Reconsidering the sporulation characteristics of hypervirulent clostridium difficile BI/NAP1/027

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 9, 2011, Pages

  Burns, David A ^a   Heeg, Daniela ^a   Cartman, Stephen T ^a   Minton, Nigel P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL SPORE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CONTROLLED STUDY; NONHUMAN; SAMPLE SIZE; SPOROGENESIS; BACTERIAL COUNT; CYTOLOGY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HEAT; PATHOGENICITY; PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY; PHYSIOLOGY; VIRULENCE;

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; HOT TEMPERATURE; MICROSCOPY, PHASE-CONTRAST; SPORES, BACTERIAL; VIRULENCE;

EID: 80052859469     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024894     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN, (2009) Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Micro 7: 526-536.
2. Cloud J, Kelly CP, (2007) Update on Clostridium difficile associated disease. Curr Opin Infect Gastroenterol 23: 4-9.
3. Setlow P, (2007) I will survive: DNA protection in bacterial spores. Trends in Microbiology 15: 172-180.
4. Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, Eckstein EC, Jump RLP, et al. (2007) Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45: 992-998.
5. Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML, Cockayne A, et al. (2010) The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 467: 711-713.
6. Poxton IR, McCoubrey J, Blair G, (2001) The pathogenicity of Clostridium difficile. Clinical Microbiology & Infection 7: 421-427.
7. Pépin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, Villemure P, Pelletier A, et al. (2004) Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. Can Med Assoc J 171: 466-472.
8. Kuijper E, van Dissel J, Wilcox M, (2007) Clostridium difficile: changing epidemiology and new treatment options. Curr Opin Infect Dis 20: 376-383.
9. Warny M, Pepin J, Fang A, Killgore G, Thompson A, et al. (2005) Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe. Lancet 366: 1079-1084.
10. Cheng V, Yam W, Lam O, Tsang J, Tse E, et al. (2011) Clostridium difficile isolates with increased sporulation: emergence of PCR ribotype 002 in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis in press.
11. Akerlund T, Persson I, Unemo M, Noren T, Svenungsson B, et al. (2008) Increased sporulation rate of epidemic Clostridium difficile type 027/NAP1. J Clin Microbiol 46: 1530-1533.
12. Fawley WN, Underwood S, Freeman J, Baines SD, Saxton K, et al. (2007) Efficacy of hospital cleaning agents and germicides against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28: 920-925.
13. Merrigan M, Venugopal A, Mallozzi M, Roxas B, Viswanathan VK, et al. (2010) Human hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains exhibit increased sporulation as well as robust toxin production. Journal of Bacteriology 192: 4904-4911.
14. Vohra P, Poxton IR, (2011) Comparison of toxin and spore production in clinically relevant strains of Clostridium difficile. Microbiology 157: 1343-1353.
15. Wilcox MH, Fawley WN, (2000) Hospital disinfectants and spore formation by Clostridium difficile. Lancet 356: 1324.
16. Burns DA, Heap JT, Minton NP, (2010) The diverse sporulation characteristics of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates are not associated with type. Anaerobe 16: 618-622.
17. Burns DA, Heap JT, Minton NP, (2010) SleC is essential for germination of Clostridium difficile spores in nutrient-rich medium supplemented with the bile salt taurocholate. J Bacteriol 192: 657-664.
18. Dingle KE, Griffiths D, Didelot X, Evans J, Vaughan A, et al. (2011) Clinical Clostridium difficile: clonality and pathogenicity locus diversity. PLoS ONE 6: e19993.
19. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, et al. (2010) Clinical practice guideline for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 31.
20. Carroll KC, Bartlett JG, (2010) Biology of Clostridium difficile: implications for epidemiology and diagnosis. Annual Review of Microbiology.
21. Burns DA, Minton NP, (2011) Sporulation studies in Clostridium difficile. Journal of Microbiological Methods in press.
22. Wilson KH, Kennedy MJ, Fekety FR, (1982) Use of sodium taurocholate to enhance spore recovery on a medium selective for Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 15: 443-446.
23. Sorg JA, Sonenshein AL, (2008) Bile salts and glycine as cogerminants for Clostridium difficile spores. J Bacteriol 190: 2505-2512.
24. Heap JT, Pennington OJ, Cartman ST, Carter GP, Minton NP, (2007) The ClosTron: A universal gene knock-out system for the genus Clostridium. Journal of Microbiological Methods 70: 452-464.
25. Morgan OW, Rodrigues B, Elston T, Verlander NQ, Brown DFJ, et al. (2008) Clinical Severity of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 027: A Case-Case Study. PLoS ONE 3: e1812.
26. Sullivan NM, Pellett S, Wilkins TD, (1982) Purification and characterization of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. Infect Immun 35: 1032-1040.
27. Killgore G, Thompson A, Johnson S, Brazier J, Kuijper E, et al. (2008) Comparison of seven techniques for typing international epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile: restriction endonuclease analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR-ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and surface layer protein A gene sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 46: 431-437.