Corporate brand identification and corporate brand management: How top business schools do it

Journal of General Management

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 77-102

  Balmer, John M T ^a   Liao, Mei Na ^b   Wang, Wei Yue ^c  

^a BRUNEL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b BRADFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77955943033     PISSN: 03063070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030630701003500404     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Aaker, D. A. (1996), Building Strong Brands, New York, London: The Free Press.
2. Aaker, D. A. (2004), 'Leveraging the corporate brand', California Management Review, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 6-18.
3. Aaker, D. A. (2004a), Brand Portfolio Management, New York: The Free Press.
4. Aaker, D. A. and Joachimsthaler, E. (2000), 'The brand relationship spectrum: the key to the brand architecture challenge', California Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 8-23.
5. Abratt, R. (1989), 'A new approach to the corporate image management process', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 63-76.
6. Altbach, P. G. (2004), 'Globalisation and the university: myths and realities in an unequal world', In: National Education Association, (ed.), The NEA 2005 almanac of higher education, Washington, DC: National Educational Association,pp. 63-74.
7. Abimbola, T. (2006), 'Critical issues in brand management', The Journal of Brand Management, Vol.13, No. 4/5, pp. 239-241.
8. Ambler, T. and Barrow, S. (1996), 'The employer brand', The Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 85-206.
9. Anderson, L. (2006), 'Special Report on Business Education', Financial Times, pp. 1-2.
10. Armstrong, M. J. (2003), 'Students as clients: a professional services model for business education', Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 371-374.
11. Arnauld, E., Price, L. and Zinkham, G. (2002), Consumers, New York: McGraw Hill.
12. Baden-Fuller, C., Ravazzolo, F. and Schweizer, T. (2000), 'Making and measuring reputations: the research ranking of European business schools', Long Range Planning, Vol. 33, pp. 621-650.
13. Balmer, J. M. T. (2009), 'Corporate marketing: apocalypse, advent and epiphany', Management Decision, Vol. 47. No. 4, pp. 544-572.
14. Balmer, J. M. T. (2008), 'Identity based views of the corporation: insights from corporate identity, organisational identity, social identity, visual identity and corporate image', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 42, No. 9/10, pp. 879-906.
15. Balmer, J. M. T. (2005), 'Corporate brand cultures and communities', In: Schroeder, J. E. and Salzer-Morling, M. (Eds), Brand Culture, London: Routledge, pp. 34-49.
16. Balmer, J. M. T. (2002), 'Of identities lost and found', International Studies of Management and Organizations, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 10-27.
17. Balmer, J. M. T. (2001), 'The three virtues and seven deadly sins of corporate brand management', Journal of General Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 1-17.
18. Balmer, J. M. T. (2001a), 'Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate marketing - Seeing through the fog', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 3/4, p. 248.
19. Balmer, J. M. T. (1995), 'Corporate branding and connoisseurship', Journal of General Management, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 22-46.
20. Balmer, J. M. T. (2001), Corporate identity, corporate branding and corporate marketing: seeing through the fog', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 3/4, pp. 248-291.
21. Balmer, J. M. T. (2001a), 'The three virtues and seven deadly sins of corporate brand management', Journal of General Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 1-17.
22. Balmer, J. M. T. and Gray, E. (2002), 'Comprehending corporate brands', Working Paper Series, No. 02/33, Bradford University School of Management.
23. Balmer, J. M. T. and Gray, E. R. (2003), 'Corporate brands. What are they? What of them?', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No. 7/8, pp. 972-997.
24. Balmer, J. M. T. and Greyser, S. A. (2006), 'Corporate level marketing: integrating corporate identity, corporate branding, corporate communications, and corporate reputation', Special Edition on Corporate Marketing: European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No. 7/8, pp. 730-741.
25. Balmer, J. M. T. and Greyser, S. A. (2003), Revealing the Corporation:Perspectives on Identity, Image, Reputation and Corporate Branding and Corporate-level Marketing, London: Routledge.
26. Balmer, J. M. T. and Greyser, S. A. (2002), 'Managing the multiple identities of the corporation', California Management Review, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 72-86.
27. Balmer, J.M.T.andLiao,M. (2007), 'Student corporate brand identification:an exploratory case study', Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 356-375.
28. TM Test of corporate identity management', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 69-92.
29. Balmer, J. M. T., Staurt, H. and Greyser, S. A. (2009), 'Aligning identity and strategy: corporate branding at British Airways in the late 20th Century', California Management Review, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 6-23.
30. Balmer, J. M. T. and Thomson, I. (2009), 'The shared management and ownership of corporate brands: the case of Hilton', Journal of General Management, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 15-38.
31. Balmer, J. M. T. and Wilkinson, A. J. (1991), 'Building societies: change, strategy and corporate identity', Journal of General Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 20-33.
32. Bennell, P. and Pearce, T. (1998), 'The internationalisation of higher education: exporting education to developing and transitional economies', IDS Working Paper, No. 75.
33. Bennis, W. G. and O'Toole, J. (2004), 'How business schools lost their way', Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 96-04.
34. Berry, L. (2000), 'Cultivating service brand equity', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 128-137.
35. Beverland, M. (2006), 'The real thing: branding authenticity in luxury wine trade', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 251-218.
36. Bhattacharya, C. B. and Sen. S. (2003), 'Consumer-company identification: a framework for understanding consumers' relationship with companies', Journal of Marketing, Vol. 67, No. 2, p. 76.
37. Brown, T. J., Dacin, P. A., Pratt, M. G. and Whetten, D. A. (2006), 'Identity, intended image, construed image and reputation: an interdisciplinary framework and suggested terminology', Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 99-106.
38. Bick, G. M., Jacobson, C. and Abratt, R. (2003), 'The corporate identity management process revisited', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 19, pp. 835-855.
39. Bronn, P. Engell, A. and Martinsen, H. (2006), 'A reflective approach to uncovering corporate identity', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No. 7/8, pp. 886-901.
40. Cardador, M. T. and Pratt, M. G. (2006), 'Identification management and its bases: bridging management and marketing perspectives through a focus on affiliation dimensions', Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 174-184.
41. Carnall, D. (1991), 'Putting the 'international' into the MBA', European Management Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 311-316.
42. Critteneden, V. L. (2005), 'Cross functional education: the need for case development', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, No. 7, pp. 955-959.
43. Corley, K. and Gioia, D. (2000), 'The rankings game: managing business school reputation', Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 319-333.
44. Cornelissen, J. and Thorpe, R. (2002), 'Managing a business school's reputation: perspectives, problems and prospects', European Management Journal, Vol. 20, No 2, pp. 172-178.
45. Cova, B. and Pace, S. (2006), 'Brand community of convenience products: new forms of customer empowerment - the case of "my Nutella - The Community"', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No. 9/10, pp. 1087-1105.
46. Csaba, F. F. (2005), 'The limits of corporate branding: the application of branding to non-profit organisations and places', In: Schultz, M., Mi, Y. A. and Csaba, F. F., Corporate Branding: Purpose/People/Process, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
47. de Chernatony, L. (2006), From brand vision to brand evaluation (second edition), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
48. de Chernatony, L. (2002), 'Would a brand smell any sweeter by a corporate name?', Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 5, No. 2/3, pp. 114-135.
49. de Chernatony, L. (2001), From brand vision to brand evaluation, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
50. de Chernatony, L. (1999), 'Brand management through narrowing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol.15, pp. 157-179.
51. de Chernatony, L. and McDonald, M. H. B. (1993), Creating Powerful Brands, Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
52. de Chernatony, L. and Segal-Horn, S. (2002), 'The criteria for successful service brands', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No.7/8, pp. 1095-1118.
53. de Chernatony, L. and Christodoulides, G. (2004), 'Taking the brand promise online: challenges and opportunities', Interactive Marketing, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 238-251.
54. Dicher, I. D. (1990), 'How good are business school rankings?', Journal of Business, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 201-213.
55. Dobson, I. R. and Holtta, S. (2001), 'The internationalisation of university education: Australia and Finland compared', Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 243-257.
56. Dukerich, J. M., Golden, B. R. and Shortell, S. M. (2002), 'Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: the impact of organisational identification, identity, and image on the cooperative behaviors of physicians', Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3, p. 507.
57. Dutton, J. E. Dukerich, J. M. and Harquail, C. V. (1994), 'Organisational image and member identification', Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 39, pp. 239-263.
58. Easterby-Smith, M. Preston, D. (1991), 'Internationalising European management schools through faculty development', European Management Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 301-305.
59. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. and Lowe, A. (2002), Management Research, London: Sage.
60. The Economist (2006), 'Chaos in the classrooms', 10th August, pp. 50-51.
61. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989), 'Building theories from case study research', Academy of Management Review, Vol.14, No. 4, pp. 532-550.
62. Ewing, M. J., Pitt, L. F., de Bussy, N. M. and Berthon, P. (2002), 'Employment branding in the knowledge economy', International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 21, pp. 755-768.
63. Fallshaw, E. M. (2003), 'Overseas partnerships - a case study in quality', HERDSA conference proceeding,available at http://surveys.canterbury.ac.nz/herdsa03/pdfsref/Y1052.pdf
64. Feldwick, P. (2003), 'Brand communications', In: Clifton, R. and Simmons, J., Brands and Branding, London: Profile Books Ltd.
65. Financial Times (2006), 30th January, p. 8.
66. Forman, J. and Argenti, P. A. (2005), 'How corporate communication influences strategy implementation, reputation and the corporate brand: an exploratory qualitative study', Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 245-264.
67. Frerris, W. P. (2002), 'Students as junior partners, professors as senior partners, and B-school as the firm: A new model for collegiate business education', Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 185-193.
68. Frerris, W. P. (2003), 'Why the partnership model's usefulness far exceeds that of the client model: reply to Armstrong', Academy of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 375-377.
69. Friga, P. N., Bettis, R. A. and Sullican, R. S. (2003), 'Changes in graduate management education and new business school strategy for the 21st century', Academy of Management Learning and Education, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 233-249.
70. Fox, H. L. (1998), 'Who needs corporate brand?', Marketing, London; August, p. 12.
71. Gapp, R. and Merrilees, B. (2006), 'Important factors to consider when using internal branding as a management strategy: a healthcare case study', Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 14, No. 1/2, pp. 162-176.
72. Gatfield, T., Barker, M. and Graham, P. (1999), 'Measuring communication impact for university advertising materials', Corporate Communications, Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 73.
73. Gjols-Anderson, P. and Karmark, E. (2005), 'Corporate brand stretch - brand extension in a corporate branding perspective', In: Schultz, M., Mi, Y. A. and Csaba, F.F., Corporate Branding: Purpose/People/Process, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
74. Glaser, B. (1978), Theoretical Sensitivity, Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
75. Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (1991), Research Method for Managers, London: Paul Chapman Publishing Limited.
76. Gray, B., Fam, K. S. and Llanes, V. A. (2003), 'Branding universities in Asian markets', The Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 12, No. 2/3, p. 108.
77. Gray, R. (2001), 'Design firms take strategic step up', Marketing, July 5, 2001, p. 27.
78. Gummesson, E. (2005), 'Qualitative research in marketing. Road-map for a wilderness of complexity and unpredictability', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39, No. 3/4, pp. 309-327.
79. Gummesson, E. (1991), Qualitative Methods in Management Research, London: Sage, pp. 73-134.
80. Gylling, C. and Lindberg-Repor, K. (2006), 'Investigating the links between a corporate brand and a customer brand', The Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 13, No.4/5, pp. 257-267.
81. Harris, F. and de Chernatony, L. (2001), 'Corporate branding and corporate brand performance', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 3/4, pp. 441-456.
82. Hatch, M. J. and Rubin, J. (2006), 'The hermeneutics of branding', Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 14, No. 1/2, pp. 40-59.
83. Hatch, M. J. and Schultz, M. (2003), 'Bringing the corporation into corporate branding', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No. 7/8, pp. 1041-1064.
84. Hatch, M. and Schultz, M. J. (2001), 'Are the strategic stars aligned for your corporate brand?', Harvard Business Review, Vol. 79, No. 2, February.
85. Heimovics, D., Taylor, M. and Stilwell, R. (1996), 'Assessing and developing a new strategic direction for the executive MBA', Journal of Management Education, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 462-478.
86. Hilton, S. (2003), 'The social value of brands', In: Clifton, R. and Simmons, J. Brands and Branding, London: Profile Books Ltd.
87. Holly, F. and Stanworth, J. (2002), (ed.) Franchising, An International Perspective, London: Routledge.
88. Ind, N. (1997) The Corporate Brand, London: McMillan.
89. Kapferer, J-N. (2002), 'Corporate brands and organisational identity', In: Moingeon, B. and Soenen, G. (eds.), Corporate and Organizational Identity, London: Routledge.
90. Kapferer, J-N. (1997), Strategic Brand Management, 2nd edition, London: Kogan Page.
91. Karmark, E. (2005), 'Living the brand', In: Schultz, M., Mi, Y. A. and Csaba, F.F., Corporate Branding: Purpose/People/Process, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press, pp. 26-35.
92. Keller, K. L. (2000), 'Building and managing corporate brand equity', In: Schultz, M., Hatch, M. J. and Larsen, M. H. (eds.) The Expressive Organization, Linking Identity, Reputation and the Corporate Brand, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
93. Keller, K. L. (1999), 'Brand mantras: rationale, criteria and examples', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 5, No.1-3, pp. 43-51.
94. Keller, K. L. and Aaker, D. A. (1998), 'The impact of corporate marketing on a company's brand extensions', Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 356-378.
95. Keller, K. L. and Lehmann, D. R. (2005), 'Brands and branding: research findings and future priorities', Marketing Research Institute Special Report, pp. 5.
96. Keller, K. L. and Richey, K. (2006), 'The importance of corporate brand personality traits to a successful 21st century business', Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 14, No. 1/2, pp. 74-81.
97. King, S. (1991), 'Brand building in the 1990s', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 7, pp. 3-13.
98. Kito (1994), 'A theoretical examination of brand value management: the problem of Japanese brand equity concept, Unpublished Thesis, Tokyo: Nihon Kookuku Kenkyuusho
99. Knox, S. and Freeman, C. (2006), 'Measuring and managing employer brand image in the service industry', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 22, No. 7/8, pp. 695-716.
100. Knox, S. and Bickerton, D. (2003), 'The six conventions of corporate branding', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No. 7/8, pp. 998-1016.
101. Kohli, C. S., Harich, K. R. and Leuthesser, L. (2005), 'Customer brand identity: a study of evaluations ofnewbrand names', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58,No.11, pp. 1506-1515.
102. Koogawa, K. (1997), 'Why do we care now about branding?', In: Aoki, S., Koogawa, K., Kame, K. and Tanaka, H. (eds.) The Recent Brand Management System, Tokyo: Nihon Kookoku Kenyuusho.
103. Kotler, P. and Fox, K. F. A. (1995), Strategic Marketing for Educational Institutions, 2nd edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
104. Kressman, F., Sirgy, M. J., Herrmann, A., Huber, F., Huber, S. and Lee. D. J. (2006), 'Self image positively affects brand loyalty', Journal of Business Reviews, Vol. 59, No. 9, pp. 955-964.
105. Leitch, S. and Richardson, N. (2003), 'Corporate branding in the new economy', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No. 7/8, pp. 1065-1079.
106. Lloyd, A. and Wiser, M. (2006), Assuring quality in an overseas collaborative project: A case study, available at: http://www.blweb.it/esoe/tqmhe1/13.pdf
107. Mael, F. and Ashforth, B. E. (1992), 'Alumni and their alma mater: a partial test of the reformulated model of organisational identification', Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 103-123.
108. Margulies, W. (1977), 'Make the most of your corporate image', Harvard Business Review, July/August, pp. 66-77.
109. Mazzarol, T. (1998), 'Critical success factors for international education marketing', International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 163-75.
110. Mazzarol, T. and Soutar, G. N. (1999), 'Sustainable competitive advantage for educational institution', International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 287-300.
111. McAlexander, J. H., Schouten, J. W. and Koenig, H. F. (2002), 'Building brand community', Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, pp. 38-54.
112. Melewar, T. C. and Karaosmanoglu, E. (2006), 'Seven dimensions of corporate identity: a categorisation from the practitioners' perspectives', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No. 7/8, pp. 846-885.
113. Melewar, T. C., Saunders, J. and Balmer, J. M. T. (2003), 'Cause, effect and benefits of a standardised corporate visual identity system of UK companies operating in Malaysia', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 3/4, pp. 414-427.
114. Melewar, T. C. and Jenkins, E. (2002), 'Defining the corporate identity construct', Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 76-91.
115. Melewar, T. C. (2001), 'Measuring visual identity: a multi-construct study', Corporate Communications, Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 36.
116. Mi. Y. A. and Andersen, K. (2005), 'A communal approach to corporate branding', In: Schultz, M., Mi, Y. A. and Csaba, F. F. Corporate Branding: Purpose/People/Process, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
117. Mitchell, A. (1997), Brand Strategies in the Information Age, London: Financial Times Report.
118. Morsing, M. and Kristensen, J. (2001), 'The question of coherency in corporate branding - over time and cross stakeholders', Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 24-40.
119. Muzellec, L. and Lambkin, M. (2006), 'Corporate rebranding: destroying, transferring or creating brand equity', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No.7/8, pp. 803-824.
120. Napoles, V. (1988), Corporate Identity Design, New York: John Wiley and Son.
121. Nichollis, J., Harris, J., Morgan, E., Clarke, K. and Sims, D. (1995), 'Marketing higher education: the MBA experience', International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 31-38.
122. Normann, R. (1970), 'A personal quest for methodology', Scandinavian Institutes for Administrative Research, Stockholm, Vol. 53, pp. 6-26.
123. Nye, J. (2006), In: Financial Times, September 30th/October 1st, p. 6.
124. Olins, W. (1978), The Corporate Personality. An Inquiry into the Nature of Corporate Identity, London: Design Council.
125. Olins, W. (2000), 'How brands are taking over the corporation', In: Schultz, M., Hatch, M. J. and Larsen, M. H. (eds.) The Expressive Organization, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 51-65.
126. Opoku, R., Abratt, R. and Pitt, L. (2006), 'Communicating brand personality: are the websites doing the talking for the top South African business schools?',Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 14, No. 1/2, pp. 20-39.
127. Page, M. J., Bevelander, D. and Pitt, L. F. (2004), 'Positioning the executive MBA product', Journal of General Management Vol. 30, No 1, pp. 1-16.
128. Peters, K. (2007), 'Business school rankings: content and context', The Journal of Management Development, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 49-53.
129. Pfeffer J. and Fong C. T. (2004), 'The business school business some lessons from the US experience',Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 1501-1520.
130. Pilditch, J. (1971), Communication by Design: A Study in Corporate Identity, Maidenhead: McGraw Hill.
131. Pitt, L. F., Berthon, P., Spyropoulous, S. and Page, M. J. (2006), 'How well are business schools managing their brands?', Journal of General Management, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 1-10.
132. Pratt, M.G. (1998), 'To be or not to be? Central questions in organisational identification', In: Whetten, D. and Godfrey, P. (1998) (eds.) Identity in Organizations: Developing Theory through Conversations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 171-207.
133. Quality Assurance Agency (QAA, 2003), Code of practice - quality and standards in HE collaborative provision, available at, http://www.qaa.ac.uk/public/COP/cprovis/contents. htm
134. Roper, S. and Davies, G. (2007), 'The corporate brand: dealing with multiple stakeholders', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 23, No. 1/2, pp. 75-90.
135. Schouten, J. W. and McAlexander, J. H. (1995), 'Subcultures of consumption: an ethnography of the new bikers', Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 22, pp. 43-61.
136. Schroeder, J. E. (2005), Visual Consumption, London: Routledge.
137. Schultz, M., Mi, Y. and Csaba, F. (2005) Corporate Branding: Purpose/People/Process, Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
138. Schultz, M. and de Chernatony, L. (2002), 'Introduction - the challenges of corporate branding', Corporate Reputation Review, Vol.5, No. 2/3, pp. 105-112.
139. Schultz, D. E. and Kitchen, P. J. (2004), 'Managing the changes in corporate branding and communication: Closing and re-opening the corporate umbrella', Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 347-366.
140. Siu, N. Y. M. and Wilson, R. M. S. (1998), 'Modelling market orientation: an application in the education sector', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 14, pp. 293-323.
141. Segev, E., Raveh, A. and Farjoun, M. (1999), 'Conceptual maps of the leadingMBAprograms in the United States: Core courses, concentration areas and the ranking of the school', Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 549-565.
142. Selame, E. and Selame, J. (1975), The Company Image, New York: John Wiley.
143. Shugan, S. M. (2003), 'Journal rankings: save the outlets for your research',Marketing Science,Vol. 22,No. 4,pp. 437-441.
144. Siemens, J. C., Burton, S., Jensen, T. and Mendoza, N. A. (2005). 'An examination of the relationships between business school rankings between research productivity and rankings in the popular press', Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 467-476.
145. Solomon, M. R. (2003), Conquering Consumerspace, Marketing Strategies for a Branded World, New York: Amacom.
146. Simoes, C., Dibb, S. and Fisk, R. P. (2005), 'Managing corporate identity: an internal perspective', Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 153-168.
147. Southgate, P. (1994), Total Branding by Design, London: Kogan Page.
148. Stake, R. E. (1987), 'The case study method of social enquiry', Education Researcher, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 5-8.
149. Starkey, K., Hatchuel, A. and Tempest, S. (2004), 'Rethinking the business school', Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 1521-1531.
150. Stonham, P. (1992), 'An interview with George Bain: the future for European management education', European Management Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 56-59.
151. Stuart, H. (1999), 'Towards a definitive model of the corporate identity management process', Special Edition on Corporate Identity: Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 200-207.
152. Tanaka, H. (1993), 'Development of brand equity research', Marketing Journal, No. 51, pp. 82-103.
153. Tanaka, H. and Iwamura, S. (1996), 'The Japanese brand management: an adapted branding strategy', Koogoku Kagaku, Vol. 32, pp. 89-103.
154. Teichler, U. (1999), 'Internationalisation as a challenge for higher education in Europe', Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 5-19.
155. Tracy, J. and Waldvogel, J. (1997), 'The best business schools: a market based approach', Journal of Business, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 1-3.
156. Universities UK (2006), Universities boost value of 'UK plc' says report, 11 May 2006, available at http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/mediareleases/show.asp?MR=454
157. Uggla, H. (2006), 'The corporate brand association base: a conceptual model for the creation of inclusive brand architecture', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No.7/8, pp. 785-802.
158. Urban, G. L. In: Dauphinais, W. and Price, C. (1998) (eds.) Straight from the CEO, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, pp. 265-270.
159. Urde, M. (2003), 'Core value-based corporate brand building', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37, No. 7/8, pp. 1017-1040.
160. Urde. M. (1994), 'Brand orientation - a strategy for survival', Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 11, pp. 18-32.
161. Vallaster, C. and de Chernatony, L. (2006), 'Internal brand building and structuration: the role of leadership', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 40, No. 7/8, pp. 761-784.
162. Van Maanen, J. (1988), Tales of the Field: On writing ethnography, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
163. Van Riel, C. B. M. and Balmer, J. M. T. (1997), 'Corporate identity: the concept, its measurement and management', European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 31, No. 5/6, p. 340.
164. Wheeler, A. R., Richey, R. G., Tokkman, M. and Sablynski, C. J. (2006), 'Retaining employees for service competency: the role of corporate brand identity', Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 14, No. 1/2, pp. 96-113.
165. Worthington, S. and Horne, S. (1995), 'Alumni affinity credit cards: making the relationship work', The International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol.13, No. 5, pp. 24-31.
166. Yin, R. K. (1984), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
167. Yu, K. (1996), 'The Internationalisation of Higher Education', Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, The OECD Observer, October/November, No. 202, pp. 34-37.
168. Zambardino, A. and Goodfellow, J. (2007), 'Being 'affective' in branding?', Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 23, No. 1/2, pp. 27-37.