Oxidative stress in apoptosis and cancer: An update

Archives of Toxicology

Volumn 86, Issue 11, 2012, Pages 1649-1665

  Matés, José M ^a   Segura, Juan A ^a   Alonso, Francisco J ^a   Márquez, Javier ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÁLAGA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; DNA damage; P53; Reactive oxygen species; Signaling; Superoxide dismutase

Indexed keywords

CERIUM OXIDE; EPOXIDE HYDROLASE; EUK 189; EUK 207; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; GLUTAMATE CYSTEINE LIGASE; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; GRAPHENE OXIDE; IMISOPASEM MANGANESE; M 40401; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; OXYGEN; POLYETHYLENEIMINE; PROTEIN P53; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TEMPOL; TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANAEROBIC METABOLISM; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL DEATH; DETOXIFICATION; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG STRUCTURE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; LUNG CANCER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TARGET CELL; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION;

ANTIOXIDANTS; APOPTOSIS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE;

EID: 84871232740     PISSN: 03405761     EISSN: 14320738     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0906-3     Document Type: Review

References (257)

1. Acharya A, Das I, Chandhok D, Saha T (2010) Redox regulation in cancer: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential. Oxid Med Cell Longev 3:23-34.
2. Adams JM, Cory S (2001) Life-or-death decisions by the Bcl-2 protein family. Trends Biochem Sci 26:61-66.
3. Aggarwal S (2010) What's fueling the biotech engine-2009-2010. Nat Biotechnol 28:1165-1171.
4. Amaral JD, Xavier JM, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CM (2010) Targeting the p53 pathway of apoptosis. Curr Pharm Des 16:2493-2503.
5. Aniya Y, Imaizumi N (2011) Mitochondrial glutathione transferases involving a new function for membrane permeability transition pore regulation. Drug Metab Rev 43:292-299.
6. Antosiewicz J, Ziolkowski W, Kar S, Powolny AA, Singh SV (2008) Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in cellular responses to dietary cancer chemopreventive agents. Planta Med 74:1570- 1579.
7. Banci L, Bertini I, Cramaro F et al (2002) The solution structure of reduced dimeric copper zinc superoxide dismutase. The structural effects of dimerization. Eur J Biochem 269:1905-1915.
8. Bandoh N, Hayashi T, Kishibe K et al (2002) Prognostic value of p53 mutations, bax, and spontaneous apoptosis in maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 94:1968-1980.
9. Bannister WH, Bannister JV (1987) Factor analysis of the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in normal tissues and neoplastic cell lines. Free Radic Res Commun 4:1-13.
10. Bannister WH, Bannister JV, Barra D et al (1991) Evolutionary aspects of superoxide dismutase: the copper/zinc enzyme. Free Radic Res Commun 12-13:349-361.
11. Batinić-Haberle I, Rebouças JS, Spasojević I (2010) Superoxide dismutase mimics: chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential. Antioxid Redox Signal 13:877-918.
12. Baudin B (2002) New aspects on angiotensin-converting enzyme: from gene to disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 40:256-265.
13. Bencini A, Failli P, Valtancoli B, Bani D (2010) Low molecular weight compounds with transition metals as free radical scavengers and novel therapeutic agents. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 8:128-146.
14. Benhar M, Dalyot I, Engelberg D et al (2001) Enhanced ROS production in oncogenically transformed cells potentiates c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinaseactivation and sensitization to genotoxic stress. Mol Cell Biol 21:6913-6926.
15. Benhar M, Engelberg D, Levitzki A (2002) ROS, stress-activated kinases and stress signaling in cancer. EMBO Rep 3:420-425.
16. Bernardi P, Petronilli V, Di Lisa F et al (2001) A mitochondrial perspective on cell death. Trends Biochem Sci 26:112-117.
17. Bitomsky N, Hofmann TG (2009) Apoptosis and autophagy: regulation of apoptosis by DNA damage signalling-roles of p53, p73 and HIPK2. FEBS J 276:6074-6083.
18. Blanchard CZ, Chapman-Smith A, Wallace JC et al (1999) The biotin domain peptide from the biotin carboxyl carrier protein of Escherichia coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase causes a marked increase in the catalytic efficiency of biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase relative to free biotin. J Biol Chem 274:31767-31769.
19. Bojes HK, Feng X, Kehrer JP et al (1999) Apoptosis in hematopoietic cells (FL5.12) caused by interleukin-3 withdrawal: relationship to caspase activity and the loss of glutathione. Cell Death Differ 6:61-70.
20. Bouillet P, Purton JF, Godfrey DI et al (2002) BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim is required for apoptosis of autoreactive thymocytes. Nature 415:922-926.
21. Bowler RP, Nicks M, Olsen DA et al (2002) Furin proteolytically processes the heparin-binding region of extracellular superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 277:16505-16511.
22. Bravard A, Cherbonnel-Lasserre C, Reillaudou M et al (1998) Modifications of the antioxidant enzymes in relation to chromosome imbalances in human melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res 8:329-335.
23. Brown MR, Miller FJ, Li WG et al (1999) Overexpression of human catalase inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 85:524-533.
24. Buettner GR (2011) Superoxide dismutase in redox biology: the roles of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 11:341-346.
25. Buschfort-Papewalis C, Moritz T, Liedert B et al (2002) Downregulation of DNA repair in human CD34(+) progenitor cells corresponds to increased drug sensitivity and apoptotic response. Blood 100:845-853.
26. Cannio R, Fiorentino G, Morana A, Rossi M, Bartolucci S (2000) Oxygen: friend or foe? Archaeal superoxide dismutases in the protection of intra- and extracellular oxidative stress. Front Biosci 5:D768-D779.
27. Carta S, Tassi S, Pettinati I, Delfino L, Dinarello CA, Rubartelli A (2011) The rate of interleukin-1beta secretion in different myeloid cells varies with the extent of redox response to Tolllike receptor triggering. J Biol Chem 286:27069-27080.
28. Catuogno S, Cerchia L, Romano G, Pognonec P, Condorelli G, de Franciscis V (2012) miR-34c may protect lung cancer cells from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Oncogene. doi:10.1038/onc. 2012.51.
29. Chaiswing L, Zhong W, Cullen JJ, Oberley LW, Oberley TD (2008) Extracellular redox state regulates features associated with prostate cancer cell invasion. Cancer Res 68:5820-5826.
30. Chen F, Demers LM, Vallyathan V et al (1999) Involvement of 50-flanking kappaB-like sites within bcl-x gene in silica-induced Bcl-x expression. J Biol Chem 274:35591-35595.
31. Chia KY, Lim SP, Oei AA et al (1994) Acquisition of immunogenicity by AKR leukemic cells following DNA-mediated gene transfer is associated with the reduction of constitutive reactive superoxide radicals. Int J Cancer 57:216-223.
32. Chikatsu N, Nakamura Y, Sato H et al (2002) p53 mutations and tetraploids under r- and K-selection. Oncogene 21:3043-3049.
33. Cho G, Kang S, Seo SJ et al (1997) The transcriptional repression of the human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase(sod1) gene by the anticancer drug, mitomycin C(MMC). Biochem Mol Biol Int 42:949-956.
34. Cloutier M, Wang E (2011) Dynamic modeling and analysis of cancer cellular network motifs. Integr Biol (Camb) 3:724-732.
35. Copin JC, Gasche Y, Li Y et al (2001) Prolonged hypoxia during cell development protects mature manganese superoxide dismutasedeficient astrocytes from damage by oxidative stress. FASEB J 15:525-534.
36. D'Alessandro A, Zolla L (2011) The SODyssey: superoxide dismutases from biochemistry, through proteomics, to oxidative stress, aging and nutraceuticals. Expert Rev Proteomics 8:405-421.
37. Dang TP (2012) Notch, apoptosis and cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 727:199-209.
38. Darzynkiewicz Z, Traganos F, Wlodkowic D (2009) Impaired DNA damage response-an Achilles' heel sensitizing cancer to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 625:143-150.
39. de Souza Prestes A, Stefanello ST, Salman SM et al (2012) Antioxidant activity of b-selenoamines and their capacity to mimic different enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem 365:85-92.
40. De-Leo ME, Landriscina M, Palazzotti B et al (1997) Iron modulation of LPS-induced manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression in rat tissues. FEBS Lett 403:131-135.
41. D'Emilio A, Biagiotti L, Burattini S et al (2010) Morphological and biochemical patterns in skeletal muscle apoptosis. Histol Histopathol 25:21-32.
42. Desagher S, Martinou JC (2000) Mitochondria as the central control point of apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol 10:369-377.
43. Dhar SK, Tangpong J, Chaiswing L, Oberley TD, St Clair DK (2011) Manganese superoxide dismutase is a p53-regulated gene that switches cancers between early and advanced stages. Cancer Res 71:6684-6695.
44. Dinarvand R, Sepehri N, Manoochehri S, Rouhani H, Atyabi F (2011) Polylactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles for controlled delivery of anticancer agents. Int J Nanomed 6:877-895.
45. DiStefano JF, Beck G, Zucker S (1983) Mechanism of BCG-activated macrophage-induced tumor cell cytotoxicity: evidence for both oxygen-dependent and independent mechanisms. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 70:252-260.
46. Duffy AM, O'Brien T, McMahon JM (2010) Generation of antioxidant adenovirus gene transfer vectors encoding CuZnSOD, MnSOD, and catalase. Methods Mol Biol 594:381-393.
47. Duranteau J, Chandel NS, Kulisz A et al (1998) Intracellular signaling by reactive oxygen species during hypoxia in cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 273:11619-11624.
48. Dutartre P (2001) Multimeric receptors, new targets for the pharmaceutical industry. J Soc Biol 195:437-442.
49. Egusquiaguirre SP, Igartua M, Hernández RM, Pedraz JL (2012) Nanoparticle delivery systems for cancer therapy: advances in clinical and preclinical research. Clin Transl Oncol 14:83-93.
50. El-Kady A, Sun Y, Li YX, Liao DJ (2011) Cyclin D1 inhibits whereas c-Myc enhances the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in mouse pancreatic cancer cells via regulation of several members of the NF-jB and Bcl-2 families. J Carcinog 10:24.
51. Epperly MW, Epstein CJ, Travis EL et al (2000) Decreased pulmonary radiation resistance of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)-deficient mice is corrected by human manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (SOD2-PL) intratracheal gene therapy. Radiat Res 154:365-374.
52. Epperly MW, Carpenter M, Agarwal A, Mitra P, Nie S, Greenberger JS (2004) Intraoral manganese superoxide dismutase-plasmid/liposome (MnSOD-PL) radioprotective gene therapy decreases ionizing irradiation-induced murine mucosal cell cycling and apoptosis. In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 18:401-410.
53. Fedeles BI, Zhu AY, Young KS et al (2011) Chemical genetics analysis of an aniline mustard anticancer agent reveals complex I of the electron transport chain as a target. J Biol Chem 286:33910-33920.
54. Firuzi O, Miri R, Tavakkoli M, Saso L (2011) Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Curr Med Chem 18:3871-3888.
55. Fischer U, Janssen K, Schulze-Osthoff K (2007) Cutting-edge apoptosis-based therapeutics: a panacea for cancer? BioDrugs 21:273-297.
56. Fleenor BS, Seals DR, Zigler ML, Sindler AL (2012) Superoxidelowering therapy with TEMPOL reverses arterial dysfunction with aging in mice. Aging Cell 11:269-276.
57. Formentini L, Sánchez-Aragó M, Sánchez-Cenizo L, Cuezva JM (2012) The mitochondrial ATPase inhibitory factor 1 triggers a ROS-mediated retrograde prosurvival and proliferative response. Mol Cell 45:731-742.
58. Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M (2011) Superoxide dismutases: role in redox signaling, vascular function, and diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 15:1583-1606.
59. Gabai VL, Yaglom JA, Volloch V et al (2000) Hsp72-mediated suppression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase is implicated in development of tolerance to caspase-independent cell death. Mol Cell Biol 20:6826-6836.
60. Gabai VL, Mabuchi K, Mosser DD et al (2002) Hsp72 and stress kinase c-jun N-terminal kinase regulate the bid-dependent pathway in tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 22:3415-3424.
61. Galán A, García-Bermejo L, Troyano A et al (2001) The role of intracellular oxidation in death induction (apoptosis and necrosis) in human promonocytic cells treated with stress inducers (cadmium, heat, X-rays). Eur J Cell Biol 80:312-320.
62. Ganapathy E, Su F, Meriwether D et al (2012) D-4F, an apoA-I mimetic peptide, inhibits proliferation and tumorigenicity of epithelial ovarian cancer cells by upregulating the antioxidant enzyme MnSOD. Int J Cancer 130:1071-1081.
63. García-España A, Biria S, Malumbres M et al (1999) Targeted gene transfer system using a streptavidin-transforming growth factoralpha chimeric protein. DNA Cell Biol 18:743-749.
64. Garrett MD, Collins I (2011) Anticancer therapy with checkpoint inhibitors: what, where and when? Trends Pharmacol Sci 32:308-316.
65. Gennari FJ (2011) Pathophysiology of metabolic alkalosis: a new classification based on the centrality of stimulated collecting duct ion transport. Am J Kidney Dis 58:626-636.
66. Genova ML, Lenaz G (2011) New developments on the functions of coenzyme Q in mitochondria. BioFactors 37:330-354.
67. Gervais JL, Seth P, Zhang H (1998) Cleavage of CDK inhibitor p21(Cip1/Waf1) by caspases is an early event during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 273:19207-19212.
68. Giridharan P, Somasundaram ST, Perumal K et al (2002) Novel substituted methylenedioxy lignan suppresses proliferation of cancer cells by inhibiting telomerase and activation of c-myc and caspases leading to apoptosis. Br J Cancer 87:98-105.
69. Goh AM, Coffill CR, Lane DP (2011) The role of mutant p53 in human cancer. J Pathol 223:116-126.
70. Gotoh Y, Cooper JA (1998) Reactive oxygen species- and dimerization- induced activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha signal transduction. J Biol Chem 273:17477-17482.
71. Guarneri V, Dieci MV, Conte P (2012) Enhancing intracellular taxane delivery: current role and perspectives of nanoparticle albuminbound paclitaxel in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 13:395-406.
72. Gupta B, Torchilin VP (2006) Transactivating transcriptional activator- mediated drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 3:177-190.
73. Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B (2000) Free radicals and antioxidants in the year 2000. A historical look to the future. Ann N Y Acad Sci 899:136-147.
74. Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B (2010) Antioxidants: molecules, medicines, and myths. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 393:561-564.
75. Hamanaka RB, Chandel NS (2010) Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes. Trends Biochem Sci 35:505-513.
76. Hara K, Kasahara E, Takahashi N et al (2011) Mitochondria determine the efficacy of anticancer agents that interact with DNA but not the cytoskeleton. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 337: 838-845.
77. Harada-Shiba M, Kinoshita M, Kamido H et al (1998) Oxidized low density lipoprotein induces apoptosis in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells by common and unique mechanisms. J Biol Chem 273:9681-9687.
78. Hempel N, Carrico PM, Melendez JA (2011) Manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and redox-control of signaling events that drive metastasis. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 11:191-201.
79. Hill RP, Zaidi A, Mahmood J, Jelveh S (2011) Investigations into the role of inflammation in normal tissue response to irradiation. Radiother Oncol 101:73-79.
80. Hockenbery DM, Oltvai ZN, Yin XM et al (1993) Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75:241-251.
81. Hogg RT, Thorpe P, Gerard RD (2011) Retargeting adenoviral vectors to improve gene transfer into tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 18:275-287.
82. Holley AK, Dhar SK, St Clair DK (2010) Manganese superoxide dismutase vs. p53: regulation of mitochondrial ROS. Mitochondrion 10:649-661.
83. Horiguchi M, Koyanagi S, Okamoto A, Suzuki SO, Matsunaga N, Ohdo S (2012) Stress-regulated transcription factor ATF4 promotes neoplastic transformation by suppressing expression of the INK4a/ARF cell senescence factors. Cancer Res 72:395-401.
84. Hsieh Y, Guan Y, Tu C et al (1998) Probing the active site of human manganese superoxide dismutase: the role of glutamine 143. Biochemistry 37:4731-4739.
85. Hursting SD, Berger NA (2010) Energy balance, host-related factors, and cancer progression. J Clin Oncol 28:4058-4065.
86. Ikeyama S, Kokkonen G, Shack S et al (2002) Loss in oxidative stress tolerance with aging linked to reduced extracellular signalregulated kinase and Akt kinase activities. FASEB J 16:114-116.
87. Imlay JA (2011) Redox pioneer: professor Irwin Fridovich. Antioxid Redox Signal 14:335-340.
88. Imoto K, Kukidome D, Nishikawa T et al (2006) Impact of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and apoptosis signalregulating kinase 1 on insulin signaling. Diabetes 55:1197-1204.
89. Indran IR, Tufo G, Pervaiz S, Brenner C (2011) Recent advances in apoptosis, mitochondria and drug resistance in cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1807:735-745.
90. Ingraham RH, Gless RD, Lo HY (2011) Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors and their potential for treatment of multiple pathologic conditions. Curr Med Chem 18:587-603.
91. James BP, Staatz WD, Wilkinson ST, Meuillet E, Powis G (2009) Superoxide dismutase is regulated by LAMMER kinase in Drosophila and human cells. Free Radic Biol Med 46:821-827.
92. Janssen A, Medema RH (2011) Mitosis as an anti-cancer target. Oncogene 30:2799-2809.
93. Järver P, Langel U (2004) The use of cell-penetrating peptides as a tool for gene regulation. Drug Discov Today 9:395-402.
94. Jazirehi AR (2010) Regulation of apoptosis-associated genes by histone deacetylase inhibitors: implications in cancer therapy. Anticancer Drugs 21:805-813.
95. Jiang S, Cai J, Wallace DC et al (1999) Cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA. Signaling pathway involving release and caspase 3 activation is conserved. J Biol Chem 274:29905-29911.
96. Jiang XY, Qian LP, Zheng XJ, Xia YY, Jiang YB, da Sun Y (2009) Interventional effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on the progression of gastric precancerous lesions in rats. J Dig Dis 10:293-299.
97. Johnson M (2012) Chemotherapy treatment decision making by professionals and older patients with cancer: a narrative review of the literature. J Cancer Care (Engl) 21:3-9.
98. Joneson T, Bar-Sagi D (1998) A Rac1 effector site controlling mitogenesis through superoxide production. J Biol Chem 273:17991-17994.
99. Kabore AF, Johnston JB, Gibson SB (2004) Changes in the apoptotic and survival signaling in cancer cells and their potential therapeutic implications. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 4:147-163.
100. Kagan VE, Fabisiak JP, Shvedova AA et al (2000) Oxidative signaling pathway for externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine during apoptosis. FEBS Lett 477:1-7.
101. Kaivosaari S, Finel M, Koskinen M (2011) N-glucuronidation of drugs and other xenobiotics by human and animal UDPglucuronosyltransferases. Xenobiotica 41:652-669.
102. Kaneda Y (2010) Update on non-viral delivery methods for cancer therapy: possibilities of a drug delivery system with anticancer activities beyond delivery as a new therapeutic tool. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 7:1079-1093.
103. Kathiria AS, Butcher LD, Feagins LA, Souza RF, Boland CR, Theiss AL (2012) Prohibitin 1 modulates mitochondrial stressrelated autophagy in human colonic epithelial cells. PLoS One 7:e31231.
104. Kerbel RS, Yu J, Tran J et al (2001) Possible mechanisms of acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic drugs: implications for the use of combination therapy approaches. Cancer Metastasis Rev 20:79-86.
105. Kim Y, Suh N, Sporn M et al (2002) An inducible pathway for degradation of FLIP protein sensitizes tumor cells to TRAILinduced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 277:22320-22329.
106. Kizaki M, Sakashita A, Karmakar A et al (1993) Regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase and other antioxidant genes in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells and their relationship to cytotoxicity by tumor necrosis factor. Blood 82:1142-1150.
107. Knox KS, Adams JR, Djulbegovic B et al (2000) Reporting and dissemination of industry versus non-profit sponsored economic analyses of six novel drugs used in oncology. Ann Oncol 11:1591-1595.
108. Korner I, Weber-Nordt R, Pfaff P et al (1997) Analysis of a regulatory element in the 50-untranslated region of the bcl-2 gene. FEBS Lett 406:31-32.
109. Kryston TB, Georgiev AB, Pissis P, Georgakilas AG (2011) Role of oxidative stress and DNA damage in human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 711:193-201.
110. Kudoh T, Kimura J, Lu ZG et al (2010) D4S234E, a novel p53- responsive gene, induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Exp Cell Res 316:2849-2858.
111. Kwon O, Soung NK, Thimmegowda NR et al (2012) Patulin induces colorectal cancer cells apoptosis through EGR-1 dependent ATF3 up-regulation. Cell Signal 24:943-950.
112. Langan AR, Khan MA, Yeung IW, Van Dyk J, Hill RP (2006) Partial volume rat lung irradiation: the protective/mitigating effects of Eukarion-189, a superoxide dismutase-catalase mimetic. Radiother Oncol 79:231-238.
113. Lanza V, Vecchio G (2009) New conjugates of superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetics with cyclodestrins. J Inorg Biochem 103:381-388.
114. Lautraite S, Musonda AC, Doehmer J et al (2002) Flavonoids inhibit genetic toxicity produced by carcinogens in cells expressing CYP1A2 and CYP1A1. Mutagenesis 17:45-53.
115. Lee J, Giordano S, Zhang J (2012a) Autophagy, mitochondria and oxidative stress: cross-talk and redox signalling. Biochem J 441:523-540.
116. Lee MJ, Ye AS, Gardino AK et al (2012b) Sequential application of anticancer drugs enhances cell death by rewiring apoptotic signaling networks. Cell 149:780-794.
117. Levin ED, Christopher NC, Lateef S et al (2002) Extracellular superoxide dismutase overexpression protects against aginginduced cognitive impairment in mice. Behav Genet 32:119-125.
118. Li Y, Severn A, Rogers MV et al (1992) Catalase inhibits nitric oxide synthesis and the killing of intracellular Leishmania major in murine macrophages. Eur J Immunol 22:441-446.
119. Li C, Hashimi SM, Good DA et al (2012) Apoptosis and microRNA aberrations in cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05700.x.
120. Liang HL, Hilton G, Mortensen J, Regner K, Johnson CP, Nilakantan V (2009) MnTMPyP, a cell-permeant SOD mimetic, reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis following renal ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296:F266-F276.
121. Lima RT, Busacca S, Almeida GM, Gaudino G, Fennell DA, Vasconcelos MH (2011) MicroRNA regulation of core apoptosis pathways in cancer. Eur J Cancer 47:163-174.
122. Liochev SI, Fridovich I (2001) Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase as a univalent NO(-) oxidoreductase and as a dichlorofluorescin peroxidase. J Biol Chem 276:35253-35257.
123. Liochev SI, Fridovich I (2010) Mechanism of the peroxidase activity of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med 48: 1565-1569.
124. Liu X, Liu L, Xu Q, Wu P, Zuo X, Ji A (2012a) MicroRNA as a novel drug target for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 12:573-580.
125. Liu K, Wang X, Fan W, Zhu Q, Yang J, Gao J et al (2012b) Degradable polyethylenimine derivate coupled to a bifunctional peptide R13 as a new gene-delivery vector. Int J Nanomed 7:1149-1162.
126. Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z (2001) Programmed cell death and apoptosis: origins of the theory. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:545-550.
127. Lodygin D, Tarasov V, Epanchintsev A et al (2008) Inactivation of miR-34a by aberrant CpG methylation in multiple types of cancer. Cell Cycle 7:2591-2600.
128. Lord CJ, Ashworth A (2012) The DNA damage response and cancer therapy. Nature 481:287-294.
129. Luo C, Urgard E, Vooder T, Metspalu A (2011) The role of COX-2 and Nrf2/ARE in anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress: aging and anti-aging. Med Hypotheses 77:174-178.
130. Maffei R, Fiorcari S, Bulgarelli J et al (2011) Physical contact with endothelial cells through b1- and b2-integrins rescues chronic lymphocytic leukemia from spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis and induces a peculiar gene expression profile on leukemic cells. Haematologica. doi:10.3324/haematol.2011. 054924.
131. Mailloux A, Grenet K, Bruneel A et al (2001) Anticancer drugs induce necrosis of human endothelial cells involving both oncosis and apoptosis. Eur J Cell Biol 80:442-449.
132. Maiti AK (2012) Genetic determinants of oxidative stress-mediated sensitization of drug-resistant cancer cells. Int J Cancer 130:1-9.
133. Majima HJ, Oberley TD, Furukawa K et al (1998) Prevention of mitochondrial injury by manganese superoxide dismutase reveals a primary mechanism for alkaline-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 273:8217-8224.
134. Manna SK, Aggarwal BB (2000) All-trans-retinoic acid upregulates TNF receptors and potentiates TNF-induced activation of nuclear factors-kappaB, activated protein-1 and apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Oncogene 19:2110-2119.
135. Manna SK, Zhang HJ, Yan T et al (1998) Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis and activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB and activated protein-1. J Biol Chem 273: 13245-13254.
136. Marklund SL, Westman NG, Lundgren E et al (1982) Copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase, manganese-containing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in normal and neoplastic human cell lines and normal human tissues. Cancer Res 42:1955-1961.
137. Maroz A, Kelso GF, Smith RA, Ware DC, Anderson RF (2008) Pulse radiolysis investigation on the mechanism of the catalytic action of Mn(II)- pentaazamacrocycle compounds as superoxide dismutase mimetics. J Phys Chem A 112:4929-4935.
138. Martinou JC, Youle RJ (2011) Mitochondria in apoptosis: Bcl-2 family members and mitochondrial dynamics. Dev Cell 21:92-101.
139. Martinou JC, Desagher S, Antonsson B (2000) Cytochrome c release from mitochondria: all or nothing. Nat Cell Biol 2:E41-E43.
140. Maslon MM, Hupp TR (2010) Drug discovery and mutant p53. Trends Cell Biol 20:542-555.
141. Matés JM (2000) Effects of antioxidant enzymes in the molecular control of reactive oxygen species toxicology. Toxicology 153:83-104.
142. Matés JM, Sánchez-Jiménez F (2000) Role of reactive oxygen species in apoptosis: implications for cancer therapy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 32:157-170.
143. Matés JM, Pérez-Gómez C, Núñez de Castro I (1999) Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem 32:595-603.
144. Matés JM, Pérez-Gómez C, Núñez de Castro I et al (2002) Glutamine and its relationship with intracellular redox status, oxidative stress and cell proliferation/death. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 34:439-458.
145. Matés JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Márquez J (2008) Intracellular redox status and oxidative stress: implications for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 82:273-299.
146. Matés JM, Segura JA, Campos-Sandoval JA et al (2009a) Glutamine homeostasis and mitochondrial dynamics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:2051-2061.
147. Matés JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Márquez J (2009b) Natural antioxidants: therapeutic prospects for cancer and neurological diseases. Mini Rev Med Chem 9:1202-1214.
148. Matés JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Márquez J (2010) Roles of dioxins and heavy metals in cancer and neurological diseases using ROS-mediated mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 49:1328-1341.
149. Matés JM, Segura JA, Alonso FJ, Márquez J (2011) Anticancer antioxidant regulatory functions of phytochemicals. Curr Med Chem 18:2315-2338.
150. McCaul JA, Gordon KE, Clark LJ et al (2002) Telomerase inhibition and the future management of head-and-neck cancer. Lancet Oncol 3:280-288.
151. McCleary-Wheeler AL, McWilliams R, Fernandez-Zapico ME (2012) Aberrant signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer: a two compartment view. Mol Carcinog 51:25-39.
152. McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Abrams SL et al (2012) Targeting the cancer initiating cell: the ultimate target for cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des 18:1784-1795.
153. Miriyala S, Holley AK, St Clair DK (2011) Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-signals of distinction. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 11:181-190.
154. Miura K, Fujibuchi W, Ishida K et al (2011) Inhibitor of apoptosis protein family as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of colorectal cancer. Surg Today 41:175-182.
155. Moffitt KL, Martin SL, Walker B (2010) From sentencing to execution-the processes of apoptosis. J Pharm Pharmacol 62:547-562.
156. Mollace V, Salvemini D, Riley DP et al (2002) The contribution of oxidative stress in apoptosis of human-cultured astroglial cells induced by supernatants of HIV-1-infected macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 71:65-72.
157. Montero AJ, Jassem J (2011) Cellular redox pathways as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cancer. Drugs 71:1385-1396.
158. Moon YJ, Lee JY, Oh MS et al (2012) Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress by Angelica dahuricae radix extract decreases apoptotic cell death and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 90:243-256.
159. Morris MC, Chaloin L, Mery J et al (1999) A novel potent strategy for gene delivery using a single peptide vector as a carrier. Nucleic Acids Res 27:3510-3517.
160. Morris MC, Depollier J, Mery J et al (2001) A peptide carrier for the delivery of biologically active proteins into mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol 19:1173-1176.
161. Mow BM, Blajeski AL, Chandra J et al (2001) Apoptosis and the response to anticancer therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 13:453-462.
162. Muñoz-Pinedo C (2012) Signaling pathways that regulate life and cell death: evolution of apoptosis in the context of self-defense. Adv Exp Med Biol 738:124-143.
163. Murakami A, Nakamura Y, Torikai K et al (2000) Inhibitory effect of citrus nobiletin on phorbol ester-induced skin inflammation, oxidative stress, and tumor promotion in mice. Cancer Res 60:5059-5066.
164. 2)-induced NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Carcinogenesis 19:1583-1589.
165. Nagami H, Yoshimoto N, Umakoshi H (2005) Liposome-assisted activity of superoxide dismutase under oxidative stress. J Biosci Bioeng 99:423-428.
166. Namiki Y, Fuchigami T, Tada N et al (2011) Nanomedicine for cancer: lipid-based nanostructures for drug delivery and monitoring. Acc Chem Res 44:1080-1093.
167. Nie J, Liu L, Zheng W et al (2012) microRNA-365, down-regulated in colon cancer, inhibits cell cycle progression and promotes apoptosis of colon cancer cells by probably targeting Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2. Carcinogenesis 33:220-225.
168. Nozik-Grayck E, Suliman HB, Piantadosi CA (2005) Extracellular superoxide dismutase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:2466-2471.
169. Oberley LW (2005) Mechanism of the tumor suppressive effect of MnSOD overexpression. Biomed Pharmacother 59:143-148.
170. Offen D, Beart PM, Cheung NS et al (1998) Transgenic mice expressing human Bcl-2 in their neurons are resistant to 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:5789-5794.
171. Offen D, Kaye JF, Bernard O et al (2000) Mice overexpressing Bcl-2 in their neurons are resistant to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Mol Neurosci 15:167-176.
172. Okamoto K, Mizuno M, Nakahara N et al (2002) Process of apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha in murine fibroblast Ltk-cells: continuous observation with video enhanced contrast microscopy. Apoptosis 7:77-86.
173. Pan H, Marsh JN, Christenson ET et al (2012) Postformulation peptide drug loading of nanostructures. Methods Enzymol 508:17-39.
174. Pani G, Galeotti T (2011) Role of MnSOD and p66shc in mitochondrial response to p53. Antioxid Redox Signal 15:1715-1727.
175. Pani G, Bedogni B, Anzevino R et al (2000) Deregulated manganese superoxide dismutase expression and resistance to oxidative injury in p53-deficient cells. Cancer Res 60:4654-4660.
176. Paonessa JD, Ding Y, Randall KL et al (2011) Identification of an unintended consequence of Nrf2-directed cytoprotection against a key tobacco carcinogen plus a counteracting chemopreventive intervention. Cancer Res 71:3904-3911.
177. Pasquetto MV, Vecchia L, Covini D, Digilio R, Scotti C (2011) Targeted drug delivery using immunoconjugates: principles and applications. J Immunother 34:611-628.
178. Paulo CS, Pires das Neves R, Ferreira LS (2011) Nanoparticles for intracellular-targeted drug delivery. Nanotechnology 22: 494002.
179. Pekova S, Mazal O, Cmejla R et al (2011) A comprehensive study of TP53 mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: analysis of 1287 diagnostic and 1148 follow-up CLL samples. Leuk Res 35:889-898.
180. Pena JC, Rudin CM, Thompson CB (1998) A Bcl-xL transgene promotes malignant conversion of chemically initiated skin papillomas. Cancer Res 58:2111-2116.
181. Plymate SR, Haugk KH, Sprenger CC et al (2003) Increased manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD-2) is part of the mechanism for prostate tumor suppression by Mac25/insulinlike growth factor binding-protein-related protein-1. Oncogene 22:1024-1034.
182. Rahman I (2012) Pharmacological antioxidant strategies as therapeutic interventions for COPD. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822: 714-728.
183. Raj L, Ide T, Gurkar AU et al (2011) Selective killing of cancer cells by a small molecule targeting the stress response to ROS. Nature 475:231-234.
184. Rathmell JC, Thompson CB (2002) Pathways of apoptosis in lymphocyte development, homeostasis, and disease. Cell 109(Suppl):S97-S107.
185. Ray PD, Huang BW, Tsuji Y (2012) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 24:981-990.
186. Reaume AG, Elliott JL, Hoffman EK et al (1996) Motor neurons in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-deficient mice develop normally but exhibit enhanced cell death after axonal injury. Nat Genet 13:43-47.
187. Ria F, Landriscina M, Remiddi F et al (2001) The level of manganese superoxide dismutase content is an independent prognostic factor for glioblastoma. Biological mechanisms and clinical implications. Br J Cancer 84:529-534.
188. Robbins D, Zhao Y (2011) The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in skin cancer. Enzyme Res 2011:409295.
189. Rodriguez F, Lopez B, Perez C et al (2011) Chronic tempol treatment attenuates the renal hemodynamic effects induced by a heme oxygenase inhibitor in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R1540-R1548.
190. Safavi M, Foroumadi A, Nakhjiri M et al (2012) Complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone semicarbazones: a novel series of superoxide dismutase mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 20: 3070-3073.
191. Sahin K, Sahin N, Kucuk O (2010) Lycopene and chemotherapy toxicity. Nutr Cancer 62:988-995.
192. Salvemini D, Riley DP (2000) Nonpeptidyl mimetics of superoxide dismutase in clinical therapies for diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:1489-1492.
193. Salvemini D, Wang ZQ, Zweier JL et al (1999) A nonpeptidyl mimic of superoxide dismutase with therapeutic activity in rats. Science 286:304-306.
194. Salvemini D, Riley DP, Cuzzocrea S (2002) SOD mimetics are coming of age. Nat Rev Drug Discov 1:367-374.
195. Samai M, Sharpe MA, Gard PR, Chatterjee PK (2007) Comparison of the effects of the superoxide dismutase mimetics EUK-134 and tempol on paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 43:528-534.
196. Samlowski WE, Petersen R, Cuzzocrea S et al (2003) A nonpeptidyl mimic of superoxide dismutase, M40403, inhibits dose-limiting hypotension associated with interleukin-2 and increases its antitumor effects. Nat Med 9:750-755.
197. Sentman ML, Brannstrom T, Marklund SL (2002) EC-SOD and the response to inflammatory reactions and aging in mouse lung. Free Radic Biol Med 32:975-981.
198. Senturker S, Karahalil B, Inal M et al (1997) Oxidative DNA base damage and antioxidant enzyme levels in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. FEBS Lett 416:286-290.
199. Shay JW, Wright WE (2011) Role of telomeres and telomerase in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 21:349-353.
200. Shi L, Nishioka WK, Th-ng J et al (1994) Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis. Science 263:1143-1145.
201. Shi X, Dong Z, Huang C et al (1999) The role of hydroxyl radical as a messenger in the activation of nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB. Mol Cell Biochem 194:63-70.
202. Shime H, Matsumoto M, Oshiumi H et al (2012) Toll-like receptor 3 signaling converts tumor-supporting myeloid cells to tumoricidal effectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:2066-2071.
203. Shimizu T, Nojiri H, Kawakami S, Uchiyama S, Shirasawa T (2010) Model mice for tissue-specific deletion of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene. Geriatr Gerontol Int 10(Suppl 1): S70-S79.
204. Shou J, Ali-Osman F, Multani AS et al (2002) Human Dkk-1, a gene encoding a Wnt antagonist, responds to DNA damage and its overexpression sensitizes brain tumor cells to apoptosis following alkylation damage of DNA. Oncogene 21: 878-889.
205. Sikkeland LI, Thorgersen EB, Haug T, Mollnes TE (2007) Complement activation and cytokine response by BioProtein, a bacterial single cell protein. Clin Exp Immunol 148:146-152.
206. Singh RK, Dorf L, DeMartino A et al (2011) Oral RKS262 reduces tumor burden in a neuroblastoma xenograft animal model and mediates cytotoxicity through SAPK/JNK and ROS activation in vitro. Cancer Biol Ther 11:1036-1045.
207. Song H, Oh S, Oh HJ, Lim DS (2010) Role of the tumor suppressor RASSF2 in regulation of MST1 kinase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391:969-973.
208. St-Clair DK, Porntadavity S, Xu Y et al (2002) Transcription regulation of human manganese superoxide dismutase gene. Methods Enzymol 349:306-312.
209. Sui X, Jin L, Huang X, Geng S, He C, Hu X (2011) p53 Signaling and autophagy in cancer: a revolutionary strategy could be developed for cancer treatment. Autophagy 7:565-571.
210. Suksrichavalit T, Prachayasittikul S, Piacham T, Isarankura-Na- Ayudhya C, Nantasenamat C, Prachayasittikul V (2008) Copper complexes of nicotinic-aromatic carboxylic acids as superoxide dismutase mimetics. Molecules 13:3040-3056.
211. Szatrowski TP, Nathan CF (1991) Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells. Cancer Res 51: 794-798.
212. Tabassum S, Al-Asbahy WM, Afzal M, Arjmand F, Bagchi V (2012) Molecular drug design, synthesis and structure elucidation of a new specific target peptide based metallo drug for cancer chemotherapy as topoisomerase I inhibitor. Dalton Trans 41:4955-4964.
213. Tailor IK, Cook J, Reilly JT et al (2012) Acute myeloid leukaemia associated with Muir-Torre variant of hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC): implications for inherited and acquired mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes. Br J Haematol 156:289-291.
214. Tan PY, Chang CW, Chng KR, Wansa KD, Sung WK, Cheung E (2012) Integration of regulatory networks by NKX3-1 promotes androgen-dependent prostate cancer survival. Mol Cell Biol 32:399-414.
215. Tao F, Johns RA (2010) Tat-mediated peptide intervention in analgesia and anesthesia. Drug Dev Res 71:99-105.
216. Tarhini AA, Belani CP, Luketich JD et al (2011) A phase I study of concurrent chemotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin) and thoracic radiotherapy with swallowed manganese superoxide dismutase plasmid liposome protection in patients with locally advanced stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Hum Gene Ther 22:336-342.
217. Thomadaki H, Scorilas A (2006) BCL2 family of apoptosis-related genes: functions and clinical implications in cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 43:1-67.
218. Thomas R, Sharifi N (2012) SOD mimetics: a novel class of androgen receptor inhibitors that suppresses castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 11:87-97.
219. Thompson CB (1995) Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 267:1456-1462.
220. Timares L, Katiyar SK, Elmets CA (2008) DNA damage, apoptosis and langerhans cells-activators of UV-induced immune tolerance. Photochem Photobiol 84:422-436.
221. Todaro M, Catalano M, Di Liberto D et al (2002) High levels of exogenous C2-ceramide promote morphological and biochemical evidences of necrotic features in thyroid follicular cells. J Cell Biochem 86:162-173.
222. Tominaga T, Hachiya M, Shibata T, Sakamoto Y, Taki K, Akashi M (2012) Exogenously-added copper/zinc superoxide dismutase rescues damage of endothelial cells from lethal irradiation. J Clin Biochem Nutr 50:78-83.
223. Tormo D, Checińska A, Alonso-Curbelo D et al (2009) Targeted activation of innate immunity for therapeutic induction of autophagy and apoptosis in melanoma cells. Cancer Cell 16:103-114.
224. Tsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E et al (1985) Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science 228:1440-1443.
225. Viita H, Pacholska A, Ahmad F et al (2012) 15-Lipoxygenase-1 induces lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, and improves survival in rat malignant glioma. In Vivo (Athens, Greece) 26:1-8.
226. Vincent A, Babu S, Heckert E et al (2009) Protonated nanoparticle surface governing ligand tethering and cellular targeting. ACS Nano 3:1203-1211.
227. Vinothini G, Murugan RS, Nagini S (2009) Evaluation of molecular markers in a rat model of mammary carcinogenesis. Oncol Res 17:483-493.
228. Volloch V, Gabai VL, Rits S et al (1999) ATPase activity of the heat shock protein hsp72 is dispensable for its effects on dephosphorylation of stress kinase JNK and on heat-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett 461:73-76.
229. Vorotnikova E, Rosenthal RA, Tries M, Doctrow SR, Braunhut SJ (2010) Novel synthetic SOD/catalase mimetics can mitigate capillary endothelial cell apoptosis caused by ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 173:748-759.
230. Walsh CM, Edinger AL (2010) The complex interplay between autophagy, apoptosis, and necrotic signals promotes T-cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 236:95-109.
231. Wang X, Martindale JL, Holbrook NJ (2000) Requirement for ERK activation in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 275:39435-39443.
232. Wang Z, Goulet R III, Stanton KJ, Sadaria M, Nakshatri H (2005) Differential effect of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL and c-FLIP on sensitivity of MCF-7 breast cancer cells to paclitaxel and docetaxel. Anticancer Res 25:2367-2379.
233. Watanabe N (1998) Endogenous tumor necrosis factor and doxorubicin sensitivity in leukemic patients. Leuk Lymphoma 30(5-6): 477-482.
234. Wiseman H, Halliwell B (1996) Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem J 313:17-29.
235. Wiseman BS, Werb Z (2002) Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer. Science 296:1046-1049.
236. Wolfer A, Ramaswamy S (2011) MYC and metastasis. Cancer Res 71:2034-2037.
237. Wong RS (2011) Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 30:87.
238. Wyllie AH (2010) "Where, O death, is thy sting?" A brief review of apoptosis biology. Mol Neurobiol 42:4-9.
239. Yang JQ, Li S, Domann FE et al (1999) Superoxide generation in v-Ha-ras-transduced human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Mol Carcinog 26:180-188.
240. Yang JQ, Buettner GR, Domann FE et al (2002) v-Ha-ras mitogenic signaling through superoxide and derived reactive oxygen species. Mol Carcinog 33:206-218.
241. Yang Y, Zhang YM, Chen Y, Zhao D, Chen JT, Liu Y (2012) Construction of a graphene oxide based noncovalent multiple nanosupramolecular assembly as a scaffold for drug delivery. Chemistry 18:4208-4215.
242. Yao L, Zhang Y, Chen K, Hu X, Xu LX (2011) Discovery of IL-18 as a novel secreted protein contributing to doxorubicin resistance by comparative secretome analysis of MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox. PLoS One 6:e24684.
243. Yoo BH, Wu X, Derouet M, Haniff M, Eskelinen EL, Rosen K (2009) Hypoxia-induced downregulation of autophagy mediator Beclin 1 reduces the susceptibility of malignant intestinal epithelial cells to hypoxia-dependent apoptosis. Autophagy 5:1166-1179.
244. Yu CL, Tsai MH (2001) Embryonic apoptosis-inducing proteins exhibited anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Res 21:1839-1856.
245. Yu A, Choi J, Ohno K et al (2000) Specific cell targeting for delivery of toxins into small-cell lung cancer using a streptavidin fusion protein complex. DNA Cell Biol 19:383-388.
246. Yu JL, Rak JW, Coomber BL et al (2002) Effect of p53 status on tumor response to antiangiogenic therapy. Science 295:1526- 1528.
247. Yuzhalin AE, Kutikhin AG (2012) Inherited variations in the SOD and GPX gene families and cancer risk. Free Radic Res 46:581-599.
248. Zafarana G, Ishkanian AS, Malloff CA et al (2012) Copy number alterations of c-MYC and PTEN are prognostic factors for relapse after prostate cancer radiotherapy. Cancer. doi:10.1002/cncr.26729.
249. Zakeri Z, Lockshin RA (2002) Cell death during development. J Immunol Methods 265:3-20.
250. Zakeri Z, Lockshin RA, Martínez AC (2001) Meeting report: mechanisms of cell death 2000. Apoptosis 6:403-404.
251. Zhai X, Huang W, Liu J et al (2011) Micelles from amphiphilic block copolyphosphates for drug delivery. Macromol Biosci 11:1603- 1610.
252. Zhang Y, Yang JM (2011) The impact of cellular senescence in cancer therapy: is it true or not? Acta Pharmacol Sin 32:1199- 1207.
253. Zhang X, Zhang X, Wang F (2012) Intracellular transduction and potential of Tat PTD and its analogs: from basic drug delivery mechanism to application. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9:457-472.
254. Zhao Y, Xue Y, Oberley TD et al (2001) Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor formation by modulation of activator protein-1 signaling in a multistage skin carcinogenesis model. Cancer Res 61:6082-6088.
255. Zhao J, Lu Y, Shen HM (2012) Targeting p53 as a therapeutic strategy in sensitizing TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer Lett 314:8-23.
256. Zong D, Haag P, Yakymovych I, Lewensohn R, Viktorsson K (2011) Chemosensitization by phenothiazines in human lung cancer cells: impaired resolution of cH2AX and increased oxidative stress elicit apoptosis associated with lysosomal expansion and intense vacuolation. Cell Death Dis 2:e181.
257. Zwacka RM, Dudus L, Epperly MW et al (1998) Redox gene therapy protects human IB-3 lung epithelial cells against ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. Hum Gene Ther 9:1381-1386.