Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe

Lancet

Volumn 366, Issue 9491, 2005, Pages 1079-1084

  Warny, Michel ^a   Pepin, Jacques ^b   Fang, Aiqi ^a   Killgore, George ^c   Thompson, Angela ^c   Brazier, Jon ^d   Frost, Eric ^b   McDonald, L Clifford ^c  

^a Acambis   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

^c CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF WALES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CANADA; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EPIDEMIC; EUROPE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES;

EID: 25144469664     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67420-X     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. M Warny, CP Kelly Pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile toxins A Gail Hecht Microbial pathogenesis and the intestinal epithelial cell 2003 American Society for Microbiology Press Washington, DC 503 524
2. S Johnson, SP Sambol, JS Brazier International typing study of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile variants J Clin Microbiol 41 2003 1543 1547
3. T Hundsberger, V Braun, M Weidmann, P Leukel, M Sauerborn, C von Eichel-Streiber Transcription analysis of the genes tcdA-E of the pathogenicity locus of Clostridium difficile Eur J Biochem 244 1997 735 742
4. M Rupnik, V Avesani, M Janc, C Eichel-Streiber, M Delmée A novel toxinotyping scheme and correlation of toxinotypes with serogroups of Clostridium difficile isolates J Clin Microbiol 36 1998 2240 2247
5. M Rupnik, JS Brazier, BI Duerden, M Grabnar, SL Stubbs Comparison of toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping of Clostridium difficile strains and description of novel toxinotypes Microbiology 147 2001 439 447
6. B Geric, M Rupnik, DN Gerding, M Grabnar, S Johnson Distribution of Clostridium difficile variant toxinotypes and strains with binary toxin genes among clinical isolates in an American hospital J Med Microbiol 53 2004 887 894
7. Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec Surveillance des diarrhées associées à Clostridium difficile au Québec. Results from August 22, 2004 to March 31, 2005 http://www.inspq.qc.ca/pdf/publications/389- SurveillanceCDifficile_Bilan22aout04-31mars05.pdf (accessed Sept 1, 2005)
8. L Eggertson C difficile: by the numbers CMAJ 171 2004 1331 1332
9. J Pepin, L Valiquette, ME Alary Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity CMAJ 171 2004 466 472
10. LM Marler, JA Siders, LC Wolters, Y Pettigrew, BL Skitt, SD Allen Comparison of five cultural procedures for isolation of Clostridium difficile from stools J Clin Microbiol 30 1992 514 516
11. CH Klaassen, HA Haren van, AM Horrevorts Molecular fingerprinting of Clostridium difficile isolates: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis versus amplified fragment length polymorphism J Clin Microbiol 40 2002 101 104
12. P Spigaglia, P Mastrantonio Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates J Clin Microbiol 40 2002 3470 3475
13. S Stubbs, M Rupnik, M Gibert, J Brazier, B Duerden, M Popoff Production of actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase (binary toxin) by strains of Clostridium difficile FEMS Microbiol Lett 186 2000 307 312
14. M Ehrich, RL Van Tassell, JM Libby, TD Wilkins Production of Clostridium difficile antitoxin Infect Immun 28 1980 1041 1043
15. MR Popoff, EJ Rubin, DM Gill, P Boquet Actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by a Clostridium difficile strain Infect Immun 56 1988 2299 2306
16. M Riegler, R Sedivy, C Pothoulakis Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro J Clin Invest 95 1995 2004 2011
17. B Wren, SR Heard, S Tabaqchali Association between production of toxins A and B and types of Clostridium difficile J Clin Pathol 40 1987 1397 1401
18. F Barbut, D Decre, V Lalande Clinical features of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea due to binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) producing strains J Med Microbiol 54 2005 181 185
19. C Goncalves, D Decre, F Barbut, B Burghoffer, JC Petit Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile J Clin Microbiol 42 2004 1933 1939
20. B Geric, S Johnson, DN Gerding, M Grabnar, M Rupnik Frequency of binary toxin genes among Clostridium difficile strains that do not produce large clostridial toxins J Clin Microbiol 41 2003 5227 5233
21. MC McEllistrem, RJ Carman, DN Gerding, CW Genheimer, L Zheng A hospital outbreak of Clostridium difficile disease associated with isolates carrying binary toxin genes Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 265 272
22. McDonald LC, Killgore G, Thompson A, Johnson S, Gerding DN. Emergence of an epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile in the United States 2001-4: potential role for virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance traits. Boston, MA: Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2004: abstr LB-2.
23. Pepin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B. Attributable mortality incurred during an epidemic of hypervirulent Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec. CMAJ (in press).
24. Boyce JM, Havell N, McDonald LC, et al. An outbreak of severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) involving an epidemic strain. Los Angeles, CA: Proceedings of the 15th annual scientific meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 2005: abstr 59.
25. Patel S, Noskin GA, Warren J, et al. Increased severity of disease among patients infected with a newly recognized and widely disseminated epidemic strain of Clostridium difficile. Los Angeles, CA: Proceedings of 15th annual scientific meeting of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, 2005: abstr 285.
26. Health Protection Agency Voluntary reporting of Clostridium difficile, England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2004 CDR Wkly 15 2005 1 3 http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/archives/2005/cdr2005.pdf (accessed Sept 1, 2005)
27. Results of the first year of mandatory Clostridium difficile reporting: January to December 2004 Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/11/84/ 79/04118479.pdf (accessed Sept 1, 2005)
28. J Van Steenbergen, S Debast, E van Kregten, R van den Berg, D Notermans, E Kujper Isolation of Clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype III in the Netherlands after increase in C difficile-associated diarrhoea http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2005/050714.asp (accessed Sept 1, 2005)
29. Pepin J, Saheb N, Coulombe M. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis (in press).
30. JA Linder, ES Huang, MA Steinman, R Gonzales, RS Stafford Fluoroquinolone prescribing in the United States: 1995 to 2002 Am J Med 118 2005 259 268
31. J Pepin, ME Alary, L Valiquette Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada Clin Infect Dis 40 2005 1591 1597