T lymphocyte trafficking: Molecules and mechanisms

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 422-440

  Fu, Hongmei ^a   Wang, Amu ^b   Mauro, Claudio ^a   Marelli Berg, Federica ^a,b  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Homing; Homing receptors; Migration; Review; T Cells; T lymphocytes

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; HOMING RECEPTOR; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE;

ANIMAL; CELL MOTION; CYTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INTESTINE MUCOSA; LIVER; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MOUSE; PHYSIOLOGY; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; CELL MOVEMENT; HUMANS; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; LIVER; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; LYMPHOID TISSUE; MICE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASES; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE; RECEPTORS, LYMPHOCYTE HOMING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T-LYMPHOCYTES; T-LYMPHOCYTES, REGULATORY;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84878772191     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/4111     Document Type: Article

References (217)

1. G. Wiedle, D. Dunon, and B.A. Imhof, Current concepts in lymphocyte homing and recirculation. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 38, 1-31(2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20014091084164 PMid:11256516 (Pubitemid 32205406)
2. F.M. Marelli-Berg, H. Fu, F. Vianello, K. Tokoyoda, and A. Hamann, Memory T-cell trafficking: new directions for busy commuters. Immunology 130, 158-65(2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03278.x PMid:20408895 PMCid:2878460
3. E.C. Butcher, M. Williams, K. Youngman, L. Rott, and M. Briskin, Lymphocyte trafficking and regional immunity. Adv Immunol 72, 209-53 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60022-X (Pubitemid 30224828)
4. M. Lewis, J.F. Tarlton, and S. Cose, Memory versus naive T-cell migration. Immunol Cell Biol 86, 226-31 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.icb. 7100132 PMid:17998915 (Pubitemid 351430802)
5. E.C. Butcher, and L.J. Picker, Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 272, 60-6 (1996) http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5258.60 PMid:8600538 (Pubitemid 26110755)
6. L.J. Picker, and E.C. Butcher, Physiological and molecular mechanisms of lymphocyte homing. Annu Rev Immunol 10, 561-91 (1992) http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.iy.10.040192.003021 PMid:1590996
7. C. Berlin, E.L. Berg, M.J. Briskin, D.P. Andrew, P.J. Kilshaw, B. Holzmann, I.L. Weissman, A. Hamann, and E.C. Butcher, Alpha 4 beta 7 integrin mediates lymphocyte binding to the mucosal vascular addressin MAdCAM-1. Cell 74, 185-95 (1993) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90305-A (Pubitemid 23219889)
8. Y. Reiss, A.E. Proudfoot, C.A. Power, J.J. Campbell, and E.C. Butcher, CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4 and the CCR10 ligand cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK) in lymphocyte trafficking to inflamed skin. J Exp Med 194, 1541-7 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.10.1541 PMid:11714760 PMCid:2193675 (Pubitemid 33081528)
9. E.L. Berg, T. Yoshino, L.S. Rott, M.K. Robinson, R.A. Warnock, T.K. Kishimoto, L.J. Picker, and E.C. Butcher, The cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a skin lymphocyte homing receptor for the vascular lectin endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1. J Exp Med 174, 1461-6 (1991) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.174.6.1461 PMid:1720810
10. C.A. Janeway, Immunobiology : the immune system in health and disease, Garland Science, New York; London, 2005.
11. K. Ley, and G.S. Kansas, Selectins in T-cell recruitment to non-lymphoid tissues and sites of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 4, 325-35 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1351 PMid:15122198 (Pubitemid 38649275)
12. K. Yonekawa, and J.M. Harlan, Targeting leukocyte integrins in human diseases. J Leukoc Biol 77, 129-40 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0804460 PMid:15548573 (Pubitemid 40315046)
13. W.J. Grossman, J.W. Verbsky, W. Barchet, M. Colonna, J.P. Atkinson, and T.J. Ley, Human T regulatory cells can use the perforin pathway to cause autologous target cell death. Immunity 21, 589-601 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.immuni.2004.09.002 PMid:15485635 (Pubitemid 39370513)
14. M.S. Diamond, and T.A. Springer, The dynamic regulation of integrin adhesiveness. Curr Biol 4, 506-17 (1994) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960- 9822(00)00111-1
15. B. Johnston, and E.C. Butcher, Chemokines in rapid leukocyte adhesion triggering and migration. Semin Immunol 14, 83-92 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1006/smim.2001.0345 PMid:11978080 (Pubitemid 34879384)
16. M. Fabbri, E. Bianchi, L. Fumagalli, and R. Pardi, Regulation of lymphocyte traffic by adhesion molecules. Inflamm Res 48, 239-46 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000110050454 PMid:10391111 (Pubitemid 29257614)
17. L.M. Ebert, P. Schaerli, and B. Moser, Chemokine-mediated control of T cell traffic in lymphoid and peripheral tissues. Mol Immunol 42, 799-809 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.040 PMid:15829268 (Pubitemid 40489029)
18. B. Moser, and K. Willimann, Chemokines: role in inflammation and immune surveillance. Ann Rheum Dis 63 Suppl 2, ii84-ii89 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1136/ard.2004.028316 PMid:15479880 PMCid:1766778 (Pubitemid 39424666)
19. I.M. Roitt, J. Brostoff, and D.K. Male, Immunology, Mosby-Wolfe, St. Louis, Mo., 1998.
20. T. Garrood, L. Lee, and C. Pitzalis, Molecular mechanisms of cell recruitment to inflammatory sites: general and tissue-specific pathways. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45, 250-60 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ kei207 PMid:16319101 (Pubitemid 43372837)
21. S. Nourshargh, and F.M. Marelli-Berg, Transmigration through venular walls: a key regulator of leukocyte phenotype and function. Trends Immunol 26, 157-65 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2005.01.006 PMid:15745858 (Pubitemid 40312523)
22. B. Engelhardt, and H. Wolburg, Mini-review: Transendothelial migration of leukocytes: through the front door or around the side of the house? Eur J Immunol 34, 2955-63 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425327 PMid:15376193 (Pubitemid 39549374)
23. H. Wolburg, K. Wolburg-Buchholz, and B. Engelhardt, Diapedesis of mononuclear cells across cerebral venules during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis leaves tight junctions intact. Acta Neuropathol 109, 181-90 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00401-004-0928-x PMid:15549331 (Pubitemid 40468387)
24. J. Millan, L. Hewlett, M. Glyn, D. Toomre, P. Clark, and A.J. Ridley, Lymphocyte transcellular migration occurs through recruitment of endothelial ICAM-1 to caveola- and F-actin-rich domains. Nat Cell Biol 8, 113-23 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1356 PMid:16429128
25. D. Vestweber, Adhesion and signaling molecules controlling the transmigration of leukocytes through endothelium. Immunol Rev 218, 178-96 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00533.x PMid:17624953 (Pubitemid 47052303)
26. Y. Shimizu, G.A. van Seventer, K.J. Horgan, and S. Shaw, Roles of adhesion molecules in Tcell recognition: fundamental similarities between four integrins on resting human T cells (LFA-1, VLA-4, VLA-5, VLA-6) in expression, binding, and costimulation. Immunol Rev 114, 109-43 (1990) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1111/j.1600-065X.1990.tb00563.x PMid:2196219 (Pubitemid 20141071)
27. C.R. Mackay, Immunological memory. Adv Immunol 53, 217-65 (1993) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60501-5
28. E.S. Vitetta, M.T. Berton, C. Burger, M. Kepron, W.T. Lee, and X.M. Yin, Memory B and T cells. Annu Rev Immunol 9, 193-217 (1991) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1146/annurev.iy.09.040191.001205 PMid:1910676
29. J. Sprent, T and B memory cells. Cell 76, 315-22 (1994) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(94)90338-7 (Pubitemid 24046693)
30. J. Garcia de Tena, L. Manzano, J.C. Leal, E. San Antonio, V. Sualdea, and M. Alvarez-Mon, Distinctive pattern of cytokine production and adhesion molecule expression in peripheral blood memory CD4+ T cells from patients with active Crohn's disease. J Clin Immunol 26, 233-42 (2006) PMid:16783463 (Pubitemid 43901652)
31. U.H. von Andrian, and T.R. Mempel, Homing and cellular traffic in lymph nodes. Nat Rev Immunol 3, 867-78 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1222 PMid:14668803 (Pubitemid 37411716)
32. C.R. Mackay, W.L. Marston, and L. Dudler, Naive and memory T cells show distinct pathways of lymphocyte recirculation. J Exp Med 171, 801-17 (1990) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.171.3.801 PMid:2307933 (Pubitemid 20088983)
33. D. Vestweber, Lymphocyte trafficking through blood and lymphatic vessels: more than just selectins, chemokines and integrins. Eur J Immunol 33, 1361-4 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200324011 PMid:12731062
34. W. Weninger, H.S. Carlsen, M. Goodarzi, F. Moazed, M.A. Crowley, E.S. Baekkevold, L.L. Cavanagh, and U.H. von Andrian, Naive T cell recruitment to nonlymphoid tissues: a role for endothelium-expressed CC chemokine ligand 21 in autoimmune disease and lymphoid neogenesis. J Immunol 170, 4638-48 (2003) PMid:12707342 (Pubitemid 36519970)
35. C. Moussion, and J.P. Girard, Dendritic cells control lymphocyte entry to lymph nodes through high endothelial venules. Nature 479, 542-6 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10540 PMid:22080953
36. P.R. Streeter, B.T. Rouse, and E.C. Butcher, Immunohistologic and functional characterization of a vascular addressin involved in lymphocyte homing into peripheral lymph nodes. J Cell Biol 107, 1853-62 (1988) http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.5.1853 PMid:2460470
37. O. Williams, R. Tarazona, A. Wack, N. Harker, K. Roderick, and D. Kioussis, Interactions with multiple peptide ligands determine the fate of developing thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 5706-11 (1998) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.10.5706 (Pubitemid 28224160)
38. E.S. Baekkevold, T. Yamanaka, R.T. Palframan, H.S. Carlsen, F.P. Reinholt, U.H. von Andrian, P. Brandtzaeg, and G. Haraldsen, The CCR7 ligand elc (CCL19) is transcytosed in high endothelial venules and mediates T cell recruitment. J Exp Med 193, 1105-12 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.193.9. 1105 PMid:11342595 PMCid:2193428
39. R.F. Bargatze, M.A. Jutila, and E.C. Butcher, Distinct roles of L-selectin and integrins alpha 4 beta 7 and LFA-1 in lymphocyte homing to Peyer's patch-HEV in situ: the multistep model confirmed and refined. Immunity 3, 99-108 (1995) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1074-7613(95)90162-0
40. D.J. Campbell, C.H. Kim, and E.C. Butcher, Chemokines in the systemic organization of immunity. Immunol Rev 195, 58-71 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1034/j.1600-065X.2003.00067.x PMid:12969310 (Pubitemid 37153453)
41. D.J. Erle, M.J. Briskin, E.C. Butcher, A. Garcia-Pardo, A.I. Lazarovits, and M. Tidswell, Expression and function of the MAdCAM-1 receptor, integrin alpha 4 beta 7, on human leukocytes. J Immunol 153, 517-28 (1994) PMid:7517418 (Pubitemid 24206281)
42. L.S. Rott, M.J. Briskin, D.P. Andrew, E.L. Berg, and E.C. Butcher, A fundamental subdivision of circulating lymphocytes defined by adhesion to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1. Comparison with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and correlation with beta 7 integrins and memory differentiation. J Immunol 156, 3727-36 (1996) PMid:8621908
43. N. Wagner, J. Lohler, T.F. Tedder, K. Rajewsky, W. Muller, and D.A. Steeber, L-selectin and beta7 integrin synergistically mediate lymphocyte migration to mesenteric lymph nodes. Eur J Immunol 28, 3832-9 (1998) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199811)28:113.0.CO;2-J (Pubitemid 28510794)
44. J. Sprent, Antigen-induced selective sequestration of T lymphocytes: role of the major histocompatibility complex. Monogr Allergy 16, 233-44 (1980) PMid:6985693
45. F. Sallusto, J. Geginat, and A. Lanzavecchia, Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance. Annu Rev Immunol 22, 745-63 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702 PMid:15032595 (Pubitemid 38680440)
46. F. Sallusto, D. Lenig, R. Forster, M. Lipp, and A. Lanzavecchia, Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions. Nature 401, 708-12 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/44385 PMid:10537110
47. N. Manjunath, P. Shankar, J. Wan, W. Weninger, M.A. Crowley, K. Hieshima, T.A. Springer, X. Fan, H. Shen, J. Lieberman, and U.H. von Andrian, Effector differentiation is not prerequisite for generation of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 108, 871-8 (2001) PMid:11560956 PMCid:200936 (Pubitemid 32880296)
48. U.H. von Andrian, and C.R. Mackay, T-cell function and migration. Two sides of the same coin. N Engl J Med 343, 1020-34 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1056/NEJM200010053431407 PMid:11018170
49. J. Sprent, and S.R. Webb, Intrathymic and extrathymic clonal deletion of T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 7, 196-205 (1995) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952- 7915(95)80004-2
50. D. Masopust, V. Vezys, A.L. Marzo, and L. Lefrancois, Preferential localization of effector memory cells in nonlymphoid tissue. Science 291, 2413-7 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1058867 PMid:11264538
51. G. Guarda, M. Hons, S.F. Soriano, A.Y. Huang, R. Polley, A. Martin-Fontecha, J.V. Stein, R.N. Germain, A. Lanzavecchia, and F. Sallusto, L-selectin-negative CCR7- effector and memory CD8+ T cells enter reactive lymph nodes and kill dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 8, 743-52 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1469 PMid:17529983 (Pubitemid 46965350)
52. S.K. Bromley, S.Y. Thomas, and A.D. Luster, Chemokine receptor CCR7 guides T cell exit from peripheral tissues and entry into afferent lymphatics. Nat Immunol 6, 895-901 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1240 PMid:16116469 (Pubitemid 43090444)
53. R. Pappu, S.R. Schwab, I. Cornelissen, J.P. Pereira, J.B. Regard, Y. Xu, E. Camerer, Y.W. Zheng, Y. Huang, J.G. Cyster, and S.R. Coughlin, Promotion of lymphocyte egress into blood and lymph by distinct sources of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Science 316, 295-8 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/ science.1139221 PMid:17363629 (Pubitemid 46633109)
54. J.R. Mora, and U.H. von Andrian, T-cell homing specificity and plasticity: new concepts and future challenges. Trends Immunol 27, 235-43 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2006.03.007 PMid:16580261 (Pubitemid 44308124)
55. W. Weninger, M.A. Crowley, N. Manjunath, and U.H. von Andrian, Migratory properties of naive, effector, and memory CD8(+) T cells. J Exp Med 194, 953-66 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.7.953 PMid:11581317 PMCid:2193483 (Pubitemid 32953264)
56. S. Shetty, C.J. Weston, Y.H. Oo, N. Westerlund, Z. Stamataki, J. Youster, S.G. Hubscher, M. Salmi, S. Jalkanen, P.F. Lalor, and D.H. Adams, Common lymphatic endothelial and vascular endothelial receptor-1 mediates the transmigration of regulatory T cells across human hepatic sinusoidal endothelium. J Immunol 186, 4147-55 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol. 1002961 PMid:21368224
57. R.W. Groves, M.H. Allen, J.N. Barker, D.O. Haskard, and D.M. MacDonald, Endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) expression in cutaneous inflammation. Br J Dermatol 124, 117-23 (1991) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 2133.1991.tb00419.x PMid:1706195
58. X. Jiang, J.J. Campbell, and T.S. Kupper, Embryonic trafficking of gammadelta T cells to skin is dependent on E/P selectin ligands and CCR4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 7443-8 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912943107 PMid:20368416 PMCid:2867765
59. J. Morales, B. Homey, A.P. Vicari, S. Hudak, E. Oldham, J. Hedrick, R. Orozco, N.G. Copeland, N.A. Jenkins, L.M. McEvoy, and A. Zlotnik, CTACK, a skin-associated chemokine that preferentially attracts skin-homing memory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96, 14470-5 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.96.25.14470
60. Y Jin, M Xia, A Sun, CM Saylor, N Xiong, CCR10 is important for the development of skinspecific gammadeltaT cells by regulating their migration and location. J Immunol, 185 (10): p. 5723-31 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/ jimmunol.1001612 PMid:20937851 PMCid:3037513
61. A. Batra, A.C. Smith, J. Feehally, and J. Barratt, T-cell homing receptor expression in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22, (2007) 2540-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm228 PMid:17452405 (Pubitemid 47365518)
62. L. Lefrancois, C.M. Parker, S. Olson, W. Muller, N. Wagner, M.P. Schon, and L. Puddington, The role of beta7 integrins in CD8 T cell trafficking during an antiviral immune response. J Exp Med 189, 1631-8 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1084/jem.189.10.1631 PMid:10330442 PMCid:2193647 (Pubitemid 29240888)
63. T. Schweighoffer, Y. Tanaka, M. Tidswell, D.J. Erle, K.J. Horgan, G.E. Luce, A.I. Lazarovits, D. Buck, and S. Shaw, Selective expression of integrin alpha 4 beta 7 on a subset of human CD4+ memory T cells with Hallmarks of gut-trophism. J Immunol 151, 717-29 (1993) PMid:7687621 (Pubitemid 23215737)
64. M. Briskin, D. Winsor-Hines, A. Shyjan, N. Cochran, S. Bloom, J. Wilson, L.M. McEvoy, E.C. Butcher, N. Kassam, C.R. Mackay, W. Newman, and D.J. Ringler, Human mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is preferentially expressed in intestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue. Am J Pathol 151, 97-110 (1997) PMid:9212736 PMCid:1857942 (Pubitemid 27283962)
65. N. Wagner, J. Lohler, E.J. Kunkel, K. Ley, E. Leung, G. Krissansen, K. Rajewsky, and W. Muller, Critical role for beta7 integrins in formation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Nature 382, 366-70 (1996) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/382366a0 PMid:8684468 (Pubitemid 26260466)
66. O. Pabst, R. Forster, M. Lipp, H. Engel, and H.H. Arnold, NKX2.3 is required for MAdCAM-1 expression and homing of lymphocytes in spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. EMBO J 19, 2015-23 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.9.2015 PMid:10790368 PMCid:305695 (Pubitemid 30237577)
67. H. Stenstad, M. Svensson, H. Cucak, K. Kotarsky, and W.W. Agace, Differential homing mechanisms regulate regionalized effector CD8alphabeta+ T cell accumulation within the small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104, 10122-7 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700269104 PMid:17551016 PMCid:1891238 (Pubitemid 47175273)
68. E.J. Kunkel, J.J. Campbell, G. Haraldsen, J. Pan, J. Boisvert, A.I. Roberts, E.C. Ebert, M.A. Vierra, S.B. Goodman, M.C. Genovese, A.J. Wardlaw, H.B. Greenberg, C.M. Parker, E.C. Butcher, D.P. Andrew, and W.W. Agace, Lymphocyte CC chemokine receptor 9 and epithelial thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK) expression distinguish the small intestinal immune compartment: Epithelial expression of tissue-specific chemokines as an organizing principle in regional immunity. J Exp Med 192, 761-8 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem. 192.5.761 PMid:10974041 PMCid:2193265
69. B.A. Zabel, W.W. Agace, J.J. Campbell, H.M. Heath, D. Parent, A.I. Roberts, E.C. Ebert, N. Kassam, S. Qin, M. Zovko, G.J. LaRosa, L.L. Yang, D. Soler, E.C. Butcher, P.D. Ponath, C.M. Parker, and D.P. Andrew, Human G protein-coupled receptor GPR-9-6/CC chemokine receptor 9 is selectively expressed on intestinal homing T lymphocytes, mucosal lymphocytes, and thymocytes and is required for thymus-expressed chemokine-mediated chemotaxis. J Exp Med 190, 1241-56 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.9.1241 PMid:10544196 PMCid:2195678
70. M. Nishimura, Y. Kuboi, K. Muramoto, T. Kawano, and T. Imai, Chemokines as novel therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1173, 350-6 (2009) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04738.x PMid:19758172
71. C. Koenecke, and R. Forster, CCR9 and inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 13, 297-306 (2009) http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728220902762928 PMid:19236152
72. E.J. Kunkel, D.J. Campbell, and E.C. Butcher, Chemokines in lymphocyte trafficking and intestinal immunity. Microcirculation 10, 313-23 (2003) PMid:12851648 (Pubitemid 39004258)
73. B. Johansson-Lindbom, M. Svensson, M.A. Wurbel, B. Malissen, G. Marquez, and W. Agace, Selective generation of gut tropic T cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT): requirement for GALT dendritic cells and adjuvant. J Exp Med 198, 963-9 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20031244 PMid:12963696 PMCid:2194196 (Pubitemid 37152933)
74. H. Stenstad, A. Ericsson, B. Johansson-Lindbom, M. Svensson, J. Marsal, M. Mack, D. Picarella, D. Soler, G. Marquez, M. Briskin, and W.W. Agace, Gut-associated lymphoid tissueprimed CD4+ T cells display CCR9-dependent and -independent homing to the small intestine. Blood 107, 3447-54 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-07-2860 PMid:16391017
75. J. Marsal, M. Svensson, A. Ericsson, A.H. Iranpour, L. Carramolino, G. Marquez, and W.W. Agace, Involvement of CCL25 (TECK) in the generation of the murine small-intestinal CD8alpha alpha+CD3+ intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment. Eur J Immunol 32, 3488-97 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521- 4141(200212)32:12<3488::AID-IMMU3488>3.0.CO;2-E (Pubitemid 36032653)
76. K.A. Papadakis, J. Prehn, V. Nelson, L. Cheng, S.W. Binder, P.D. Ponath, D.P. Andrew, and S.R. Targan, The role of thymus-expressed chemokine and its receptor CCR9 on lymphocytes in the regional specialization of the mucosal immune system. J Immunol 165, 5069-76 (2000) PMid:11046037
77. M.A. Wurbel, J.M. Philippe, C. Nguyen, G. Victorero, T. Freeman, P. Wooding, A. Miazek, M.G. Mattei, M. Malissen, B.R. Jordan, B. Malissen, A. Carrier, and P. Naquet, The chemokine TECK is expressed by thymic and intestinal epithelial cells and attracts double- and single-positive thymocytes expressing the TECK receptor CCR9. Eur J Immunol 30, 262-71 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1002/1521-4141(200001)30:1<262::AID-IMMU262>3.0.CO;2-0 (Pubitemid 30011788)
78. N. Hosoe, S. Miura, C. Watanabe, Y. Tsuzuki, R. Hokari, T. Oyama, Y. Fujiyama, H. Nagata, and H. Ishii, Demonstration of functional role of TECK/CCL25 in T lymphocyte-endothelium interaction in inflamed and uninflamed intestinal mucosa. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 286, G458-66 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00167.2003 PMid:14592943 (Pubitemid 38250319)
79. C.S. Bonder, M.U. Norman, M.G. Swain, L.D. Zbytnuik, J. Yamanouchi, P. Santamaria, M. Ajuebor, M. Salmi, S. Jalkanen, and P. Kubes, Rules of recruitment for Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes in inflamed liver: a role for alpha-4 integrin and vascular adhesion protein-1. Immunity 23, 153-63 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.007 PMid:16111634 (Pubitemid 41169285)
80. K. Arai, T. Iiai, M. Nakayama, K. Hasegawa, K. Sato, K. Ohtsuka, H. Watanabe, T. Hanyu, H.E. Takahashi, and T. Abo, Adhesion molecules on intermediate TCR cells. I. Unique expression of adhesion molecules, CD44+ L-selectin-, on intermediate TCR cells in the liver and the modulation of their adhesion by hyaluronic acid. Immunology 84, 64-71 (1995) PMid:7534265 PMCid:1415188
81. S. Ribeiro, and R. Horuk, The clinical potential of chemokine receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 107, 44-58 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. pharmthera.2005.01.004 (Pubitemid 40803508)
82. P. Loetscher, M. Uguccioni, L. Bordoli, M. Baggiolini, B. Moser, C. Chizzolini, and J.M. Dayer, CCR5 is characteristic of Th1 lymphocytes. Nature 391, 344-5 (1998) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/34814 PMid:9450746
83. S.A. Luther, and J.G. Cyster, Chemokines as regulators of T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2, 102-7 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/84205 PMid:11175801 (Pubitemid 33707926)
84. D.J. Carr, J. Ash, T.E. Lane, and W.A. Kuziel, Abnormal immune response of CCR5-deficient mice to ocular infection with herpes simplex virus type 1. J Gen Virol 87, 489-99 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81339-0 PMid:16476970 PMCid:1479868
85. M. Locati, and P.M. Murphy, Chemokines and chemokine receptors: biology and clinical relevance in inflammation and AIDS. Annu Rev Med 50, 425-40 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.50.1.425 PMid:10073287 (Pubitemid 29117076)
86. T.C. Dawson, M.A. Beck, W.A. Kuziel, F. Henderson, and N. Maeda, Contrasting effects of CCR5 and CCR2 deficiency in the pulmonary inflammatory response to influenza A virus. Am J Pathol 156, 1951-9 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65068-7
87. J.R. Mora, M.R. Bono, N. Manjunath, W. Weninger, L.L. Cavanagh, M. Rosemblatt, and U.H. Von Andrian, Selective imprinting of gut-homing T cells by Peyer's patch dendritic cells. Nature 424, 88-93 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/nature01726 PMid:12840763 (Pubitemid 36834847)
88. A.J. Stagg, M.A. Kamm, and S.C. Knight, Intestinal dendritic cells increase T cell expression of alpha4beta7 integrin. Eur J Immunol 32, 1445-54 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4141(200205)32:5<1445::AID- IMMU1445>3.0.CO;2-E (Pubitemid 34546273)
89. D.J. Campbell, and E.C. Butcher, Rapid acquisition of tissue-specific homing phenotypes by CD4(+) T cells activated in cutaneous or mucosal lymphoid tissues. J Exp Med 195, 135-41 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20011502 PMid:11781372 PMCid:2196018 (Pubitemid 34074503)
90. H. Sigmundsdottir, J. Pan, G.F. Debes, C. Alt, A. Habtezion, D. Soler, and E.C. Butcher, DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to 'program' T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27. Nat Immunol 8, 285-93 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1433 PMid:17259988 (Pubitemid 46745378)
91. M. Iwata, A. Hirakiyama, Y. Eshima, H. Kagechika, C. Kato, and S.Y. Song, Retinoic acid imprints gut-homing specificity on T cells. Immunity 21, 527-38 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.011 PMid:15485630 (Pubitemid 39370508)
92. T. Moore, Vitamin A and carotene: The absence of the liver oil vitamin A from carotene. VI. The conversion of carotene to vitamin A in vivo. Biochem J 24, 692-702 (1930) PMid:16744410 PMCid:1254511
93. H. Sigmundsdottir, and E.C. Butcher, Environmental cues, dendritic cells and the programming of tissue-selective lymphocyte trafficking. Nat Immunol 9, 981-7 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.f.208 PMid:18711435 PMCid:3171274
94. J.L. Napoli, Interactions of retinoid binding proteins and enzymes in retinoid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1440, 139-62 (1999) PMid:10521699 (Pubitemid 29424180)
95. G. Duester, Families of retinoid dehydrogenases regulating vitamin A function: production of visual pigment and retinoic acid. Eur J Biochem 267, 4315-24 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01497.x PMid:10880953 (Pubitemid 30461062)
96. J.L. Coombes, K.R. Siddiqui, C.V. Arancibia-Carcamo, J. Hall, C.M. Sun, Y. Belkaid, and F. Powrie, A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 204, 1757-64 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1084/jem.20070590 PMid:17620361 PMCid:2118683 (Pubitemid 47236314)
97. E. Jaensson, H. Uronen-Hansson, O. Pabst, B. Eksteen, J. Tian, J.L. Coombes, P.L. Berg, T. Davidsson, F. Powrie, B. Johansson-Lindbom, and W.W. Agace, Small intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells display unique functional properties that are conserved between mice and humans. J Exp Med 205, 2139-49 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080414 PMid:18710932 PMCid:2526207
98. B. Johansson-Lindbom, M. Svensson, O. Pabst, C. Palmqvist, G. Marquez, R. Forster, and W.W. Agace, Functional specialization of gut CD103+ dendritic cells in the regulation of tissueselective T cell homing. J Exp Med 202, 1063-73 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20051100 PMid:16216890 PMCid:2213212 (Pubitemid 41464500)
99. C.M. Sun, J.A. Hall, R.B. Blank, N. Bouladoux, M. Oukka, J.R. Mora, and Y. Belkaid, Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid. J Exp Med 204, 1775-85 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20070602 PMid:17620362 PMCid:2118682 (Pubitemid 47236316)
100. SI Hammerschmidt, M Friedrichsen, J Boelter, M Lyszkiewicz, E Kremmer, O Pabst, R Förster, Retinoic acid induces homing of protective T and B cells to the gut after subcutaneous immunization in mice. J Clin Invest, 121 (8): p. 3051-61 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI44262 PMid:21737878 PMCid:3223921
101. X Tan, JL Sande, JS Pufnock, JN Blattman, PD Greenberg, Retinoic acid as a vaccine adjuvant enhances CD8+ T cell response and mucosal protection from viral challenge. J Virol, 85 (16): p. 8316-27 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ JVI.00781-11 PMid:21653670 PMCid:3147979
102. T.L. Denning, Y.C. Wang, S.R. Patel, I.R. Williams, and B. Pulendran, Lamina propria macrophages and dendritic cells differentially induce regulatory and interleukin 17-producing T cell responses. Nat Immunol 8, 1086-94 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1511 PMid:17873879 (Pubitemid 47423756)
103. S.I. Hammerschmidt, M. Ahrendt, U. Bode, B. Wahl, E. Kremmer, R. Forster, and O. Pabst, Stromal mesenteric lymph node cells are essential for the generation of gut-homing T cells in vivo. J Exp Med 205, 2483-90 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080039 PMid:18852290 PMCid:2571923
104. A. Lampen, S. Meyer, T. Arnhold, and H. Nau, Metabolism of vitamin A and its active metabolite all-trans-retinoic acid in small intestinal enterocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295, 979-85 (2000) PMid:11082432
105. S.C. Ng, M.A. Kamm, A.J. Stagg, and S.C. Knight, Intestinal dendritic cells: their role in bacterial recognition, lymphocyte homing, and intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 16, 1787-807 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ ibd.21247 PMid:20222140
106. R. Forster, O. Pabst, and G. Bernhardt, Homeostatic chemokines in development, plasticity, and functional organization of the intestinal immune system. Semin Immunol 20, 171-80 (2008) . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2008. 03.001 PMid:18434190
107. J.L. Coombes, and F. Powrie, Dendritic cells in intestinal immune regulation. Nat Rev Immunol 8, 435-46 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2335 PMid:18500229 PMCid:2674208 (Pubitemid 351733420)
108. A.J. Macpherson, and T. Uhr, Induction of protective IgA by intestinal dendritic cells carrying commensal bacteria. Science 303, 1662-5 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1091334 PMid:15016999
109. A.M. Mowat, Anatomical basis of tolerance and immunity to intestinal antigens. Nat Rev Immunol 3, 331-41 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1057 PMid:12669023 (Pubitemid 37328685)
110. V. Malmstrom, D. Shipton, B. Singh, A. Al-Shamkhani, M.J. Puklavec, A.N. Barclay, and F. Powrie, CD134L expression on dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes drives colitis in T cell-restored SCID mice. J Immunol 166, 6972-81(2001) PMid:11359859
111. C. Siewert, A. Menning, J. Dudda, K. Siegmund, U. Lauer, S. Floess, D.J. Campbell, A. Hamann, and J. Huehn, Induction of organ-selective CD4+ regulatory T cell homing. Eur J Immunol 37, 978-89 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji. 200636575 PMid:17345581 (Pubitemid 46925335)
112. J.R. Mora, M. Iwata, B. Eksteen, S.Y. Song, T. Junt, B. Senman, K.L. Otipoby, A. Yokota, H. Takeuchi, P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, K. Rajewsky, D.H. Adams, and U.H. von Andrian, Generation of gut-homing IgA-secreting B cells by intestinal dendritic cells. Science 314, 1157-60 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1126/science.1132742 PMid:17110582 (Pubitemid 44789048)
113. S.G. Kang, H.W. Lim, O.M. Andrisani, H.E. Broxmeyer, and C.H. Kim, Vitamin A metabolites induce gut-homing FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol 179, 3724-33 (2007) PMid:17785809
114. J.E. Greening, T.I. Tree, K.T. Kotowicz, A.G. van Halteren, B.O. Roep, N.J. Klein, and M. Peakman, Processing and presentation of the islet autoantigen GAD by vascular endothelial cells promotes transmigration of autoreactive T-cells. Diabetes 52, 717-25 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.52.3.717 PMid:12606513 (Pubitemid 36323579)
115. F.M. Marelli-Berg, L. Frasca, L. Weng, G. Lombardi, and R.I. Lechler, Antigen recognition influences transendothelial migration of CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 162, 696-703 (1999) PMid:9916688 (Pubitemid 29035389)
116. T.D. Manes, and J.S. Pober, Antigen presentation by human microvascular endothelial cells triggers ICAM-1-dependent transendothelial protrusion by, and fractalkine-dependent transendothelial migration of, effector memory CD4+ T cells. J Immunol 180, 8386-92 (2008) PMid:18523306 PMCid:2435282
117. A.Y. Savinov, F.S. Wong, A.C. Stonebraker, and A.V. Chervonsky, Presentation of antigen by endothelial cells and chemoattraction are required for homing of insulin-specific CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 197, 643-56 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021378 PMid:12615905 PMCid:2193823 (Pubitemid 36314659)
118. A.Y. Savinov, F.S. Wong, and A.V. Chervonsky, IFN-gamma affects homing of diabetogenic T cells. J Immunol 167, 6637-43 (2001) PMid:11714835 (Pubitemid 33081602)
119. R.A. Sobel, B.W. Blanchette, A.K. Bhan, and R.B. Colvin, The immunopathology of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. II. Endothelial cell Ia increases prior to inflammatory cell infiltration. J Immunol 132, 2402-7 (1984) PMid:6425402
120. F.M. Marelli-Berg, M.J. James, J. Dangerfield, J. Dyson, M. Millrain, D. Scott, E. Simpson, S. Nourshargh, and R.I. Lechler, Cognate recognition of the endothelium induces HY-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte transendothelial migration (diapedesis) in vivo. Blood 103, 3111-6 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood- 2003-08-2717 PMid:15070692
121. M. Ticchioni, C. Charvet, N. Noraz, L. Lamy, M. Steinberg, A. Bernard, and M. Deckert, Signaling through ZAP-70 is required for CXCL12-mediated T-cell transendothelial migration. Blood 99, 3111-8 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/ blood.V99.9.3111 PMid:11964272
122. M. Iwasaki, T. Mukai, P. Gao, W.R. Park, C. Nakajima, M. Tomura, H. Fujiwara, and T. Hamaoka, A critical role for IL-12 in CCR5 induction on T cell receptor-triggered mouse CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 31, 2411-20 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4141(200108)31:8<2411::AID- IMMU2411>3.0.CO;2-Y (Pubitemid 32785360)
123. M. Svensson, J. Marsal, A. Ericsson, L. Carramolino, T. Broden, G. Marquez, and W.W. Agace, CCL25 mediates the localization of recently activated CD8alphabeta(+) lymphocytes to the small-intestinal mucosa. J Clin Invest 110, 1113-21 (2002) PMid:12393847 PMCid:150799 (Pubitemid 35215892)
124. D. Kreisel, A.M. Krasinskas, A.S. Krupnick, A.E. Gelman, K.R. Balsara, S.H. Popma, M. Riha, A.M. Rosengard, L.A. Turka, and B.R. Rosengard, Vascular endothelium does not activate CD4+ direct allorecognition in graft rejection. J Immunol 173, 3027-34 (2004) PMid:15322162 (Pubitemid 39142008)
125. M.L. Alegre, K.A. Frauwirth, and C.B. Thompson, T-cell regulation by CD28 and CTLA-4. Nat Rev Immunol 1, 220-8 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35105024 PMid:11905831 (Pubitemid 33741960)
126. Y. Shimizu, G.A. van Seventer, E. Ennis, W. Newman, K.J. Horgan, and S. Shaw, Crosslinking of the T cell-specific accessory molecules CD7 and CD28 modulates T cell adhesion. J Exp Med 175, 577-82 (1992) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1084/jem.175.2.577 PMid:1370688
127. S.M. Turcovski-Corrales, R.G. Fenton, G. Peltz, and D.D. Taub, CD28:B7 interactions promote T cell adhesion. Eur J Immunol 25, 3087-93 (1995) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830251115 PMid:7489747
128. T. Zell, S.W. Hunt, 3rd, J.L. Mobley, L.D. Finkelstein, and Y. Shimizu, CD28-mediated upregulation of beta 1-integrin adhesion involves phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Immunol 156, 883- 6 (1996) PMid:8558013
129. T Zell, SW 3rd Hunt, JL Mobley, LD Finkelstein, Y Shimizu, CD28-mediated up-regulation of beta 1-integrin adhesion involves phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Immunol 156: p. 883-6 (1996) PMid:8558013
130. T.T. Chang, C. Jabs, R.A. Sobel, V.K. Kuchroo, and A.H. Sharpe, Studies in B7-deficient mice reveal a critical role for B7 costimulation in both induction and effector phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 190, 733-40 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.5.733 PMid:10477557 PMCid:2195617 (Pubitemid 29428655)
131. A.M. Girvin, M.C. Dal Canto, L. Rhee, B. Salomon, A. Sharpe, J.A. Bluestone, and S.D. Miller, A critical role for B7/CD28 costimulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a comparative study using costimulatory molecule-deficient mice and monoclonal antibody blockade. J Immunol 164, 136-43 (2000) PMid:10605004 (Pubitemid 30012983)
132. B. Salomon, and J.A. Bluestone, Complexities of CD28/B7: CTLA-4 costimulatory pathways in autoimmunity and transplantation. Annu Rev Immunol 19, 225-52 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.225 PMid:11244036 (Pubitemid 32368035)
133. V. Mirenda, S.J. Jarmin, R. David, J. Dyson, D. Scott, Y. Gu, R.I. Lechler, K. Okkenhaug, and F.M. Marelli-Berg, Physiologic and aberrant regulation of memory T-cell trafficking by the costimulatory molecule CD28. Blood 109, 2968-77 (2007) PMid:17119120 (Pubitemid 46482095)
134. K. Okkenhaug, L. Wu, K.M. Garza, J. La Rose, W. Khoo, B. Odermatt, T.W. Mak, P.S. Ohashi, and R. Rottapel, A point mutation in CD28 distinguishes proliferative signals from survival signals. Nat Immunol 2, 325-32 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/86327 PMid:11276203 (Pubitemid 33706343)
135. S.K. Bromley, W.R. Burack, K.G. Johnson, K. Somersalo, T.N. Sims, C. Sumen, M.M. Davis, A.S. Shaw, P.M. Allen, and M.L. Dustin, The immunological synapse. Annu Rev Immunol 19, 375- 96 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev. immunol.19.1.375 PMid:11244041 (Pubitemid 32368040)
136. L.S. Walker, A. Gulbranson-Judge, S. Flynn, T. Brocker, C. Raykundalia, M. Goodall, R. Forster, M. Lipp, and P. Lane, Compromised OX40 function in CD28-deficient mice is linked with failure to develop CXC chemokine receptor 5-positive CD4 cells and germinal centers. J Exp Med 190, 1115-22 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.8.1115 PMid:10523609 PMCid:2195670 (Pubitemid 29496504)
137. B. Wei, S. da Rocha Dias, H. Wang, and C.E. Rudd, CTL-associated antigen-4 ligation induces rapid T cell polarization that depends on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Vav-1, Cdc42, and myosin light chain kinase. J Immunol 179, 400-8 (2007) PMid:17579061 (Pubitemid 46986557)
138. H. Schneider, J. Downey, A. Smith, B.H. Zinselmeyer, C. Rush, J.M. Brewer, B. Wei, N. Hogg, P. Garside, and C.E. Rudd, Reversal of the TCR stop signal by CTLA-4. Science 313, 1972-5 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science. 1131078 PMid:16931720
139. L.S. Walker, A. Gulbranson-Judge, S. Flynn, T. Brocker, C. Raykundalia, M. Goodall, R. Forster, M. Lipp, and P. Lane, Compromised OX40 function in CD28-deficient mice is linked with failure to develop CXC chemokine receptor 5-positive CD4 cells and germinal centers. J Exp Med 190, 1115-22 (1999) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.190.8.1115 PMid:10523609 PMCid:2195670 (Pubitemid 29496504)
140. N. Okamoto, Y. Nukada, K. Tezuka, K. Ohashi, K. Mizuno, and T. Tsuji, AILIM/ICOS signaling induces T-cell migration/polarization of memory/effector T-cells. Int Immunol 16, 1515-22 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxh153 PMid:15339883 (Pubitemid 39341565)
141. R.V. Parry, G.C. Whittaker, M. Sims, C.E. Edmead, M.J. Welham, and S.G. Ward, Ligation of CD28 stimulates the formation of a multimeric signaling complex involving grb-2-associated binder 2 (gab2), SRC homology phosphatase-2, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase: evidence that negative regulation of CD28 signaling requires the gab2 pleckstrin homology domain. J Immunol 176, 594-602 (2006) PMid:16365455 (Pubitemid 43023308)
142. K. Okkenhaug, and B. Vanhaesebroeck, PI3K in lymphocyte development, differentiation and activation. Nat Rev Immunol 3, 317-30 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1056 PMid:12669022 (Pubitemid 37328684)
143. S.G. Ward, and F.M. Marelli-Berg, Mechanisms of chemokine and antigen-dependent Tlymphocyte navigation. Biochem J 418, 13-27 (2009) http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20081969 PMid:19159344
144. S.J. Jarmin, R. David, L. Ma, J.G. Chai, H. Dewchand, A. Takesono, A.J. Ridley, K. Okkenhaug, and F.M. Marelli-Berg, T cell receptor-induced phosphoinositide-3-kinase p110delta activity is required for T cell localization to antigenic tissue in mice. J Clin Invest 118, 1154-64 (2008) PMid:18259608 PMCid:2230659 (Pubitemid 351364622)
145. V. Mirenda, S.J. Jarmin, R. David, J. Dyson, D. Scott, Y. Gu, R.I. Lechler, K. Okkenhaug, and F.M. Marelli-Berg, Physiologic and aberrant regulation of memory T-cell trafficking by the costimulatory molecule CD28. Blood 109, 2968-77. PMid:17119120
146. K. Reif, K. Okkenhaug, T. Sasaki, J.M. Penninger, B. Vanhaesebroeck, and J.G. Cyster, Cutting edge: differential roles for phosphoinositide 3-kinases, p110gamma and p110delta, in lymphocyte chemotaxis and homing. J Immunol 173, (2004) 2236-40 (2007) (Pubitemid 39063077)
147. D. Finlay, and D.A. Cantrell, Metabolism, migration and memory in cytotoxic T cells. Nat Rev Immunol 11, 109-17 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ nri2888 PMid:21233853
148. L.V. Sinclair, D. Finlay, C. Feijoo, G.H. Cornish, A. Gray, A. Ager, K. Okkenhaug, T.J. Hagenbeek, H. Spits, and D.A. Cantrell, Phosphatidylinositol-3- OH kinase and nutrient-sensing mTOR pathways control T lymphocyte trafficking. Nat Immunol 9, 513-21 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.1603 PMid:18391955 PMCid:2857321 (Pubitemid 351560520)
149. V. Kolsch, P.G. Charest, and R.A. Firtel, The regulation of cell motility and chemotaxis by phospholipid signaling. J Cell Sci 121, 551-9 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.023333 PMid:18287584 PMCid:2671295 (Pubitemid 351524153)
150. J. Li, B.A. Ballif, A.M. Powelka, J. Dai, S.P. Gygi, and V.W. Hsu, Phosphorylation of ACAP1 by Akt regulates the stimulation-dependent recycling of integrin beta1 to control cell migration. Dev Cell 9, 663-73 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2005.09.012 PMid:16256741 (Pubitemid 41555148)
151. A. Enomoto, H. Murakami, N. Asai, N. Morone, T. Watanabe, K. Kawai, Y. Murakumo, J. Usukura, K. Kaibuchi, and M. Takahashi, Akt/PKB regulates actin organization and cell motility via Girdin/APE. Dev Cell 9, 389-402 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2005.08.001 PMid:16139227 (Pubitemid 41235808)
152. V. Stambolic, and J.R. Woodgett, Functional distinctions of protein kinase B/Akt isoforms defined by their influence on cell migration. Trends Cell Biol 16, 461-6 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2006.07.001 PMid:16870447 (Pubitemid 44293397)
153. A.J. Ridley, M.A. Schwartz, K. Burridge, R.A. Firtel, M.H. Ginsberg, G. Borisy, J.T. Parsons, and A.R. Horwitz, Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back. Science 302, 1704-9 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science. 1092053 PMid:14657486
154. S. Merlot, and R.A. Firtel, Leading the way: Directional sensing through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other signaling pathways. J Cell Sci 116, 3471-8 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.00703 PMid:12893811
155. L. Stephens, L. Milne, and P. Hawkins, Moving towards a better understanding of chemotaxis. Curr Biol 18, R485-94 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.cub.2008.04.048 PMid:18522824 (Pubitemid 351734644)
156. T.M. Brusko, A.L. Putnam, and J.A. Bluestone, Human regulatory T cells: role in autoimmune disease and therapeutic opportunities. Immunol Rev 223, 371-90 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00637.x PMid:18613848 (Pubitemid 351986182)
157. S. Sakaguchi, Regulatory T cells: history and perspective. Methods Mol Biol 707, 3-17 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61737-979-6-1 PMid:21287325
158. S. Sakaguchi, Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 22, 531-62 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122 PMid:15032588 (Pubitemid 38680433)
159. C.L. Bennett, J. Christie, F. Ramsdell, M.E. Brunkow, P.J. Ferguson, L. Whitesell, T.E. Kelly, F.T. Saulsbury, P.F. Chance, and H.D. Ochs, The immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome (IPEX) is caused by mutations of FOXP3. Nat Genet 27, 20-1 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1038/83713 PMid:11137993 (Pubitemid 32044513)
160. F. Ramsdell, and S.F. Ziegler, Transcription factors in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 15, 718-24 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2003.09.008 PMid:14630208 (Pubitemid 37434081)
161. S. Sakaguchi, N. Sakaguchi, M. Asano, M. Itoh, and M. Toda, Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25) Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases. J Immunol 155, 1151- 64 (1995) PMid:7636184
162. M.G. Roncarolo, and M.K. Levings, The role of different subsets of T regulatory cells in controlling autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 12, 676-83 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00162-X
163. M. Itoh, T. Takahashi, N. Sakaguchi, Y. Kuniyasu, J. Shimizu, F. Otsuka, and S. Sakaguchi, Thymus and autoimmunity: production of CD25+CD4+ naturally anergic and suppressive T cells as a key function of the thymus in maintaining immunologic self-tolerance. J Immunol 162, 5317- 26 (1999) PMid:10228007 (Pubitemid 29307138)
164. M. Papiernik, M.L. de Moraes, C. Pontoux, F. Vasseur, and C. Penit, Regulatory CD4 T cells: expression of IL-2R alpha chain, resistance to clonal deletion and IL-2 dependency. Int Immunol 10, 371-8 (1998) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1093/intimm/10.4.371 PMid:9620592 (Pubitemid 28182093)
165. A.M. Thornton, and E.M. Shevach, Suppressor effector function of CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells is antigen nonspecific. J Immunol 164, 183-90 (2000) PMid:10605010 (Pubitemid 30012989)
166. C. Baecher-Allan, J.A. Brown, G.J. Freeman, and D.A. Hafler, CD4+CD25high regulatory cells in human peripheral blood. J Immunol 167, 1245-53 (2001) PMid:11466340 (Pubitemid 32703119)
167. H. Jonuleit, E. Schmitt, M. Stassen, A. Tuettenberg, J. Knop, and A.H. Enk, Identification and functional characterization of human CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells with regulatory properties isolated from peripheral blood. J Exp Med 193, 1285-94 (2001) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.193.11.1285 PMid:11390435 PMCid:2193380 (Pubitemid 32524778)
168. M.A. Gavin, T.R. Torgerson, E. Houston, P. DeRoos, W.Y. Ho, A. Stray-Pedersen, E.L. Ocheltree, P.D. Greenberg, H.D. Ochs, and A.Y. Rudensky, Single-cell analysis of normal and FOXP3-mutant human T cells: FOXP3 expression without regulatory T cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103, 6659-64 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509484103 PMid:16617117 PMCid:1458937
169. J. Wang, A. Ioan-Facsinay, E.I. van der Voort, T.W. Huizinga, and R.E. Toes, Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 37, 129-38 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636435 PMid:17154262 (Pubitemid 46128793)
170. S. Sakaguchi, M. Miyara, C.M. Costantino, and D.A. Hafler, FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 10, 490-500 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2785 PMid:20559327
171. R. Khattri, T. Cox, S.A. Yasayko, and F. Ramsdell, An essential role for Scurfin in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells. Nat Immunol 4, 337-42 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni909 PMid:12612581 (Pubitemid 36432315)
172. W. Chen, W. Jin, N. Hardegen, K.J. Lei, L. Li, N. Marinos, G. McGrady, and S.M. Wahl, Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25- naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3. J Exp Med 198, 1875-86 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20030152 PMid:14676299 PMCid:2194145 (Pubitemid 38032120)
173. M.A. Curotto de Lafaille, A.C. Lino, N. Kutchukhidze, and J.J. Lafaille, CD25- T cells generate CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells by peripheral expansion. J Immunol 173, 7259-68 (2004) PMid:15585848 (Pubitemid 39628162)
174. K.M. Thorstenson, and A. Khoruts, Generation of anergic and potentially immunoregulatory CD25+CD4 T cells in vivo after induction of peripheral tolerance with intravenous or oral antigen. J Immunol 167, 188-95 (2001) PMid:11418648 (Pubitemid 32567777)
175. M.A. Curotto de Lafaille, N. Kutchukhidze, S. Shen, Y. Ding, H. Yee, and J.J. Lafaille, Adaptive Foxp3+ regulatory T cell-dependent and -independent control of allergic inflammation. Immunity 29, 114-26 (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.05.010 PMid:18617425
176. V.C. Liu, L.Y. Wong, T. Jang, A.H. Shah, I. Park, X. Yang, Q. Zhang, S. Lonning, B.A. Teicher, and C. Lee, Tumor evasion of the immune system by converting CD4+CD25- T cells into CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells: role of tumor-derived TGF-beta. J Immunol 178, 2883-92 (2007) PMid:17312132 (Pubitemid 46333166)
177. S.P. Cobbold, R. Castejon, E. Adams, D. Zelenika, L. Graca, S. Humm, and H. Waldmann, Induction of foxP3+ regulatory T cells in the periphery of T cell receptor transgenic mice tolerized to transplants. J Immunol 172, 6003-10 (2004) PMid:15128783 (Pubitemid 38621201)
178. S.G. Zheng, J. Wang, P. Wang, J.D. Gray, and D.A. Horwitz, IL-2 is essential for TGF-beta to convert naive CD4+. J Immunol 178, 2018-2027 (2007) PMid:17277105
179. F. Sallusto, and A. Lanzavecchia, Heterogeneity of CD4+ memory T cells: functional modules for tailored immunity. Eur J Immunol 39, 2076-82 (2009) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200939722 PMid:19672903
180. J.C. Ochando, A.C. Yopp, Y. Yang, A. Garin, Y. Li, P. Boros, J. Llodra, Y. Ding, S.A. Lira, N.R. Krieger, and J.S. Bromberg, Lymph node occupancy is required for the peripheral development of alloantigen-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol 174, 6993-7005 (2005) PMid:15905542 (Pubitemid 40705664)
181. L. Graca, S.P. Cobbold, and H. Waldmann, Identification of regulatory T cells in tolerated allografts. J Exp Med 195, 1641-1646 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20012097 PMid:12070291 PMCid:2193557 (Pubitemid 34666077)
182. I. Lee, L. Wang, A.D. Wells, M.E. Dorf, E. Ozkaynak, and W.W. Hancock, Recruitment of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells mediating allograft tolerance depends on the CCR4 chemokine receptor. J Exp Med 201, 1037-1044 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20041709 PMid:15809349 PMCid:2213137 (Pubitemid 40524671)
183. J.F. Bach, Regulatory T cells under scrutiny. Nat Rev Immunol 3, 189-198 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1026 PMid:12658267 (Pubitemid 37323204)
184. A.D. Luster, The role of chemokines in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 14, 129-135 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0952- 7915(01)00308-9 (Pubitemid 34085117)
185. K.J. Wood, and S. Sakaguchi, Regulatory T cells in transplantation tolerance. Nat Rev Immunol 3, 199-210 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1027 PMid:12658268 (Pubitemid 37323205)
186. H.W. Lim, P. Hillsamer, and C.H. Kim, Regulatory T cells can migrate to follicles upon T cell activation and suppress GC-Th cells and GC-Th cell-driven B cell responses. J Clin Invest 114, 1640-1649 (2004) PMid:15578096 PMCid:529283 (Pubitemid 40385555)
187. G.M. Venturi, R.M. Conway, D.A. Steeber, and T.F. Tedder, CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cell migration requires L-selectin expression: L-selectin transcriptional regulation balances constitutive receptor turnover. J Immunol 178, 291-300 (2007) (Pubitemid 46033612)
188. V. Szanya, J. Ermann, C. Taylor, C. Holness, and C.G. Fathman, The subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ splenocytes that delays adoptive transfer of diabetes expresses L-selectin and high levels of CCR7. J Immunol 169, 2461-2465 (2002) PMid:12193715 (Pubitemid 34920990)
189. J. Ermann, P. Hoffmann, M. Edinger, S. Dutt, F.G. Blankenberg, J.P. Higgins, R.S. Negrin, C.G. Fathman, and S. Strober, Only the CD62L+ subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells protects from lethal acute GVHD. Blood 105, 2220-2226 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-05-2044 PMid:15546950 (Pubitemid 40731816)
190. Y. Bai, J. Liu, Y. Wang, S. Honig, L. Qin, P. Boros, and J.S. Bromberg, L-selectin-dependent lymphoid occupancy is required to induce alloantigen-specific tolerance. J Immunol 168, 1579-89 (2002) PMid:11823485 (Pubitemid 34135752)
191. M.A. Schneider, J.G. Meingassner, M. Lipp, H.D. Moore, and A. Rot, CCR7 is required for the in vivo function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 204, 735-45 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20061405 PMid:17371928 PMCid:2118557 (Pubitemid 46631604)
192. H. von Boehmer, Mechanisms of suppression by suppressor T cells. Nat Immunol 6, 338-44 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1180 PMid:15785759 (Pubitemid 41716770)
193. Q. Tang, J.Y. Adams, A.J. Tooley, M. Bi, B.T. Fife, P. Serra, P. Santamaria, R.M. Locksley, M.F. Krummel, and J.A. Bluestone, Visualizing regulatory T cell control of autoimmune responses in nonobese diabetic mice. Nat Immunol 7, 83-92 (2006) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni1289 PMid:16311599 PMCid:3057888 (Pubitemid 41823872)
194. A. Liston, and A.Y. Rudensky, Thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of regulatory T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 19, 176-185 (2007) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2007.02.005 PMid:17306520 (Pubitemid 46356966)
195. J. Huehn, K. Siegmund, J.C. Lehmann, C. Siewert, U. Haubold, M. Feuerer, G.F. Debes, J. Lauber, O. Frey, G.K. Przybylski, U. Niesner, R.M. de la, C.A. Schmidt, R. Brauer, J. Buer, A. Scheffold, and A. Hamann, Developmental stage, phenotype, and migration distinguish naive- and effector/memory-like CD4+ regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 199, 303-313 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem. 20031562 PMid:14757740 PMCid:2211798 (Pubitemid 38252043)
196. W.W. Agace, J.M. Higgins, B. Sadasivan, M.B. Brenner, and C.M. Parker, T-lymphocyteepithelial- cell interactions: integrin alpha(E)(CD103)beta(7), LEEP-CAM and chemokines. Curr Opin Cell Biol 12, 563-568 (2000) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(00)00132-0
197. M.A. Linterman, W. Pierson, S.K. Lee, A. Kallies, S. Kawamoto, T.F. Rayner, M. Srivastava, D.P. Divekar, L. Beaton, J.J. Hogan, S. Fagarasan, A. Liston, K.G. Smith, and C.G. Vinuesa, Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells control the germinal center response. Nat Med 17, 975-982 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2425 PMid:21785433 PMCid:3182542
198. Y. Chung, S. Tanaka, F. Chu, R.I. Nurieva, G.J. Martinez, S. Rawal, Y.H. Wang, H. Lim, J.M. Reynolds, X.H. Zhou, H.M. Fan, Z.M. Liu, S.S. Neelapu, and C. Dong, Follicular regulatory T cells expressing Foxp3 and Bcl-6 suppress germinal center reactions. Nat Med 17, 983-988 (2011) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ nm.2426 PMid:21785430 PMCid:3151340
199. K. Siegmund, M. Feuerer, C. Siewert, S. Ghani, U. Haubold, A. Dankof, V. Krenn, M.P. Schon, A. Scheffold, J.B. Lowe, A. Hamann, U. Syrbe, and J. Huehn, Migration matters: regulatory T-cell compartmentalization determines suppressive activity in vivo. Blood 106, 3097-104 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood- 2005-05-1864 PMid:16014565 PMCid:1895340 (Pubitemid 41565906)
200. A. Schwarz, A. Maeda, M.K. Wild, K. Kernebeck, N. Gross, Y. Aragane, S. Beissert, D. Vestweber, and T. Schwarz, Ultraviolet radiation-induced regulatory T cells not only inhibit the induction but can suppress the effector phase of contact hypersensitivity. J Immunol 172, 1036-43 (2004) PMid:14707077 (Pubitemid 38113763)
201. J.C. Dudda, and S.F. Martin, Tissue targeting of T cells by DCs and microenvironments. Trends Immunol 25, 417-21 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. it.2004.05.008 PMid:15275640 (Pubitemid 38951082)
202. J.H. Lee, S.G. Kang, and C.H. Kim, FoxP3+ T cells undergo conventional first switch to lymphoid tissue homing receptors in thymus but accelerated second switch to nonlymphoid tissue homing receptors in secondary lymphoid tissues. J Immunol 178, 301-11 (2007) PMid:17182567 (Pubitemid 46033613)
203. B.G. Engelhardt, M. Jagasia, B.N. Savani, N.L. Bratcher, J.P. Greer, A. Jiang, A.A. Kassim, P. Lu, F. Schuening, S.M. Yoder, M.T. Rock, and J.E. Crowe, Jr., Regulatory T cell expression of CLA or alpha(4)beta(7) and skin or gut acute GVHD outcomes. Bone Marrow Transplant 46, 436- 42 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bmt.2010.127 PMid:20577222 PMCid:3217583
204. A. Iellem, L. Colantonio, and D. D'Ambrosio, Skin-versus gut-skewed homing receptor expression and intrinsic CCR4 expression on human peripheral blood CD4+CD25+ suppressor T cells. Eur J Immunol 33, 1488-96 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200323658 PMid:12778466 (Pubitemid 36790409)
205. K. Hirahara, L. Liu, R.A. Clark, K. Yamanaka, R.C. Fuhlbrigge, and T.S. Kupper, The majority of human peripheral blood CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells bear functional skin-homing receptors. J Immunol 177, 4488-94 (2006) PMid:16982885 (Pubitemid 44469779)
206. D. Valmori, A. Merlo, N.E. Souleimanian, C.S. Hesdorffer, and M. Ayyoub, A peripheral circulating compartment of natural naive CD4 Tregs. J Clin Invest 115, 1953-62 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI23963 PMid:16007258 PMCid:1159133 (Pubitemid 40979735)
207. J. Lehmann, J. Huehn, R.M. de la, F. Maszyna, U. Kretschmer, V. Krenn, M. Brunner, A. Scheffold, and A. Hamann, Expression of the integrin alpha Ebeta 7 identifies unique subsets of CD25+ as well as. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 13031-13036 (2002) http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.192162899 PMid:12242333 PMCid:130581
208. L. Zou, B. Barnett, H. Safah, V.F. Larussa, M. Evdemon-Hogan, P. Mottram, S. Wei, O. David, T.J. Curiel, and W. Zou, Bone marrow is a reservoir for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells that traffic through CXCL12/CXCR4 signals. Cancer Res 64, 8451-8455 (2004) http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1987 PMid:15548717 (Pubitemid 39491786)
209. M. Feuerer, P. Beckhove, N. Garbi, Y. Mahnke, A. Limmer, M. Hommel, G.J. Hammerling, B. Kyewski, A. Hamann, V. Umansky, and V. Schirrmacher, Bone marrow as a priming site for T-cell responses to blood-borne antigen. Nat Med 9, 1151-1157 (2003) http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm914 PMid:12910264 (Pubitemid 37173699)
210. I.B. Mazo, M. Honczarenko, H. Leung, L.L. Cavanagh, R. Bonasio, W. Weninger, K. Engelke, L. Xia, R.P. McEver, P.A. Koni, L.E. Silberstein, and U.H. von Andrian, Bone marrow is a major reservoir and site of recruitment for central memory CD8+ T cells. Immunity 22, 259-270 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.immuni.2005.01.008 PMid:15723813 (Pubitemid 40255716)
211. M.K. Slifka, R. Antia, J.K. Whitmire, and R. Ahmed, Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells. Immunity 8, 363-372 (1998) http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/S1074-7613(00)80541-5 (Pubitemid 28188896)
212. T.C. Becker, S.M. Coley, E.J. Wherry, and R. Ahmed, Bone marrow is a preferred site for homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells. J Immunol 174, 1269-1273 (2005) PMid:15661882
213. N.E. van Emmerik, L.M. Vaessen, A.H. Balk, E. Bos, F.H. Claas, and W. Weimar, Progressive accumulation of CTL with high avidity for donor antigens during the development of acute cardiac rejection. Transplantation 62, 529-36 (1996) http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199608270-00017 PMid:8781621 (Pubitemid 26295830)
214. N. Zhang, B. Schroppel, G. Lal, C. Jakubzick, X. Mao, D. Chen, N. Yin, R. Jessberger, J.C. Ochando, Y. Ding, and J.S. Bromberg, Regulatory T cells sequentially migrate from inflamed tissues to draining lymph nodes to suppress the alloimmune response. Immunity 30, 458-69 (2009) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. immuni.2008.12.022 PMid:19303390 PMCid:2737741
215. C.A. Wysocki, Q. Jiang, A. Panoskaltsis-Mortari, P.A. Taylor, K.P. McKinnon, L. Su, B.R. Blazar, and J.S. Serody, Critical role for CCR5 in the function of donor CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells during acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 106, 3300-3307 (2005) http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-04- 1632 PMid:16002422 PMCid:1895335 (Pubitemid 41565933)
216. M. Tomura, T. Honda, H. Tanizaki, A. Otsuka, G. Egawa, Y. Tokura, H. Waldmann, S. Hori, J.G. Cyster, T. Watanabe, Y. Miyachi, O. Kanagawa, and K. Kabashima, Activated regulatory T cells are the major T cell type emigrating from the skin during a cutaneous immune response in mice. J Clin Invest 120, 883-93 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI40926 PMid:20179354 PMCid:2827959
217. A. Menning, C. Loddenkemper, A.M. Westendorf, B. Szilagyi, J. Buer, C. Siewert, A. Hamann, and J. Huehn, Retinoic acid-induced gut tropism improves the protective capacity of Treg in acute but not in chronic gut inflammation. Eur J Immunol 40, 2539-48 (2010) http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200939938 PMid:20690178