Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: Factors that modulate disease risk

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 713-739

  Wroblewski, Lydia E ^a   Peek Jr , Richard M ^a,b,c   Wilson, Keith T ^a,b,c  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADHESIN; ANTIOXIDANT; CAGA PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 8; OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PEPTIDOGLYCAN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VACUOLATING TOXIN;

ACID SECRETION; APOPTOSIS; B LYMPHOCYTE; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DENDRITIC CELL; DNA POLYMORPHISM; EFFECTOR CELL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HOST CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOMACH CANCER; T LYMPHOCYTE; TIGHT JUNCTION;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ANTIGENS, BACTERIAL; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; CHRONIC DISEASE; ENVIRONMENT; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RISK FACTORS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS; STOMACH ULCER; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

HELICOBACTER PYLORI;

EID: 78049354889     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: 10986618     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00011-10     Document Type: Review

References (367)

1. Abbas, A. K., K. M. Murphy, and A. Sher. 1996. Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes. Nature 383:787-793.
2. Adachi, Y., F. Itoh, H. Yamamoto, K. Matsuno, Y. Arimura, M. Kusano, T. Endoh, Y. Hinoda, M. Oohara, M. Hosokawa, and K. Imai. 1998. Matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin (MMP-7) participates in the progression of human gastric and esophageal cancers. Int. J. Oncol. 13:1031-1035.
3. Akhiani, A. A., J. Pappo, Z. Kabok, K. Schon, W. Gao, L. E. Franzen, and N. Lycke. 2002. Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection following immunization is IL-12-dependent and mediated by Th1 cells. J. Immunol. 169:6977-6984. (Pubitemid 36899285)
4. Akhiani, A. A., K. Schon, L. E. Franzen, J. Pappo, and N. Lycke. 2004. Helicobacter pylori-specific antibodies impair the development of gastritis, facilitate bacterial colonization, and counteract resistance against infection. J. Immunol. 172:5024-5033.
5. Akhiani, A. A., A. Stensson, K. Schon, and N. Y. Lycke. 2005. IgA antibodies impair resistance against Helicobacter pylori infection: studies on immune evasion in IL-10-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 174:8144-8153.
6. Akira, S., K. Takeda, and T. Kaisho. 2001. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat. Immunol. 2:675-680.
7. Akopyants, N. S., S. W. Clifton, D. Kersulyte, J. E. Crabtree, B. E. Youree, C. A. Reece, N. O. Bukanov, E. S. Drazek, B. A. Roe, and D. E. Berg. 1998. Analyses of the cag pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol. 28:37-53.
8. Akre, K., A. M. Ekstrom, L. B. Signorello, L. E. Hansson, and O. Nyren. 2001. Aspirin and risk for gastric cancer: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Br. J. Cancer 84:965-968. (Pubitemid 32385841)
9. Algood, H. M., J. Gallo-Romero, K. T. Wilson, R. M. Peek, Jr., and T. L. Cover. 2007. Host response to Helicobacter pylori infection before initiation of the adaptive immune response. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 51: 577-586.
10. Allen, L. A., L. S. Schlesinger, and B. Kang. 2000. Virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori demonstrate delayed phagocytosis and stimulate homotypic phagosome fusion in macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 191:115-128.
11. Alm, R. A., L. S. Ling, D. T. Moir, B. L. King, E. D. Brown, P. C. Doig, D. R. Smith, B. Noonan, B. C. Guild, B. L. deJonge, G. Carmel, P. J. Tummino, A. Caruso, M. Uria-Nickelsen, D. M. Mills, C. Ives, R. Gibson, D. Merberg, S. D. Mills, Q. Jiang, D. E. Taylor, G. F. Vovis, and T. J. Trust. 1999. Genomic-sequence comparison of two unrelated isolates of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 397:176-180.
12. Amedei, A., A. Cappon, G. Codolo, A. Cabrelle, A. Polenghi, M. Benagiano, E. Tasca, A. Azzurri, M. M. D'Elios, G. Del Prete, and M. de Bernard. 2006. The neutrophil-activating protein of Helicobacter pylori promotes Th1 immune responses. J. Clin. Invest. 116:1092-1101.
13. Amieva, M. R., N. R. Salama, L. S. Tompkins, and S. Falkow. 2002. Helicobacter pylori enter and survive within multivesicular vacuoles of epithelial cells. Cell. Microbiol. 4:677-690.
14. Amieva, M. R., R. Vogelmann, A. Covacci, L. S. Tompkins, W. J. Nelson, and S. Falkow. 2003. Disruption of the epithelial apical-junctional complex by Helicobacter pylori CagA. Science 300:1430-1434.
15. Anastasiadis, P. Z., and A. B. Reynolds. 2001. Regulation of Rho GTPases by p120-catenin. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13:604-610.
16. Andersen-Nissen, E., K. D. Smith, K. L. Strobe, S. L. Barrett, B. T. Cookson, S. M. Logan, and A. Aderem. 2005. Evasion of Toll-like receptor 5 by flagellated bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:9247-9252.
17. Anderson, K. M., S. J. Czinn, R. W. Redline, and T. G. Blanchard. 2006. Induction of CTLA-4-mediated anergy contributes to persistent colonization in the murine model of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Immunol. 176:5306-5313.
18. Appelmelk, B. J., I. van Die, S. J. van Vliet, C. M. Vandenbroucke- Grauls, T. B. Geijtenbeek, and Y. van Kooyk. 2003. Cutting edge: carbohydrate profiling identifies new pathogens that interact with dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin on dendritic cells. J. Immunol. 170:1635-1639.
19. Argent, R. H., A. Burette, V. Y. Miendje Deyi, and J. C. Atherton. 2007. The presence of dupA in Helicobacter pylori is not significantly associated with duodenal ulceration in Belgium, South Africa, China, or North America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:1204-1206.
20. Argent, R. H., J. L. Hale, E. M. El-Omar, and J. C. Atherton. 2008. Differences in Helicobacter pylori CagA tyrosine phosphorylation motif patterns between Western and East Asian strains, and influences on interleukin- 8 secretion. J. Med. Microbiol. 57:1062-1067.
21. Asahi, M., T. Azuma, S. Ito, Y. Ito, H. Suto, Y. Nagai, M. Tsubokawa, Y. Tohyama, S. Maeda, M. Omata, T. Suzuki, and C. Sasakawa. 2000. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein can be tyrosine phosphorylated in gastric epithelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 191:593-602.
22. Aspholm, M., F. O. Olfat, J. Norden, B. Sonden, C. Lundberg, R. Sjostrom, S. Altraja, S. Odenbreit, R. Haas, T. Wadstrom, L. Engstrand, C. Semino-Mora, H. Liu, A. Dubois, S. Teneberg, A. Arnqvist, and T. Boren. 2006. SabA is the H. pylori hemagglutinin and is polymorphic in binding to sialylated glycans. PLoS Pathog. 2:e110.
23. Aspholm-Hurtig, M., G. Dailide, M. Lahmann, A. Kalia, D. Ilver, N. Roche, S. Vikstrom, R. Sjostrom, S. Linden, A. Backstrom, C. Lundberg, A. Arnqvist, J. Mahdavi, U. J. Nilsson, B. Velapatino, R. H. Gilman, M. Gerhard, T. Alarcon, M. Lopez-Brea, T. Nakazawa, J. G. Fox, P. Correa, M. G. Dominguez-Bello, G. I. Perez-Perez, M. J. Blaser, S. Normark, I. Carlstedt, S. Oscarson, S. Teneberg, D. E. Berg, and T. Boren. 2004. Functional adaptation of BabA, the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin. Science 305:519-522. (Pubitemid 38971342)
24. Atherton, J. C. 2006. The pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastro- duodenal diseases. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 1:63-96.
25. Atherton, J. C., P. Cao, R. M. Peek, Jr., M. K. Tummuru, M. J. Blaser, and T. L. Cover. 1995. Mosaicism in vacuolating cytotoxin alleles of Helicobacter pylori. Association of specific vacA types with cytotoxin production and peptic ulceration. J. Biol. Chem. 270:17771-17777.
26. Atherton, J. C., R. M. Peek, Jr., K. T. Tham, T. L. Cover, and M. J. Blaser. 1997. Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 112: 92-99.
27. Azevedo, M., S. Eriksson, N. Mendes, J. Serpa, C. Figueiredo, L. P. Resende, N. Ruvoen-Clouet, R. Haas, T. Boren, J. Le Pendu, and L. David. 2008. Infection by Helicobacter pylori expressing the BabA adhesin is influenced by the secretor phenotype. J. Pathol. 215:308-316. (Pubitemid 351956712)
28. Bagnoli, F., L. Buti, L. Tompkins, A. Covacci, and M. R. Amieva. 2005. Helicobacter pylori CagA induces a transition from polarized to invasive phenotypes in MDCK cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:16339-16344.
29. Baik, S. C., H. S. Youn, M. H. Chung, W. K. Lee, M. J. Cho, G. H. Ko, C. K. Park, H. Kasai, and K. H. Rhee. 1996. Increased oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa. Cancer Res. 56:1279-1282.
30. Bamford, K. B., X. Fan, S. E. Crowe, J. F. Leary, W. K. Gourley, G. K. Luthra, E. G. Brooks, D. Y. Graham, V. E. Reyes, and P. B. Ernst. 1998. Lymphocytes in the human gastric mucosa during Helicobacter pylori have a T helper cell 1 phenotype. Gastroenterology 114:482-492.
31. Banchereau, J., F. Briere, C. Caux, J. Davoust, S. Lebecque, Y. J. Liu, B. Pulendran, and K. Palucka. 2000. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:767-811.
32. Basso, D., C. F. Zambon, D. P. Letley, A. Stranges, A. Marchet, J. L. Rhead, S. Schiavon, G. Guariso, M. Ceroti, D. Nitti, M. Rugge, M. Plebani, and J. C. Atherton. 2008. Clinical relevance of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology 135:91-99.
33. Beevers, D. G., G. Y. Lip, and A. D. Blann. 2004. Salt intake and Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Hypertens. 22:1475-1477.
34. Blaser, M. J., and D. E. Berg. 2001. Helicobacter pylori genetic diversity and risk of human disease. J. Clin. Invest. 107:767-773.
35. Blaser, M. J., P. H. Chyou, and A. Nomura. 1995. Age at establishment of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma, gastric ulcer, and duo-denal ulcer risk. Cancer Res. 55:562-565.
36. Boncristiano, M., S. R. Paccani, S. Barone, C. Ulivieri, L. Patrussi, D. Ilver, A. Amedei, M. M. D'Elios, J. L. Telford, and C. T. Baldari. 2003. The Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin inhibits T cell activation by two independent mechanisms. J. Exp. Med. 198:1887-1897.
37. Boren, T., P. Falk, K. A. Roth, G. Larson, and S. Normark. 1993. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 262:1892-1895. (Pubitemid 24041864)
38. Boughan, P. K., R. H. Argent, M. Body-Malapel, J. H. Park, K. E. Ewings, A. G. Bowie, S. J. Ong, S. J. Cook, O. E. Sorensen, B. A. Manzo, N. Inohara, N. J. Klein, G. Nunez, J. C. Atherton, and M. Bajaj-Elliott. 2006. Nucleotide- binding oligomerization domain-1 and epidermal growth factor receptor: critical regulators of beta-defensins during Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Biol. Chem. 281:11637-11648.
39. Bourzac, K. M., C. M. Botham, and K. Guillemin. 2007. Helicobacter pylori CagA induces AGS cell elongation through a cell retraction defect that is independent of Cdc42, Rac1, and Arp2/3. Infect. Immun. 75:1203-1213.
40. Brenner, H., V. Arndt, G. Bode, C. Stegmaier, H. Ziegler, and T. Stumer. 2002. Risk of gastric cancer among smokers infected with Helicobacter pylori. Int. J. Cancer 98:446-449. (Pubitemid 34188689)
41. Bunt, S. K., L. Yang, P. Sinha, V. K. Clements, J. Leips, and S. Ostrand-Rosenberg. 2007. Reduced inflammation in the tumor microenvironment delays the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and limits tumor progression. Cancer Res. 67:10019-10026.
42. Bussiere, F. I., R. Chaturvedi, M. Asim, K. L. Hoek, Y. Cheng, J. Gainor, A. Scholz, W. N. Khan, and K. T. Wilson. 2006. Low multiplicity of infection of Helicobacter pylori suppresses apoptosis of B lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 66:6834-6842.
43. Bussiere, F. I., R. Chaturvedi, Y. Cheng, A. P. Gobert, M. Asim, D. R. Blumberg, H. Xu, P. Y. Kim, A. Hacker, R. A. Casero, Jr., and K. T. Wilson. 2005. Spermine causes loss of innate immune response to Helicobacter pylori by inhibition of inducible nitric-oxide synthase translation. J. Biol. Chem. 280:2409-2412.
44. Censini, S., C. Lange, Z. Xiang, J. E. Crabtree, P. Ghiara, M. Borodovsky, R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 1996. cag, a pathogenicity island of Helicobacter pylori, encodes type I-specific and disease-associated virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:14648-14653.
45. Chan, A. O., S. K. Lam, B. C. Wong, W. M. Wong, M. F. Yuen, Y. H. Yeung, W. M. Hui, A. Rashid, and Y. L. Kwong. 2003. Promoter methylation of E-cadherin gene in gastric mucosa associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and in gastric cancer. Gut 52:502-506.
46. Chan, A. O., J. Z. Peng, S. K. Lam, K. C. Lai, M. F. Yuen, H. K. Cheung, Y. L. Kwong, A. Rashid, C. K. Chan, and B. C. Wong. 2006. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection reverses E-cadherin promoter hypermethylation. Gut 55:463-468.
47. Chaturvedi, R., M. Asim, N. D. Lewis, H. M. Algood, T. L. Cover, P. Y. Kim, and K. T. Wilson. 2007. L-Arginine availability regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent host defense against Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 75:4305-4315.
48. Chaturvedi, R., M. Asim, N. D. Lewis, F. I. Bussiere, and K. T. Wilson. 2006. Arginine availability is critical to the innate immune response to Helicobacter pylori by regulation of iNOS translation. Nitric Oxide 14:A8.
49. Chaturvedi, R., Y. Cheng, M. Asim, F. I. Bussiere, H. Xu, A. P. Gobert, A. Hacker, R. A. Casero, Jr., and K. T. Wilson. 2004. Induction of polyamine oxidase 1 by Helicobacter pylori causes macrophage apoptosis by hydrogen peroxide release and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. J. Biol. Chem. 279:40161-40173.
50. Chen, Y., C. Merzdorf, D. L. Paul, and D. A. Goodenough. 1997. COOH terminus of occludin is required for tight junction barrier function in early Xenopus embryos. J. Cell Biol. 138:891-899.
51. Cheng, Y., R. Chaturvedi, M. Asim, F. I. Bussiere, H. Xu, R. A. Casero, Jr., and K. T. Wilson. 2005. Helicobacter pylori-induced macrophage apoptosis requires activation of ornithine decarboxylase by c-Myc. J. Biol. Chem. 280:22492-22496.
52. Chieppa, M., M. Rescigno, A. Y. Huang, and R. N. Germain. 2006. Dynamic imaging of dendritic cell extension into the small bowel lumen in response to epithelial cell TLR engagement. J. Exp. Med. 203:2841-2852.
53. Chomvarin, C., W. Namwat, K. Chaicumpar, P. Mairiang, A. Sangchan, B. Sripa, S. Tor-Udom, and R. K. Vilaichone. 2008. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA and babA2 genotypes in Thai dyspeptic patients. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 12:30-36.
54. Churin, Y., L. Al-Ghoul, O. Kepp, T. F. Meyer, W. Birchmeier, and M. Naumann. 2003. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein targets the c-Met receptor and enhances the motogenic response. J. Cell Biol. 161:249-255. (Pubitemid 36529844)
55. Conlin, V. S., S. B. Curtis, Y. Zhao, E. D. Moore, V. C. Smith, R. M. Meloche, B. B. Finlay, and A. M. Buchan. 2004. Helicobacter pylori infection targets adherens junction regulatory proteins and results in increased rates of migration in human gastric epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 72:5181-5192.
56. Correa, P. 1996. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: state of the art. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 5:477-481.
57. Correa, P. 1992. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process - First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res. 52:6735-6740. (Pubitemid 23006271)
58. Correa, P. 2004. Is gastric cancer preventable? Gut 53:1217-1219.
59. Correa, P., E. T. Fontham, J. C. Bravo, L. E. Bravo, B. Ruiz, G. Zarama, J. L. Realpe, G. T. Malcom, D. Li, W. D. Johnson, and R. Mera. 2000. Chemoprevention of gastric dysplasia: randomized trial of antioxidant supplements and anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92:1881-1888.
60. Correa, P., and J. Houghton. 2007. Carcinogenesis of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 133:659-672.
61. Covacci, A., and R. Rappuoli. 2000. Tyrosine-phosphorylated bacterial proteins: Trojan horses for the host cell. J. Exp. Med. 191:587-592.
62. Cover, T. L., and M. J. Blaser. 1992. Purification and characterization of the vacuolating toxin from Helicobacter pylori. J. Biol. Chem. 267:10570-10575.
63. Cover, T. L., C. P. Dooley, and M. J. Blaser. 1990. Characterization of and human serologic response to proteins in Helicobacter pylori broth culture supernatants with vacuolizing cytotoxin activity. Infect. Immun. 58:603-610.
64. Cover, T. L., U. S. Krishna, D. A. Israel, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2003. Induction of gastric epithelial cell apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cyto-toxin. Cancer Res. 63:951-957.
65. Cover, T. L., M. K. Tummuru, P. Cao, S. A. Thompson, and M. J. Blaser. 1994. Divergence of genetic sequences for the vacuolating cytotoxin among Helicobacter pylori strains. J. Biol. Chem. 269:10566-10573.
66. Crabtree, J. E., R. L. Ferrero, and J. G. Kusters. 2002. The mouse colonizing Helicobacter pylori strain SS1 may lack a functional cag pathogenicity island. Helicobacter 7:139-140.
67. Crabtree, J. E., T. M. Shallcross, R. V. Heatley, and J. I. Wyatt. 1991. Mucosal tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis. Gut 32:1473-1477.
68. Crabtree, J. E., J. D. Taylor, J. I. Wyatt, R. V. Heatley, T. M. Shallcross, D. S. Tompkins, and B. J. Rathbone. 1991. Mucosal IgA recognition of Helicobacter pylori 120 kDa protein, peptic ulceration, and gastric pathology. Lancet 338:332-335.
69. Crabtree, J. E., J. I. Wyatt, G. M. Sobala, G. Miller, D. S. Tompkins, J. N. Primrose, and A. G. Morgan. 1993. Systemic and mucosal humoral responses to Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer. Gut 34:1339-1343.
70. Crawford, H. C., U. S. Krishna, D. A. Israel, L. M. Matrisian, M. K. Washington, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2003. Helicobacter pylori strain-selective induction of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in vitro and within gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 125:1125-1136.
71. D'Elios, M. M., M. Manghetti, F. Almerigogna, A. Amedei, F. Costa, D. Burroni, C. T. Baldari, S. Romagnani, J. L. Telford, and G. Del Prete. 1997. Different cytokine profile and antigen-specificity repertoire in Helicobacter pylori-specific T cell clones from the antrum of chronic gastritis patients with or without peptic ulcer. Eur. J. Immunol. 27:1751-1755.
72. DeLyria, E. S., R. W. Redline, and T. G. Blanchard. 2009. Vaccination of mice against H. pylori induces a strong Th-17 response and immunity that is neutrophil dependent. Gastroenterology 136:247-256.
73. Ding, S. Z., Y. Minohara, X. J. Fan, J. Wang, V. E. Reyes, J. Patel, B. Dirden-Kramer, I. Boldogh, P. B. Ernst, and S. E. Crowe. 2007. Helicobacter pylori infection induces oxidative stress and programmed cell death in human gastric epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 75:4030-4039.
74. Dossumbekova, A., C. Prinz, M. Gerhard, L. Brenner, S. Backert, J. G. Kusters, R. M. Schmid, and R. Rad. 2006. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins and gastric inflammation. Gut 55:1360-1361. (Pubitemid 44277370)
75. Douraghi, M., Y. Talebkhan, H. Zeraati, F. Ebrahimzadeh, A. Nahvijoo, A. Morakabati, M. Ghafarpour, M. Esmaili, M. Bababeik, A. Oghalaie, N. Rakhshani, M. E. Hosseini, M. A. Mohagheghi, and M. Mohammadi. 2009. Multiple gene status in Helicobacter pylori strains and risk of gastric cancer development. Digestion 80:200-207.
76. Du, Y., A. Agnew, X. P. Ye, P. A. Robinson, D. Forman, and J. E. Crabtree. 2006. Helicobacter pylori and Schistosoma japonicum co-infection in a Chinese population: helminth infection alters humoral responses to H. pylori and serum pepsinogen I/II ratio. Microbes Infect. 8:52-60.
77. + cells in gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori in mice. Infect. Immun. 74:4673-4684.
78. Eaton, K. A., M. Mefford, and T. Thevenot. 2001. The role of T cell subsets and cytokines in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in mice. J. Immunol. 166:7456-7461.
79. Eaton, K. A., and M. E. Mefford. 2001. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection and resolution of gastritis by adoptive transfer of splenocytes in mice. Infect. Immun. 69:1025-1031.
80. Eaton, K. A., S. Suerbaum, C. Josenhans, and S. Krakowka. 1996. Colonization of gnotobiotic piglets by Helicobacter pylori deficient in two flagellin genes. Infect. Immun. 64:2445-2448.
81. Ekstrom, A. M., M. Serafini, O. Nyren, L. E. Hansson, W. Ye, and A. Wolk. 2000. Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of cardia cancer and noncardia cancer of the intestinal and diffuse types: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int. J. Cancer 87:133-140.
82. El-Omar, E. M. 2001. The importance of interleukin 1beta in Helicobacter pylori associated disease. Gut 48:743-747. (Pubitemid 32476967)
83. El-Omar, E. M., M. Carrington, W. H. Chow, K. E. McColl, J. H. Bream, H. A. Young, J. Herrera, J. Lissowska, C. C. Yuan, N. Rothman, G. Lanyon, M. Martin, J. F. Fraumeni, Jr., and C. S. Rabkin. 2000. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 404:398-402.
84. El-Omar, E. M., C. S. Rabkin, M. D. Gammon, T. L. Vaughan, H. A. Risch, J. B. Schoenberg, J. L. Stanford, S. T. Mayne, J. Goedert, W. J. Blot, J. F. Fraumeni, Jr., and W. H. Chow. 2003. Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology 124:1193-1201.
85. Epplein, M., A. M. Nomura, J. H. Hankin, M. J. Blaser, G. Perez-Perez, G. N. Stemmermann, L. R. Wilkens, and L. N. Kolonel. 2008. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and diet on the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in Hawaii. Cancer Causes Control 19:869-877.
86. Ernst, P. B., and B. D. Gold. 2000. The disease spectrum of Helicobacter pylori: the immunopathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer and gastric cancer. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54:615-640.
87. Erzin, Y., V. Koksal, S. Altun, A. Dobrucali, M. Aslan, S. Erdamar, S. Goksel, A. Dirican, and B. Kocazeybek. 2008. Role of host interleukin 1beta gene (IL-1B) and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene (IL-1RN) polymorphisms in clinical outcomes in Helicobacter pylori-positive Turkish patients with dyspepsia. J. Gastroenterol. 43:705-710.
88. Everhart, J. E. 2000. Recent developments in the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 29:559-578.
89. Fan, X., H. Gunasena, Z. Cheng, R. Espejo, S. E. Crowe, P. B. Ernst, and V. E. Reyes. 2000. Helicobacter pylori urease binds to class II MHC on gastric epithelial cells and induces their apoptosis. J. Immunol. 165:1918-1924.
90. Fanning, A. S., B. J. Jameson, L. A. Jesaitis, and J. M. Anderson. 1998. The tight junction protein ZO-1 establishes a link between the transmembrane protein occludin and the actin cytoskeleton. J. Biol. Chem. 273:29745-29753.
91. Farinati, F., R. Cardin, P. Degan, M. Rugge, F. D. Mario, P. Bonvicini, and R. Naccarato. 1998. Oxidative DNA damage accumulation in gastric carcinogenesis. Gut 42:351-356. (Pubitemid 28197023)
92. Farrar, J. D., H. Asnagli, and K. M. Murphy. 2002. T helper subset development: roles of instruction, selection, and transcription. J. Clin. Invest. 109:431-435.
93. Farrow, D. C., T. L. Vaughan, P. D. Hansten, J. L. Stanford, H. A. Risch, M. D. Gammon, W. H. Chow, R. Dubrow, H. Ahsan, S. T. Mayne, J. B. Schoenberg, A. B. West, H. Rotterdam, J. F. Fraumeni, Jr., and W. J. Blot. 1998. Use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 7:97-102.
94. Fedwick, J. P., T. K. Lapointe, J. B. Meddings, P. M. Sherman, and A. G. Buret. 2005. Helicobacter pylori activates myosin light-chain kinase to disrupt claudin-4 and claudin-5 and increase epithelial permeability. Infect. Immun. 73:7844-7852.
95. Figueiredo, C., J. C. Machado, P. Pharoah, R. Seruca, S. Sousa, R. Carvalho, A. F. Capelinha, W. Quint, C. Caldas, L. J. van Doorn, F. Carneiro, and M. Sobrinho-Simoes. 2002. Helicobacter pylori and interleukin 1 geno-typing: an opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for gastric carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94:1680-1687.
96. Fingleton, B., T. Vargo-Gogola, H. C. Crawford, and L. M. Matrisian. 2001. Matrilysin [MMP-7] expression selects for cells with reduced sensitivity to apoptosis. Neoplasia 3:459-468.
97. Forte, J. G., and X. Yao. 1996. The membrane-recruitment-and-recycling hypothesis of gastric HCl secretion. Trends Cell Biol. 6:45-48.
98. Fossiez, F., O. Djossou, P. Chomarat, L. Flores-Romo, S. Ait-Yahia, C. Maat, J. J. Pin, P. Garrone, E. Garcia, S. Saeland, D. Blanchard, C. Gaillard, B. Das Mahapatra, E. Rouvier, P. Golstein, J. Banchereau, and S. Lebecque. 1996. T cell interleukin-17 induces stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines. J. Exp. Med. 183:2593-2603.
99. Fox, J. G., P. Beck, C. A. Dangler, M. T. Whary, T. C. Wang, H. N. Shi, and C. Nagler-Anderson. 2000. Concurrent enteric helminth infection modulates inflammation and gastric immune responses and reduces Helicobacter-induced gastric atrophy. Nat. Med. 6:536-542.
100. Fox, J. G., C. A. Dangler, N. S. Taylor, A. King, T. J. Koh, and T. C. Wang. 1999. High-salt diet induces gastric epithelial hyperplasia and parietal cell loss, and enhances Helicobacter pylori colonization in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Res. 59:4823-4828.
101. Franco, A. T., D. B. Friedman, T. A. Nagy, J. Romero-Gallo, U. Krishna, A. Kendall, D. A. Israel, N. Tegtmeyer, M. K. Washington, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2009. Delineation of a carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori proteome. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 8:1947-1958.
102. Franco, A. T., D. A. Israel, M. K. Washington, U. Krishna, J. G. Fox, A. B. Rogers, A. S. Neish, L. Collier-Hyams, G. I. Perez-Perez, M. Hatakeyama, R. Whitehead, K. Gaus, D. P. O'Brien, J. Romero-Gallo, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2005. Activation of beta-catenin by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:10646-10651.
103. Franco, A. T., E. Johnston, U. Krishna, Y. Yamaoka, D. A. Israel, T. A. Nagy, L. E. Wroblewski, M. B. Piazuelo, P. Correa, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2008. Regulation of gastric carcinogenesis by Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. Cancer Res. 68:379-387.
104. Fu, S., K. S. Ramanujam, A. Wong, G. T. Fantry, C. B. Drachenberg, S. P. James, S. J. Meltzer, and K. T. Wilson. 1999. Increased expression and cellular localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2 in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gastroenterology 116:1319-1329.
105. Fuchs, C. S., and R. J. Mayer. 1995. Gastric carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:32-41.
106. Fujikawa, A., D. Shirasaka, S. Yamamoto, H. Ota, K. Yahiro, M. Fukada, T. Shintani, A. Wada, N. Aoyama, T. Hirayama, H. Fukamachi, and M. Noda. 2003. Mice deficient in protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z are resistant to gastric ulcer induction by VacA of Helicobacter pylori. Nat. Genet. 33:375-381.
107. Furuta, T., E. M. El-Omar, F. Xiao, N. Shirai, M. Takashima, and H. Sugimura. 2002. Interleukin 1beta polymorphisms increase risk of hypochlorhydria and atrophic gastritis and reduce risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence in Japan. Gastroenterology 123:92-105. (Pubitemid 34747529)
108. Galmiche, A., J. Rassow, A. Doye, S. Cagnol, J. C. Chambard, S. Contamin, V. de Thillot, I. Just, V. Ricci, E. Solcia, E. Van Obberghen, and P. Boquet. 2000. The N-terminal 34 kDa fragment of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin targets mitochondria and induces cytochrome c release. EMBO J. 19:6361-6370.
109. Gamboa-Dominguez, A., T. Ubbelohde, M. Saqui-Salces, L. Romano-Mazzoti, M. Cervantes, C. Dominguez-Fonseca, M. de la Luz Estreber, and G. M. Ruiz-Palacios. 2007. Salt and stress synergize H. pylori-induced gastric lesions, cell proliferation, and p21 expression in Mongolian gerbils. Dig. Dis. Sci. 52:1517-1526.
110. Gancz, H., K. R. Jones, and D. S. Merrell. 2008. Sodium chloride affects Helicobacter pylori growth and gene expression. J. Bacteriol. 190:4100-4105.
111. Gatti, L. L., J. L. Modena, S. L. Payao, A. Smith Mde, Y. Fukuhara, J. L. Modena, R. B. de Oliveira, and M. Brocchi. 2006. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori cagA, iceA and babA2 alleles in Brazilian patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. Acta Trop. 100:232-240.
112. Gebert, B., W. Fischer, E. Weiss, R. Hoffmann, and R. Haas. 2003. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Science 301:1099-1102. (Pubitemid 37022312)
113. Geis, G., H. Leying, S. Suerbaum, U. Mai, and W. Opferkuch. 1989. Ultrastructure and chemical analysis of Campylobacter pylori flagella. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:436-441.
114. Gerhard, M., N. Lehn, N. Neumayer, T. Boren, R. Rad, W. Schepp, S. Miehlke, M. Classen, and C. Prinz. 1999. Clinical relevance of the Helicobacter pylori gene for blood-group antigen-binding adhesin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:12778-12783.
115. Gewirtz, A. T., Y. Yu, U. S. Krishna, D. A. Israel, S. L. Lyons, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2004. Helicobacter pylori flagellin evades Toll-like receptor 5-mediated innate immunity. J. Infect. Dis. 189:1914-1920.
116. Gobert, A. P., J. C. Bambou, C. Werts, V. Balloy, M. Chignard, A. P. Moran, and R. L. Ferrero. 2003. Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 mediates interleukin-6 production by macrophages via a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-, TLR-4- and myeloid differentiation factor 88-independent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 279:245-250.
117. Gobert, A. P., Y. Cheng, J. Y. Wang, J. L. Boucher, R. K. Iyer, S. D. Cederbaum, R. A. Casero, Jr., J. C. Newton, and K. T. Wilson. 2002. Helicobacter pylori induces macrophage apoptosis by activation of arginase II. J. Immunol. 168:4692-4700.
118. Gobert, A. P., D. J. McGee, M. Akhtar, G. L. Mendz, J. C. Newton, Y. Cheng, H. L. Mobley, and K. T. Wilson. 2001. Helicobacter pylori arginase inhibits nitric oxide production by eukaryotic cells: a strategy for bacterial survival. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:13844-13849.
119. Gobert, A. P., B. D. Mersey, Y. Cheng, D. R. Blumberg, J. C. Newton, and K. T. Wilson. 2002. Cutting edge: urease release by Helicobacter pylori stimulates macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase. J. Immunol. 168: 6002-6006.
120. Goodwin, C. S., J. A. Armstrong, and B. J. Marshall. 1986. Campylobacter pyloridis, gastritis, and peptic ulceration. J. Clin. Pathol. 39:353-365.
121. Grosheva, I., M. Shtutman, M. Elbaum, and A. D. Bershadsky. 2001. p120 catenin affects cell motility via modulation of activity of Rho-family GTPases: a link between cell-cell contact formation and regulation of cell locomotion. J. Cell Sci. 114:695-707.
122. Guiney, D. G., P. Hasegawa, and S. P. Cole. 2003. Helicobacter pylori preferentially induces interleukin 12 (IL-12) rather than IL-6 or IL-10 in human dendritic cells. Infect. Immun. 71:4163-4166.
123. Gupta, R. A., and R. N. Dubois. 2001. Colorectal cancer prevention and treatment by inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Nat. Rev. Cancer 1:11-21.
124. Guruge, J. L., P. G. Falk, R. G. Lorenz, M. Dans, H. P. Wirth, M. J. Blaser, D. E. Berg, and J. I. Gordon. 1998. Epithelial attachment alters the outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95: 3925-3930.
125. Haeberle, H. A., M. Kubin, K. B. Bamford, R. Garofalo, D. Y. Graham, F. El-Zaatari, R. Karttunen, S. E. Crowe, V. E. Reyes, and P. B. Ernst. 1997. Differential stimulation of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10 by live and killed Helicobacter pylori in vitro and association of IL-12 production with gamma interferon-producing T cells in the human gastric mucosa. Infect. Immun. 65:4229-4235.
126. Hafsi, N., P. Voland, S. Schwendy, R. Rad, W. Reindl, M. Gerhard, and C. Prinz. 2004. Human dendritic cells respond to Helicobacter pylori, promoting NK cell and Th1-effector responses in vitro. J. Immunol. 173:1249-1257. (Pubitemid 38924303)
127. Harrington, L. E., R. D. Hatton, P. R. Mangan, H. Turner, T. L. Murphy, K. M. Murphy, and C. T. Weaver. 2005. Interleukin 17-producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages. Nat. Immunol. 6:1123-1132.
128. Harris, P. R., P. B. Ernst, S. Kawabata, H. Kiyono, M. F. Graham, and P. D. Smith. 1998. Recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease activates primary mucosal macrophages. J. Infect. Dis. 178:1516-1520.
129. Hatakeyama, M. 2004. Oncogenic mechanisms of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4:688-694.
130. Hazell, S. L., A. Lee, L. Brady, and W. Hennessy. 1986. Campylobacter pyloridis and gastritis: association with intercellular spaces and adaptation to an environment of mucus as important factors in colonization of the gastric epithelium. J. Infect. Dis. 153:658-663.
131. Hellmig, S., S. Ott, P. Rosenstiel, U. R. Folsch, J. Hampe, and S. Schreiber. 2006. Genetic variants in matrix metalloproteinase genes are associated with development of gastric ulcer in H. pylori infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 101:29-35.
132. Hida, N., T. Shimoyama, Jr., P. Neville, M. F. Dixon, A. T. Axon, T. Shimoyama, Sr., and J. E. Crabtree. 1999. Increased expression of IL-10 and IL-12 (p40) mRNA in Helicobacter pylori infected gastric mucosa: relation to bacterial cag status and peptic ulceration. J. Clin. Pathol. 52: 658-664.
133. Higashi, H., A. Nakaya, R. Tsutsumi, K. Yokoyama, Y. Fujii, S. Ishikawa, M. Higuchi, A. Takahashi, Y. Kurashima, Y. Teishikata, S. Tanaka, T. Azuma, and M. Hatakeyama. 2004. Helicobacter pylori CagA induces Ras-independent morphogenetic response through SHP-2 recruitment and activation. J. Biol. Chem. 279:17205-17216.
134. Higashi, H., R. Tsutsumi, S. Muto, T. Sugiyama, T. Azuma, M. Asaka, and M. Hatakeyama. 2002. SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase as an intracellular target of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein. Science 295:683-686. (Pubitemid 34111828)
135. Higashi, H., K. Yokoyama, Y. Fujii, S. Ren, H. Yuasa, I. Saadat, N. Murata-Kamiya, T. Azuma, and M. Hatakeyama. 2005. EPIYA motif is a membrane- targeting signal of Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 280:23130-23137.
136. Hippo, Y., H. Taniguchi, S. Tsutsumi, N. Machida, J. M. Chong, M. Fukayama, T. Kodama, and H. Aburatani. 2002. Global gene expression analysis of gastric cancer by oligonucleotide microarrays. Cancer Res. 62: 233-240. (Pubitemid 34074010)
137. Hirasawa, R., M. Tatsuta, H. Iishi, H. Yano, M. Baba, N. Uedo, and N. Sakai. 1999. Increase in apoptosis and decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity of the gastric mucosa in patients with atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94:2398-2402.
138. Honda, M., M. Mori, H. Ueo, K. Sugimachi, and T. Akiyoshi. 1996. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 expression in gastric carcinoma. Gut 39:444-448. (Pubitemid 26338536)
139. Houghton, J., R. M. Korah, M. R. Condon, and K. H. Kim. 1999. Apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric and duodenal ulcer disease is mediated via the Fas antigen pathway. Dig. Dis. Sci. 44:465-478.
140. Houghton, J., L. S. Macera-Bloch, L. Harrison, K. H. Kim, and R. M. Korah. 2000. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta up-regulate gastric mucosal Fas antigen expression in Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect. Immun. 68:1189-1195.
141. Houghton, J., C. Stoicov, S. Nomura, A. B. Rogers, J. Carlson, H. Li, X. Cai, J. G. Fox, J. R. Goldenring, and T. C. Wang. 2004. Gastric cancer
142. Hussein, N. R., M. Mohammadi, Y. Talebkhan, M. Doraghi, D. P. Letley, M. K. Muhammad, R. H. Argent, and J. C. Atherton. 2008. Differences in virulence markers between Helicobacter pylori strains from Iraq and those from Iran: potential importance of regional differences in H. pylori-associated disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:1774-1779.
143. Hwang, I. R., T. Kodama, S. Kikuchi, K. Sakai, L. E. Peterson, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2002. Effect of interleukin 1 polymorphisms on gastric mucosal interleukin 1beta production in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 123:1793-1803. (Pubitemid 35408303)
144. Ilver, D., A. Arnqvist, J. Ogren, I. M. Frick, D. Kersulyte, E. T. Incecik, D. E. Berg, A. Covacci, L. Engstrand, and T. Boren. 1998. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science 279:373-377. (Pubitemid 28063371)
145. Ito, T., D. Kobayashi, K. Uchida, T. Takemura, S. Nagaoka, I. Kobayashi, T. Yokoyama, I. Ishige, Y. Ishige, N. Ishida, A. Furukawa, H. Muraoka, S. Ikeda, M. Sekine, N. Ando, Y. Suzuki, T. Yamada, T. Suzuki, and Y. Eishi. 2008. Helicobacter pylori invades the gastric mucosa and translocates to the gastric lymph nodes. Lab. Invest. 88:664-681.
146. Jawhari, A. U., M. Noda, M. Pignatelli, and M. Farthing. 1999. Up-regulated cytoplasmic expression, with reduced membranous distribution, of the src substrate p120(ctn) in gastric carcinoma. J. Pathol. 189:180-185.
147. Jenab, M., E. Riboli, P. Ferrari, J. Sabate, N. Slimani, T. Norat, M. Friesen, A. Tjonneland, A. Olsen, K. Overvad, M. C. Boutron-Ruault, F. Clavel-Chapelon, M. Touvier, H. Boeing, M. Schulz, J. Linseisen, G. Nagel, A. Trichopoulou, A. Naska, E. Oikonomou, V. Krogh, S. Panico, G. Masala, C. Sacerdote, R. Tumino, P. H. Peeters, M. E. Numans, H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, F. L. Buchner, E. Lund, G. Pera, C. N. Sanchez, M. J. Sanchez, L. Arriola, A. Barricarte, J. R. Quiros, G. Hallmans, R. Stenling, G. Berglund, S. Bingham, K. T. Khaw, T. Key, N. Allen, F. Carneiro, U. Mahlke, G. Del Giudice, D. Palli, R. Kaaks, and C. A. Gonzalez. 2006. Plasma and dietary vitamin C levels and risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Carcinogenesis 27:2250-2257.
148. Jones, N. L., A. S. Day, H. A. Jennings, and P. M. Sherman. 1999. Helicobacter pylori induces gastric epithelial cell apoptosis in association with increased Fas receptor expression. Infect. Immun. 67:4237-4242.
149. Jones, N. L., P. T. Shannon, E. Cutz, H. Yeger, and P. M. Sherman. 1997. Increase in proliferation and apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells early in the natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am. J. Pathol. 151:1695-1703.
150. Josenhans, C., A. Labigne, and S. Suerbaum. 1995. Comparative ultrastructural and functional studies of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae flagellin mutants: both flagellin subunits, FlaA and FlaB, are necessary for full motility in Helicobacter species. J. Bacteriol. 177:3010-3020.
151. Juttner, S., T. Cramer, S. Wessler, A. Walduck, F. Gao, F. Schmitz, C. Wunder, M. Weber, S. M. Fischer, W. E. Schmidt, B. Wiedenmann, T. F. Meyer, M. Naumann, and M. Hocker. 2003. Helicobacter pylori stimulates host cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription: critical importance of MEK/ ERK-dependent activation of USF1/-2 and CREB transcription factors. Cell. Microbiol. 5:821-834.
152. Kao, J. Y., S. Rathinavelu, K. A. Eaton, L. Bai, Y. Zavros, M. Takami, A. Pierzchala, and J. L. Merchant. 2006. Helicobacter pylori-secreted factors inhibit dendritic cell IL-12 secretion: a mechanism of ineffective host defense. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 291:G73-G81.
153. Kao, J. Y., M. Zhang, M. J. Miller, J. C. Mills, B. Wang, M. Liu, K. A. Eaton, W. Zou, B. E. Berndt, T. S. Cole, T. Takeuchi, S. Y. Owyang, and J. Luther. 2009. Helicobacter pylori immune escape is mediated by dendritic cell-induced Treg skewing and Th17 suppression in mice. Gastroenterology 138:1046-1054.
154. Kaparakis, M., K. L. Laurie, O. Wijburg, J. Pedersen, M. Pearse, I. R. van Driel, P. A. Gleeson, and R. A. Strugnell. 2006. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells modulate the T-cell and antibody responses in Helicobacter-infected BALB/c mice. Infect. Immun. 74:3519-3529.
155. Karayiannakis, A. J., K. N. Syrigos, D. Alexiou, N. Kalahanis, T. Rosenberg, E. Bastounis, and M. Pignatelli. 1999. Expression patterns of the novel catenin p120cas in gastrointestinal cancers. Anticancer Res. 19:4401-4405.
156. Karttunen, R., T. Karttunen, H. P. Ekre, and T. T. MacDonald. 1995. Interferon gamma and interleukin 4 secreting cells in the gastric antrum in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative gastritis. Gut 36:341-345.
157. Kato, S., T. Tsukamoto, T. Mizoshita, H. Tanaka, T. Kumagai, H. Ota, T. Katsuyama, M. Asaka, and M. Tatematsu. 2006. High salt diets dose-dependently promote gastric chemical carcinogenesis in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils associated with a shift in mucin production from glandular to surface mucous cells. Int. J. Cancer 119:1558-1566. (Pubitemid 44258761)
158. Kavermann, H., B. P. Burns, K. Angermuller, S. Odenbreit, W. Fischer, K. Melchers, and R. Haas. 2003. Identification and characterization of Helicobacter pylori genes essential for gastric colonization. J. Exp. Med. 197: 813-822.
159. Keates, S., S. Sougioultzis, A. C. Keates, D. Zhao, R. M. Peek, Jr., L. M. Shaw, and C. P. Kelly. 2001. cag+ Helicobacter pylori induce transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in AGS gastric epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:48127-48134.
160. Khader, S. A., S. L. Gaffen, and J. K. Kolls. 2009. Th17 cells at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity against infectious diseases at the mucosa. Mucosal Immunol. 2:403-411.
161. Kim, J. S., J. H. Chang, S. I. Chung, and J. S. Yum. 1999. Molecular cloning and characterization of the Helicobacter pylori fliD gene, an essential factor in flagellar structure and motility. J. Bacteriol. 181:6969-6976.
162. Kirschner, D. E., and M. J. Blaser. 1995. The dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection of the human stomach. J. Theor. Biol. 176:281-290.
163. Kranzer, K., A. Eckhardt, M. Aigner, G. Knoll, L. Deml, C. Speth, N. Lehn, M. Rehli, and W. Schneider-Brachert. 2004. Induction of maturation and cytokine release of human dendritic cells by Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 72:4416-4423.
164. Kranzer, K., L. Sollner, M. Aigner, N. Lehn, L. Deml, M. Rehli, and W. Schneider-Brachert. 2005. Impact of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and compounds on activation and maturation of human dendritic cells. Infect. Immun. 73:4180-4189.
165. Krueger, S., T. Hundertmark, D. Kuester, T. Kalinski, U. Peitz, and A. Roessner. 2007. Helicobacter pylori alters the distribution of ZO-1 and p120ctn in primary human gastric epithelial cells. Pathol. Res. Pract. 203: 433-444.
166. Kubben, F. J., C. F. Sier, M. J. Meijer, M. van den Berg, J. J. van der Reijden, G. Griffioen, C. J. van de Velde, C. B. Lamers, and H. W. Verspaget. 2006. Clinical impact of MMP and TIMP gene polymorphisms in gastric cancer. Br. J. Cancer 95:744-751.
167. Kuck, D., B. Kolmerer, C. Iking-Konert, P. H. Krammer, W. Stremmel, and J. Rudi. 2001. Vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori induces apoptosis in the human gastric epithelial cell line AGS. Infect. Immun. 69:5080-5087.
168. Kuipers, E. J., G. I. Perez-Perez, S. G. Meuwissen, and M. J. Blaser. 1995. Helicobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis: importance of the cagA status. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87:1777-1780.
169. Kurashima, Y., N. Murata-Kamiya, K. Kikuchi, H. Higashi, T. Azuma, S. Kondo, and M. Hatakeyama. 2008. Deregulation of beta-catenin signal by Helicobacter pylori CagA requires the CagA-multimerization sequence. Int. J. Cancer 122:823-831.
170. Lee, S. A., D. Kang, K. N. Shim, J. W. Choe, W. S. Hong, and H. Choi. 2003. Effect of diet and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of early gastric cancer. J. Epidemiol. 13:162-168. (Pubitemid 44143816)
171. Lee, S. K., A. Stack, E. Katzowitsch, S. I. Aizawa, S. Suerbaum, and C. Josenhans. 2003. Helicobacter pylori flagellins have very low intrinsic activity to stimulate human gastric epithelial cells via TLR5. Microbes Infect. 5:1345-1356.
172. Leppilampi, M., T. J. Karttunen, J. Kivela, M. O. Gut, S. Pastorekova, J. Pastorek, and S. Parkkila. 2005. Gastric pit cell hyperplasia and glandular atrophy in carbonic anhydrase IX knockout mice: studies on two strains C57/BL6 and BALB/c. Transgenic Res. 14:655-663. (Pubitemid 41504316)
173. Leung, W. K., E. P. Man, J. Yu, M. Y. Go, K. F. To, Y. Yamaoka, V. Y. Cheng, E. K. Ng, and J. J. Sung. 2006. Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on methylation status of E-cadherin gene in noncancerous stomach. Clin. Cancer Res. 12:3216-3221.
174. Leunk, R. D., P. T. Johnson, B. C. David, W. G. Kraft, and D. R. Morgan. 1988. Cytotoxic activity in broth-culture filtrates of Campylobacter pylori. J. Med. Microbiol. 26:93-99.
175. Lewis, N. D., M. Asim, D. P. Barry, K. Singh, T. de Sablet, J. L. Boucher, A. P. Gobert, R. Chaturvedi, and K. T. Wilson. 2010. Arginase II restricts host defense to Helicobacter pylori by attenuating inducible nitric oxide synthase translation in macrophages. J. Immunol. 184:2572-2582.
176. Leying, H., S. Suerbaum, G. Geis, and R. Haas. 1992. Cloning and genetic characterization of a Helicobacter pylori flagellin gene. Mol. Microbiol. 6:2863-2874.
177. Linz, B., F. Balloux, Y. Moodley, A. Manica, H. Liu, P. Roumagnac, D. Falush, C. Stamer, F. Prugnolle, S. W. van der Merwe, Y. Yamaoka, D. Y. Graham, E. Perez-Trallero, T. Wadstrom, S. Suerbaum, and M. Achtman. 2007. An African origin for the intimate association between humans and Helicobacter pylori. Nature 445:915-918.
178. Loh, J. T., V. J. Torres, and T. L. Cover. 2007. Regulation of Helicobacter pylori cagA expression in response to salt. Cancer Res. 67:4709-4715.
179. Lu, H., P. I. Hsu, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2005. Duodenal ulcer promoting gene of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 128:833-848. (Pubitemid 40523536)
180. Lu, H., N. Murata-Kamiya, Y. Saito, and M. Hatakeyama. 2009. Role of partitioning-defective 1/microtubule affinity-regulating kinases in the morphogenetic activity of Helicobacter pylori CagA. J. Biol. Chem. 284:23024-23036.
181. Lu, H. S., Y. Saito, M. Umeda, N. Murata-Kamiya, H. M. Zhang, H. Higashi, and M. Hatakeyama. 2008. Structural and functional diversity in the PAR1b/MARK2-binding region of Helicobacter pylori CagA. Cancer Sci. 99:2004-2011.
182. high regulatory T cells in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Infect. Immun. 73:523-531.
183. high regulatory T cells suppress memory T-cell responses to H. pylori in infected individuals. Infect. Immun. 71:1755-1762.
184. Luzza, F., T. Parrello, G. Monteleone, L. Sebkova, M. Romano, R. Zarrilli, M. Imeneo, and F. Pallone. 2000. Up-regulation of IL-17 is associated with bioactive IL-8 expression in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa. J. Immunol. 165:5332-5337.
185. Lytton, S. D., W. Fischer, W. Nagel, R. Haas, and F. X. Beck. 2005. Production of ammonium by Helicobacter pylori mediates occludin processing and disruption of tight junctions in Caco-2 cells. Microbiology 151:3267-3276.
186. Machado, J. C., P. Pharoah, S. Sousa, R. Carvalho, C. Oliveira, C. Figueiredo, A. Amorim, R. Seruca, C. Caldas, F. Carneiro, and M. Sobrinho-Simoes. 2001. Interleukin 1B and interleukin 1RN polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology 121: 823-829.
187. Machida-Montani, A., S. Sasazuki, M. Inoue, S. Natsukawa, K. Shaura, Y. Koizumi, Y. Kasuga, T. Hanaoka, and S. Tsugane. 2004. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and environmental factors in non-cardia gastric cancer in Japan. Gastric Cancer 7:46-53. (Pubitemid 38470695)
188. Mahdavi, J., B. Sonden, M. Hurtig, F. O. Olfat, L. Forsberg, N. Roche, J. Angstrom, T. Larsson, S. Teneberg, K. A. Karlsson, S. Altraja, T. Wadstrom, D. Kersulyte, D. E. Berg, A. Dubois, C. Petersson, K. E. Magnusson, T. Norberg, F. Lindh, B. B. Lundskog, A. Arnqvist, L. Hammarstrom, and T. Boren. 2002. Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin in persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Science 297:573-578. (Pubitemid 34815336)
189. Mai, U. E., G. I. Perez-Perez, J. B. Allen, S. M. Wahl, M. J. Blaser, and P. D. Smith. 1992. Surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori exhibit chemotactic activity for human leukocytes and are present in gastric mucosa. J. Exp. Med. 175:517-525.
190. Mai, U. E., G. I. Perez-Perez, L. M. Wahl, S. M. Wahl, M. J. Blaser, and P. D. Smith. 1991. Soluble surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori activate monocytes/macrophages by lipopolysaccharide-independent mechanism. J. Clin. Invest. 87:894-900.
191. Manente, L., A. Perna, E. Buommino, L. Altucci, A. Lucariello, G. Citro, A. Baldi, G. Iaquinto, M. A. Tufano, and A. De Luca. 2008. The Helicobacter pylori's protein VacA has direct effects on the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:582-587.
192. Mangan, P. R., L. E. Harrington, D. B. O'Quinn, W. S. Helms, D. C. Bullard, C. O. Elson, R. D. Hatton, S. M. Wahl, T. R. Schoeb, and C. T. Weaver. 2006. Transforming growth factor-beta induces development of the T(H)17 lineage. Nature 441:231-234.
193. Mannick, E. E., L. E. Bravo, G. Zarama, J. L. Realpe, X. J. Zhang, B. Ruiz, E. T. Fontham, R. Mera, M. J. Miller, and P. Correa. 1996. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and apoptosis in Helicobacter pylori gastritis: effect of antibiotics and antioxidants. Cancer Res. 56:3238-3243.
194. Reference deleted.
195. Marchetti, M., B. Arico, D. Burroni, N. Figura, R. Rappuoli, and P. Ghiara. 1995. Development of a mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection that mimics human disease. Science 267:1655-1658.
196. Marcos, N. T., A. Magalhaes, B. Ferreira, M. J. Oliveira, A. S. Carvalho, N. Mendes, T. Gilmartin, S. R. Head, C. Figueiredo, L. David, F. Santos-Silva, and C. A. Reis. 2008. Helicobacter pylori induces beta3GnT5 in human gastric cell lines, modulating expression of the SabA ligand sialyl-Lewis x. J. Clin. Invest. 118:2325-2336.
197. Marshall, B. J., and J. R. Warren. 1984. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet i:1311-1315.
198. Mayerle, J., H. Friess, M. W. Buchler, J. Schnekenburger, F. U. Weiss, K. P. Zimmer, W. Domschke, and M. M. Lerch. 2003. Up-regulation, nuclear import, and tumor growth stimulation of the adhesion protein p120 in pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 124:949-960.
199. McCaig, C., C. Duval, E. Hemers, I. Steele, D. M. Pritchard, S. Przemeck, R. Dimaline, S. Ahmed, K. Bodger, D. D. Kerrigan, T. C. Wang, G. J. Dockray, and A. Varro. 2006. The role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in redefining the gastric microenvironment in response to Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 130:1754-1763. (Pubitemid 43668841)
200. McDonnell, S., M. Navre, R. J. Coffey, Jr., and L. M. Matrisian. 1991. Expression and localization of the matrix metalloproteinase pump-1 (MMP-7) in human gastric and colon carcinomas. Mol. Carcinog. 4:527-533.
201. Mera, R., E. T. Fontham, L. E. Bravo, J. C. Bravo, M. B. Piazuelo, M. C. Camargo, and P. Correa. 2005. Long term follow up of patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 54:1536-1540. (Pubitemid 41531767)
202. Meyer, F., K. S. Ramanujam, A. P. Gobert, S. P. James, and K. T. Wilson. 2003. Cutting edge: cyclooxygenase-2 activation suppresses Th1 polarization in response to Helicobacter pylori. J. Immunol. 171:3913-3917.
203. Meyer, F., K. T. Wilson, and S. P. James. 2000. Modulation of innate cytokine responses by products of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 68: 6265-6272.
204. Miehlke, S., C. Kirsch, K. Agha-Amiri, T. Gunther, N. Lehn, P. Malfertheiner, M. Stolte, G. Ehninger, and E. Bayerdorffer. 2000. The Helicobacter pylori vacA s1, m1 genotype and cagA is associated with gastric carcinoma in Germany. Int. J. Cancer 87:322-327. (Pubitemid 30451641)
205. Mimuro, H., T. Suzuki, S. Nagai, G. Rieder, M. Suzuki, T. Nagai, Y. Fujita, K. Nagamatsu, N. Ishijima, S. Koyasu, R. Haas, and C. Sasakawa. 2007. Helicobacter pylori dampens gut epithelial self-renewal by inhibiting apoptosis, a bacterial strategy to enhance colonization of the stomach. Cell Host Microbe 2:250-263. (Pubitemid 47500824)
206. Mimuro, H., T. Suzuki, J. Tanaka, M. Asahi, R. Haas, and C. Sasakawa. 2002. Grb2 is a key mediator of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein activities. Mol. Cell 10:745-755. (Pubitemid 35335631)
207. Mitchell, P., C. Germain, P. L. Fiori, W. Khamri, G. R. Foster, S. Ghosh, R. I. Lechler, K. B. Bamford, and G. Lombardi. 2007. Chronic exposure to Helicobacter pylori impairs dendritic cell function and inhibits Th1 development. Infect. Immun. 75:810-819.
208. Miyamoto, T., N. Ogino, S. Yamamoto, and O. Hayaishi. 1976. Purification of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from bovine vesicular gland microsomes. J. Biol. Chem. 251:2629-2636.
209. Moese, S., M. Selbach, V. Brinkmann, A. Karlas, B. Haimovich, S. Backert, and T. F. Meyer. 2007. The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein disrupts matrix adhesion of gastric epithelial cells by dephosphorylation of vinculin. Cell. Microbiol. 9:1148-1161.
210. Moese, S., M. Selbach, T. Kwok, V. Brinkmann, W. Konig, T. F. Meyer, and S. Backert. 2004. Helicobacter pylori induces AGS cell motility and elongation via independent signaling pathways. Infect. Immun. 72:3646-3649.
211. Moss, S. F., J. Calam, B. Agarwal, S. Wang, and P. R. Holt. 1996. Induction of gastric epithelial apoptosis by Helicobacter pylori. Gut 38:498-501.
212. Murata-Kamiya, N., K. Kikuchi, T. Hayashi, H. Higashi, and M. Hatakeyama. 2010. Helicobacter pylori exploits host membrane phosphati-dylserine for delivery, localization, and pathophysiological action of the CagA oncoprotein. Cell Host Microbe 7:399-411.
213. Murata-Kamiya, N., Y. Kurashima, Y. Teishikata, Y. Yamahashi, Y. Saito, H. Higashi, H. Aburatani, T. Akiyama, R. M. Peek, Jr., T. Azuma, and M. Hatakeyama. 2007. Helicobacter pylori CagA interacts with E-cadherin and deregulates the beta-catenin signal that promotes intestinal transdifferentiation in gastric epithelial cells. Oncogene 26:4617-4626. (Pubitemid 47067401)
214. Murphy, K. M., and S. L. Reiner. 2002. The lineage decisions of helper T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:933-944.
215. Nagy, T. A., M. R. Frey, F. Yan, D. A. Israel, D. B. Polk, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2009. Helicobacter pylori regulates cellular migration and apoptosis by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling. J. Infect. Dis. 199:641-651.
216. Naito, M., T. Yamazaki, R. Tsutsumi, H. Higashi, K. Onoe, S. Yamazaki, T. Azuma, and M. Hatakeyama. 2006. Influence of EPIYA-repeat polymorphism on the phosphorylation-dependent biological activity of Helicobacter pylori CagA. Gastroenterology 130:1181-1190.
217. Nakayama, M., J. Hisatsune, E. Yamasaki, H. Isomoto, H. Kurazono, M. Hatakeyama, T. Azuma, Y. Yamaoka, K. Yahiro, J. Moss, and T. Hirayama. 2009. Helicobacter pylori VacA-induced inhibition of GSK3 through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 284:1612-1619.
218. Nardone, G., E. L. Holicky, J. R. Uhl, L. Sabatino, S. Staibano, A. Rocco, V. Colantuoni, B. A. Manzo, M. Romano, G. Budillon, F. R. Cockerill III, and L. J. Miller. 2001. In vivo and in vitro studies of cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression in Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect. Immun. 69:5857-5863.
219. Necchi, V., M. E. Candusso, F. Tava, O. Luinetti, U. Ventura, R. Fiocca, V. Ricci, and E. Solcia. 2007. Intracellular, intercellular, and stromal invasion of gastric mucosa, preneoplastic lesions, and cancer by Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 132:1009-1023. (Pubitemid 46440875)
220. Nesic, D., M. C. Miller, Z. T. Quinkert, M. Stein, B. T. Chait, and C. E. Stebbins. 2009. Helicobacter pylori CagA inhibits PAR1-MARK family kinases by mimicking host substrates. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17:130-132.
221. Nguyen, L. T., T. Uchida, Y. Tsukamoto, A. Kuroda, T. Okimoto, M. Kodama, K. Murakami, T. Fujioka, and M. M. And. 2010. Helicobacter pylori dupA gene is not associated with clinical outcomes in the Japanese population. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 16:1264-1269.
222. Niess, J. H., S. Brand, X. Gu, L. Landsman, S. Jung, B. A. McCormick, J. M. Vyas, M. Boes, H. L. Ploegh, J. G. Fox, D. R. Littman, and H. C. Reinecker. 2005. CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance. Science 307:254-258.
223. Noach, L. A., N. B. Bosma, J. Jansen, F. J. Hoek, S. J. van Deventer, and G. N. Tytgat. 1994. Mucosal tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8 production in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 29:425-429.
224. Noren, N. K., B. P. Liu, K. Burridge, and B. Kreft. 2000. p120 catenin regulates the actin cytoskeleton via Rho family GTPases. J. Cell Biol. 150:567-580.
225. Nozaki, K., N. Shimizu, K. Inada, T. Tsukamoto, M. Inoue, T. Kumagai, A. Sugiyama, T. Mizoshita, M. Kaminishi, and M. Tatematsu. 2002. Synergistic promoting effects of Helicobacter pylori infection and high-salt diet on gastric carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 93:1083-1089.
226. Obst, B., S. Wagner, K. F. Sewing, and W. Beil. 2000. Helicobacter pylori causes DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 21:1111-1115. (Pubitemid 30389334)
227. Odenbreit, S., J. Puls, B. Sedlmaier, E. Gerland, W. Fischer, and R. Haas. 2000. Translocation of Helicobacter pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion. Science 287:1497-1500. (Pubitemid 30127145)
228. Ogden, S. R., L. E. Wroblewski, C. Weydig, J. Romero-Gallo, D. P. O'Brien, D. A. Israel, U. S. Krishna, B. Fingleton, A. B. Reynolds, S. Wessler, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2008. p120 and Kaiso regulate Helicobacter pylori-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase-7. Mol. Biol. Cell 19:4110-4121.
229. Ogiwara, H., D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2008. vacA i-region subtyping. Gastroenterology 134:1267.
230. Ogiwara, H., M. Sugimoto, T. Ohno, R. K. Vilaichone, V. Mahachai, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2009. Role of deletion located between the intermediate and middle regions of the Helicobacter pylori vacA gene in cases of gastroduodenal diseases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:3493-3500.
231. Oguma, K., H. Oshima, M. Aoki, R. Uchio, K. Naka, S. Nakamura, A. Hirao, H. Saya, M. M. Taketo, and M. Oshima. 2008. Activated macrophages promote Wnt signalling through tumour necrosis factor-alpha in gactric tumour cells. EMBO J. 27:1671-1681.
232. Oh, J. D., S. M. Karam, and J. I. Gordon. 2005. Intracellular Helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelial progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:5186-5191.
233. Ohnishi, N., H. Yuasa, S. Tanaka, H. Sawa, M. Miura, A. Matsui, H. Higashi, M. Musashi, K. Iwabuchi, M. Suzuki, G. Yamada, T. Azuma, and M. Hatakeyama. 2008. Transgenic expression of Helicobacter pylori CagA induces gastrointestinal and hematopoietic neoplasms in mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105:1003-1008.
234. Oldani, A., M. Cormont, V. Hofman, V. Chiozzi, O. Oregioni, A. Canonici, A. Sciullo, P. Sommi, A. Fabbri, V. Ricci, and P. Boquet. 2009. Helicobacter pylori counteracts the apoptotic action of its VacA toxin by injecting the CagA protein into gastric epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000603.
235. Oliveira, M. J., A. M. Costa, A. C. Costa, R. M. Ferreira, P. Sampaio, J. C. Machado, R. Seruca, M. Mareel, and C. Figueiredo. 2009. CagA associates with c-Met, E-cadherin, and p120-catenin in a multiproteic complex that suppresses Helicobacter pylori-induced cell-invasive phenotype. J. Infect. Dis. 200:745-755.
236. O'Toole, P. W., M. Kostrzynska, and T. J. Trust. 1994. Non-motile mutants of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae defective in flagellar hook production. Mol. Microbiol. 14:691-703.
237. Ottemann, K. M., and A. C. Lowenthal. 2002. Helicobacter pylori uses motility for initial colonization and to attain robust infection. Infect. Immun. 70:1984-1990.
238. Panchal, P. C., J. S. Forman, D. R. Blumberg, and K. T. Wilson. 2003. Helicobacter pylori infection: pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 19: 4-10.
239. Papini, E., M. de Bernard, E. Milia, M. Bugnoli, M. Zerial, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1994. Cellular vacuoles induced by Helicobacter pylori originate from late endosomal compartments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91:9720-9724.
240. Papini, E., B. Satin, N. Norais, M. de Bernard, J. L. Telford, R. Rappuoli, and C. Montecucco. 1998. Selective increase of the permeability of polarized epithelial cell monolayers by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin. J. Clin. Invest. 102:813-820.
241. Parkin, D. M., F. Bray, J. Ferlay, and P. Pisani. 2005. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J. Clin. 55:74-108.
242. Parsonnet, J., G. D. Friedman, N. Orentreich, and H. Vogelman. 1997. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 40:297-301. (Pubitemid 27145639)
243. Pathak, S. K., S. Basu, A. Bhattacharyya, S. Pathak, A. Banerjee, J. Basu, and M. Kundu. 2006. TLR4-dependent NF-kappaB activation and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1-triggered phosphorylation events are central to Helicobacter pylori peptidyl prolyl cis-, trans-isomerase (HP0175)-mediated induction of IL-6 release from macrophages. J. Immunol. 177:7950-7958.
244. Peek, R. M., Jr., and M. J. Blaser. 2002. Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2:28-37.
245. Peek, R. M., Jr., M. J. Blaser, D. J. Mays, M. H. Forsyth, T. L. Cover, S. Y. Song, U. Krishna, and J. A. Pietenpol. 1999. Helicobacter pylori strain-specific genotypes and modulation of the gastric epithelial cell cycle. Cancer Res. 59:6124-6131.
246. Peek, R. M., Jr., and J. E. Crabtree. 2006. Helicobacter infection and gastric neoplasia. J. Pathol. 208:233-248.
247. Peek, R. M., Jr., G. G. Miller, K. T. Tham, G. I. Perez-Perez, T. L. Cover, J. C. Atherton, G. D. Dunn, and M. J. Blaser. 1995. Detection of Helicobacter pylori gene expression in human gastric mucosa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:28-32.
248. Perri, F., R. Cotugno, A. Piepoli, A. Merla, M. Quitadamo, A. Gentile, A. Pilotto, V. Annese, and A. Andriulli. 2007. Aberrant DNA methylation in non-neoplastic gastric mucosa of H. pylori infected patients and effect of eradication. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 102:1361-1371.
249. Phadnis, S. H., D. Ilver, L. Janzon, S. Normark, and T. U. Westblom. 1994. Pathological significance and molecular characterization of the vacuolating toxin gene of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 62:1557-1565.
250. Pohl, M. A., J. Romero-Gallo, J. L. Guruge, D. B. Tse, J. I. Gordon, and M. J. Blaser. 2009. Host-dependent Lewis (Le) antigen expression in Helicobacter pylori cells recovered from Leb-transgenic mice. J. Exp. Med. 206:3061-3072.
251. Pomorski, T., T. F. Meyer, and M. Naumann. 2001. Helicobacter pylori-induced prostaglandin E(2) synthesis involves activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:804-810.
252. Powell, W. C., B. Fingleton, C. L. Wilson, M. Boothby, and L. M. Matrisian. 1999. The metalloproteinase matrilysin proteolytically generates active soluble Fas ligand and potentiates epithelial cell apoptosis. Curr. Biol. 9:1441-1447.
253. Pulendran, B., K. Palucka, and J. Banchereau. 2001. Sensing pathogens and tuning immune responses. Science 293:253-256. (Pubitemid 32694733)
254. Queiroz, D. M., E. N. Mendes, G. A. Rocha, A. M. Oliveira, C. A. Oliveira, P. P. Magalhaes, S. B. Moura, M. M. Cabral, and A. M. Nogueira. 1998. cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori and risk for developing gastric carcinoma in Brazil. Int. J. Cancer 78:135-139.
255. Rad, R., L. Brenner, S. Bauer, S. Schwendy, L. Layland, C. P. da Costa, W. Reindl, A. Dossumbekova, M. Friedrich, D. Saur, H. Wagner, R. M. Schmid, and C. Prinz. 2006. CD25+/Foxp3+ T cells regulate gastric inflammation and Helicobacter pylori colonization in vivo. Gastroenterology 131:525-537. (Pubitemid 44142446)
256. Raghavan, S., M. Fredriksson, A. M. Svennerholm, J. Holmgren, and E. Suri-Payer. 2003. Absence of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is associated with a loss of regulation leading to increased pathology in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 132:393-400.
257. Rathbone, B. J., J. I. Wyatt, B. W. Worsley, S. E. Shires, L. K. Trejdosiewicz, R. V. Heatley, and M. S. Losowsky. 1986. Systemic and local antibody responses to gastric Campylobacter pyloridis in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Gut 27:642-647.
258. Ren, S., H. Higashi, H. Lu, T. Azuma, and M. Hatakeyama. 2006. Structural basis and functional consequence of Helicobacter pylori CagA multimerization in cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281:32344-32352.
259. Rescigno, M., M. Urbano, B. Valzasina, M. Francolini, G. Rotta, R. Bonasio, F. Granucci, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, and P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli. 2001. Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria. Nat. Immunol. 2:361-367.
260. Reynolds, A. B., and R. H. Carnahan. 2004. Regulation of cadherin stability and turnover by p120ctn: implications in disease and cancer. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 15:657-663.
261. Rhead, J. L., D. P. Letley, M. Mohammadi, N. Hussein, M. A. Mohagheghi, M. Eshagh Hosseini, and J. C. Atherton. 2007. A new Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin determinant, the intermediate region, is associated with gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 133:926-936.
262. Ristimaki, A., N. Honkanen, H. Jankala, P. Sipponen, and M. Harkonen. 1997. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res. 57:1276-1280. (Pubitemid 27152551)
263. Rogers, A. B., N. S. Taylor, M. T. Whary, E. D. Stefanich, T. C. Wang, and J. G. Fox. 2005. Helicobacter pylori but not high salt induces gastric intra-epithelial neoplasia in B6129 mice. Cancer Res. 65:10709-10715.
264. Romano, M., V. Ricci, A. Di Popolo, P. Sommi, C. Del Vecchio Blanco, C. B. Bruni, U. Ventura, T. L. Cover, M. J. Blaser, R. J. Coffey, and R. Zarrilli. 1998. Helicobacter pylori upregulates expression of epidermal growth factor-related peptides, but inhibits their proliferative effect in MKN 28 gastric mucosal cells. J. Clin. Invest. 101:1604-1613.
265. Romano, M., V. Ricci, A. Memoli, C. Tuccillo, A. Di Popolo, P. Sommi, A. M. Acquaviva, C. Del Vecchio Blanco, C. B. Bruni, and R. Zarrilli. 1998. Helicobacter pylori up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in MKN 28 gastric mucosal cells in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 273:28560-28563.
266. Romero-Gallo, J., E. J. Harris, U. Krishna, M. K. Washington, G. I. Perez-Perez, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2008. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on gastric carcinogenesis. Lab. Invest. 88:328-336.
267. Rudi, J., C. Kolb, M. Maiwald, I. Zuna, A. von Herbay, P. R. Galle, and W. Stremmel. 1997. Serum antibodies against Helicobacter pylori proteins VacA and CagA are associated with increased risk for gastric adenocarcinoma. Dig. Dis. Sci. 42:1652-1659.
268. Rudi, J., D. Kuck, S. Strand, A. von Herbay, S. M. Mariani, P. H. Krammer, P. R. Galle, and W. Stremmel. 1998. Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor and ligand system in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric epithelial apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. 102:1506-1514.
269. Rudolph-Owen, L. A., R. Chan, W. J. Muller, and L. M. Matrisian. 1998. The matrix metalloproteinase matrilysin influences early-stage mammary tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 58:5500-5506.
270. Ruzsovics, A., Z. Unger, B. Molnar, L. Pronai, and Z. Tulassay. 2002. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and cell proliferation of gastric epithelial mucosa: correlation to macroscopic and microscopic diagnosis. Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 83:257-263.
271. Saadat, I., H. Higashi, C. Obuse, M. Umeda, N. Murata-Kamiya, Y. Saito, H. Lu, N. Ohnishi, T. Azuma, A. Suzuki, S. Ohno, and M. Hatakeyama. 2007. Helicobacter pylori CagA targets PAR1/MARK kinase to disrupt epithelial cell polarity. Nature 447:330-333. (Pubitemid 46788831)
272. Saarialho-Kere, U. K., M. Vaalamo, P. Puolakkainen, K. Airola, W. C. Parks, and M. L. Karjalainen-Lindsberg. 1996. Enhanced expression of matrilysin, collagenase, and stromelysin-1 in gastrointestinal ulcers. Am. J. Pathol. 148:519-526.
273. Saha, A., C. E. Hammond, M. Trojanowska, and A. J. Smolka. 2008. Helicobacter pylori-induced H,K-ATPase alpha-subunit gene repression is mediated by NF-kappaB p50 homodimer promoter binding. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 294:G795-G807.
274. Sallusto, F., and A. Lanzavecchia. 1999. Mobilizing dendritic cells for tolerance, priming, and chronic inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 189:611-614.
275. Sarrio, D., G. Moreno-Bueno, C. Sanchez-Estevez, I. Banon-Rodriguez, G. Hernandez-Cortes, D. Hardisson, and J. Palacios. 2006. Expression of cadherins and catenins correlates with distinct histologic types of ovarian carcinomas. Hum. Pathol. 37:1042-1049.
276. Sawaoka, H., S. Kawano, S. Tsuji, M. Tsuji, W. Sun, E. S. Gunawan, and M. Hori. 1998. Helicobacter pylori infection induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human gastric mucosa. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 59:313-316.
277. Schmidt, H. M., S. Andres, N. O. Kaakoush, L. Engstrand, L. Eriksson, K. L. Goh, K. M. Fock, I. Hilmi, S. Dhamodaran, D. Forman, and H. Mitchell. 2009. The prevalence of the duodenal ulcer promoting gene (dupA) in Helicobacter pylori isolates varies by ethnic group and is not universally associated with
278. Schmitt, W., and R. Haas. 1994. Genetic analysis of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin: structural similarities with the IgA protease type of exported protein. Mol. Microbiol. 12:307-319.
279. Schubert, M. L., and D. A. Peura. 2008. Control of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. Gastroenterology 134:1842-1860.
280. Reference deleted.
281. Segal, E. D., J. Cha, J. Lo, S. Falkow, and L. S. Tompkins. 1999. Altered states: involvement of phosphorylated CagA in the induction of host cellular growth changes by Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:14559-14564.
282. Selbach, M., S. Moese, S. Backert, P. R. Jungblut, and T. F. Meyer. 2004. The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces tyrosine dephosphorylation of ezrin. Proteomics 4:2961-2968.
283. Selbach, M., S. Moese, R. Hurwitz, C. R. Hauck, T. F. Meyer, and S. Backert. 2003. The Helicobacter pylori CagA protein induces cortactin dephosphorylation and actin rearrangement by c-Src inactivation. EMBO J. 22:515-528. (Pubitemid 36193596)
284. Semino-Mora, C., S. Q. Doi, A. Marty, V. Simko, I. Carlstedt, and A. Dubois. 2003. Intracellular and interstitial expression of Helicobacter pylori virulence genes in gastric precancerous intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma. J. Infect. Dis. 187:1165-1177.
285. Senota, A., F. Itoh, H. Yamamoto, Y. Adachi, Y. Hinoda, and K. Imai. 1998. Relation of matrilysin messenger RNA expression with invasive activity in human gastric cancer. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 16:313-321.
286. Sewald, X., B. Gebert-Vogl, S. Prassl, I. Barwig, E. Weiss, M. Fabbri, R. Osicka, M. Schiemann, D. H. Busch, M. Semmrich, B. Holzmann, P. Sebo, and R. Haas. 2008. Integrin subunit CD18 is the T-lymphocyte receptor for the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin. Cell Host Microbe 3:20-29.
287. Shikata, K., Y. Doi, K. Yonemoto, H. Arima, T. Ninomiya, M. Kubo, Y. Tanizaki, T. Matsumoto, M. Iida, and Y. Kiyohara. 2008. Population-based prospective study of the combined influence of cigarette smoking and Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric cancer incidence: the Hisayama Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 168:1409-1415.
288. Shikata, K., Y. Kiyohara, M. Kubo, K. Yonemoto, T. Ninomiya, T. Shirota, Y. Tanizaki, Y. Doi, K. Tanaka, Y. Oishi, T. Matsumoto, and M. Iida. 2006. A prospective study of dietary salt intake and gastric cancer incidence in a defined Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. Int. J. Cancer 119:196-201.
289. Shimoyama, T., S. Fukuda, M. Tanaka, T. Mikami, A. Munakata, and J. E. Crabtree. 1998. CagA seropositivity associated with development of gastric cancer in a Japanese population. J. Clin. Pathol. 51:225-228.
290. Siman, J. H., A. Forsgren, G. Berglund, and C. H. Floren. 2001. Tobacco smoking increases the risk for gastric adenocarcinoma among Helicobacter pylori-infected individuals. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 36:208-213.
291. Sipponen, P., and B. J. Marshall. 2000. Gastritis and gastric cancer. Western countries. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 29:579-592.
292. Song, X., Y. Krelin, T. Dvorkin, O. Bjorkdahl, S. Segal, C. A. Dinarello, E. Voronov, and R. N. Apte. 2005. CD11b+/Gr-1+ immature myeloid cells mediate suppression of T cells in mice bearing tumors of IL-1beta-secreting cells. J. Immunol. 175:8200-8208.
293. Stanner, S. A., J. Hughes, C. N. Kelly, and J. Buttriss. 2004. A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis.' Public Health Nutr. 7:407-422.
294. Stein, M., F. Bagnoli, R. Halenbeck, R. Rappuoli, W. J. Fantl, and A. Covacci. 2002. c-Src/Lyn kinases activate Helicobacter pylori CagA through tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPIYA motifs. Mol. Microbiol. 43:971-980.
295. Stein, M., R. Rappuoli, and A. Covacci. 2000. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the Helicobacter pylori CagA antigen after cag-driven host cell translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:1263-1268.
296. Stolte, M., E. Bayerdorffer, A. Morgner, B. Alpen, T. Wundisch, C. Thiede, and A. Neubauer. 2002. Helicobacter and gastric MALT lymphoma. Gut 50(Suppl. 3):III19-III24.
297. Suerbaum, S., C. Josenhans, and A. Labigne. 1993. Cloning and genetic characterization of the Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae flaB flagellin genes and construction of H. pylori flaA- and flaB-negative mutants by electroporation-mediated allelic exchange. J. Bacteriol. 175:3278-3288. (Pubitemid 23163369)
298. Sugimoto, M., T. Ohno, D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2009. Gastric mucosal interleukin-17 and -18 mRNA expression in Helicobacter pylori-induced Mongolian gerbils. Cancer Sci. 100:2152-2159.
299. Sun, J., K. Aoki, J. X. Zheng, B. Z. Su, X. H. Ouyang, and J. Misumi. 2006. Effect of NaCl and Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin on cytokine expression and viability. World J. Gastroenterol. 12:2174-2180.
300. Sun, Y. Q., J. D. Soderholm, F. Petersson, and K. Borch. 2004. Long-standing gastric mucosal barrier dysfunction in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Helicobacter 9:217-227.
301. Sundrud, M. S., V. J. Torres, D. Unutmaz, and T. L. Cover. 2004. Inhibition of primary human T cell proliferation by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA) is independent of VacA effects on IL-2 secretion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:7727-7732.
302. Sung, J. J., W. K. Leung, M. Y. Go, K. F. To, A. S. Cheng, E. K. Ng, and F. K. Chan. 2000. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in Helicobacter pylori-associated premalignant and malignant gastric lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 157:729-735.
303. Suzuki, K., Y. Kokai, N. Sawada, R. Takakuwa, K. Kuwahara, E. Isogai, H. Isogai, and M. Mori. 2002. SS1 Helicobacter pylori disrupts the paracellular barrier of the gastric mucosa and leads to neutrophilic gastritis in mice. Virchows Arch. 440:318-324. (Pubitemid 34230738)
304. Suzuki, M., H. Mimuro, K. Kiga, M. Fukumatsu, N. Ishijima, H. Morikawa, S. Nagai, S. Koyasu, R. H. Gilman, D. Kersulyte, D. E. Berg, and C. Sasakawa. 2009. Helicobacter pylori CagA phosphorylation-independent function in epithelial proliferation and inflammation. Cell Host Microbe 5:23-34.
305. Suzuki, M., H. Mimuro, T. Suzuki, M. Park, T. Yamamoto, and C. Sasakawa. 2005. Interaction of CagA with Crk plays an important role in Helicobacter pylori-induced loss of gastric epithelial cell adhesion. J. Exp. Med. 202:1235-1247.
306. Tabassam, F. H., D. Y. Graham, and Y. Yamaoka. 2009. Helicobacter pylori activate epidermal growth factor receptor- and phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase-dependent Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylation. Cell. Microbiol. 11:70-82.
307. Takashima, M., T. Furuta, H. Hanai, H. Sugimura, and E. Kaneko. 2001. Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin levels in Mongolian gerbils. Gut 48:765-773. (Pubitemid 32476976)
308. Takeshima, E., K. Tomimori, H. Teruya, C. Ishikawa, M. Senba, D. D'Ambrosio, F. Kinjo, H. Mimuro, C. Sasakawa, T. Hirayama, J. Fujita, and N. Mori. 2009. Helicobacter pylori-induced interleukin-12 p40 expression. Infect. Immun. 77:1337-1348.
309. Tan, S., L. S. Tompkins, and M. R. Amieva. 2009. Helicobacter pylori usurps cell polarity to turn the cell surface into a replicative niche. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000407.
310. Tegtmeyer, N., D. Zabler, D. Schmidt, R. Hartig, S. Brandt, and S. Backert. 2009. Importance of EGF receptor, HER2/Neu and Erk1/2 kinase signalling for host cell elongation and scattering induced by the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein: antagonistic effects of the vacuolating cytotoxin VacA. Cell. Microbiol. 11:488-505.
311. Tolwinski, N. S., and E. Wieschaus. 2004. Rethinking WNT signaling. Trends Genet. 20:177-181.
312. Tomb, J. F., O. White, A. R. Kerlavage, R. A. Clayton, G. G. Sutton, R. D. Fleischmann, K. A. Ketchum, H. P. Klenk, S. Gill, B. A. Dougherty, K. Nelson, J. Quackenbush, L. Zhou, E. F. Kirkness, S. Peterson, B. Loftus, D. Richardson, R. Dodson, H. G. Khalak, A. Glodek, K. McKenney, L. M. Fitzegerald, N. Lee, M. D. Adams, E. K. Hickey, D. E. Berg, J. D. Gocayne, T. R. Utterback, J. D. Peterson, J. M. Kelley, M. D. Cotton, J. M. Weidman, C. Fujii, C. Bowman, L. Watthey, E. Wallin, W. S. Hayes, M. Borodovsky, P. D. Karp, H. O. Smith, C. M. Fraser, and J. C. Venter. 1997. The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature 388:539-547.
313. Torres, J., G. I. Perez-Perez, Y. Leal-Herrera, and O. Munoz. 1998. Infection with CagA+ Helicobacter pylori strains as a possible predictor of risk in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma in Mexico. Int. J. Cancer 78: 298-300. (Pubitemid 28445364)
314. Touati, E., V. Michel, J. M. Thiberge, N. Wuscher, M. Huerre, and A. Labigne. 2003. Chronic Helicobacter pylori infections induce gastric mutations in mice. Gastroenterology 124:1408-1419. (Pubitemid 36531814)
315. Tsugane, S. 2005. Salt, salted food intake, and risk of gastric cancer: epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Sci. 96:1-6. (Pubitemid 40310017)
316. Tsukashita, S., R. Kushima, M. Bamba, E. Nakamura, K. Mukaisho, H. Sugihara, and T. Hattori. 2003. Beta-catenin expression in intramucosal neoplastic lesions of the stomach. Comparative analysis of adenoma/dysplasia, adenocarcinoma and signet-ring cell carcinoma. Oncology 64:251-258.
317. Tsutsumi, R., H. Higashi, M. Higuchi, M. Okada, and M. Hatakeyama. 2003. Attenuation of Helicobacter pylori CagA SHP-2 signaling by interaction between CagA and C-terminal Src kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 278:3664-3670.
318. Tsutsumi, R., A. Takahashi, T. Azuma, H. Higashi, and M. Hatakeyama. 2006. Focal adhesion kinase is a substrate and downstream effector of SHP-2 complexed with Helicobacter pylori CagA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26:261-276.
319. Tu, S., G. Bhagat, G. Cui, S. Takaishi, E. A. Kurt-Jones, B. Rickman, K. S. Betz, M. Penz-Oesterreicher, O. Bjorkdahl, J. G. Fox, and T. C. Wang. 2008. Overexpression of interleukin-1beta induces gastric inflammation and cancer and mobilizes myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mice. Cancer Cell 14:408-419.
320. Turner, J. R. 2006. Molecular basis of epithelial barrier regulation: from basic mechanisms to clinical application. Am. J. Pathol. 169:1901-1909.
321. Uemura, N., S. Okamoto, S. Yamamoto, N. Matsumura, S. Yamaguchi, M. Yamakido, K. Taniyama, N. Sasaki, and R. J. Schlemper. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 345:784-789.
322. Umeda, M., N. Murata-Kamiya, Y. Saito, Y. Ohba, M. Takahashi, and M. Hatakeyama. 2009. Helicobacter pylori CagA causes mitotic impairment and induces chromosomal instability. J. Biol. Chem. 284:22166-22172.
323. Van Doorn, L. J., C. Figueiredo, F. Megraud, S. Pena, P. Midolo, D. M. Queiroz, F. Carneiro, B. Vanderborght, M. D. Pegado, R. Sanna, W. De Boer, P. M. Schneeberger, P. Correa, E. K. Ng, J. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and W. G. Quint. 1999. Geographic distribution of vacA allelic types of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 116:823-830.
324. Vaux, D. L., and A. Strasser. 1996. The molecular biology of apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:2239-2244.
325. Viala, J., C. Chaput, I. G. Boneca, A. Cardona, S. E. Girardin, A. P. Moran, R. Athman, S. Memet, M. R. Huerre, A. J. Coyle, P. S. DiStefano, P. J. Sansonetti, A. Labigne, J. Bertin, D. J. Philpott, and R. L. Ferrero. 2004. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nat. Immunol. 5:1166-1174.
326. Voland, P., N. Hafsi, M. Zeitner, S. Laforsch, H. Wagner, and C. Prinz. 2003. Antigenic properties of HpaA and Omp18, two outer membrane proteins of Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun. 71:3837-3843.
327. Vorobjova, T., I. Nilsson, K. Kull, H. I. Maaroos, A. Covacci, T. Wadstrom, and R. Uibo. 1998. CagA protein seropositivity in a random sample of adult population and gastric cancer patients in Estonia. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10:41-46.
328. Waghray, M., Y. Zavros, M. Saqui-Salces, M. El-Zaatari, C. B. Alamelumangapuram, A. Todisco, K. A. Eaton, and J. L. Merchant. 2009. Interleukin- 1beta promotes gastric atrophy through suppression of sonic hedgehog. Gastroenterology 138:562-572.
329. Wagner, S., W. Beil, J. Westermann, R. P. Logan, C. T. Bock, C. Trautwein, J. S. Bleck, and M. P. Manns. 1997. Regulation of gastric epithelial cell growth by Helicobacter pylori: evidence for a major role of apoptosis. Gastroenterology 113:1836-1847.
330. Wallasch, C., J. E. Crabtree, D. Bevec, P. A. Robinson, H. Wagner, and A. Ullrich. 2002. Helicobacter pylori-stimulated EGF receptor transactivation requires metalloprotease cleavage of HB-EGF. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295:695-701.
331. Wang, F., P. Xia, F. Wu, D. Wang, W. Wang, T. Ward, Y. Liu, F. Aikhionbare, Z. Guo, M. Powell, B. Liu, F. Bi, A. Shaw, Z. Zhu, A. Elmoselhi, D. Fan, T. L. Cover, X. Ding, and X. Yao. 2008. Helicobacter pylori VacA disrupts apical membrane-cytoskeletal interactions in gastric parietal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283:26714-26725.
332. Wang, J., X. Fan, C. Lindholm, M. Bennett, J. O'Connoll, F. Shanahan, E. G. Brooks, V. E. Reyes, and P. B. Ernst. 2000. Helicobacter pylori modulates lymphoepithelial cell interactions leading to epithelial cell damage through Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Infect. Immun. 68:4303-4311.
333. Watanabe, T., N. Asano, S. Fichtner-Feigl, P. L. Gorelick, Y. Tsuji, Y. Matsumoto, T. Chiba, I. J. Fuss, A. Kitani, and W. Strober. 2010. NOD1 contributes to mouse host defense against Helicobacter pylori via induction of type I IFN and activation of the ISGF3 signaling pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 120:1645-1662.
334. Weeks, D. L., S. Eskandari, D. R. Scott, and G. Sachs. 2000. A H+-gated urea channel: the link between Helicobacter pylori urease and gastric colonization. Science 287:482-485.
335. Weydig, C., A. Starzinski-Powitz, G. Carra, J. Lower, and S. Wessler. 2007. CagA-independent disruption of adherence junction complexes involves E-cadherin shedding and implies multiple steps in Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Exp. Cell Res. 313:3459-3471.
336. Whary, M. T., N. Sundina, L. E. Bravo, P. Correa, F. Quinones, F. Caro, and J. G. Fox. 2005. Intestinal helminthiasis in Colombian children promotes a Th2 response to Helicobacter pylori: possible implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14:1464-1469.
337. Wijnhoven, B. P., M. Pignatelli, W. N. Dinjens, and H. W. Tilanus. 2005. Reduced p120ctn expression correlates with poor survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. J. Surg. Oncol. 92:116-123.
338. Willhite, D. C., T. L. Cover, and S. R. Blanke. 2003. Cellular vacuolation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release are independent outcomes of Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin activity that are each dependent on membrane channel formation. J. Biol. Chem. 278:48204-48209.
339. Williams, C. S., W. Smalley, and R. N. DuBois. 1997. Aspirin use and potential mechanisms for colorectal cancer prevention. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 1325-1329.
340. Wilson, C. L., K. J. Heppner, P. A. Labosky, B. L. Hogan, and L. M. Matrisian. 1997. Intestinal tumorigenesis is suppressed in mice lacking the metalloproteinase matrilysin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:1402-1407.
341. Wilson, K. T., K. S. Ramanujam, H. L. T. Mobley, R. F. Musselman, S. P. James, and S. J. Meltzer. 1996. Helicobacter pylori stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in a murine macrophage cell line. Gastroenterology 111:1524-1533.
342. Wittchen, E. S., J. Haskins, and B. R. Stevenson. 1999. Protein interactions at the tight junction. Actin has multiple binding partners, and ZO-1 forms independent complexes with ZO-2 and ZO-3. J. Biol. Chem. 274:35179-35185.
343. Witty, J. P., S. McDonnell, K. J. Newell, P. Cannon, M. Navre, R. J. Tressler, and L. M. Matrisian. 1994. Modulation of matrilysin levels in colon carcinoma cell lines affects tumorigenicity in vivo. Cancer Res. 54: 4805-4812.
344. Wong, B. C., S. K. Lam, W. M. Wong, J. S. Chen, T. T. Zheng, R. E. Feng, K. C. Lai, W. H. Hu, S. T. Yuen, S. Y. Leung, D. Y. Fong, J. Ho, C. K. Ching, and J. S. Chen. 2004. Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:187-194.
345. Wong, B. C., W. P. Wang, W. H. So, V. Y. Shin, W. M. Wong, F. M. Fung, E. S. Liu, W. M. Hiu, S. K. Lam, and C. H. Cho. 2001. Epidermal growth factor and its receptor in chronic active gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcer before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 15:1459-1465.
346. Wroblewski, L. E., and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2007. Orchestration of dysregulated epithelial turnover by a manipulative pathogen. Cell Host Microbe 2:209-211.
347. Wroblewski, L. E., L. Shen, S. Ogden, J. Romero-Gallo, L. A. Lapierre, D. A. Israel, J. R. Turner, and R. M. Peek, Jr. 2009. Helicobacter pylori dysregulation of gastric epithelial tight junctions by urease-mediated myosin II activation. Gastroenterology 136:236-246.
348. Wu, I. C., and L. B. Minor. 2003. Long-term hearing outcome in patients receiving intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease. Laryngoscope 113:815-820.
349. Wu, J. Y., H. Lu, Y. Sun, D. Y. Graham, H. S. Cheung, and Y. Yamaoka. 2006. Balance between polyoma enhancing activator 3 and activator protein 1 regulates Helicobacter pylori-stimulated matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression. Cancer Res. 66:5111-5120.
350. Wu, S., K. J. Rhee, E. Albesiano, S. Rabizadeh, X. Wu, H. R. Yen, D. L. Huso, F. L. Brancati, E. Wick, F. McAllister, F. Housseau, D. M. Pardoll, and C. L. Sears. 2009. A human colonic commensal promotes colon tumorigenesis via activation of T helper type 17 T cell responses. Nat. Med. 15:1016-1022.
351. Wyatt, J. I., B. J. Rathbone, and R. V. Heatley. 1986. Local immune response to gastric Campylobacter in non-ulcer dyspepsia. J. Clin. Pathol. 39:863-870.
352. Xu, H., R. Chaturvedi, Y. Cheng, F. I. Bussiere, M. Asim, M. D. Yao, D. Potosky, S. J. Meltzer, J. G. Rhee, S. S. Kim, S. F. Moss, A. Hacker, Y. Wang, R. A. Casero, Jr., and K. T. Wilson. 2004. Spermine oxidation induced by Helicobacter pylori results in apoptosis and DNA damage: implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 64:8521-8525.
353. Yamanishi, S., T. Iizumi, E. Watanabe, M. Shimizu, S. Kamiya, K. Nagata, Y. Kumagai, Y. Fukunaga, and H. Takahashi. 2006. Implications for induction of autoimmunity via activation of B-1 cells by Helicobacter pylori urease. Infect. Immun. 74:248-256.
354. Yamaoka, Y., T. Kudo, H. Lu, A. Casola, A. R. Brasier, and D. Y. Graham. 2004. Role of interferon-stimulated responsive element-like element in interleukin-8 promoter in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 126:1030-1043.
355. Yamaoka, Y., D. H. Kwon, and D. Y. Graham. 2000. A M(r) 34,000 proin- flammatory outer membrane protein (oipA) of Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:7533-7538.
356. Yamaoka, Y., O. Ojo, S. Fujimoto, S. Odenbreit, R. Haas, O. Gutierrez, H. M. El-Zimaity, R. Reddy, A. Arnqvist, and D. Y. Graham. 2006. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane proteins and gastroduodenal disease. Gut 55:775-781.
357. Yamashita, K., I. Azumano, M. Mai, and Y. Okada. 1998. Expression and tissue localization of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (matrilysin) in human gastric carcinomas. Implications for vessel invasion and metastasis. Int. J. Cancer 79:187-194.
358. Yang, L., L. M. DeBusk, K. Fukuda, B. Fingleton, B. Green-Jarvis, Y. Shyr, L. M. Matrisian, D. P. Carbone, and P. C. Lin. 2004. Expansion of myeloid immune suppressor Gr+CD11b+ cells in tumor-bearing host directly promotes tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 6:409-421.
359. Yang, L., J. Huang, X. Ren, A. E. Gorska, A. Chytil, M. Aakre, D. P. Carbone, L. M. Matrisian, A. Richmond, P. C. Lin, and H. L. Moses. 2008. Abrogation of TGF beta signaling in mammary carcinomas recruits Gr- 1+CD11b+ myeloid cells that promote metastasis. Cancer Cell 13:23-35.
360. Yao, Y. L., B. Xu, Y. G. Song, W. D. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, and Z. S. Zhang. 2002. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric mucosal cell proliferation in Mongolian gerbils. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 22:348-350, 365.
361. Ye, G., C. Barrera, X. Fan, W. K. Gourley, S. E. Crowe, P. B. Ernst, and V. E. Reyes. 1997. Expression of B7-1 and B7-2 costimulatory molecules by human gastric epithelial cells: potential role in CD4+ T cell activation during Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Clin. Invest. 99:1628-1636.
362. Yu, W. H., J. F. Woessner, Jr., J. D. McNeish, and I. Stamenkovic. 2002. CD44 anchors the assembly of matrilysin/MMP-7 with heparin-binding epidermal growth factor precursor and ErbB4 and regulates female reproductive organ remodeling. Genes Dev. 16:307-323.
363. Zavros, Y., G. Rieder, A. Ferguson, and J. L. Merchant. 2002. Gastritis and hypergastrinemia due to Acinetobacter lwoffii in mice. Infect. Immun. 70: 2630-2639.
364. Zeaiter, Z., D. Cohen, A. Musch, F. Bagnoli, A. Covacci, and M. Stein. 2008. Analysis of detergent-resistant membranes of Helicobacter pylori infected gastric adenocarcinoma cells reveals a role for MARK2/Par1b in CagA-mediated disruption of cellular polarity. Cell. Microbiol. 10:781-794.
365. Zhang, S., A. Yanaka, M. Tauchi, H. Suzuki, T. Shibahara, H. Matsui, A. Nakahara, and N. Tanaka. 2006. Hyperosmotic stress enhances interleukin- 1beta expression in Helicobacter pylori-infected murine gastric epithelial cells in vitro. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21:759-766.
366. Zheng, P. Y., and N. L. Jones. 2003. Helicobacter pylori strains expressing the vacuolating cytotoxin interrupt phagosome maturation in macrophages by recruiting and retaining TACO (coronin 1) protein. Cell. Microbiol. 5:25-40.
367. Zychlinsky, A., C. Fitting, J. M. Cavaillon, and P. J. Sansonetti. 1994. Interleukin 1 is released by murine macrophages during apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. J. Clin. Invest. 94:1328-1332.