849140052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete restriction of fluoroquinolone use to control an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection at a community hospital
    • Kallen A.J., Thompson A., Ristaino P., et al. Complete restriction of fluoroquinolone use to control an outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection at a community hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:264-272.
    • (2009) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 264-272
    • Kallen, A.J.1    Thompson, A.2    Ristaino, P.3
  • 38
    • 33644875731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients
    • CD003543
    • Davey P., Brown E., Fenelon L., et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 4. CD003543.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Davey, P.1    Brown, E.2    Fenelon, L.3
  • 39
    • 77956640252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pro/con debate: should antimicrobial stewardship programs be adopted universally in the intensive care unit?
    • George P., Morris A.M. Pro/con debate: should antimicrobial stewardship programs be adopted universally in the intensive care unit?. Crit Care 2010, 14:205.
    • (2010) Crit Care , vol.14 , pp. 205
    • George, P.1    Morris, A.M.2
  • 40
    • 33847727550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moxifloxacin therapy as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an outbreak: attempts to control a new epidemic strain
    • Biller P., Shank B., Lind L., et al. Moxifloxacin therapy as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an outbreak: attempts to control a new epidemic strain. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28:198-201.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 198-201
    • Biller, P.1    Shank, B.2    Lind, L.3
  • 41
    • 33748689373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones more likely to cause Clostridium difficile-associated disease?
    • Dhalla I.A., Mamdani M.M., Simor A.E., et al. Are broad-spectrum fluoroquinolones more likely to cause Clostridium difficile-associated disease?. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50:3216-3219.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , pp. 3216-3219
    • Dhalla, I.A.1    Mamdani, M.M.2    Simor, A.E.3
  • 42
    • 84856959278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics
    • Hensgens M.P., Goorhuis A., Dekkers O.M., et al. Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012, 67:742-748.
    • (2012) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.67 , pp. 742-748
    • Hensgens, M.P.1    Goorhuis, A.2    Dekkers, O.M.3
  • 43
    • 79958827058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Stevens V., Dumyati G., Fine L.S., et al. Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:42-48.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 42-48
    • Stevens, V.1    Dumyati, G.2    Fine, L.S.3
  • 44
    • 46249104581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of Clostridium difficile infection after perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis before and during an outbreak of infection due to a hypervirulent strain
    • Carignan A., Allard C., Pepin J., et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile infection after perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis before and during an outbreak of infection due to a hypervirulent strain. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:1838-1843.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. 1838-1843
    • Carignan, A.1    Allard, C.2    Pepin, J.3
  • 45
    • 77949547841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A time-series analysis of Clostridium difficile and its seasonal association with influenza
    • Polgreen P.M., Yang M., Bohnett L.C., et al. A time-series analysis of Clostridium difficile and its seasonal association with influenza. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:382-387.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 382-387
    • Polgreen, P.M.1    Yang, M.2    Bohnett, L.C.3
  • 46
    • 81355160270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection
    • Bavishi C., Dupont H.L. Systematic review: the use of proton pump inhibitors and increased susceptibility to enteric infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011, 34:1269-1281.
    • (2011) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.34 , pp. 1269-1281
    • Bavishi, C.1    Dupont, H.L.2
  • 47
    • 34547635096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetative Clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: a potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and C. difficile-associated diarrhea?
    • Jump R.L., Pultz M.J., Donskey C.J. Vegetative Clostridium difficile survives in room air on moist surfaces and in gastric contents with reduced acidity: a potential mechanism to explain the association between proton pump inhibitors and C. difficile-associated diarrhea?. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51:2883-2887.
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 2883-2887
    • Jump, R.L.1    Pultz, M.J.2    Donskey, C.J.3
  • 48
    • 56249107224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey K.W., Sethi S., Yadav Y., et al. Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 2008, 70:298-304.
    • (2008) J Hosp Infect , vol.70 , pp. 298-304
    • Garey, K.W.1    Sethi, S.2    Yadav, Y.3
  • 49
    • 29144473282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Dial S., Delaney J.A., Barkun A.N., et al. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA 2005, 294:2989-2995.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 2989-2995
    • Dial, S.1    Delaney, J.A.2    Barkun, A.N.3
  • 50
    • 36448981751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of proton-pump inhibitors with outcomes in Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Cadle R.M., Mansouri M.D., Logan N., et al. Association of proton-pump inhibitors with outcomes in Clostridium difficile colitis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007, 64:2359-2363.
    • (2007) Am J Health Syst Pharm , vol.64 , pp. 2359-2363
    • Cadle, R.M.1    Mansouri, M.D.2    Logan, N.3
  • 51
    • 77952155563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection
    • Howell M.D., Novack V., Grgurich P., et al. Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med 2010, 170:784-790.
    • (2010) Arch Intern Med , vol.170 , pp. 784-790
    • Howell, M.D.1    Novack, V.2    Grgurich, P.3
  • 52
    • 84855883659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in HIV-seropositive individuals and transplant recipients
    • Collini P.J., Bauer M., Kuijper E., et al. Clostridium difficile infection in HIV-seropositive individuals and transplant recipients. J Infect 2012, 64:131-147.
    • (2012) J Infect , vol.64 , pp. 131-147
    • Collini, P.J.1    Bauer, M.2    Kuijper, E.3
  • 53
    • 33947105999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Rodemann J.F., Dubberke E.R., Reske K.A., et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 5:339-344.
    • (2007) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , pp. 339-344
    • Rodemann, J.F.1    Dubberke, E.R.2    Reske, K.A.3
  • 54
  • 55
    • 77952920654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Eddi R., Malik M.N., Shakov R., et al. Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection. Nephrology (Carlton) 2010, 15:471-475.
    • (2010) Nephrology (Carlton) , vol.15 , pp. 471-475
    • Eddi, R.1    Malik, M.N.2    Shakov, R.3
  • 56
    • 79952458766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trends in disease outcomes related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Ananthakrishnan A.N., McGinley E.L., Saeian K., et al. Temporal trends in disease outcomes related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011, 17:976-983.
    • (2011) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.17 , pp. 976-983
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    McGinley, E.L.2    Saeian, K.3
  • 57
    • 80051599837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in non-HIV-immunocompromised patients and in HIV-infected patients
    • Raines D.L., Lopez F.A. Clostridium difficile infection in non-HIV-immunocompromised patients and in HIV-infected patients. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2011, 13:344-350.
    • (2011) Curr Gastroenterol Rep , vol.13 , pp. 344-350
    • Raines, D.L.1    Lopez, F.A.2
  • 58
    • 60849125772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients
    • Riddle D.J., Dubberke E.R. Clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2008, 13:592-600.
    • (2008) Curr Opin Organ Transplant , vol.13 , pp. 592-600
    • Riddle, D.J.1    Dubberke, E.R.2
  • 59
    • 0032535407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding
    • Bliss D.Z., Johnson S., Savik K., et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients receiving tube feeding. Ann Intern Med 1998, 129:1012-1019.
    • (1998) Ann Intern Med , vol.129 , pp. 1012-1019
    • Bliss, D.Z.1    Johnson, S.2    Savik, K.3
  • 60
    • 77956340254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Das R., Feuerstadt P., Brandt L.J. Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2010, 105:2040-2049.
    • (2010) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.105 , pp. 2040-2049
    • Das, R.1    Feuerstadt, P.2    Brandt, L.J.3
  • 61
    • 84855416808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editorial: not so nosocomial anymore-the growing threat of community-acquired Clostridium difficile
    • Leffler D.A., Lamont J.T. Editorial: not so nosocomial anymore-the growing threat of community-acquired Clostridium difficile. Am J Gastroenterol 2012, 107:96-98.
    • (2012) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.107 , pp. 96-98
    • Leffler, D.A.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 62
    • 84856712211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes in community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection
    • Khanna S., Pardi D.S., Aronson S.L., et al. Outcomes in community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012, 35:613-618.
    • (2012) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.35 , pp. 613-618
    • Khanna, S.1    Pardi, D.S.2    Aronson, S.L.3
  • 63
    • 77955821357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: a new foodborne pathogen?
    • Gould L.H., Limbago B. Clostridium difficile in food and domestic animals: a new foodborne pathogen?. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 51:577-582.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. 577-582
    • Gould, L.H.1    Limbago, B.2
  • 64
    • 77950682885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in ground meat, France
    • Bouttier S., Barc M.C., Felix B., et al. Clostridium difficile in ground meat, France. Emerging Infect Dis 2010, 16:733-735.
    • (2010) Emerging Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 733-735
    • Bouttier, S.1    Barc, M.C.2    Felix, B.3
  • 65
    • 84862907897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic dissemination of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B is associated with severe, fatal disease in animal models
    • Steele J., Chen K., Sun X., et al. Systemic dissemination of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B is associated with severe, fatal disease in animal models. J Infect Dis 2012, 205:384-391.
    • (2012) J Infect Dis , vol.205 , pp. 384-391
    • Steele, J.1    Chen, K.2    Sun, X.3
  • 66
    • 77957988127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kuehne S.A., Cartman S.T., Heap J.T., et al. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 2010, 467:711-713.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 711-713
    • Kuehne, S.A.1    Cartman, S.T.2    Heap, J.T.3
  • 67
    • 0035436327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal dissemination of a toxin-A-negative/toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile strain from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in Poland
    • Pituch H., van den Braak N., van Leeuwen W., et al. Clonal dissemination of a toxin-A-negative/toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile strain from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in Poland. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001, 7:442-446.
    • (2001) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.7 , pp. 442-446
    • Pituch, H.1    van den Braak, N.2    van Leeuwen, W.3
  • 68
    • 0031905323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a toxin B-deficient mutant strain of Clostridium difficile in a case of recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Cohen S.H., Tang Y.J., Hansen B., et al. Isolation of a toxin B-deficient mutant strain of Clostridium difficile in a case of recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:410-412.
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 410-412
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Tang, Y.J.2    Hansen, B.3
  • 69
    • 77954426370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life
    • Jangi S., Lamont J.T. Asymptomatic colonization by Clostridium difficile in infants: implications for disease in later life. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010, 51:2-7.
    • (2010) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.51 , pp. 2-7
    • Jangi, S.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 70
    • 34848846245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents
    • Riggs M.M., Sethi A.K., Zabarsky T.F., et al. Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:992-998.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 992-998
    • Riggs, M.M.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Zabarsky, T.F.3
  • 71
    • 34848882488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization: is this the tip of another iceberg?
    • Muto C.A. Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization: is this the tip of another iceberg?. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:999-1000.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 999-1000
    • Muto, C.A.1
  • 72
    • 74249096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • Leav B.A., Blair B., Leney M., et al. Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Vaccine 2010, 28:965-969.
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , pp. 965-969
    • Leav, B.A.1    Blair, B.2    Leney, M.3
  • 73
    • 79960420811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host immune response to Clostridium difficile
    • Kelly C.P., Kyne L. The host immune response to Clostridium difficile. J Med Microbiol 2011, 60:1070-1079.
    • (2011) J Med Microbiol , vol.60 , pp. 1070-1079
    • Kelly, C.P.1    Kyne, L.2
  • 74
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • Kyne L., Warny M., Qamar A., et al. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:390-397.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3
  • 75
    • 0028089161 scopus 로고
    • Human antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in relation to clinical course of infection
    • Warny M., Vaerman J.P., Avesani V., et al. Human antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in relation to clinical course of infection. Infect Immun 1994, 62:384-389.
    • (1994) Infect Immun , vol.62 , pp. 384-389
    • Warny, M.1    Vaerman, J.P.2    Avesani, V.3
  • 76
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Kyne L., Warny M., Qamar A., et al. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 2001, 357:189-193.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3
  • 77
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I., Molrine D.C., Leav B.A., et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:197-205.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 78
    • 0035145510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults
    • Kotloff K.L., Wasserman S.S., Losonsky G.A., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of increasing doses of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine administered to healthy adults. Infect Immun 2001, 69:988-995.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 988-995
    • Kotloff, K.L.1    Wasserman, S.S.2    Losonsky, G.A.3
  • 79
    • 33845385703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis
    • Högenauer C., Langner C., Beubler E., et al. Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:2418-2426.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 2418-2426
    • Högenauer, C.1    Langner, C.2    Beubler, E.3
  • 80
    • 39749170731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bartlett J.G., Gerding D.N. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46(Suppl 1):S12-S18.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 81
    • 0033761207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea
    • Bulusu M., Narayan S., Shetler K., et al. Leukocytosis as a harbinger and surrogate marker of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:3137-3141.
    • (2000) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.95 , pp. 3137-3141
    • Bulusu, M.1    Narayan, S.2    Shetler, K.3
  • 82
    • 0037097647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditions associated with leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by Clostridium difficile
    • Wanahita A., Goldsmith E.A., Musher D.M. Conditions associated with leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 34:1585-1592.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 1585-1592
    • Wanahita, A.1    Goldsmith, E.A.2    Musher, D.M.3
  • 83
    • 0242266614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis
    • Wanahita A., Goldsmith E.A., Marino B.J., et al. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with unexplained leukocytosis. Am J Med 2003, 115:543-546.
    • (2003) Am J Med , vol.115 , pp. 543-546
    • Wanahita, A.1    Goldsmith, E.A.2    Marino, B.J.3
  • 84
    • 50849139510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical risk index for Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics
    • Garey K.W., Dao-Tran T.K., Jiang Z.D., et al. A clinical risk index for Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics. J Hosp Infect 2008, 70:142-147.
    • (2008) J Hosp Infect , vol.70 , pp. 142-147
    • Garey, K.W.1    Dao-Tran, T.K.2    Jiang, Z.D.3
  • 85
    • 0036845101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • Kyne L., Sougioultzis S., McFarland L.V., et al. Underlying disease severity as a major risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002, 23:653-659.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , pp. 653-659
    • Kyne, L.1    Sougioultzis, S.2    McFarland, L.V.3
  • 86
    • 79952588451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a Clostridium difficile infection risk prediction model
    • Dubberke E.R., Yan Y., Reske K.A., et al. Development and validation of a Clostridium difficile infection risk prediction model. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011, 32:360-366.
    • (2011) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.32 , pp. 360-366
    • Dubberke, E.R.1    Yan, Y.2    Reske, K.A.3
  • 87
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • Cohen S.H., Gerding D.N., Johnson S., et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010, 31:431-455.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 88
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar F.A., Bakkanagari S.R., Moorthi K.M., et al. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:302-307.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3
  • 89
    • 84891736117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: determinants for severe disease
    • Dec 31 [Epub ahead of print]
    • Wenisch J.M., Schmid D., Kuo H.W., et al. Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: determinants for severe disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011, Dec 31 [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2011) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis
    • Wenisch, J.M.1    Schmid, D.2    Kuo, H.W.3
  • 90
    • 4944234926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome after colectomy for Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Longo W.E., Mazuski J.E., Virgo K.S., et al. Outcome after colectomy for Clostridium difficile colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2004, 47:1620-1626.
    • (2004) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.47 , pp. 1620-1626
    • Longo, W.E.1    Mazuski, J.E.2    Virgo, K.S.3
  • 91
    • 33846436449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain
    • Lamontagne F., Labbé A.C., Haeck O., et al. Impact of emergency colectomy on survival of patients with fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain. Ann Surg 2007, 245:267-272.
    • (2007) Ann Surg , vol.245 , pp. 267-272
    • Lamontagne, F.1    Labbé, A.C.2    Haeck, O.3
  • 92
    • 0036192008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications
    • Dallal R.M., Harbrecht B.G., Boujoukas A.J., et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. Ann Surg 2002, 235:363-372.
    • (2002) Ann Surg , vol.235 , pp. 363-372
    • Dallal, R.M.1    Harbrecht, B.G.2    Boujoukas, A.J.3
  • 93
    • 66249121680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: patterns of care and predictors of mortality
    • discussion 439-440
    • Sailhamer E.A., Carson K., Chang Y., et al. Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: patterns of care and predictors of mortality. Arch Surg 2009, 144:433-439. discussion 439-440.
    • (2009) Arch Surg , vol.144 , pp. 433-439
    • Sailhamer, E.A.1    Carson, K.2    Chang, Y.3
  • 94
    • 77953809436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of mortality due to Clostridium difficile infection
    • Karas J.A., Enoch D.A., Aliyu S.H. A review of mortality due to Clostridium difficile infection. J Infect 2010, 61:1-8.
    • (2010) J Infect , vol.61 , pp. 1-8
    • Karas, J.A.1    Enoch, D.A.2    Aliyu, S.H.3
  • 95
    • 55249105923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: more difficult than ever
    • Kelly C.P., LaMont J.T. Clostridium difficile: more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:1932-1940.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1932-1940
    • Kelly, C.P.1    LaMont, J.T.2
  • 96
    • 80054730409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapse versus reinfection: surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kamboj M., Khosa P., Kaltsas A., et al. Relapse versus reinfection: surveillance of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:1003-1006.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 1003-1006
    • Kamboj, M.1    Khosa, P.2    Kaltsas, A.3
  • 97
    • 79953651209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in the acute care hospital setting
    • Shakov R., Salazar R.S., Kagunye S.K., et al. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection in the acute care hospital setting. Am J Infect Contr 2011, 39:194-198.
    • (2011) Am J Infect Contr , vol.39 , pp. 194-198
    • Shakov, R.1    Salazar, R.S.2    Kagunye, S.K.3
  • 98
    • 0029056601 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia due to Clostridium difficile: case report and review of extraintestinal C. difficile infections
    • Feldman R.J., Kallich M., Weinstein M.P. Bacteremia due to Clostridium difficile: case report and review of extraintestinal C. difficile infections. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 20:1560-1562.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1560-1562
    • Feldman, R.J.1    Kallich, M.2    Weinstein, M.P.3
  • 99
    • 0031693329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extraintestinal Clostridium difficile: 10 years' experience at a tertiary-care hospital
    • Wolf L.E., Gorbach S.L., Granowitz E.V. Extraintestinal Clostridium difficile: 10 years' experience at a tertiary-care hospital. Mayo Clin Proc 1998, 73:943-947.
    • (1998) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.73 , pp. 943-947
    • Wolf, L.E.1    Gorbach, S.L.2    Granowitz, E.V.3
  • 100
    • 67650138194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin A-producing Clostridium difficile as an aetiological factor of post-traumatic wound infection
    • Deptuła A., Kruszyńska E., Mikucka A., et al. Toxin A-producing Clostridium difficile as an aetiological factor of post-traumatic wound infection. J Med Microbiol 2009, 58:963-964.
    • (2009) J Med Microbiol , vol.58 , pp. 963-964
    • Deptuła, A.1    Kruszyńska, E.2    Mikucka, A.3
  • 101
    • 42949155839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis?
    • Birnbaum J., Bartlett J.G., Gelber A.C. Clostridium difficile: an under-recognized cause of reactive arthritis?. Clin Rheumatol 2008, 27:253-255.
    • (2008) Clin Rheumatol , vol.27 , pp. 253-255
    • Birnbaum, J.1    Bartlett, J.G.2    Gelber, A.C.3
  • 102
    • 78951477985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased rate of irritable bowel syndrome and functional gastrointestinal disorders after Clostridium difficile infection
    • Sethi S., Garey K.W., Arora V., et al. Increased rate of irritable bowel syndrome and functional gastrointestinal disorders after Clostridium difficile infection. J Hosp Infect 2011, 77:172-173.
    • (2011) J Hosp Infect , vol.77 , pp. 172-173
    • Sethi, S.1    Garey, K.W.2    Arora, V.3
  • 103
    • 79958148446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective utilization of evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Kufelnicka A.M., Kirn T.J. Effective utilization of evolving methods for the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:1451-1457.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52 , pp. 1451-1457
    • Kufelnicka, A.M.1    Kirn, T.J.2
  • 104
    • 55849138317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of Clostridium difficile by use of PCR or enzyme immunoassay
    • Aichinger E., Schleck C.D., Harmsen W.S., et al. Nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of Clostridium difficile by use of PCR or enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:3795-3797.
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 3795-3797
    • Aichinger, E.1    Schleck, C.D.2    Harmsen, W.S.3
  • 105
    • 79960557102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeat stool testing to diagnose Clostridium difficile infection using enzyme immunoassay does not increase diagnostic yield
    • Deshpande A., Pasupuleti V., Patel P., et al. Repeat stool testing to diagnose Clostridium difficile infection using enzyme immunoassay does not increase diagnostic yield. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 9:665-669.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9 , pp. 665-669
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Patel, P.3
  • 106
    • 70349644969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of nine commercially available Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods
    • Eastwood K., Else P., Charlett A., et al. Comparison of nine commercially available Clostridium difficile toxin detection assays, a real-time PCR assay for C. difficile tcdB, and a glutamate dehydrogenase detection assay to cytotoxin testing and cytotoxigenic culture methods. J Clin Microbiol 2009, 47:3211-3217.
    • (2009) J Clin Microbiol , vol.47 , pp. 3211-3217
    • Eastwood, K.1    Else, P.2    Charlett, A.3
  • 107
    • 80052444456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection: a meta-analysis
    • Deshpande A., Pasupuleti V., Rolston D.D., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:e81-e90.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Rolston, D.D.3
  • 108
    • 77957773862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: comparison of molecular diagnostic and enzyme immunoassay approaches
    • Tenover F.C., Novak-Weekley S., Woods C.W., et al. Impact of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: comparison of molecular diagnostic and enzyme immunoassay approaches. J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:3719-3724.
    • (2010) J Clin Microbiol , vol.48 , pp. 3719-3724
    • Tenover, F.C.1    Novak-Weekley, S.2    Woods, C.W.3
  • 109
    • 84855274910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indications and relative utility of lower endoscopy in the management of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Epub 2011 Oct 17
    • Burkart N.E., Kwaan M.R., Shepela C., et al. Indications and relative utility of lower endoscopy in the management of Clostridium difficile infection. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2011, 2011:626582. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
    • (2011) Gastroenterol Res Pract , vol.2011 , pp. 626582
    • Burkart, N.E.1    Kwaan, M.R.2    Shepela, C.3
  • 110
    • 84941814265 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults: a prospective case-controlled epidemiologic study
    • Gerding D.N., Olson M.M., Peterson L.R., et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis in adults: a prospective case-controlled epidemiologic study. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:95-100.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 95-100
    • Gerding, D.N.1    Olson, M.M.2    Peterson, L.R.3
  • 111
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice: antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • Bartlett J.G. Clinical practice: antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:334-339.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 112
    • 0030969261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee
    • Fekety R. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 1997, 92:739-750.
    • (1997) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.92 , pp. 739-750
    • Fekety, R.1
  • 113
    • 81855160864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors associated with complications and mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Morrison R.H., Hall N.S., Said M., et al. Risk factors associated with complications and mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:1173-1178.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 1173-1178
    • Morrison, R.H.1    Hall, N.S.2    Said, M.3
  • 114
    • 60549085840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimotility agents for the treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis
    • Koo H.L., Koo D.C., Musher D.M., et al. Antimotility agents for the treatment of Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:598-605.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48 , pp. 598-605
    • Koo, H.L.1    Koo, D.C.2    Musher, D.M.3
  • 115
    • 78650343594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: progress and challenges
    • Bartlett J.G. Clostridium difficile: progress and challenges. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010, 1213:62-69.
    • (2010) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1213 , pp. 62-69
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 116
    • 78650593791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faecal pharmacokinetics of orally administered vancomycin in patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gonzales M., Pepin J., Frost E.H., et al. Faecal pharmacokinetics of orally administered vancomycin in patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection. BMC Infect Dis 2010, 10:363.
    • (2010) BMC Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 363
    • Gonzales, M.1    Pepin, J.2    Frost, E.H.3
  • 117
    • 78751560495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral vancomycin may have significant absorption in patients with Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Chihara S., Shimizu R., Furukata S., et al. Oral vancomycin may have significant absorption in patients with Clostridium difficile colitis. Scand J Infect Dis 2011, 43:149-150.
    • (2011) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 149-150
    • Chihara, S.1    Shimizu, R.2    Furukata, S.3
  • 118
    • 33744482834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant absorption of oral vancomycin in a patient with Clostridium difficile colitis and normal renal function
    • Aradhyula S., Manian F.A., Hafidh S.A., et al. Significant absorption of oral vancomycin in a patient with Clostridium difficile colitis and normal renal function. South Med J 2006, 99:518-520.
    • (2006) South Med J , vol.99 , pp. 518-520
    • Aradhyula, S.1    Manian, F.A.2    Hafidh, S.A.3
  • 119
    • 0023201864 scopus 로고
    • Systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in patients with renal insufficiency and antibiotic-associated colitis
    • Matzke G.R., Halstenson C.E., Olson P.L., et al. Systemic absorption of oral vancomycin in patients with renal insufficiency and antibiotic-associated colitis. Am J Kidney Dis 1987, 9:422-425.
    • (1987) Am J Kidney Dis , vol.9 , pp. 422-425
    • Matzke, G.R.1    Halstenson, C.E.2    Olson, P.L.3
  • 120
    • 36549073638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/027
    • Pépin J., Valiquette L., Gagnon S., et al. Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-associated disease treated with metronidazole or vancomycin before and after the emergence of NAP1/027. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102:2781-2788.
    • (2007) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.102 , pp. 2781-2788
    • Pépin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Gagnon, S.3
  • 121
    • 46249099130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Al-Nassir W.N., Sethi A.K., Li Y., et al. Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008, 52:2403-2406.
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 2403-2406
    • Al-Nassir, W.N.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Li, Y.3
  • 122
    • 57749116120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin and environmental contamination with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients receiving oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Sethi A.K., Al-Nassir W.N., Nerandzic M.M., et al. Skin and environmental contamination with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients receiving oral metronidazole or oral vancomycin treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:13-17.
    • (2009) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 13-17
    • Sethi, A.K.1    Al-Nassir, W.N.2    Nerandzic, M.M.3
  • 123
    • 0024602516 scopus 로고
    • Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine
    • Pruksananonda P., Powell K.R. Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea responding to an extended course of cholestyramine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989, 8:175-178.
    • (1989) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.8 , pp. 175-178
    • Pruksananonda, P.1    Powell, K.R.2
  • 124
    • 0022641416 scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated colitis responding to cholestyramine
    • Kunimoto D., Thomson A.B. Recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated colitis responding to cholestyramine. Digestion 1986, 33:225-228.
    • (1986) Digestion , vol.33 , pp. 225-228
    • Kunimoto, D.1    Thomson, A.B.2
  • 125
    • 0026722862 scopus 로고
    • Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a cancer patient: successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy
    • Moncino M.D., Falletta J.M. Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a cancer patient: successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992, 14:361-364.
    • (1992) Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol , vol.14 , pp. 361-364
    • Moncino, M.D.1    Falletta, J.M.2
  • 126
    • 0020040748 scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of colestipol in antibiotic-associated colitis
    • Mogg G.A., George R.H., Youngs D., et al. Randomized controlled trial of colestipol in antibiotic-associated colitis. Br J Surg 1982, 69:137-139.
    • (1982) Br J Surg , vol.69 , pp. 137-139
    • Mogg, G.A.1    George, R.H.2    Youngs, D.3
  • 127
    • 0034917210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GT160-246, a toxin binding polymer for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Kurtz C.B., Cannon E.P., Brezzani A., et al. GT160-246, a toxin binding polymer for treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001, 45:2340-2347.
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 2340-2347
    • Kurtz, C.B.1    Cannon, E.P.2    Brezzani, A.3
  • 128
    • 0018844685 scopus 로고
    • Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins
    • Taylor N.S., Bartlett J.G. Binding of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin and vancomycin by anion-exchange resins. J Infect Dis 1980, 141:92-97.
    • (1980) J Infect Dis , vol.141 , pp. 92-97
    • Taylor, N.S.1    Bartlett, J.G.2
  • 129
    • 83755183852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments: a systematic review
    • Drekonja D.M., Butler M., Macdonald R., et al. Comparative effectiveness of Clostridium difficile treatments: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2011, 155:839-847.
    • (2011) Ann Intern Med , vol.155 , pp. 839-847
    • Drekonja, D.M.1    Butler, M.2    Macdonald, R.3
  • 130
    • 0037105769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature
    • Apisarnthanarak A., Razavi B., Mundy L.M. Adjunctive intracolonic vancomycin for severe Clostridium difficile colitis: case series and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2002, 35:690-696.
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 690-696
    • Apisarnthanarak, A.1    Razavi, B.2    Mundy, L.M.3
  • 131
    • 77955466902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical aspects of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Butala P., Divino C.M. Surgical aspects of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. Am J Surg 2010, 200:131-135.
    • (2010) Am J Surg , vol.200 , pp. 131-135
    • Butala, P.1    Divino, C.M.2
  • 132
    • 80052277400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease
    • discussion 427-429
    • Neal M.D., Alverdy J.C., Hall D.E., et al. Diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage: an alternative to total abdominal colectomy for the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile associated disease. Ann Surg 2011, 254:423-427. discussion 427-429.
    • (2011) Ann Surg , vol.254 , pp. 423-427
    • Neal, M.D.1    Alverdy, J.C.2    Hall, D.E.3
  • 133
    • 0035887690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy
    • Freiler J.F., Durning S.J., Ender P.T. Clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:1429-1431.
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 1429-1431
    • Freiler, J.F.1    Durning, S.J.2    Ender, P.T.3
  • 134
    • 83455213906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile in the ICU: the struggle continues
    • Bobo L.D., Dubberke E.R., Kollef M. Clostridium difficile in the ICU: the struggle continues. Chest 2011, 140:1643-1653.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.140 , pp. 1643-1653
    • Bobo, L.D.1    Dubberke, E.R.2    Kollef, M.3
  • 135
    • 33847150865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Juang P., Skledar S.J., Zgheib N.K., et al. Clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am J Infect Contr 2007, 35:131-137.
    • (2007) Am J Infect Contr , vol.35 , pp. 131-137
    • Juang, P.1    Skledar, S.J.2    Zgheib, N.K.3
  • 136
    • 33646582618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • McPherson S., Rees C.J., Ellis R., et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum 2006, 49:640-645.
    • (2006) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.49 , pp. 640-645
    • McPherson, S.1    Rees, C.J.2    Ellis, R.3
  • 137
    • 66949167421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection
    • Herpers B.L., Vlaminckx B., Burkhardt O., et al. Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:1732-1735.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48 , pp. 1732-1735
    • Herpers, B.L.1    Vlaminckx, B.2    Burkhardt, O.3
  • 138
    • 43049091604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Successful treatment of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection with fecal bacteriotherapy
    • You D.M., Franzos M.A., Holman R.P. Successful treatment of fulminant Clostridium difficile infection with fecal bacteriotherapy. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148:632-633.
    • (2008) Ann Intern Med , vol.148 , pp. 632-633
    • You, D.M.1    Franzos, M.A.2    Holman, R.P.3
  • 139
    • 78049517194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin
    • Tannock G.W., Munro K., Taylor C., et al. A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin. Microbiology 2010, 156:3354-3359.
    • (2010) Microbiology , vol.156 , pp. 3354-3359
    • Tannock, G.W.1    Munro, K.2    Taylor, C.3
  • 140
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie T.J., Miller M.A., Mullane K.M., et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:422-431.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 141
    • 80051957059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections
    • Mullane K.M., Miller M.A., Weiss K., et al. Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:440-447.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 440-447
    • Mullane, K.M.1    Miller, M.A.2    Weiss, K.3
  • 142
    • 77953375147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Future novel therapeutic agents for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Koo H.L., Garey K.W., Dupont H.L. Future novel therapeutic agents for Clostridium difficile infection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010, 19:825-836.
    • (2010) Expert Opin Investig Drugs , vol.19 , pp. 825-836
    • Koo, H.L.1    Garey, K.W.2    Dupont, H.L.3
  • 143
    • 33746626011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Musher D.M., Logan N., Hamill R.J., et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:421-427.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , pp. 421-427
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Hamill, R.J.3
  • 144
    • 58749112167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study
    • Musher D.M., Logan N., Bressler A.M., et al. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis 2009, 48:e41-e46.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Bressler, A.M.3
  • 145
    • 34250015914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide
    • Musher D.M., Logan N., Mehendiratta V., et al. Clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 59:705-710.
    • (2007) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.59 , pp. 705-710
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Mehendiratta, V.3
  • 146
    • 33847630925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin
    • Johnson S., Schriever C., Galang M., et al. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 44:846-848.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , pp. 846-848
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Galang, M.3
  • 147
    • 70450228421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment
    • Johnson S., Schriever C., Patel U., et al. Rifaximin redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment. Anaerobe 2009, 15:290-291.
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , pp. 290-291
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Patel, U.3
  • 148
    • 81855199757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Garey K.W., Ghantoji S.S., Shah D.N., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:2850-2855.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , pp. 2850-2855
    • Garey, K.W.1    Ghantoji, S.S.2    Shah, D.N.3
  • 149
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E., Shaikh H., Manges A.R. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53:994-1002.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1    Shaikh, H.2    Manges, A.R.3
  • 150
    • 0037373020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube
    • Aas J., Gessert C.E., Bakken J.S. Recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis: case series involving 18 patients treated with donor stool administered via a nasogastric tube. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:580-585.
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 580-585
    • Aas, J.1    Gessert, C.E.2    Bakken, J.S.3
  • 151
    • 71549117656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stool transplantation for older patients with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Rubin T.A., Gessert C.E., Aas J. Stool transplantation for older patients with Clostridium difficile infection. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009, 57:2386.
    • (2009) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.57 , pp. 2386
    • Rubin, T.A.1    Gessert, C.E.2    Aas, J.3
  • 153
    • 79952815263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lacking the incentive to cure? Recurring Clostridium difficile diarrhea and our reluctance to use fecal transplantation
    • Ho N., Prasad V. Lacking the incentive to cure? Recurring Clostridium difficile diarrhea and our reluctance to use fecal transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011, 45:379-380.
    • (2011) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.45 , pp. 379-380
    • Ho, N.1    Prasad, V.2
  • 154
    • 84856272030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Swapping germs
    • 36
    • McKenna M. Swapping germs. Sci Am 2011, 305:34. 36.
    • (2011) Sci Am , vol.305 , pp. 34
    • McKenna, M.1
  • 155
    • 77950861655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Success of self-administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection
    • Silverman M.S., Davis I., Pillai D.R. Success of self-administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010, 8:471-473.
    • (2010) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , pp. 471-473
    • Silverman, M.S.1    Davis, I.2    Pillai, D.R.3
  • 156
    • 33645455337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland L.V. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006, 101:812-822.
    • (2006) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.101 , pp. 812-822
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 157
    • 42449115458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults
    • CD004611
    • Pillai A., Nelson R. Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 1. CD004611.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1
    • Pillai, A.1    Nelson, R.2
  • 158
    • 22744446859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review
    • Dendukuri N., Costa V., McGregor M., et al. Probiotic therapy for the prevention and treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review. CMAJ 2005, 173:167-170.
    • (2005) CMAJ , vol.173 , pp. 167-170
    • Dendukuri, N.1    Costa, V.2    McGregor, M.3
  • 159
    • 77952615260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients
    • McFarland L.V. Systematic review and meta-analysis of Saccharomyces boulardii in adult patients. World J Gastroenterol 2010, 16:2202-2222.
    • (2010) World J Gastroenterol , vol.16 , pp. 2202-2222
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 160
    • 0028226085 scopus 로고
    • A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland L.V., Surawicz C.M., Greenberg R.N., et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA 1994, 271:1913-1918.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 1913-1918
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Surawicz, C.M.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 161
    • 0034450738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii
    • Surawicz C.M., McFarland L.V., Greenberg R.N., et al. The search for a better treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile disease: use of high-dose vancomycin combined with Saccharomyces boulardii. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:1012-1017.
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 1012-1017
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    McFarland, L.V.2    Greenberg, R.N.3
  • 162
    • 19344376750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease
    • Muñoz P., Bouza E., Cuenca-Estrella M., et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 40:1625-1634.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1625-1634
    • Muñoz, P.1    Bouza, E.2    Cuenca-Estrella, M.3
  • 163
    • 0032954103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG
    • Rautio M., Jousimies-Somer H., Kauma H., et al. Liver abscess due to a Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 28:1159-1160.
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 1159-1160
    • Rautio, M.1    Jousimies-Somer, H.2    Kauma, H.3
  • 164
    • 0242677561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism
    • Cassone M., Serra P., Mondello F., et al. Outbreak of Saccharomyces cerevisiae subtype boulardii fungemia in patients neighboring those treated with a probiotic preparation of the organism. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41:5340-5343.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 5340-5343
    • Cassone, M.1    Serra, P.2    Mondello, F.3
  • 165
    • 28044437962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive Saccharomyces infection: a comprehensive review
    • Enache-Angoulvant A., Hennequin C. Invasive Saccharomyces infection: a comprehensive review. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41:1559-1568.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 1559-1568
    • Enache-Angoulvant, A.1    Hennequin, C.2
  • 166
    • 79551601622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: emerging concepts in vaccine development
    • Kaslow D.C., Shiver J.W. Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: emerging concepts in vaccine development. Annu Rev Med 2011, 62:201-215.
    • (2011) Annu Rev Med , vol.62 , pp. 201-215
    • Kaslow, D.C.1    Shiver, J.W.2
  • 167
    • 79954533925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US FDA grants fast-track designation to Sanofi Pasteur's investigational Clostridium difficile vaccine
    • US FDA grants fast-track designation to Sanofi Pasteur's investigational Clostridium difficile vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 52:i-ii.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.52
  • 168
    • 77954953150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential value of Clostridium difficile vaccine: an economic computer simulation model
    • Lee B.Y., Popovich M.J., Tian Y., et al. The potential value of Clostridium difficile vaccine: an economic computer simulation model. Vaccine 2010, 28:5245-5253.
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , pp. 5245-5253
    • Lee, B.Y.1    Popovich, M.J.2    Tian, Y.3
  • 169
    • 0141888936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infections related to antibiotic use and infection control facilities in two university hospitals
    • Berild D., Smaabrekke L., Halvorsen D.S., et al. Clostridium difficile infections related to antibiotic use and infection control facilities in two university hospitals. J Hosp Infect 2003, 54:202-206.
    • (2003) J Hosp Infect , vol.54 , pp. 202-206
    • Berild, D.1    Smaabrekke, L.2    Halvorsen, D.S.3
  • 170
    • 77951803613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential for airborne dispersal of Clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients
    • Best E.L., Fawley W.N., Parnell P., et al. The potential for airborne dispersal of Clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients. Clin Infect Dis 2010, 50:1450-1457.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 1450-1457
    • Best, E.L.1    Fawley, W.N.2    Parnell, P.3
  • 171
    • 0028359388 scopus 로고
    • Management and control of a large outbreak of diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile
    • Cartmill T.D., Panigrahi H., Worsley M.A., et al. Management and control of a large outbreak of diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile. J Hosp Infect 1994, 27:1-15.
    • (1994) J Hosp Infect , vol.27 , pp. 1-15
    • Cartmill, T.D.1    Panigrahi, H.2    Worsley, M.A.3
  • 172
    • 0023944515 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment
    • Kaatz G.W., Gitlin S.D., Schaberg D.R., et al. Acquisition of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am J Epidemiol 1988, 127:1289-1294.
    • (1988) Am J Epidemiol , vol.127 , pp. 1289-1294
    • Kaatz, G.W.1    Gitlin, S.D.2    Schaberg, D.R.3
  • 173
    • 77952960299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant impact of terminal room cleaning with bleach on reducing nosocomial Clostridium difficile
    • Hacek D.M., Ogle A.M., Fisher A., et al. Significant impact of terminal room cleaning with bleach on reducing nosocomial Clostridium difficile. Am J Infect Contr 2010, 38:350-353.
    • (2010) Am J Infect Contr , vol.38 , pp. 350-353
    • Hacek, D.M.1    Ogle, A.M.2    Fisher, A.3
  • 174
    • 79960976033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A call to arms: the imperative for antimicrobial stewardship
    • Bartlett J.G. A call to arms: the imperative for antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2011, 53(Suppl 1):S4-S7.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , Issue.SUPPL 1
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 175
    • 0028005353 scopus 로고
    • Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use
    • Pear S.M., Williamson T.H., Bettin K.M., et al. Decrease in nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea by restricting clindamycin use. Ann Intern Med 1994, 120:272-277.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 272-277
    • Pear, S.M.1    Williamson, T.H.2    Bettin, K.M.3
  • 176
    • 80051679970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of guidelines and enhanced antibiotic stewardship on reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and its effect on incidence of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Talpaert M.J., Gopal Rao G., Cooper B.S., et al. Impact of guidelines and enhanced antibiotic stewardship on reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and its effect on incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011, 66:2168-2174.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , pp. 2168-2174
    • Talpaert, M.J.1    Gopal Rao, G.2    Cooper, B.S.3
  • 177
    • 36048999595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive "bundle" approach
    • Muto C.A., Blank M.K., Marsh J.W., et al. Control of an outbreak of infection with the hypervirulent Clostridium difficile BI strain in a university hospital using a comprehensive "bundle" approach. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:1266-1273.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 1266-1273
    • Muto, C.A.1    Blank, M.K.2    Marsh, J.W.3
  • 178
    • 71949128726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection
    • Abbett S.K., Yokoe D.S., Lipsitz S.R., et al. Proposed checklist of hospital interventions to decrease the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2009, 30:1062-1069.
    • (2009) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 1062-1069
    • Abbett, S.K.1    Yokoe, D.S.2    Lipsitz, S.R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.