Control of Gastric Acid Secretion in Health and Disease

Gastroenterology

Volumn 134, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1842-1860

  Schubert, Mitchell L ^a   Peura, David A ^b  

^a VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

8 (2,6 DIMETHYLBENZYLAMINO) N (2 HYDROXYETHYL) 2,3 DIMETHYLIMIDAZO[1,2 A]PYRIDINE 6 CARBOXAMIDE; ACETYLCHOLINE; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CIMETIDINE; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DIAZEPAM; GASTRIN; HISTAMINE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTOR AGONIST; HYDROGEN POTASSIUM ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; LANSOPRAZOLE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEPRAZOLE; PANTOPRAZOLE; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; PHENYTOIN; PIRENZEPINE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; SECRETIN; SOMATOSTATIN; THEOPHYLLINE; WARFARIN;

ACHLORHYDRIA; ADD ON THERAPY; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BEDTIME DOSAGE; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DUODENUM ULCER; DYSPEPSIA; ESOPHAGITIS; EVENING DOSAGE; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; GASTRINOMA; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY; GYNECOMASTIA; HEALTH; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; HYPERGASTRINEMIA; INFECTION; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; IRON DEFICIENCY; KIDNEY DISEASE; MALABSORPTION; MEAL; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORNING DOSAGE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PEPTIC ULCER; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYLORUS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STOMACH ACID SECRETION; STOMACH FUNCTION; STOMACH GLAND; STOMACH INNERVATION; STOMACH MUCOSA; STOMACH PARIETAL CELL; STOMACH ULCER; ULCER HEALING; ULCEROGENESIS;

EID: 44649104570     PISSN: 00165085     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.021     Document Type: Review

References (271)

1. Christensen E., Juhl E., and Tygstrup N. Treatment of duodenal ulcer. Randomized clinical trials of a decade (1964-1974). Gastroenterology 73 (1977) 1170-1178
2. Gillespie I.E. Disease of the digestive system: duodenal ulcer. Br Med J 4 (1967) 281-284
3. Kirsner J.B. Peptic ulcer. A review of the 1963 literature. Gastroenterology 46 (1964) 706-728
4. Landor J.H. Gastric secretory tests and their relevance to surgeons. Surgery 65 (1969) 523-538
5. Gillespie I.E. Duodenal ulcer II. Br Med J 4 (1967) 339-340
6. Beall D.P., Henslee H.B., Webb H.R., et al. Milk-alkali syndrome: a historical review and description of the modern version of the syndrome. Am J Med Sci 331 (2006) 233-242
7. Black J., Duncan W., and Durant D. Definition and antagonism of histamine H2-receptors. Nature 236 (1972) 385-390
8. Burget D.W., Chiverton S.G., and Hunt R.H. Is there an optimal degree of acid suppression for healing of duodenal ulcers?. Gastroenterology 99 (1990) 345-351
9. Jones D.B., Howden C.W., Burget D.W., et al. Acid suppression in duodenal ulcer: a meta-analysis to define optimal dosing with antisecretory drugs. Gut 28 (1987) 1120-1127
10. Konturek S.J., Konturek P.C., Brzozowski T., et al. From nerves and hormones to bacteria in the stomach: Nobel prize for achievements in gastroenterology during last century. J Physiol Pharmacol 56 (2005) 507-530
11. McColl K.E.L., El-Omar E., and Gillen D. Interactions between H pylori infection, gastric acid secretion and anti-secretory therapy. Br Med Bull 54 (1998) 121-138
12. +)ATPase. Nature 290 (1981) 159-161
13. Marshall B.J., and Warren J.R. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer. Lancet 1 (1984) 1311-1315
14. +-ATPase membrane. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 246 (1984) C537-C545
15. Schwarz K. Ueber penetrierende magen-und jejunalgeschwure. Beitr Klin Chir 67 (1910) 96-128
16. McColl K.E.L., El-Nujumi A.M., Chittajallu R.S., et al. A study of the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori negative chronic duodenal ulceration. Gut 34 (1993) 762-768
17. Hung P.D., Schubert M.L., and Mihas A.A. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 6 (2003) 163-170
18. Bell N.J., Burget D., Howden C.W., et al. Appropriate acid suppression for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion 51 Suppl 1 (1992) 59-67
19. Donnellan C., Sharma N., Preston C., et al. Medical treatments for the maintenance therapy of reflux oesophagitis and endoscopic negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2007) CD003245
20. Richter J.E. The many manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease: presentation, evaluation, and treatment. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 36 (2007) 577-599
21. Khan M., Santana J., Donnellan C., et al. Medical treatments for the maintenance therapy of reflux oesophagitis and endoscopic negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2007) CD003244
22. Chang A.B., Lasserson T.J., Gaffney J., et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2005) CD004823
23. Givson P.G., Henry R.I., and Coughlan J.L. Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for adults and children with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2003) CD001496
24. Joseph I.M.P., Zavros Y., Merchant J.L., et al. A model for integrative study of human gastric acid secretion. J Appl Physiol 94 (2003) 1602-1618
25. Chandrasoma P. Controversies of the cardiac mucosa and Barrett's oesophagus. Histopathology 46 (2005) 361-373
26. +-ATPase and its alterations as related to acid secretion. Histochem Cell Biol 117 (2002) 21-27
27. Bado A., Levasseur S., Attoub S., et al. The stomach is a source of leptin. Nature 394 (1998) 790-793
28. Mix H., Widjaja A., Jandl O., et al. Expression of leptin and leptin receptor isoforms in the human stomach. Gut 47 (2000) 481-486
29. Hirsch A.B., McCuen R.W., Arimura A., et al. Adrenomedulin stimulates somatostatin and thus inhibits histamine and acid secretion in the fundus of the stomach. Regul Pept 110 (2003) 189-195
30. Gower W.R., Premaratne S., McCuen R.W., et al. Gastric atrial natriuretic peptide regulates endocrine secretion in antrum and fundus of human and rat stomach. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284 (2003) G638-G645
31. Prinz C., Kajimura M., Scott D.R., et al. Histamine secretion from rat enterochromaffinlike cells. Gastroenterology 105 (1993) 449-461
32. Chen D., Zhao C.M., Lindström E., et al. Rat stomach ECL cells: update of biology and physiology. Gen Pharmacol 32 (1999) 413-422
33. Zaki M., Koduru S., McCuen R.W., et al. Amylin, released from the gastric fundus, stimulates somatostatin and thus inhibits histamine and acid secretion in mice. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 247-255
34. Larsson L.-I., Goltermann N., DeMagistris L., et al. Somatostatin cell processes as pathways for paracrine secretion. Science 205 (1979) 1393-1395
35. Asakawa A., Inui A., Kaga T., et al. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology 120 (2001) 337-345
36. Zhao C.M., Furnes M.W., Stenstrom B., et al. Characterization of obestatin- and ghrelin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rats: an immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic study. Cell Tissue Res 331 (2008) 575-587
37. Schubert M.L., Edwards N.F., Arimura A., et al. Paracrine regulation of gastric acid secretion by fundic somatostatin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 252 (1987) G485-G490
38. Schubert M.L., Hightower J., and Makhlouf G.M. Linkage between somatostatin and acid secretion: evidence from use of pertussis toxin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 256 (1989) G418-G422
39. Makhlouf G.M., and Schubert M.L. Gastric somatostatin: a paracrine regulator of acid secretion. Metabolism 39 Suppl 2 (1990) 138-142
40. Schubert M.L. Gastric somatostatin: a paracrine regulator of gastrin and acid secretion. Regul Pept Lett 3 (1991) 7-11
41. Saffouri B., Weir G.C., Bitar K.N., et al. Stimulation of gastrin secretion from the perfused rat stomach by somatostatin antiserum. Life Sci 25 (1979) 1749-1754
42. Yu P.L., Fujimura M., Hayashi N., et al. Mechanisms in regulating the release of serotonin from the perfused rat stomach. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280 (2001) G1099-G1105
43. De la Cour C.D., Björkqvist M., Sandvik A.K., et al. A-like cells in the rat stomach contain ghrelin and do not operate under gastrin control. Regul Pept 99 (2001) 141-150
44. Furness J.B., and Costa M. Types of nerves in the enteric nervous system. Neuroscience 5 (1980) 1-20
45. Smith V.C., Dhatt N., and Buchan A.M.J. The innervation of the human antro-pyloric region: organization and composition. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 79 (2001) 905-918
46. Green T., and Dockray G.J. Characterization of the peptidergic afferent innervation of the stomach in the rat. Neuroscience 25 (1988) 181-193
47. Johansson M., Synnerstad I., and Holm L. Acid transport through channels in the mucous layer of rat stomach. Gastroenterology 119 (2001) 1297-1304
48. Hurwitz A., Brady D.A., Schaal S.E., et al. Gastric acidity in older adults. JAMA 278 (1997) 659-662
49. Trey G., Marks I.N., Louw J.A., et al. Changes in acid secretion over the years: a 30-year longitudinal study. J Clin Gastroenterol 25 (1997) 499-502
50. Schubert M.L., and Shamburek R. Control of acid secretion. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 19 (1990) 1-25
51. 14C)-aminopyrine accumulation by isolated canine parietal cells. Gastroenterology 83 (1982) 216-223
52. Soll A.H., and Wollin A. Histamine and cyclic AMP in isolated canine parietal cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 237 (1979) E444-E450
53. Vuyyuru L., Harrington L., Arimura A., et al. Reciprocal inhibitory paracrine pathways link histamine and somatostatin secretion in the fundus of the stomach. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 273 (1997) G106-G111
54. Vuyyuru L., Schubert M.L., Harrington L., et al. Dual inhibitory pathways link antral somatostatin and histamine secretion in human, dog, and rat stomach. Gastroenterology 109 (1995) 1566-1574
55. Prinz C., Zanner R., and Gratzl M. Physiology of gastric enterochromaffin-like cells. Annu Rev Physiol 65 (2003) 371-382
56. Lindström E., and Håkanson R. Prostaglandins inhibit secretion of histamine and pancreastatin from isolated rat stomach ECL cells. Br J Pharmacol 124 (1998) 1307-1313
57. Sachs G., Zeng N.X., and Prinz C. Physiology of isolated gastric endocrine cells. Annu Rev Physiol 59 (1997) 243-256
58. Sandvik A.K., Mårvik R., Dimaline R., et al. Carbachol stimulation of gastric acid secretion and its effects on the parietal cell. Br J Pharmacol 124 (1998) 69-74
59. Zeng N.X., Walsh J.H., Kang T., et al. Selective ligand-induced intracellular calcium changes in a population of rat isolated gastric endocrine cells. Gastroenterology 110 (1996) 1835-1846
60. Stepan V., Sugano K., Yamada T., et al. Gastrin biosynthesis in canine G cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282 (2002) G766-G775
61. Shulkes A., and Baldwin G. Biology and pathology of non-amidated gastrins. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 61 (2001) 123-128
62. Hansen C.P., Stadil F., Yucun L., et al. Pharmacokinetics and organ metabolism of carboxyamidated and glycine-extended gastrins in pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 271 (1996) G156-G163
63. Hansen C.P., Stadil F., and Rehfeld J.F. Hepatic and intestinal elimination of endogenous gastrin in pigs. Digestion 57 (1996) 356-361
64. Hansen C.P., Stadil F., and Rehfeld J.F. Renal tubular transport and metabolism of carboxyamidated and glycine-extended gastrins in pigs. Acta Physiol Scand 164 (1998) 29-38
65. Ciccotosto G.D., Dawborn J.K., Hardy K.J., et al. Gastrin processing and secretion in patients with end-stage renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 (1996) 3231-3238
66. Kulaksiz H., Arnold R., Göke B., et al. Expression and cell-specific localization of the cholecystokinin B/gastrin receptor in the human stomach. Cell Tissue Res 299 (2000) 289-298
67. Schmitz F., Göke M.N., Otte J.M., et al. Cellular expression of CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptors in human gastric mucosa. Regul Pept 102 (2001) 101-110
68. Tari A., Kamiyasu T., Yonei Y., et al. Role of gastrin/CCK-B receptor in the regulation of gastric acid secretion in rat. Dig Dis Sci 42 (1997) 1901-1907
69. Hinkle K.L., Bane G.C., Jazayeri A., et al. Enhanced calcium signaling and acid secretion in parietal cells isolated from gastrin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284 (2003) G145-G153
70. Dufresne M., Seva C., and Fourmy D. Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors. Physiol Rev 86 (2006) 805-847
71. 2+ concentration in parietal cells depends on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels. Gastroenterology 109 (1995) 1060-1067
72. Zanner R., Hapfelmeier G., Gratzl M., et al. Intracellular signal transduction during gastrin-induced histamine secretion in rat gastric ECL cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 282 (2002) C374-C382
73. Kobayashi T., Tonai S., Ishihara Y., et al. Abnormal functional and morphological regulation of the gastric mucosa in histamine H2 receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 105 (2000) 1741-1749
74. Tanaka S., Hamada K., Yamada N., et al. Gastric acid secretion in L-histidine decarboxylase-deficient mice. Gastroenterology 122 (2002) 145-155
75. Wang T.C., and Dockray G.J. Lessons from genetically engineered animal models I. Physiological studies with gastrin in transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 277 (1999) G6-G11
76. Brand S., and Stone D. Reciprocal regulation of antral gastrin and somatostatin gene expression by omeprazole-induced achlorhydria. J Clin Invest 82 (1988) 1059-1066
77. Wu S., Giraud A., Mogard M., et al. Effects of inhibition of gastric secretion on antral gastrin and somatostatin gene expression in rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 258 (1990) G788-G793
78. Manela F.D., Ren J., Gao J., et al. Calcitonin gene-related peptide modulates acid-mediated regulation of somatostatin and gastrin release from rat antrum. Gastroenterology 109 (1995) 701-706
79. Zavros Y., Rieder G., Ferguson A., et al. Genetic or chemical hypochlorhydria is associated with inflammation that modulates parietal and G-cell populations in mice. Gastroenterology 122 (2002) 119-133
80. Schubert M.L., Jong M.J., and Makhlouf G.M. Bombesin/GRP-stimulated somatostatin secretion is mediated by gastrin in the antrum and intrinsic neurons in the fundus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 261 (1991) G885-G889
81. Jain R.N., and Samuelson L.C. Differentiation of the gastric mucosa: role of gastrin in gastric epithelial cell proliferation and maturation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 291 (2006) G762-G765
82. Tommerås K., Hammer P., Sundler F., et al. Immunolocalization of cholecystokinin-2 receptors in rat gastric mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 37 (2002) 1017-1024
83. Bakke I., Qvigstad G., Brenna E., et al. Gastrin has a specific proliferative effect on the rat enterochromaffin-like cell, but not on the parietal cell: a study by elutriation centrifugation. Acta Physiol Scand 169 (2000) 29-37
84. Hou W., and Schubert M.L. Treatment of gastric carcinoids. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 10 (2007) 123-133
85. Peghini P.L., Annibale B., Azzoni C., et al. Effect of chronic hypergastrinemia on human enterochromaffin-like cells: insights from patients with sporadic gastrinomas. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 68-85
86. Modlin I.M., Kidd M., Latich I., et al. Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology 128 (2005) 1717-1751
87. Gibril F., Reynolds J.C., Lubensky I.A., et al. Ability of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy to identify patients with gastric carcinoids: a prospective study. J Nucl Med 41 (2000) 1646-1656
88. Kajimura M., Reuben M.A., and Sachs G. The muscarinic receptor gene expressed in rabbit parietal cells is the m3 subtype. Gastroenterology 103 (1992) 870-875
89. Yamaji N., Yokoo Y., Iwashita T., et al. Structural determination of two active compounds that bind to the muscarinic M-3 receptor in beer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 31 (2007) S9-S14
90. Schubert M.L., Saffouri B., Walsh J.H., et al. Inhibition of neurally mediated gastrin secretion by bombesin antiserum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 248 (1985) G546-G562
91. Nylander O., Bergqvist E., and Obrink K. Dual inhibitory actions of somatostatin on isolated gastric glands. Acta Physiol Scand 125 (1985) 111-119
92. Athmann C., Zeng N.X., Scott D.R., et al. Regulation of parietal cell calcium signaling in gastric glands. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279 (2000) G1048-G1058
93. Allen J.P., Canty A.J., Schulz S., et al. Identification of cells expressing somatostatin receptor 2 in the gastrointestinal tract of Sstr2 knockout/lacZ knockin mice. J Comp Neurol 454 (2002) 329-340
94. Martinez V., Curi A.P., Torkian B., et al. High basal gastric acid secretion in somatostatin receptor subtype 2 knockout mice. Gastroenterology 114 (1998) 1125-1132
95. Zaki M., Harrington L., McCuen R., et al. Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 mediates inhibition of gastrin and histamine secretion from human, dog, and rat antrum. Gastroenterology 111 (1996) 919-924
96. Schubert M.L., Edwards N.F., and Makhlouf G.M. Regulation of gastric somatostatin secretion in the mouse by luminal acid: a local feedback mechanism. Gastroenterology 94 (1988) 317-322
97. Brzozowski T., Konturek P.C., Konturek S.J., et al. Exogenous and endogenous ghrelin in gastroprotection against stress-induced gastric damage. Regul Pept 120 (2004) 39-51
98. Levin F., Edholm T., Ehrstrom M., et al. Effect of peripherally administered ghrelin on gastric emptying and acid secretion in the rat. Regul Pept 131 (2005) 59-65
99. Mori M., Suzuki H., Masaoka T., et al. Intravenous ghrelin administration enhances gastric acid secretion: evaluation using wireless pH capsule. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24 (2006) 96-103
100. Yakabi K., Ro S., Onouhi T., et al. Histamine mediates the stimulatory action of ghrelin on acid secretion in rat stomach. Dig Dis Sci 51 (2006) 1313-1321
101. Rossowski W.J., Cheng B.L., Jiang N.Y., et al. Examination of somatostatin involvement in the inhibitory action of GIP, GLP-1, amylin and adrenomedullin on gastric acid release using a new SRIF antagonist analogue. Br J Pharmacol 125 (1998) 1081-1087
102. Fung L., Pokol-Daniel S., and Greenberg G.R. Cholecystokinin type A receptors mediate intestinal fat-induced inhibition of acid secretion through somatostatin-14 in dogs. Endocrinology 134 (1994) 2376-2382
103. Lloyd K.C.K., Wang J.F., and Solomon T.E. Acid inhibition by intestinal nutrients mediated by CCK-A receptors but not plasma CCK. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281 (2001) G924-G930
104. Canfield S.P., and Spencer J.E. The inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on gastric acid secretion by the rat isolated stomach. Br J Pharmacol 78 (1983) 123-129
105. Beales I.L.P., and Calam J. Inhibition of carbachol stimulated acid secretion by interleukin 1β in rabbit parietal cells requires protein kinase C. Gut 48 (2001) 782-789
106. Spicer Z., Miller M.L., Andringa A., et al. Stomachs of mice lacking the gastric H,K-ATPase α-subunit have achlorhydria, abnormal parietal cells, and ciliated metaplasia. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 21555-21565
107. +-ATPase. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 8324-8330
108. Forte J.G., Ly B., Rong Q.F., et al. State of actin in gastric parietal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 274 (1998) C97-C104
109. Karvar S., Yao X., Duman J.G., et al. Intracellular distribution and functional importance of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 in gastric parietal cells. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 281-290
110. Okamoto C.T., Duman J.G., Tyagarajan K., et al. Clathrin in gastric acid secretory (parietal) cells: biochemical characterization and subcellular localization. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279 (2000) C833-C851
111. Fock K.M., Ang T.L., Bee L.C., et al. Proton pump inhibitors: do differences in pharmacokinetics translate into differences in clinical outcomes?. Clin Pharmacokinet 47 (2008) 1-6
112. +-ATPase by omeprazole in isolated gastric vesicles requires proton transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 897 (1987) 41-51
113. Lindberg P., Brändström A., Wallmark B., et al. Omeprazole: the first proton pump inhibitor. Med Res Rev 10 (1990) 1-54
114. Hatlebakk J.G., Katz P.O., Camacho-Lobato L., et al. Proton pump inhibitors: better acid suppression when taken before a meal than without a meal. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14 (2000) 1267-1272
115. Martinez S.D., Malagon I.B., Garewal H.S., et al. Non-erosive reflux disease, acid reflux, and symptom pattern. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 (2003) 537-545
116. +-ATPase (proton pump) is the target autoantigen of Th1-type cytotoxic T cells in autoimmune gastritis. Gastroenterology 120 (2001) 377-386
117. +-ATPase is a major autoantigen in chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis with body mucosa atrophy. Gastroenterology 115 (1998) 340-347
118. Parente F., Negrini R., Imbesi V., et al. Presence of gastric autoantibodies impairs gastric secretory function in patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 36 (2001) 474-478
119. Roepke T.K., Anantharam A., Kirchhoff P., et al. The KCNE2 potassium channel ancillary subunit is essential for gastric acid secretion. J Biol Chem 281 (2006) 23740-23747
120. Sidani S.M., Kirchhoff P., Socrates T., et al. Delta F508 mutation results in impaired gastric acid secretion. J Biol Chem 282 (2007) 6068-6074
121. Kahrilas P.J., Dent J., Lauritsen K., et al. A randomized, comparative study of three doses of AZD0865 and esomeprazole for healing of reflux esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 (2007) 1385-1391
122. Chuang C.-N., Tanner M., Lloyd K.C.K., et al. Endogenous somatostatin inhibits histamine release from canine gastric mucosal cells in primary culture. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 265 (1993) G521-G525
123. 3 receptors, inhibits somatostatin and stimulates acid secretion in isolated mouse stomach. Gastroenterology 113 (1997) 1545-1552
124. Sandvik A.K., Cui G.L., Bakke I., et al. PACAP stimulates gastric acid secretion in the rat by inducing histamine release. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281 (2001) G997-G1003
125. Gower W.R., Dietz J.R., McCuen R.W., et al. Regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide secretion by cholinergic and PACAP neurons of the gastric antrum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284 (2003) G68-G74
126. 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278 (2000) G121-G127
127. Pisegna J.R., Ohning G.V., Athmann C., et al. Role of PACAP1 receptor in regulation of ECL cells and gastric acid secretion by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 921 (2000) 233-241
128. Chiba T., Kadowaki S., Taminato T., et al. Effect of antisomatostatin gamma-globulin on gastrin release in rats. Gastroenterology 81 (1981) 321-326
129. Karnik P.S., and Wolfe M.M. Somatostatin stimulates gastrin mRNA turnover in dog antral mucosa. J Biol Chem 265 (1990) 2550-2555
130. Yang H., Wong H., Wu V., et al. Somatostatin monoclonal antibody immunoneutralization increases gastrin and gastric acid secretion in urethane-anesthetized rats. Gastroenterology 99 (1990) 659-665
131. Martindale R., Kauffman G.L., Levin S., et al. Differential regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion from isolated perfused rat stomach. Gastroenterology 83 (1982) 240-244
132. Saffouri B., Weir G.C., Bitar K.N., et al. Gastrin and somatostatin secretion by perfused rat stomach: functional linkage of antral peptides. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 238 (1980) G495-G501
133. Schubert M.L., and Hightower J. Functionally distinct muscarinic receptors on gastric somatostatin cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 258 (1990) G982-G987
134. Schubert M.L., Saffouri B., and Makhlouf G.M. Identical patterns of somatostatin secretion from isolated antrum and fundus of rat stomach. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 254 (1988) G20-G24
135. Wolfe M.M., Jain D.K., Reel G.M., et al. Effects of carbachol on gastrin and somatostatin release in rat antral tissue culture. Gastroenterology 87 (1984) 86-93
136. Schubert M.L., Bitar K.N., and Makhlouf G.M. Regulation of gastrin and somatostatin secretion by cholinergic and noncholinergic intramural neurons. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 243 (1982) G442-G447
137. Schubert M.L., and Makhlouf G.M. Gastrin secretion induced by distension is regulated by cholinergic and vasoactive intestinal peptide neurons in rats. Gastroenterology 104 (1993) 834-839
138. Schubert M.L., Coy D.H., and Makhlouf G.M. Peptone stimulates gastrin secretion from the stomach by activating bombesin/GRP and cholinergic neurons. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 262 (1992) G685-G689
139. Short G.M., Doyle W., and Wolfe M.M. Effect of antibodies to somatostatin on acid secretion and gastrin release by isolated perfused rat stomach. Gastroenterology 88 (1985) 984-988
140. Gower W.R., McCuen R.W., Arimura A., et al. Reciprocal paracrine pathways link atrial natriuretic peptide and somatostatin secretion in the antrum of the stomach. Regul Pept 110 (2003) 101-106
141. Sandvik A.K., and Waldum H.L. CCK-B (gastrin) receptor regulates gastric histamine release and acid secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 260 (1991) G925-G928
142. Chuang C.-N., Tanner M., Chen M.C.Y., et al. Gastrin induction of histamine release from primary cultures of canine oxyntic mucosal cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 263 (1992) G460-G465
143. Morris A., and Nicholson G. Ingestion of Campylobacter pyloridis causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH. Am J Gastroenterol 82 (1987) 192-199
144. Graham D.Y., Alpert L.C., Smith J.L., et al. Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhydria. Am J Gastroenterol 83 (1988) 974-980
145. Ramsey E.J., Carey K.V., Peterson W.L., et al. Epidemic gastritis and achlorhydria. Gastroenterology 76 (1979) 1449-1457
146. Harford W.V., Barnett C., Lee E., et al. Acute gastritis with hypochlorhydria: report of 35 cases with long-term follow-up. Gut 47 (2000) 467-472
147. Meyer-Rosberg K., Scott D.R., Rex D., et al. The effect of environmental pH on the proton motive force of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 111 (1996) 886-900
148. Kobayashi H., Kamiya S., Suzuki T., et al. The effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric acid secretion by isolated parietal cells from a guinea pig-association with production of vacuolating toxin by H. pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 31 (1996) 428-433
149. Hoffman J.S., King W.W., Fox J.G., et al. Rabbit and ferret parietal cell inhibition by Helicobacter species. Dig Dis Sci 40 (1995) 147-152
150. Cave D.R., King W.W., and Hoffman J.S. Production of two chemically distinct acid inhibitory factors by Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 (1993) S23-S27
151. Konturek P., Brzozowski T., Karczewska E., et al. Water extracts of Helicobacter pylori suppress the expression of histidine decarboxylase and reduce histamine content in the rat gastric mucosa. Digestion 62 (2000) 100-109
152. +-ATPase α-subunit gene expression by Helicobacter pylori. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278 (2000) G981-G991
153. Zaki M., Coudron P.E., McCuen R., et al. Helicobacter pylori, acting via neural pathways, stimulates somatostatin and thus inhibits histamine and acid secretion in the fundus of rat stomach. Gastroenterology 114 (1998) A344
154. El-Omar E.M. Mechanisms of increased acid secretion after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 55 (2006) 144-146
155. Derakhshan M.H., El Omar E., Oien K., et al. Gastric histology, serological markers and age as predictors of gastric acid secretion in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Pathol 59 (2006) 1293-1299
156. Saha A., Hammond C.E., Gooz M., et al. IL-1Β modulation of H,K-ATPase α-subunit gene transcription in Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292 (2007) G1055-G1061
157. Kato S., Matsukura N., Matsuda N., et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy modulates acidity and interleukin-1Β mRNA levels in un-operated stomach and in remnant stomach after gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24 Suppl 4 (2006) 278-284
158. El-Omar E.M., Oien K., El-Nujumi A., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastric acid hyposecretion. Gastroenterology 113 (1997) 15-24
159. Feldman M., Cryer B., and Lee E. Effects of Helicobacter pylori gastritis on gastric secretion in healthy human beings. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 274 (1998) G1011-G1017
160. Shimatini T., Inoue M., Iwamoto K., et al. Gastric acidity in patients with follicular gastritis is significantly reduced, but can be normalized after eradication for Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 10 (2005) 256-265
161. Loffeld R.J., Werdmuller B.F., Kuster J.G., et al. Colonization with cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains inversely associated with reflux esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Digestion 62 (2000) 95-99
162. Gillen D., Wirz A.A., Neithercut W.D., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection potentiates the inhibition of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole. Gut 44 (1999) 468-475
163. Gillen D., Wirz A., Ardill J.E., et al. Rebound hypersecretion after omeprazole and its relation to on-treatment acid suppression and Helicobacter pylori status. Gastroenterology 116 (1999) 239-247
164. Inoue H., Imoto I., Taguchi Y., et al. Reflux esophagitis after eradication of Helicobacter pylori is associated with the degree of hiatal hernia. Scand J Gastroenterol 39 (2004) 1061-1065
165. Fossmark R., Johnsen G., Johanessen E., et al. Rebound hypersecretion after long-term inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 (2005) 149-154
166. Gillen D., El-Omar E.M., Wirz A.A., et al. The acid response to gastrin distinguishes duodenal ulcer patients from Helicobacter pylori-infected healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 114 (1998) 50-57
167. Moss S.F., Legon S., Bishop A.E., et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric somatostatin in duodenal ulcer disease. Lancet 340 (1992) 930-932
168. El-Omar E.M., Penman I.D., Ardill J.E.S., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and abnormalities of acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 109 (1995) 681-691
169. α-methyl histamine. Gastroenterology 108 (1995) 959-966
170. Zavros Y., Rieder G., Ferguson A., et al. Hypergastrinemia in response to gastric inflammation suppresses somatostatin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282 (2002) G175-G183
171. Beales I., Blaser M.J., Srinivasan S., et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori products and recombinant cytokines on gastrin release from cultures canine G cells. Gastroenterology 113 (1997) 465-471
172. Beales I.L.P. Effect of platelet-activating factor on gastrin release from cultured rabbit G-cells. Dig Dis Sci 46 (2001) 301-306
173. Meyer J.H., Schwabe A., Isenberg J.I., et al. Treatment of peptic ulcer disease-a symposium. West J Med 126 (1977) 273-287
174. Fordtran J.S., Morawski S.G., and Richardson C.T. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of liquid antacids. N Engl J Med 288 (1973) 923-928
175. Barbara L., Belsasso E., Bianchi Porro G., et al. Pirenzepine in duodenal ulcer. A multicentre double-blind controlled clinical trial (second of two parts). Scand J Gastroenterol 57 (1979) 17-19
176. Peterson W.L., Sturdevant R.A., Frankl H.D., et al. Healing of duodenal ulcer with an antacid regimen. N Engl J Med 297 (1977) 341-345
177. Jordan Jr. P.H. Elective operations for duodenal ulcer. N Engl J Med 287 (1972) 1329-1337
178. Walters W., and Remine W.H. Appraisal of the various operations for peptic ulcer. Surgery 55 (1964) 585-594
179. Bodemar G., and Walan A. Cimetidine in the treatment of active duodenal and prepyloric ulcers. Lancet 2 (1976) 161-164
180. Feldman M., and Richardson C.T. Histamine H2-receptor antagonists. Adv Intern Med 23 (1978) 1-24
181. Schubert M.L. H2-receptor antagonists. In: Johnson L.R., and Williams J.A. (Eds). Encyclopedia of gastroenterology (2004), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 395-401
182. Blackwood W.S., Maudgal D.P., and Northfield T.C. Prevention by bedtime cimetidine of duodenal ulcer relapse. Lancet 1 (1978) 626-627
183. Jordan Jr. P.H. Current status of parietal cell vagotomy. Ann Surg 184 (1976) 659-671
184. Awad W., Csendes A., Braghetto I., et al. Laparoscopic highly selective vagotomy: technical considerations and preliminary results in 119 patients with duodenal ulcer or gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Surg 21 (1997) 261-269
185. Sachs G. Proton pump inhibitors and acid-related diseases. Pharmacotherapy 17 (1997) 22-37
186. Shamburek R.D., and Schubert M.L. Pharmacology of gastric acid inhibition. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 7 (1993) 23-54
187. Richardson P., Hawkey C.J., and Stack W.A. Proton pump inhibitors-pharmacology and rationale for use in gastrointestinal disorders. Drugs 56 (1998) 307-335
188. El-Omar E., Penman I., Dorrian C.A., et al. Eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection lowers gastrin mediated acid secretion by two thirds in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gut 34 (1993) 1060-1065
189. Jacobson K., Chiba N., Chen Y., et al. Gastric acid secretory response in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Can J Gastroenterol 15 (2001) 29-39
190. Moss S.F., and Calam J. Acid secretion and sensitivity to gastrin in patients with duodenal ulcer: effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 34 (1993) 888-892
191. Peterson W.L., Barnett C.C., Evans Jr. D.J., et al. Acid secretion and serum gastrin in normal subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer: the role of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 88 (1993) 2038-2043
192. Peterson W.L. Gastrin and acid in relation to Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 10 Suppl 1 (1996) 97-102
193. Johnson H.D., Love A.H., Rogers N.C., et al. Gastric ulcers, blood groups, and acid secretion. Gut 5 (1964) 402-411
194. Csendes A., Braghetto I., and Smok G. Type IV gastric ulcer: a new hypothesis. Surgery 101 (1987) 361-366
195. Duthie H.L., Moore T.H., Bardsley D., et al. Surgical treatment of gastric ulcers. Controlled comparison of Billroth-I gastrectomy and vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Br J Surg 57 (1970) 784-787
196. Isenberg J.I., Peterson W.L., Elashoff J.D., et al. Healing of benign gastric ulcer with low-dose antacid or cimetidine. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 308 (1983) 1319-1324
197. Salas M., Ward A., and Caro J. Are proton pump inhibitors the first choice for acute treatment of gastric ulcers?. A metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Gastroenterol 2 (2002) 17
198. Howden C.W., and Hunt R.H. The relationship between suppression of acidity and gastric ulcer healing rates. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 4 (1990) 25-33
199. Stollman N., and Metz D.C. Pathophysiology and prophylaxis of stress ulcer in intensive care unit patients. J Crit Care 20 (2005) 35-45
200. Wolfe M.M., and Sachs G. Acid suppression: optimizing therapy for gastroduodenal ulcer healing, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and stress-related erosive syndrome. Gastroenterology 118 (2000) S9-S31
201. Laterre P.F., and Horsmans Y. Intravenous omeprazole in critically ill patients: a randomized, crossover study comparing 40 with 80 mg plus 8 mg/hour on intragastric pH. Crit Care Med 29 (2001) 1931-1935
202. Lasky M.R., Metzler M.H., and Phillips J.O. A prospective study of omeprazole suspension to prevent clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding from stress ulcers in mechanically ventilated trauma patients. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care 44 (1998) 527-533
203. El-Serag H.B., and Sonnenberg A. Opposing time trends of peptic ulcer and reflux disease. Gut 43 (1998) 327-333
204. El-Serag H.B. Time trends of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 (2007) 17-26
205. Tytgat G.N., McColl K., Tack J., et al. New algorithm for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27 (2008) 249-256
206. Hunt R.H. The relationship between the control of pH and healing and symptom relief in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 9 Suppl 1 (1995) 3-7
207. Colin-Jones D.G. The role and limitations of H2-receptor antagonists in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 9 Suppl 1 (1995) 9-14
208. van Pinxteren B., Numans M.E., Bonis P.A., et al. Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagoniists and prokinetics for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2006) CD00295
209. Chiba N., De Gara C.J., Wilkinson J.M., et al. Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 112 (1997) 1798-1810
210. Gralnek I.M., Dulai G.S., Fennerty M.B., et al. Esomeprazole versus other proton pump inhibitors in erosive esophagitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 (2006) 1452-1458
211. Richter J.E., Campbell D.R., Kahrilas P.J., et al. Lansoprazole compared with ranitidine for the treatment of nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 1803-1809
212. Armstrong D., Talley N.J., Lauritsen K., et al. The role of acid suppression in patients with endoscopy-negative reflux disease: the effect of treatment with esomeprazole or omeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20 (2004) 413-421
213. Shaker R. Nighttime GERD: clinical implications and therapeutic challenges. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 18 (2004) 31-38
214. Hatlebakk J.G., Katz P.O., Kuo B., et al. Nocturnal gastric acidity and acid breakthrough on different regimens of omeprazole 40 mg daily. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 12 (1998) 1235-1240
215. Peghini P.L., Katz P.O., Bracy N.A., et al. Nocturnal recovery of gastric acid secretion with twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol 93 (1998) 763-767
216. Rackoff A., Agrawal A., Hila A., et al. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists at night improve gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms for patients on proton pump inhibitor therapy. Dis Esophagus 18 (2005) 370-373
217. Tutuian R., and Castell D.O. Nocturnal acid breakthrough-approach to management. Med Gen Med 6 (2004) 11
218. Nocon M., Labenz J., Jaspersen D., et al. Long-term treatment of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in routine care-results from the ProGERD study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 25 (2007) 715-722
219. Gunaratnam N.T., Jessup T.P., Inadomi J., et al. Sub-optimal proton pump inhibitor dosing is prevalent in patients with poorly controlled gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 (2006) 1473-1477
220. Sharma P., and Vakil N. Review article: Helicobacter pylori and reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 (2003) 297-305
221. Fallone C.A., Barkun A.N., Friedman G., et al. Is Helicobacter pylori eradication associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease?. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 914-920
222. Ye W., Held M., Lagergren J., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 (2004) 388-396
223. Gutierrez O., Melo M., Segura A.M., et al. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection improves gastric acid secretion in patients with corpus gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 32 (1997) 664-668
224. Labenz J., Tillenburg B., Peitz U., et al. Helicobacter pylori augments the pH-raising effect of omeprazole in duodenal ulcer patients. Gastroenterology 110 (1996) 725-732
225. Jensen R.T. Gastrointestinal abnormalities and involvement in systemic mastocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 14 (2000) 579-623
226. Webster M.W., Barnes E.L., and Stremple J.F. Serum gastrin levels in the differential diagnosis of recurrent peptic ulceration due to retained gastric antrum. Am J Surg 135 (1978) 248-252
227. Dent R.I., James J.H., Want C.A., et al. Hyperparathyroidism: gastric acid secretion and gastrin. Ann Surg 176 (1972) 360-369
228. Buchan A.M.J., Squires P.E., Ring M., et al. Mechanism of action of the calcium-sensing receptor in human antral gastrin cells. Gastroenterology 120 (2001) 1128-1139
229. Jensen R.T., Niederle B., Mitry E., et al. Gastrinoma (duodenal and pancreatic). Neuroendocrinology 84 (2006) 173-182
230. Meko J.B., and Norton J.A. Management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Annu Rev Med 46 (1995) 395-411
231. Wolfe M.M., Reel G.M., and McGuigan J.E. Inhibition of gastrin release by secretin is mediated by somatostatin in cultured rat antral mucosa. J Clin Invest 72 (1983) 1586-1593
232. Chiba T., Taminato T., Kadowaki S., et al. Effects of glucagon, secretin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on gastric somatostatin and gastrin release from isolated perfused rat stomach. Gastroenterology 79 (1980) 67-71
233. Chiba T., Yamatani T., Ymaguchi A., et al. Mechanism for increase of gastrin release by secretin in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology 6 (1989) 1439-1444
234. Gibril F., Reynolds J.C., Doppman J.L., et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: its sensitivity compared with that of other imaging methods in detecting primary and metastatic gastrinomas-a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 125 (1996) 26-34
235. Gibril F., Reynolds J.C., Chen C.C., et al. Specificity of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: a prospective study and effects of false-positive localizations on management in patients with gastrinomas. J Nucl Med 40 (1999) 539-553
236. Metz D.C., Pisegna J.R., Fishbeyn V.A., et al. Control of gastric acid hypersecretion in the management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. World J Surg 17 (1993) 468-480
237. Piper D.W. A comparative overview of the adverse effects of antiulcer drugs. Drug Saf 12 (1995) 120-138
238. Gilligan C.J., Lawton G.P., Tang L.H., et al. Gastric carcinoid tumors: the biology and therapy of an enigmatic and controversial lesion. Am J Gastroenterol 90 (1995) 338-352
239. Modlin I.M., Lye K.D., and Kidd M. Carcinoid tumors of the stomach. Surg Oncol 12 (2003) 153-172
240. Carlsson E., Larsson H., Mattsson H., et al. Pharmacology and toxicology of omeprazole-with special reference to the effects on the gastric mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 118 (1986) 31-38
241. Freston J.W., Borch K., Brand S.J., et al. Effects of hypochlorhydria and hypergastrinemia on structure and function of gastrointestinal cells. A review and analysis. Dig Dis Sci 40 (1995) S50-S62
242. Longnecker D.S. Hormones and receptors in gastrointestinal malignancies. Digestion 46 Suppl 2 (1990) 92-98
243. Lamers C.B., and Jansen J.B. Role of gastrin and cholecystokinin in tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 24 (1988) 267-273
244. Haigh C.R., Attwood S.E., Thompson D.G., et al. Gastrin induces proliferation in Barrett's epithelium through activation of the CCK2 receptor. Gastroenterology 124 (2003) 615-625
245. Trejtnar F., Laznicek M., Laznickova A., et al. Biodistribution and elimination characteristics of two In-111-labeled CCK-2/gastrin receptor-specific peptides in rats. Anticancer Res 27 (2007) 907-912
246. Hoosein N.M., Kiener P.A., Curry R.C., et al. Antiproliferative effects of gastrin receptor antagonists and antibodies to gastrin on human colon carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res 48 (1988) 7179-7183
247. Yang Y.X., Hennessy S., Propert K., et al. Chronic proton pump inhibitor therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 133 (2007) 748-754
248. Robertson D.J., Larsson H., Friis S., et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based, case-control study. Gastroenterology 133 (2007) 755-760
249. Clerc P., Dufresne M., Saillan C., et al. Differential expression of the CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptor genes in human cancers of the esophagus, stomach and colon. Int J Cancer 72 (1997) 931-936
250. Waldum H.L., Arnestad J.S., Brenna E., et al. Marked increase in gastric acid secretory capacity after omeprazole treatment. Gut 39 (1996) 649-653
251. Larsson H., Carlsson E., Håkanson R., et al. Time-course of development and reversal of gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia after inhibition of acid secretion. Gastroenterology 95 (1988) 1477-1486
252. Brenna E., and Waldum H.L. Trophic effect of gastrin on the enterochromaffin like cells of the rat stomach: establishment of a dose response relationship. Gut 33 (1992) 1303-1306
253. Miner P., Katz P.O., Chen Y., et al. Gastric acid control with esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole: a five-way crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 2616-2620
254. Den Elzen W.P.J., Groeneveld Y., De Ruijter W., et al. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and vitamin B12 status in elderly individuals. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27 (2008) 491-497
255. Hirschowitz B.I., Worthington J., and Mohnen J. Vitamin B12 deficiency in hypersecretors during long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 27 (2008) 1110-1121
256. Hutchinson C., Geissler C.A., Powell J.J., et al. Proton pump inhibitors suppress absorption of dietary non-haem iron in hereditary haemochromatosis. Gut 56 (2007) 1291-1295
257. Sharma V.R., Brannon M.A., and Carlson HE I. Effect of omeprazole on oral iron replacement in patients with iron deficiency anemia. South Med J 97 (2004) 887-889
258. Yang Y.X., Lewis J.D., Epstein S., et al. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA 297 (2007) 470
259. O'Connell M.B., Madden D.M., Murray A.M., et al. Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Med 118 (2005) 778-781
260. Williams C., and McColl K.E. Review article: proton pump inhibitors and bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 (2006) 3-10
261. Leonard J., Marshall J.K., and Moayyedi P. Systemic review of the risk of enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression. Am J Gastroenterol 102 (2007) 2047-2056
262. Canani R.B., Cirillo P., Roggero P., et al. Therapy with gastric acidity inhibitors increases the risk of acute gastroenteritis and community-acquired pneumonia in children. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 817-820
263. García Rodríguez L.A., Ruigómez A., and Panés J. Use of acid-suppressive drugs and the rsk of bacterial gastroenteritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 5 (2007) 1418-1423
264. Dial S., Alrasadi K., Manoukian C., et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ 171 (2004) 33-38
265. Dial S., Delaney J.A., Barkun A.N., et al. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA 294 (2005) 2989-2995
266. Laheij R.J., Sturkenboom M.C., Hassing R.J., et al. Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA 292 (2004) 1955-1960
267. Gulmez S.E., Holm A., Frederiksen H., et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia-a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 950-955
268. Sutfin T., Balmer K., Boström H., et al. Stereoselective interaction of omeprazole with warfarin in healthy men. Ther Drug Monit 11 (1989) 176-184
269. Andersson T., Lagerström P.-O., and Unge P. A study of the interaction between omeprazole and phenytoin in epileptic patients. Ther Drug Monit 12 (1990) 329-333
270. Unge P., Svedberg L.-E., Nordgren A., et al. A study of the interaction of omeprazole and warfarin in anticoagulated patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 34 (1992) 509-512
271. Labenz J., Petersen K.U., Rosch W., et al. A summary of Food and Drug Administration-reported adverse events and drug interactions occurring during therapy with omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 (2003) 1015-1019