Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein

Osteoporosis, Two-Volume Set

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 283-316

  Nissenson, Robert A ^a  

^a VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 75149166736     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370544-0.50014-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (488)

1. Potts J.T. Parathyroid hormone: Past and present. J Endocrinol 2005, 187:311-325.
2. 2+ and other ions as extracellular (first) messengers. Physiol Rev 1991, 71:371-411.
3. Russell J., Lettieri D., Sherwood L.M. Direct regulation by calcium of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acid coding for pre-proparathyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells. J Clin Invest 1983, 72:1851-1855.
4. Naveh-Many T., Silver J. Regulation of parathyroid hormone gene expression by hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, and vitamin D in the rat. J Clin Invest 1990, 86:1313-1319.
5. Li Y.C., Amling M., Pirro A.E., Priemel M., Meuse J., Baron R., Delling G., Demay M.B. Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice. Endocrinology 1998, 139:4391-4396.
6. Silver J., Levi R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Nephrol 2005, 63:119-126.
7. Chattopadhyay N., Brown E.M. Role of calcium-sensing receptor in mineral ion metabolism and inherited disorders of calcium-sensing. Mol Genet Metab 2006, 89:189-202.
8. Hofer A.M., Brown E.M. Extracellular calcium sensing and signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003, 4:530-538.
9. Brown E.M. Calcium receptor and regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2000, 1:307-315.
10. 2+-sensing receptors-An overview. Cell Calcium 2004, 35:183-196.
11. Brown E.M., MacLeod R.J. Extracellular calcium sensing and extracellular calcium signaling. Physiol Rev 2001, 81:239-297.
12. Brown E.M., Gamba G., Riccardi D., Lombardi M., Butters R., Kifor O., Sun A., Hediger M.A., Lytton J., Hebert S.C. Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from bovine parathyroid. Nature 1993, 366:575-580.
13. 2+-sensing receptor mediate efficient coupling to phospholipase C. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:19955-19963.
14. Pearce S.H., Williamson C., Kifor O., Bai M., Coulthard M.G., Davies M., Lewis-Barned N., McCredie D., Powell H., Kendall-Taylor P., Brown E.M., Thakker R.V. A familial syndrome of hypocalcemia with hypercalciuria due to mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1115-1122.
15. Pollak M.R., Seidman C.E., Brown E.M. Three inherited disorders of calcium sensing. Medicine (Baltimore) 1996, 75:115-123.
16. Ho C., Conner D.A., Pollak M.R., Ladd D.J., Kifor O., Warren H.B., Brown E.M., Seidman J.G., Seidman C.E. A mouse model of human familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Nat Genet 1995, 11:389-394.
17. Raue F., Haag C., Schulze E., Frank-Raue K. The role of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in health and disease. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006, 114:397-405.
18. Hebert S.C. Therapeutic use of calcimimetics. Annu Rev Med 2006, 57:349-364.
19. Steddon S.J., Cunningham J. Calcimimetics and calcilytics-Fooling the calcium receptor. Lancet 2005, 365:2237-2239.
20. Berson S.A., Yalow R.S. Immunochemical heterogeneity of parathyroid hormone in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968, 28:1037-1047.
21. Canterbury J.M., Reiss E. Fractionation of circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) in man. J Lab Clin Med 1971, 78:814.
22. Arnaud C.D. Immunochemical heterogeneity of circulating parathyroid hormone in man: Sequel to an original observation by Berson and Yalow. Mt Sinai J Med 1973, 40:422-432.
23. Oldham S.B., Finck E.J., Singer F.R. Parathyroid hormone clearance in man. Metabolism 1978, 27:993-1001.
24. Segre G.V., Niall H.D., Habener J.F., Potts J.T. Metabolism of parathyroid hormone: Physiologic and clinical significance. Am J Med 1974, 56:774-784.
25. Fox J., Scott M., Nissenson R.A., Heath H. Effect of plasma calcium concentration on the metabolic clearance rate of parathyroid hormone in the dog. J Lab Clin Med 1983, 102:70-77.
26. Libutti S.K., Alexander H.R., Bartlett D.L., Sampson M.L., Ruddel M.E., Skarulis M., Marx S.J., Spiegel A.M., Simmonds W., Remaley A.T. Kinetic analysis of the rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in patients during operation for hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 1999, 126:1145-1151.
27. Endres D.B., Villanueva R., Sharp C.F., Singer F.R. Measurement of parathyroid hormone. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1989, 18:611-629.
28. Martin K.J., Hruska K.A., Freitag J.J., Klahr S., Slatopolsky E. The peripheral metabolism of parathyroid hormone. N Engl J Med 1979, 301:1092-1098.
29. Martin K., Hruska K., Greenwalt A., Klahr S., Slatopolsky E. Selective uptake of intact parathyroid hormone by the liver: Differences between hepatic and renal uptake. J Clin Invest 1976, 58:781-788.
30. Hruska K.A., Korkor A., Martin K., Slatopolsky E. Peripheral metabolism of intact parathyroid hormone. Role of liver and kidney and the effect of chronic renal failure. J Clin Invest 1981, 67:885-892.
31. Bringhurst F.R., Stern A.M., Yotts M., Mizrahi N., Segre G.V., Potts J.T. Peripheral metabolism of PTH: Fate of biologically active amino terminus in vivo. Am J Physiol 1988, 255:E886-E893.
32. Flueck J.A., Di Bella F.P., Edis A.J., Kehrwald J.M., Arnaud C.D. Immunoheterogeneity of parathyroid hormone in venous effluent serum from hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. J Clin Invest 1977, 60:1367-1375.
33. Erdmann S., Muller W., Bahrami S., Vornehm S.I., Mayer H., Bruckner P., von der Mark K., Burkhardt H. Differential effects of parathyroid hormone fragments on collagen gene expression in chondrocytes. J Cell Biol 1996, 135:1179-1191.
34. Nasu M., Sugimoto T., Kaji H., Kano J., Chihara K. Carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone fragments stimulate type-1 procollagen and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 mRNA expression in osteoblastic UMR-106 cells. Endocr J 1998, 45:229-234.
35. Tsuboi T., Togari A. Comparison of the effects of carboxylterminal parathyroid hormone peptide[53-84] and aminoterminal peptide[1-34] on mouse tooth germ in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 1998, 43:335-339.
36. Duvos C., Scutt A., Mayer H. hPTH-fragments (53-84) and (28-48) antagonize the stimulation of calcium release and repression of alkaline phosphatase activity by hPTH-(1-34) in vitro. FEBS Lett 2006, 580:1509-1514.
37. Inomata N., Akiyama M., Kubota N., Juppner H. Characterization of a novel parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor with specificity for the carboxyl-terminal region of PTH(1-84). Endocrinology 1995, 136:4732-4740.
38. Takasu H., Baba H., Inomata N., Uchiyama Y., Kubota N., Kumaki K., Matsumoto A., Nakajima K., Kimura T., Sakakibara S., Fujita T., Chihara K., Nagai I. The 69-84 amino acid region of the parathyroid hormone molecule is essential for the interaction of the hormone with the binding sites with carboxyl-terminal specificity. Endocrinology 1996, 137:5537-5543.
39. Divieti P., Inomata N., Chapin K., Singh R., Juppner H., Bringhurst F.R. Receptors for the carboxyl-terminal region of pth(1-84) are highly expressed in osteocytic cells. Endocrinology 2001, 142:916-925.
40. Divieti P., Geller A.I., Suliman G., Juppner H., Bringhurst F.R. Receptors specific for the carboxyl-terminal region of parathyroid hormone on bone-derived cells: Determinants of ligand binding and bioactivity. Endocrinology 2005, 146:1863-1870.
41. Murray T.M., Rao L.G., Divieti P., Bringhurst F.R. Parathyroid hormone secretion and action: Evidence for discrete receptors for the carboxyl-terminal region and related biological actions of carboxyl-terminal ligands. Endocr Rev 2005, 26:78-113.
42. MacGregor R.R., Hamilton J.W., Kent G.N., Shofstall R.E., Cohn D.V. The degradation of proparathormone and parathormone by parathyroid and liver cathepsin B. J Biol Chem 1979, 254:4428-4433.
43. Hamilton J.W., Jilka R.L., MacGregor R.R. Cleavage of parathyroid hormone to the 1-34 and 35-84 fragments by cathepsin D-like activity in bovine parathyroid gland extracts. Endocrinology 1983, 113:285-292.
44. Mayer G.P., Keaton J.A., Hurst J.G., Habener J.F. Effects of plasma calcium concentration on the relative proportion of hormone and carboxyl fragments in parathyroid venous blood. Endocrinology 1979, 104:1778-1784.
45. D'Amour P., Brossard J.H., Rousseau L., Nguyen- Yamamoto L., Nassif E., Lazure C., Gauthier D., Lavigne J.R., Zahradnik R.J. Structure of non-(1-84) PTH fragments secreted by parathyroid glands in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2005, 68:998-1007.
46. D'Amour P. Circulating PTH molecular forms: What we know and what we don't. Kidney Int Suppl 2006, S29-S33.
47. Friedman P.A., Goodman W.G. PTH(1-84)/PTH(7-84): A balance of power. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006, 290:F975-F984.
48. Yamashita H., Gao P., Cantor T., Futata T., Murakami T., Uchino S., Watanabe S., Kawamoto H., Fukagawa M., Noguchi S. Large carboxy-terminal parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment with a relatively longer half-life than 1-84 PTH is secreted directly from the parathyroid gland in humans. Eur J Endocrinol 2003, 149:301-306.
49. Nguyen-Yamamoto L., Rousseau L., Brossard J.H., Lepage R., Gao P., Cantor T., D'Amour P. Origin of parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragments detected by intact-PTH assays. Eur J Endocrinol 2002, 147:123-131.
50. Juppner H., Potts J.T. Immunoassays for the detection of parathyroid hormone. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17(Suppl. 2):N81-N86.
51. Horiuchi N., Holick M.F., Potts J.T., Rosenblatt M. A parathyroid hormone inhibitor in vivo: Design and biological evaluation of a hormone analog. Science 1983, 220:1053-1055.
52. Talmage R. The demand for bone calcium in maintenance of plasma calcium concentration. Mechanisms of Localized Bone Loss 1967, 73-92. Info Retrieval, Washington, DC. R. Horton, T.M. Tarplay, W.F. Davis (Eds.).
53. Talmage R.A.M. Physiological role of parathyroid hormone. Handbook of Physiology 1967, 343-351. American Physiological Society, Washington, DC. R.A.A. Grup (Ed.).
54. Neuman W.F., Neuman M.W., Myers C.R. Blood:bone disequilibrium: III. Linkage between cell energetics and Ca fluxes. Am J Physiol 1979, 236:C244-C248.
55. Holtrop M.E., King G.J. The ultrastructure of the osteoclast and its functional implications. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1977, 123:177-196.
56. Silve C.M., Hradek G.T., Jones A.L., Arnaud C.D. Parathyroid hormone receptor in intact embryonic chicken bone: Characterization and cellular localization. J Cell Biol 1982, 94:379-386.
57. Rouleau M.F., Warshawsky H., Goltzman D. Parathyroid hormone binding in vivo to renal, hepatic, and skeletal tissues of the rat using a radioautographic approach. Endocrinology 1986, 118:919-931.
58. Teti A., Rizzoli R., Zambonin Zallone A. Parathyroid hormone binding to cultured avian osteoclasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991, 174:1217-1222.
59. Agarwala N., Gay C.V. Specific binding of parathyroid hormone to living osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res 1992, 7:531-539.
60. Rao L.G., Murray T.M., Heersche J.N. Immunohistochemical demonstration of parathyroid hormone binding to specific cell types in fixed rat bone tissue. Endocrinology 1983, 113:805-810.
61. Dempster D.W., Hughes-Begos C.E., Plavetic-Chee K., Brandao-Burch A., Cosman F., Nieves J., Neubort S., Lu S.S., Iida-Klein A., Arnett T., Lindsay R. Normal human osteoclasts formed from peripheral blood monocytes express PTH type 1 receptors and are stimulated by PTH in the absence of osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2005, 95:139-148.
62. Chambers T.J., McSheehy P.M., Thomson B.M., Fuller K. The effect of calcium-regulating hormones and prostaglandins on bone resorption by osteoclasts disaggregated from neonatal rabbit bones. Endocrinology 1985, 116:234-239.
63. Jilka R.L. Are osteoblastic cells required for the control of osteoclast activity by parathyroid hormone?. Bone Miner 1986, 1:261-266.
64. Miller S.S., Wolf A.M., Arnaud C.D. Bone cells in culture: Morphologic transformation by hormones. Science 1976, 192:1340-1343.
65. Civitelli R., Ziambaras K., Warlow P.M., Lecanda F., Nelson T., Harley J., Atal N., Beyer E.C., Steinberg T.H. Regulation of connexin 43 expression and function by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in osteoblastic cells. J Cell Biochem 1998, 68:8-21.
66. Schiller P.C., Roos B.A., Howard G.A. Parathyroid hormone upregulation of connexin 43 gene expression in osteoblasts depends on cell phenotype. J Bone Miner Res 1997, 12:2005-2013.
67. Donahue H.J., McLeod K.J., Rubin C.T., Andersen J., Grine E.A., Hertzberg E.L., Brink P.R. Cell-to-cell communication in osteoblastic networks: Cell line-dependent hormonal regulation of gap junction function. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10:881-889.
68. Puzas J.E., Brand J.S. Parathyroid hormone stimulation of collagenase secretion by isolated bone cells. Endocrinology 1979, 104:559-562.
69. Heath J.K., Atkinson S.J., Meikle M.C., Reynolds J.J. Mouse osteoblasts synthesize collagenase in response to bone resorbing agents. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984, 802:151-154.
70. Eeckhout Y., Delaisse J.M., Vaes G. Direct extraction and assay of bone tissue collagenase and its relation to parathyroid-hormone-induced bone resorption. Biochem J 1986, 239:793-796.
71. Partridge N.C., Jeffrey J.J., Ehlich L.S., Teitelbaum S.L., Fliszar C., Welgus H.G., Kahn A.J. Hormonal regulation of the production of collagenase and a collagenase inhibitor activity by rat osteogenic sarcoma cells. Endocrinology 1987, 120:1956-1962.
72. Hamilton J.A., Lingelbach S., Partridge N.C., Martin T.J. Regulation of plasminogen activator production by bone-resorbing hormones in normal and malignant osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1985, 116:2186-2191.
73. Leloup G., Peeters-Joris C., Delaisse J.M., Opdenakker G., Vaes G. Tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators in bone tissue and their regulation by parathyroid hormone. J Bone Miner Res 1991, 6:1081-1090.
74. Nonaka T., Matsumoto H., Shimada W., Okada K., Fukao H., Ueshima S., Kikuchi H., Tanaka S., Matsuo O. Effect of bone resorbing factors on μ-PA and its specific receptor in osteosarcoma cell line. Clin Chim Acta 1993, 223:129-142.
75. Zhao W., Byrne M.H., Boyce B.F., Krane S.M. Bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone is strikingly diminished in collagenase-resistant mutant mice. J Clin Invest 1999, 103:517-524.
76. Chiusaroli R., Maier A., Knight M.C., Byrne M., Calvi L.M., Baron R., Krane S.M., Schipani E. Collagenase cleavage of type I collagen is essential for both basal and parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor-induced osteoclast activation and has differential effects on discrete bone compartments. Endocrinology 2003, 144:4106-4116.
77. Amano S., Hanazawa S., Hirose K., Ohmori Y., Kitano S. Stimulatory effect on bone resorption of interleukin-1-like cytokine produced by an osteoblast-rich population of mouse calvarial cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1988, 43:88-91.
78. Horowitz M.C., Coleman D.L., Flood P.M., Kupper T.S., Jilka R.L. Parathyroid hormone and lipopolysaccharide induce murine osteoblast-like cells to secrete a cytokine indistinguishable from granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Clin Invest 1989, 83:149-157.
79. Evans D.B., Bunning R.A., Van Damme J., Russell R.G. Natural human IL-1 beta exhibits regulatory actions on human bone-derived cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989, 159:1242-1248.
80. Jimi E., Nakamura I., Amano H., Taguchi Y., Tsurukai T., Tamura M., Takahashi N., Suda T. Osteoclast function is activated by osteoblastic cells through a mechanism involving cell-to-cell contact. Endocrinology 1996, 137:2187-2190.
81. Wada T., Nakashima T., Hiroshi N., Penninger J.M. RANKL-RANK signaling in osteoclastogenesis and bone disease. Trends Mol Med 2006, 12:17-25.
82. Suda T., Takahashi N., Udagawa N., Jimi E., Gillespie M.T., Martin T.J. Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families. Endocr Rev 1999, 20:345-357.
83. Hofbauer L.C., Khosla S., Dunstan C.R., Lacey D.L., Boyle W.J., Riggs B.L. The roles of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the paracrine regulation of bone resorption. J Bone Miner Res 2000, 15:2-12.
84. Hofbauer L.C., Kuhne C.A., Viereck V. The OPG/RANKL/RANK system in metabolic bone diseases. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2004, 4:268-275.
85. Roodman G.D. Regulation of osteoclast differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1068:100-109.
86. Tanaka S., Nakamura K., Takahasi N., Suda T. Role of RANKL in physiological and pathological bone resorption and therapeutics targeting the RANKL-RANK signaling system. Immunol Rev 2005, 208:30-49.
87. Boyle W.J., Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 2003, 423:337-342.
88. Aubin J.E., Bonnelye E. Osteoprotegerin and its ligand: A new paradigm for regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 2000, 11:905-913.
89. Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L., Kelley M.J., Dunstan C.R., Burgess T., Elliott R., Colombero A., Elliott G., Scully S., Hsu H., Sullivan J., Hawkins N., Davy E., Capparelli C., Eli A., Qian Y.X., Kaufman S., Sarosi I., Shalhoub V., Senaldi G., Guo J., Delaney J., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998, 93:165-176.
90. Burgess T.L., Qian Y., Kaufman S., Ring B.D., Van G., Capparelli C., Kelley M., Hsu H., Boyle W.J., Dunstan C.R., Hu S., Lacey D.L. The ligand for osteoprotegerin (OPGL) directly activates mature osteoclasts. J Cell Biol 1999, 145:527-538.
91. Yasuda H., Shima N., Nakagawa N., Yamaguchi K., Kinosaki M., Mochizuki S., Tomoyasu A., Yano K., Goto M., Murakami A., Tsuda E., Morinaga T., Higashio K., Udagawa N., Takahashi N., Suda T. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:3597-3602.
92. Quinn J.M., Elliott J., Gillespie M.T., Martin T.J. A combination of osteoclast differentiation factor and macrophage-colony stimulating factor is sufficient for both human and mouse osteoclast formation in vitro. Endocrinology 1998, 139:4424-4427.
93. Kong Y.Y., Yoshida H., Sarosi I., Tan H.L., Timms E., Capparelli C., Morony S., Oliveira-dos-Santos A.J., Van G., Itie A., Khoo W., Wakeham A., Dunstan C.R., Lacey D.L., Mak T.W., Boyle W.J., Penninger J.M. OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 1999, 397:315-323.
94. Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Kelley M., Chang M.S., Luthy R., Nguyen H.Q., Wooden S., Bennett L., Boone T., Shimamoto G., DeRose M., Elliott R., Colombero A., Tan H.L., Trail G., Sullivan J., Davy E., Bucay N., Renshaw- Gegg L., Hughes T.M., Hill D., Pattison W., Campbell P., Sander S., Van G., Tarpley J., Derby P., Lee R., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin: A novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997, 89:309-319.
95. Yasuda H., Shima N., Nakagawa N., Mochizuki S.I., Yano K., Fujise N., Sato Y., Goto M., Yamaguchi K., Kuriyama M., Kanno T., Murakami A., Tsuda E., Morinaga T., Higashio K. Identity of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG): A mechanism by which OPG/OCIF inhibits osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Endocrinology 1998, 139:1329-1337.
96. Tsuda E., Goto M., Mochizuki S., Yano K., Kobayashi F., Morinaga T., Higashio K. Isolation of a novel cytokine from human fibroblasts that specifically inhibits osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 234:137-142.
97. Bucay N., Sarosi I., Dunstan C.R., Morony S., Tarpley J., Capparelli C., Scully S., Tan H.L., Xu W., Lacey D.L., Boyle W.J., Simonet W.S. Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 1998, 12:1260-1268.
98. Mizuno A., Amizuka N., Irie K., Murakami A., Fujise N., Kanno T., Sato Y., Nakagawa N., Yasuda H., Mochizuki S., Gomibuchi T., Yano K., Shima N., Washida N., Tsuda E., Morinaga T., Higashio K., Ozawa H. Severe osteoporosis in mice lacking osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor/osteoprotegerin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 247:610-615.
99. Padagas J., Colloton M., Shalhoub V., Kostenuik P., Morony S., Munyakazi L., Guo M., Gianneschi D., Shatzen E., Geng Z., Tan H.L., Dunstan C., Lacey D., Martin D. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand inhibitor osteoprotegerin is a bone-protective agent in a rat model of chronic renal insufficiency and hyperparathyroidism. Calcif Tissue Int 2006, 78:35-44.
100. Huang J.C., Sakata T., Pfleger L.L., Bencsik M., Halloran B.P., Bikle D.D., Nissenson R.A. PTH differentially regulates expression of RANKL and OPG. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:235-244.
101. Kwon B.S., Wang S., Udagawa N., Haridas V., Lee Z.H., Kim K.K., Oh K.O., Greene J., Li Y., Su J., Gentz R., Aggarwal B.B., Ni J. TR1, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, induces fibroblast proliferation and inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. FASEB J 1998, 12:845-854.
102. Tsukii K., Shima N., Mochizuki S., Yamaguchi K., Kinosaki M., Yano K., Shibata O., Udagawa N., Yasuda H., Suda T., Higashio K. Osteoclast differentiation factor mediates an essential signal for bone resorption induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, prostaglandin E2, or parathyroid hormone in the microenvironment of bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 246:337-341.
103. Murakami T., Yamamoto M., Ono K., Nishikawa M., Nagata N., Motoyoshi K., Akatsu T. Transforming growth factor-beta1 increases mRNA levels of osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor in osteoblastic/stromal cells and inhibits the survival of murine osteoclast-like cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 252:747-752.
104. Horwood N.J., Elliott J., Martin T.J., Gillespie M.T. Osteotropic agents regulate the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor and osteoprotegerin in osteoblastic stromal cells. Endocrinology 1998, 139:4743-4746.
105. Lee S.K., Lorenzo J.A. Parathyroid hormone stimulates TRANCE and inhibits osteoprotegerin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in murine bone marrow cultures: Correlation with osteoclast-like cell formation. Endocrinology 1999, 140:3552-3561.
106. Ma Y.L., Cain R.L., Halladay D.L., Yang X., Zeng Q., Miles R.R., Chandrasekhar S., Martin T.J., Onyia J.E. Catabolic effects of continuous human PTH (1-38) in vivo is associated with sustained stimulation of RANKL and inhibition of osteoprotegerin and gene-associated bone formation. Endocrinology 2001, 142:4047-4054.
107. High W.B., Black H.E., Capen C.C. Histomorphometric evaluation of the effects of low dose parathyroid hormone administration on cortical bone remodeling in adult dogs. Lab Invest 1981, 44:449-454.
108. Yonaga T. Action of parathyroid hormone, with special reference to its anabolic effect on different kinds of tissues in rats (I). Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ 1978, 25:237-248.
109. Reeve J., Meunier P.J., Parsons J.A., Bernat M., Bijvoet O.L., Courpron P., Edouard C., Klenerman L., Neer R.M., Renier J.C., Slovik D., Vismans F.J., Potts J.T. Anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone fragment on trabecular bone in involutional osteoporosis: A multicentre trial. Br Med J 1980, 280:1340-1344.
110. Poole K.E., Reeve J. Parathyroid hormone-A bone anabolic and catabolic agent. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005, 5:612-617.
111. Brixen K.T., Christensen P.M., Ejersted C., Langdahl B.L. Teriparatide (biosynthetic human parathyroid hormone 1-34): A new paradigm in the treatment of osteoporosis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2004, 94:260-270.
112. Rosen C.J. What's new with PTH in osteoporosis: Where are we and where are we headed?. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004, 15:229-233.
113. Girotra M., Rubin M.R., Bilezikian J.P. The use of parathyroid hormone in the treatment of osteoporosis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2006, 7:113-121.
114. Gunness-Hey M., Hock J.M. Increased trabecular bone mass in rats treated with human synthetic parathyroid hormone. Metab Bone Dis Relat Res 1984, 5:177-181.
115. Wronski T.J., Yen C.F., Qi H., Dann L.M. Parathyroid hormone is more effective than estrogen or bisphosphonates for restoration of lost bone mass in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 1993, 132:823-831.
116. Liu C.C., Kalu D.N. Human parathyroid hormone(1-34) prevents bone loss and augments bone formation in sexually mature ovariectomized rats. J Bone Miner Res 1990, 5:973-982.
117. Whitfield J.F., Morley P., Willick G.E. The bone-building action of the parathyroid hormone: Implications for the treatment of osteoporosis. Drugs Aging 1999, 15:117-129.
118. Dempster D.W., Cosman F., Parisien M., Shen V., Lindsay R. Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone. Endocr Rev 1993, 14:690-709.
119. Hirano T., Burr D.B., Turner C.H., Sato M., Cain R.L., Hock J.M. Anabolic effects of human biosynthetic parathyroid hormone fragment (1-34), LY333334, on remodeling and mechanical properties of cortical bone in rabbits. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:536-545.
120. Zhang L., Endo N., Yamamoto N., Tanizawa T., Takahashi H.E. Effects of single and concurrent intermittent administration of human PTH (1-34) and incadronate on cancellous and cortical bone of femoral neck in ovariectomized rats. Tohoku J Exp Med 1998, 186:131-141.
121. Sato M., Zeng G.Q., Turner C.H. Biosynthetic human parathyroid hormone (1-34) effects on bone quality in aged ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 1997, 138:4330-4337.
122. Baumann B.D., Wronski T.J. Response of cortical bone to antiresorptive agents and parathyroid hormone in aged ovariectomized rats. Bone 1995, 16:247-253.
123. Lane N.E., Kimmel D.B., Nilsson M.H., Cohen F.E., Newton S., Nissenson R.A., Strewler G.J. Bone-selective analogs of human PTH(1-34) increase bone formation in an ovariectomized rat model. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:614-625.
124. Lane N.E., Thompson J.M., Strewler G.J., Kinney J.H. Intermittent treatment with human parathyroid hormone (hPTH[1-34]) increased trabecular bone volume but not connectivity in osteopenic rats. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10:1470-1477.
125. Mosekilde L., Sogaard C.H., Danielsen C.C., Torring O. The anabolic effects of human parathyroid hormone (hPTH) on rat vertebral body mass are also reflected in the quality of bone, assessed by biomechanical testing: A comparison study between hPTH-(1-34) and hPTH-(1-84). Endocrinology 1991, 129:421-428.
126. Zhang R.W., Supowit S.C., Xu X., Li H., Christensen M.D., Lozano R., Simmons D.J. Expression of selected osteogenic markers in the fibroblast-like cells of rat marrow stroma. Calcif Tissue Int 1995, 56:283-291.
127. Hicok K.C., Thomas T., Gori F., Rickard D.J., Spelsberg T.C., Riggs B.L. Development and characterization of conditionally immortalized osteoblast precursor cell lines from human bone marrow stroma. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:205-217.
128. Rouleau M.F., Mitchell J., Goltzman D. Characterization of the major parathyroid hormone target cell in the endosteal metaphysis of rat long bones. J Bone Miner Res 1990, 5:1043-1053.
129. Zang X.Y., Tan Y.B., Pang Z.L., Zhang W.Z., Zhao J. Effects of parathyroid hormone and estradiol on proliferation and function of human osteoblasts from fetal long bone. An in vitro study. Chin Med J (Engl) 1994, 107:600-603.
130. Sabatini M., Lesur C., Pacherie M., Pastoureau P., Kucharczyk N., Fauchere J.L., Bonnet J. Effects of parathyroid hormone and agonists of the adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase C pathways on bone cell proliferation. Bone 1996, 18:59-65.
131. MacDonald B.R., Gallagher J.A., Russell R.G. Parathyroid hormone stimulates the proliferation of cells derived from human bone. Endocrinology 1986, 118:2445-2449.
132. Partridge N.C., Opie A.L., Opie R.T., Martin T.J. Inhibitory effects of parathyroid hormone on growth of osteogenic sarcoma cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1985, 37:519-525.
133. Nishida S., Yamaguchi A., Tanizawa T., Endo N., Mashiba T., Uchiyama Y., Suda T., Yoshiki S., Takahashi H.E. Increased bone formation by intermittent parathyroid hormone administration is due to the stimulation of proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells in bone marrow. Bone 1994, 15:717-723.
134. Schiller P.C., D'Ippolito G., Roos B.A., Howard G.A. Anabolic or catabolic responses of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells to parathyroid hormone depend on time and duration of treatment. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:1504-1512.
135. Ishizuya T., Yokose S., Hori M., Noda T., Suda T., Yoshiki S., Yamaguchi A. Parathyroid hormone exerts disparate effects on osteoblast differentiation depending on exposure time in rat osteoblastic cells. J Clin Invest 1997, 99:2961-2970.
136. Wang Y.H., Liu Y., Buhl K., Rowe D.W. Comparison of the action of transient and continuous PTH on primary osteoblast cultures expressing differentiation stage-specific GFP. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:5-14.
137. Wang Y.H., Liu Y., Rowe D.W. Effects of transient PTH on early proliferation, apoptosis, and subsequent differentiation of osteoblast in calvarial osteoblast cultures. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 292:E594-E603.
138. Kulkarni N.H., Halladay D.L., Miles R.R., Gilbert L.M., Frolik C.A., Galvin R.J., Martin T.J., Gillespie M.T., Onyia J.E. Effects of parathyroid hormone on Wnt signaling pathway in bone. J Cell Biochem 2005, 95:1178-1190.
139. Keller H., Kneissel M. SOST is a target gene for PTH in bone. Bone 2005, 37:148-158.
140. Bellido T., Ali A.A., Gubrij I., Plotkin L.I., Fu Q., O'Brien C.A., Manolagas S.C., Jilka R.L. Chronic elevation of parathyroid hormone in mice reduces expression of sclerostin by osteocytes: A novel mechanism for hormonal control of osteoblastogenesis. Endocrinology 2005, 146:4577-4583.
141. Rodda S.J., McMahon A.P. Distinct roles for Hedgehog and canonical Wnt signaling in specification, differentiation and maintenance of osteoblast progenitors. Development 2006, 133:3231-3244.
142. Jilka R.L., Weinstein R.S., Bellido T., Roberson P., Parfitt A.M., Manolagas S.C. Increased bone formation by prevention of osteoblast apoptosis with parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 1999, 104:439-446.
143. Fukayama S., Kong G., Benovic J.L., Meurer E., Tashjian A.H. Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 acutely regulates PTH/PTHrP receptor signalling in human osteoblastlike cells. Cell Signal 1997, 9:469-474.
144. Vilardaga J.P., Frank M., Krasel C., Dees C., Nissenson R.A., Lohse M.J. Differential conformational requirements for activation of G proteins and the regulatory proteins arrestin and G protein-coupled receptor kinase in the G protein-coupled receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:33435-33443.
145. Flannery P.J., Spurney R.F. Domains of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor required for regulation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Biochem Pharmacol 2001, 62:1047-1058.
146. Wang L., Quarles L.D., Spurney R.F. Unmasking the osteoinductive effects of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase (GRK) inhibitor by treatment with PTH(1-34). J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:1661-1670.
147. Wang L., Liu S., Quarles L.D., Spurney R.F. Targeted overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in osteoblasts promotes bone loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005, 288:E826-E834.
148. Black D.M., Greenspan S.L., Ensrud K.E., Palermo L., McGowan J.A., Lang T.F., Garnero P., Bouxsein M.L., Bilezikian J.P., Rosen C.J. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1207-1215.
149. Finkelstein J.S., Hayes A., Hunzelman J.L., Wyland J.J., Lee H., Neer R.M. The effects of parathyroid hormone, alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1216-1226.
150. Martin T.J. Does bone resorption inhibition affect the anabolic response to parathyroid hormone?. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004, 15:49-50.
151. Koh A.J., Demiralp B., Neiva K.G., Hooten J., Nohutcu R.M., Shim H., Datta N.S., Taichman R.S., McCauley L.K. Cells of the osteoclast lineage as mediators of the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone in bone. Endocrinology 2005, 146:4584-4596.
152. Bikle D.D., Sakata T., Leary C., Elalieh H., Ginzinger D., Rosen C.J., Beamer W., Majumdar S., Halloran B.P. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on mouse bone. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:1570-1578.
153. Miyakoshi N., Kasukawa Y., Linkhart T.A., Baylink D.J., Mohan S. Evidence that anabolic effects of PTH on bone require IGF-I in growing mice. Endocrinology 2001, 142:4349-4356.
154. Locklin R.M., Khosla S., Turner R.T., Riggs B.L. Mediators of the biphasic responses of bone to intermittent and continuously administered parathyroid hormone. J Cell Biochem 2003, 89:180-190.
155. Hurley M.M., Okada Y., Xiao L., Tanaka Y., Ito M., Okimoto N., Nakamura T., Rosen C.J., Doetschman T., Coffin J.D. Impaired bone anabolic response to parathyroid hormone in Fgf2-/- and Fgf2+/- mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 341:989-994.
156. Ellsworth J.H.R. Studies on physiology of parathyroid glands: Some responses of normal human kidneys and blood to intravenous parathyroid extract. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1934, 55:296.
157. Zhao N., Tenenhouse H.S. Npt2 gene disruption confers resistance to the inhibitory action of parathyroid hormone on renal sodium-phosphate cotransport. Endocrinology 2000, 141:2159-2165.
158. Murer H., Forster I., Hilfiker H., Pfister M., Kaissling B., Lotscher M., Biber J. Cellular/molecular control of renal Na/Pi-cotransport. Kidney Int Suppl 1998, 65:S2-S10.
159. Berndt T.A.K. Renal regulation of phosphate excretion. The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology 1992, 2511-2532. Raven Press, New York. D.A.G. Seldin (Ed.).
160. Murer H. Homer Smith Award. Cellular mechanisms in proximal tubular Pi reabsorption: Some answers and more questions. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992, 2:1649-1665.
161. Murer H., Forster I., Hernando N., Lambert G., Traebert M., Biber J. Posttranscriptional regulation of the proximal tubule NaPi-II transporter in response to PTH and dietary P(i). Am J Physiol 1999, 277:F676-F684.
162. Keusch I., Traebert M., Lotscher M., Kaissling B., Murer H., Biber J. Parathyroid hormone and dietary phosphate provoke a lysosomal routing of the proximal tubular Na/Picotransporter type II. Kidney Int 1998, 54:1224-1232.
163. Zhang Y., Norian J.M., Magyar C.E., Holstein-Rathlou N.H., Mircheff A.K., McDonough A.A. In vivo PTH provokes apical NHE3 and NaPi2 redistribution and Na-K-ATPase inhibition. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:F711-F719.
164. Traebert M., Roth J., Biber J., Murer H., Kaissling B. Internalization of proximal tubular type II Na-P(i) cotransporter by PTH: Immunogold electron microscopy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000, 278:F148-F154.
165. Bacic D., Wagner C.A., Hernando N., Kaissling B., Biber J., Murer H. Novel aspects in regulated expression of the renal type IIa Na/Pi-cotransporter. Kidney Int Suppl 2004, 91:S5-S12.
166. Kempson S.A., Lotscher M., Kaissling B., Biber J., Murer H., Levi M. Parathyroid hormone action on phosphate transporter mRNA and protein in rat renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol 1995, 268:F784-F791.
167. Mahon M.J., Cole J.A., Lederer E.D., Segre G.V. Na+/H+ exchanger-regulatory factor 1 mediates inhibition of phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone and second messengers by acting at multiple sites in opossum kidney cells. Mol Endocrinol 2003, 17:2355-2364.
168. Cunningham R., Steplock D., Shenolikar S., Weinman E.J. Defective PTH regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport in NHERF-1-/- renal proximal tubule cells and wild-type cells adapted to low-phosphate media. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005, 289:F933-F938.
169. Cunningham R., Steplock D., Biswas R.S., Wang F., Shenolikar S., Weinman E.J. Adenoviral expression of NHERF-1 in NHERF-1 null mouse renal proximal tubule cells restores Npt2a regulation by low phosphate media and parathyroid hormone. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006, 291:F896-F901.
170. Friedman P.A., Gesek F.A. Calcium transport in renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1993, 264:F181-F198.
171. Seldin D.W. Renal handling of calcium. Nephron 1999, 81(Suppl. 1):2-7.
172. 2+ channels in renal epithelial cells by parathyroid hormone. Nature 1990, 347:388-391.
173. Gesek F.A., Friedman P.A. On the mechanism of parathyroid hormone stimulation of calcium uptake by mouse distal convoluted tubule cells. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:749-758.
174. Friedman P.A. Codependence of renal calcium and sodium transport. Annu Rev Physiol 1998, 60:179-197.
175. van Abel M., Hoenderop J.G., van der Kemp A.W., Friedlaender M.M., van Leeuwen J.P., Bindels R.J. Coordinated control of renal Ca(2+) transport proteins by parathyroid hormone. Kidney Int 2005, 68:1708-1721.
176. Breslau N.A. Normal and abnormal regulation of 1,25(OH)2D synthesis. Am J Med Sci 1988, 296:417-425.
177. Fraser D.R., Kodicek E. Regulation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity in kidney by parathyroid hormone. Nat New Biol 1973, 241:163-166.
178. Kremer R., Goltzman D. Parathyroid hormone stimulates mammalian renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1 alpha-hydroxylase in vitro. Endocrinology 1982, 110:294-296.
179. Rost C.R., Bikle D.D., Kaplan R.A. In vitro stimulation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1 alpha-hydroxylation by parathyroid hormone in chick kidney slices: Evidence for a role for adenosine 3́,5́-monophosphate. Endocrinology 1981, 108:1002-1006.
180. Monkawa T., Yoshida T., Wakino S., Shinki T., Anazawa H., Deluca H.F., Suda T., Hayashi M., Saruta T. Molecular cloning of cDNA and genomic DNA for human 25hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 239:527-533.
181. Fu G.K., Lin D., Zhang M.Y., Bikle D.D., Shackleton C.H., Miller W.L., Portale A.A. Cloning of human 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase and mutations causing vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1. Mol Endocrinol 1997, 11:1961-1970.
182. Glorieux F.H., St.-Arnaud R. Molecular cloning of (25- OH D)-1 alpha-hydroxylase: An approach to the understanding of vitamin D pseudo-deficiency. Recent Prog Horm Res 1998, 53:341-350.
183. Murayama A., Takeyama K., Kitanaka S., Kodera Y., Kawaguchi Y., Hosoya T., Kato S. Positive and negative regulations of the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alphahydroxylase gene by parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 in intact animals. Endocrinology 1999, 140:2224-2231.
184. Shinki T., Ueno Y., DeLuca H.F., Suda T. Calcitonin is a major regulator for the expression of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase gene in normocalcemic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:8253-8258.
185. Brenza H.L., DeLuca H.F. Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase gene expression by parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000, 381:143-152.
186. Omdahl J.L., Morris H.A., May B.K. Hydroxylase enzymes of the vitamin D pathway: Expression, function, and regulation. Annu Rev Nutr 2002, 22:139-166.
187. Armbrecht H.J., Hodam T.L., Boltz M.A. Hormonal regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase gene transcription in opossum kidney cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003, 409:298-304.
188. Stewart A.F., Horst R., Deftos L.J., Cadman E.C., Lang R., Broadus A.E. Biochemical evaluation of patients with cancer-associated hypercalcemia: Evidence for humoral and nonhumoral groups. N Engl J Med 1980, 303:1377-1383.
189. Rodan S.B., Insogna K.L., Vignery A.M., Stewart A.F., Broadus A.E., D'Souza S.M., Bertolini D.R., Mundy G.R., Rodan G.A. Factors associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy stimulate adenylate cyclase in osteoblastic cells. J Clin Invest 1983, 72:1511-1515.
190. Strewler G.J., Williams R.D., Nissenson R.A. Human renal carcinoma cells produce hypercalcemia in the nude mouse and a novel protein recognized by parathyroid hormone receptors. J Clin Invest 1983, 71:769-774.
191. Rabbani S.A., Mitchell J., Roy D.R., Kremer R., Bennett H.P., Goltzman D. Purification of peptides with parathyroid hormone-like bioactivity from human and rat malignancies associated with hypercalcemia. Endocrinology 1986, 118:1200-1210.
192. Moseley J.M., Kubota M., Diefenbach-Jagger H., Wettenhall R.E., Kemp B.E., Suva L.J., Rodda C.P., Ebeling P.R., Hudson P.J., Zajac J.D., et al. Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987, 84:5048-5052.
193. Suva L.J., Winslow G.A., Wettenhall R.E., Hammonds R.G., Moseley J.M., Diefenbach-Jagger H., Rodda C.P., Kemp B.E., Rodriguez H., Chen E.Y., et al. A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: Cloning and expression. Science 1987, 237:893-896.
194. Strewler G.J., Stern P.H., Jacobs J.W., Eveloff J., Klein R.F., Leung S.C., Rosenblatt M., Nissenson R.A. Parathyroid hormone-like protein from human renal carcinoma cells. Structural and functional homology with parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 1987, 80:1803-1807.
195. Mangin M., Webb A.C., Dreyer B.E., Posillico J.T., Ikeda K., Weir E.C., Stewart A.F., Bander N.H., Milstone L., Barton D.E., et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide from a human tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988, 85:597-601.
196. Mangin M., Ikeda K., Dreyer B.E., Milstone L., Broadus A.E. Two distinct tumor-derived, parathyroid hormonelike peptides result from alternative ribonucleic acid splicing. Mol Endocrinol 1988, 2:1049-1055.
197. Thiede M.A., Strewler G.J., Nissenson R.A., Rosenblatt M., Rodan G.A. Human renal carcinoma expresses two messages encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide: Evidence for the alternative splicing of a single-copy gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988, 85:4605-4609.
198. Mannstadt M., Juppner H., Gardella T.J. Receptors for PTH and PTHrP: Their biological importance and functional properties. Am J Physiol 1999, 277:F665-F675.
199. Strewler G.J. The physiology of parathyroid hormonerelated protein. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:177-185.
200. Wysolmerski J.J., Stewart A.F. The physiology of parathyroid hormone-related protein: An emerging role as a developmental factor. Annu Rev Physiol 1998, 60:431-460.
201. Lanske B., Kronenberg H.M. Parathyroid hormonerelated peptide (PTHrP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)/ PTHrP receptor. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1998, 8:297-320.
202. Philbrick W.M., Wysolmerski J.J., Galbraith S., Holt E., Orloff J.J., Yang K.H., Vasavada R.C., Weir E.C., Broadus A.E., Stewart A.F. Defining the roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal physiology. Physiol Rev 1996, 76:127-173.
203. Dunbar M.E., Wysolmerski J.J., Broadus A.E. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: From hypercalcemia of malignancy to developmental regulatory molecule. Am J Med Sci 1996, 312:287-294.
204. Karaplis A.C., Luz A., Glowacki J., Bronson R.T., Tybulewicz V.L., Kronenberg H.M., Mulligan R.C. Lethal skeletal dysplasia from targeted disruption of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene. Genes Dev 1994, 8:277-289.
205. Erlebacher A., Filvaroff E.H., Gitelman S.E., Derynck R. Toward a molecular understanding of skeletal development. Cell 1995, 80:371-378.
206. Provot S., Schipani E. Molecular mechanisms of endochondral bone development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 328:658-665.
207. Kronenberg H.M. Developmental regulation of the growth plate. Nature 2003, 423:332-336.
208. St.-Jacques B., Hammerschmidt M., McMahon A.P. Indian hedgehog signaling regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and is essential for bone formation. Genes Dev 1999, 13:2072-2086.
209. Lai L.P., Mitchell J. Indian hedgehog: Its roles and regulation in endochondral bone development. J Cell Biochem 2005, 96:1163-1173.
210. Long F., Chung U.I., Ohba S., McMahon J., Kronenberg H.M., McMahon A.P. Ihh signaling is directly required for the osteoblast lineage in the endochondral skeleton. Development 2004, 131:1309-1318.
211. Hu H., Hilton M.J., Tu X., Yu K., Ornitz D.M., Long F. Sequential roles of Hedgehog and Wnt signaling in osteoblast development. Development 2005, 132:49-60.
212. Chung U., Kronenberg H.M. Parathyroid hormonerelated peptide and Indian hedgehog. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2000, 9:357-362.
213. Karaplis A.C. PTHrP: Novel roles in skeletal biology. Curr Pharm Des 2001, 7:655-670.
214. Kronenberg H.M. PTHrP and skeletal development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1068:1-13.
215. Juppner H. Role of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and Indian hedgehog in skeletal development. Pediatr Nephrol 2000, 14:606-611.
216. Weir E.C., Philbrick W.M., Amling M., Neff L.A., Baron R., Broadus A.E. Targeted overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in chondrocytes causes chondrodysplasia and delayed endochondral bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:10240-10250.
217. Schipani E., Kruse K., Juppner H. A constitutively active mutant PTH-PTHrP receptor in Jansen-type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. Science 1995, 268:98-100.
218. Schipani E., Provot S. PTHrP, PTH, and the PTH/PTHrP receptor in endochondral bone development. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2003, 69:352-362.
219. Vortkamp A., Lee K., Lanske B., Segre G.V., Kronenberg H.M., Tabin C.J. Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science 1996, 273:613-622.
220. Lanske B., Karaplis A.C., Lee K., Luz A., Vortkamp A., Pirro A., Karperien M., Defize L.H., Ho C., Mulligan R.C., Abou-Samra A.B., Juppner H., Segre G.V., Kronenberg H.M. PTH/PTHrP receptor in early development and Indian hedgehog-regulated bone growth. Science 1996, 273:663-666.
221. Karp S.J., Schipani E., St.-Jacques B., Hunzelman J., Kronenberg H., McMahon A.P. Indian hedgehog coordinates endochondral bone growth and morphogenesis via parathyroid hormone related-protein-dependent and -independent pathways. Development 2000, 127:543-548.
222. Kobayashi T., Chung U.I., Schipani E., Starbuck M., Karsenty G., Katagiri T., Goad D.L., Lanske B., Kronenberg H.M. PTHrP and Indian hedgehog control differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes at multiple steps. Development 2002, 129:2977-2986.
223. Kobayashi T., Soegiarto D.W., Yang Y., Lanske B., Schipani E., McMahon A.P., Kronenberg H.M. Indian hedgehog stimulates periarticular chondrocyte differentiation to regulate growth plate length independently of PTHrP. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:1734-1742.
224. Lee K., Deeds J.D., Segre G.V. Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its receptor messenger ribonucleic acids during fetal development of rats. Endocrinology 1995, 136:453-463.
225. Jansen M. Uber atypische chondrodystrophie (achondroplasie) und uber eine noch night beschriebene angeborene wachstumsstarung des knochensystems: metaphysare dysostosis. Z Orthop Chir 1934, 61:253-286.
226. Jobert A.S., Zhang P., Couvineau A., Bonaventure J., Roume J., Le Merrer M., Silve C. Absence of functional receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormonerelated peptide in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. J Clin Invest 1998, 102:34-40.
227. Karaplis A.C., He B., Nguyen M.T., Young I.D., Semeraro D., Ozawa H., Amizuka N. Inactivating mutation in the human parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 gene in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. Endocrinology 1998, 139:5255-5258.
228. Nissenson R.A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTHrP receptor mutations in human chondrodysplasia. Endocrinology 1998, 139:4753-4755.
229. Blomstrand S., Claesson I., Save-Soderbergh J. A case of lethal congenital dwarfism with accelerated skeletal maturation. Pediatr Radiol 1985, 15:141-143.
230. MacLean H.E., Guo J., Knight M.C., Zhang P., Cobrinik D., Kronenberg H.M. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p57(Kip2) mediates proliferative actions of PTHrP in chondrocytes. J Clin Invest 2004, 113:1334-1343.
231. Amling M., Neff L., Tanaka S., Inoue D., Kuida K., Weir E., Philbrick W.M., Broadus A.E., Baron R. Bcl-2 lies downstream of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in a signaling pathway that regulates chondrocyte maturation during skeletal development. J Cell Biol 1997, 136:205-213.
232. Guo J., Chung U.I., Yang D., Karsenty G., Bringhurst F.R., Kronenberg H.M. PTH/PTHrP receptor delays chondrocyte hypertrophy via both Runx2-dependent and -independent pathways. Dev Biol 2006, 292:116-128.
233. Provot S., Kempf H., Murtaugh L.C., Chung U.I., Kim D.W., Chyung J., Kronenberg H.M., Lassar A.B. Nkx3.2/ Bapx1 acts as a negative regulator of chondrocyte maturation. Development 2006, 133:651-662.
234. Amizuka N., Karaplis A.C., Henderson J.E., Warshawsky H., Lipman M.L., Matsuki Y., Ejiri S., Tanaka M., Izumi N., Ozawa H., Goltzman D. Haploinsufficiency of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) results in abnormal postnatal bone development. Dev Biol 1996, 175:166-176.
235. Miao D., He B., Jiang Y., Kobayashi T., Soroceanu M.A., Zhao J., Su H., Tong X., Amizuka N., Gupta A., Genant H.K., Kronenberg H.M., Goltzman D., Karaplis A.C. Osteoblast-derived PTHrP is a potent endogenous bone anabolic agent that modifies the therapeutic efficacy of administered PTH 1-34. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:2402-2411.
236. Suda N., Baba O., Udagawa N., Terashima T., Kitahara Y., Takano Y., Kuroda T., Senior P.V., Beck F., Hammond V.E. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is required for normal intramembranous bone development. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:2182-2191.
237. Chen X., Macica C.M., Dreyer B.E., Hammond V.E., Hens J.R., Philbrick W.M., Broadus A.E. Initial characterization of PTH-related protein gene-driven lacZ expression in the mouse. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:113-123.
238. Chen X., Macica C.M., Ng K.W., Broadus A.E. Stretchinduced PTH-related protein gene expression in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:1454-1461.
239. Wysolmerski J.J., McCaughern-Carucci J.F., Daifotis A.G., Broadus A.E., Philbrick W.M. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development 1995, 121:3539-3547.
240. Wysolmerski J.J., Philbrick W.M., Dunbar M.E., Lanske B., Kronenberg H., Broadus A.E. Rescue of the parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mouse demonstrates that parathyroid hormone-related protein is essential for mammary gland development. Development 1998, 125:1285-1294.
241. Ferrari S.L., Rizzoli R., Bonjour J.P. Parathyroid hormone-related protein production by primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 1992, 150:304-311.
242. Dunbar M.E., Young P., Zhang J.P., McCaughern-Carucci J., Lanske B., Orloff J.J., Karaplis A., Cunha G., Wysolmerski J.J. Stromal cells are critical targets in the regulation of mammary ductal morphogenesis by parathyroid hormone-related protein. Dev Biol 1998, 203:75-89.
243. Wysolmerski J.J., Cormier S., Philbrick W.M., Dann P., Zhang J.P., Roume J., Delezoide A.L., Silve C. Absence of functional type 1 parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptors in humans is associated with abnormal breast development and tooth impaction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:1788-1794.
244. Dunbar M.E., Dann P.R., Robinson G.W., Hennighausen L., Zhang J.P., Wysolmerski J.J. Parathyroid hormonerelated protein signaling is necessary for sexual dimorphism during embryonic mammary development. Development 1999, 126:3485-3493.
245. Foley J., Dann P., Hong J., Cosgrove J., Dreyer B., Rimm D., Dunbar M., Philbrick W., Wysolmerski J. Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development. Development 2001, 128:513-525.
246. Kobayashi T., Kronenberg H.M., Foley J. Reduced expression of the PTH/PTHrP receptor during development of the mammary gland influences the function of the nipple during lactation. Dev Dyn 2005, 233:794-803.
247. Thiede M.A., Rodan G.A. Expression of a calciummobilizing parathyroid hormone-like peptide in lactating mammary tissue. Science 1988, 242:278-280.
248. Yamamoto M., Duong L.T., Fisher J.E., Thiede M.A., Caulfield M.P., Rosenblatt M. Suckling-mediated increases in urinary phosphate and 3́,5́-cyclic adenosine monophosphate excretion in lactating rats: Possible systemic effects of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Endocrinology 1991, 129:2614-2622.
249. Mather K.J., Chik C.L., Corenblum B. Maintenance of serum calcium by parathyroid hormone-related peptide during lactation in a hypoparathyroid patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:424-427.
250. VanHouten J.N., Wysolmerski J.J. Low estrogen and high parathyroid hormone-related peptide levels contribute to accelerated bone resorption and bone loss in lactating mice. Endocrinology 2003, 144:5521-5529.
251. Budayr A.A., Halloran B.P., King J.C., Diep D., Nissenson R.A., Strewler G.J. High levels of a parathyroid hormone-like protein in milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86:7183-7185.
252. Sowers M., Zhang D., Hollis B.W., Shapiro B., Janney C.A., Crutchfield M., Schork M.A., Stanczyk F., Randolph J. Role of calciotrophic hormones in calcium mobilization of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 1998, 67:284-291.
253. VanHouten J.N., Dann P., Stewart A.F., Watson C.J., Pollak M., Karaplis A.C., Wysolmerski J.J. Mammaryspecific deletion of parathyroid hormone-related protein preserves bone mass during lactation. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1429-1436.
254. Ardeshirpour L., Dann P., Pollak M., Wysolmerski J., VanHouten J. The calcium-sensing receptor regulates PTHrP production and calcium transport in the lactating mammary gland. Bone 2006, 38:787-793.
255. Merendino J.J., Insogna K.L., Milstone L.M., Broadus A.E., Stewart A.F. A parathyroid hormone-like protein from cultured human keratinocytes. Science 1986, 231:388-390.
256. Campos R.V., Asa S.L., Drucker D.J. Immunocytochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in the rat fetus. Cancer Res 1991, 51:6351-6357.
257. Atillasoy E.J., Burtis W.J., Milstone L.M. Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1991, 96:277-280.
258. Cho Y.M., Woodard G.L., Dunbar M., Gocken T., Jimenez J.A., Foley J. Hair-cycle-dependent expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein and its type I receptor: Evidence for regulation at the anagen to catagen transition. J Invest Dermatol 2003, 120:715-727.
259. Pun K.K., Arnaud C.D., Nissenson R.A. Parathyroid hormone receptors in human dermal fibroblasts: Structural and functional characterization. J Bone Miner Res 1988, 3:453-460.
260. Errazahi A., Bouizar Z., Lieberherr M., Souil E., Rizk-Rabin M. Functional type I PTH/PTHrP receptor in freshly isolated newborn rat keratinocytes: Identification by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:737-750.
261. Orloff J.J., Ganz M.B., Ribaudo A.E., Burtis W.J., Reiss M., Milstone L.M., Stewart A.F. Analysis of PTHRP binding and signal transduction mechanisms in benign and malignant squamous cells. Am J Physiol 1992, 262:E599-E607.
262. Kaiser S.M., Laneuville P., Bernier S.M., Rhim J.S., Kremer R., Goltzman D. Enhanced growth of a human keratinocyte cell line induced by antisense RNA for parathyroid hormone-related peptide. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:13623-13628.
263. Kaiser S.M., Sebag M., Rhim J.S., Kremer R., Goltzman D. Antisense-mediated inhibition of parathyroid hormone-related peptide production in a keratinocyte cell line impedes differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 1994, 8:139-147.
264. Wysolmerski J.J., Broadus A.E., Zhou J., Fuchs E., Milstone L.M., Philbrick W.M. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the skin of transgenic mice interferes with hair follicle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:1133-1137.
265. Diamond A.G., Gonterman R.M., Anderson A.L., Menon K., Offutt C.D., Weaver C.H., Philbrick W.M., Foley J. Parathyroid hormone-related protein and the PTH receptor regulate angiogenesis of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2006, 126:2127-2134.
266. Foley J., Longely B.J., Wysolmerski J.J., Dreyer B.E., Broadus A.E., Philbrick W.M. PTHrP regulates epidermal differentiation in adult mice. J Invest Dermatol 1998, 111:1122-1128.
267. Holick M.F., Ray S., Chen T.C., Tian X., Persons K.S. A parathyroid hormone antagonist stimulates epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:8014-8016.
268. Safer J.D., Ray S., Holick M.F. A topical PTH/PTHrP receptor antagonist stimulates hair growth in mice. Endocrinology 2007, 148:1167-1170.
269. Philbrick W.M., Dreyer B.E., Nakchbandi I.A., Karaplis A.C. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is required for tooth eruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:11846-11851.
270. Kitahara Y., Suda N., Kuroda T., Beck F., Hammond V.E., Takano Y. Disturbed tooth development in parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-gene knockout mice. Bone 2002, 30:48-56.
271. Boabaid F., Berry J.E., Koh A.J., Somerman M.J., McCcauley L.K. The role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis by cementoblasts. J Periodontol 2004, 75:1247-1254.
272. Liu J.G., Tabata M.J., Fujii T., Ohmori T., Abe M., Ohsaki Y., Kato J., Wakisaka S., Iwamoto M., Kurisu K. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide is involved in protection against invasion of tooth germs by bone via promoting the differentiation of osteoclasts during tooth development. Mech Dev 2000, 95:189-200.
273. Nakchbandi I.A., Weir E.E., Insogna K.L., Philbrick W.M., Broadus A.E. Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces spontaneous osteoclast formation via a paracrine cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:7296-7300.
274. Thiede M.A., Daifotis A.G., Weir E.C., Brines M.L., Burtis W.J., Ikeda K., Dreyer B.E., Garfield R.E., Broadus A.E. Intrauterine occupancy controls expression of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene in preterm rat myometrium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990, 87:6969-6973.
275. Daifotis A.G., Weir E.C., Dreyer B.E., Broadus A.E. Stretch-induced parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression in the rat uterus. J Biol Chem 1992, 267:23455-23458.
276. Ferguson J.E., Gorman J.V., Bruns D.E., Weir E.C., Burtis W.J., Martin T.J., Bruns M.E. Abundant expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human amnion and its association with labor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:8384-8388.
277. Germain A.M., Attaroglu H., MacDonald P.C., Casey M.L. Parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA in avascular human amnion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 75:1173-1175.
278. Yamamoto M., Harm S.C., Grasser W.A., Thiede M.A. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the rat urinary bladder: A smooth muscle relaxant produced locally in response to mechanical stretch. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:5326-5330.
279. Ito M., Ohtsuru A., Enomoto H., Ozeki S., Nakashima M., Nakayama T., Shichijo K., Sekine I., Yamashita S. Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in relation to perturbations of gastric motility in the rat. Endocrinology 1994, 134:1936-1942.
280. Francis M., Arkle M., Martin L., Butler T.M., Cruz M.C., Opare-Aryee G., Dacke C.G., Brown J.F. Relaxant effects of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormonerelated peptides on oviduct motility in birds and mammals: Possible role of nitric oxide. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003, 133:243-251.
281. Nickols G.A., Nana A.D., Nickols M.A., DiPette D.J., Asimakis G.K. Hypotension and cardiac stimulation due to the parathyroid hormone-related protein, humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy factor. Endocrinology 1989, 125:834-841.
282. Massfelder T., Fiaschi-Taesch N., Stewart A.F., Helwig J.J. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide-A smooth muscle tone and proliferation regulatory protein. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998, 7:27-32.
283. Meziani F., Van Overloop B., Schneider F., Gairard A. Parathyroid hormone-related protein-induced relaxation of rat uterine arteries: Influence of the endothelium during gestation. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2005, 12:14-19.
284. Gao Y., Raj J.U. Parathyroid hormone-related protein-mediated responses in pulmonary arteries and veins of newborn lambs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005, 289:L60-L66.
285. Takahashi K., Inoue D., Ando K., Matsumoto T., Ikeda K., Fujita T. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide as a locally produced vasorelaxant: Regulation of its mRNA by hypertension in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 208:447-455.
286. Pirola C.J., Wang H.M., Kamyar A., Wu S., Enomoto H., Sharifi B., Forrester J.S., Clemens T.L., Fagin J.A. Angiotensin II regulates parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:1987-1994.
287. Maeda S., Sutliff R.L., Qian J., Lorenz J.N., Wang J., Tang H., Nakayama T., Weber C., Witte D., Strauch A.R., Paul R.J., Fagin J.A., Clemens T.L. Targeted overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) to vascular smooth muscle in transgenic mice lowers blood pressure and alters vascular contractility. Endocrinology 1999, 140:1815-1825.
288. Landa M.S., Garcia S.I., Liberjen L., Schuman M.L., Finkielman S., Pirola C.J. Parathyroid hormone-related protein overexpression decreases blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2005, 27:343-354.
289. Qian J., Lorenz J.N., Maeda S., Sutliff R.L., Weber C., Nakayama T., Colbert M.C., Paul R.J., Fagin J.A., Clemens T.L. Reduced blood pressure and increased sensitivity of the vasculature to parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in transgenic mice overexpressing the PTH/PTHrP receptor in vascular smooth muscle. Endocrinology 1999, 140:1826-1833.
290. Noonan W.T., Qian J., Stuart W.D., Clemens T.L., Lorenz J.N. Altered renal hemodynamics in mice overexpressing the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide type 1 receptor in smooth muscle. Endocrinology 2003, 144:4931-4938.
291. Massfelder T., Helwig J.J., Stewart A.F. Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a cardiovascular regulatory peptide. Endocrinology 1996, 137:3151-3153.
292. Bakre M.M., Zhu Y., Yin H., Burton D.W., Terkeltaub R., Deftos L.J., Varner J.A. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide is a naturally occurring, protein kinase A-dependent angiogenesis inhibitor. Nat Med 2002, 8:995-1003.
293. Schneider A.G., Leuthauser K., Pette D. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is rapidly upregulated in blood vessels of rat skeletal muscle by low-frequency stimulation. Pflugers Arch 1999, 439:167-173.
294. Weir E.C., Brines M.L., Ikeda K., Burtis W.J., Broadus A.E., Robbins R.J. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene is expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990, 87:108-112.
295. Weaver D.R., Deeds J.D., Lee K., Segre G.V. Localization of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNAs in rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1995, 28:296-310.
296. 2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:28105-28111.
297. Brines M.L., Ling Z., Broadus A.E. Parathyroid hormone-related protein protects against kainic acid excitotoxicity in rat cerebellar granule cells by regulating L-type channel calcium flux. Neurosci Lett 1999, 274:13-16.
298. Pang P.K., Wang R., Shan J., Karpinski E., Benishin C.G. Specific inhibition of long-lasting, L-type calcium channels by synthetic parathyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990, 87:623-627.
299. Ono T., Inokuchi K., Ogura A., Ikawa Y., Kudo Y., Kawashima S. Activity-dependent expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Requirement of PTHrP for the activity-dependent survival of granule neurons. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:14404-14411.
300. Chatterjee O., Nakchbandi I.A., Philbrick W.M., Dreyer B.E., Zhang J.P., Kaczmarek L.K., Brines M.L., Broadus A.E. Endogenous parathyroid hormone-related protein functions as a neuroprotective agent. Brain Res 2002, 930:58-66.
301. Funk J.L., Migliati E., Chen G., Wei H., Wilson J., Downey K.J., Mullarky P.J., Coull B.M., McDonagh P.F., Ritter L.S. Parathyroid hormone-related protein induction in focal stroke: A neuroprotective vascular peptide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003, 284:R1021-R1030.
302. Kovacs C.S., Lanske B., Hunzelman J.L., Guo J., Karaplis A.C., Kronenberg H.M. Parathyroid hormonerelated peptide (PTHrP) regulates fetal-placental calcium transport through a receptor distinct from the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:15233-15238.
303. MacIsaac R.J., Caple I.W., Danks J.A., Diefenbach-Jagger H., Grill V., Moseley J.M., Southby J., Martin T.J. Ontogeny of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the ovine parathyroid gland. Endocrinology 1991, 129:757-764.
304. Rodda C.P., Kubota M., Heath J.A., Ebeling P.R., Moseley J.M., Care A.D., Caple I.W., Martin T.J. Evidence for a novel parathyroid hormone-related protein in fetal lamb parathyroid glands and sheep placenta: Comparisons with a similar protein implicated in humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy. J Endocrinol 1988, 117:261-271.
305. Kovacs C.S., Manley N.R., Moseley J.M., Martin T.J., Kronenberg H.M. Fetal parathyroids are not required to maintain placental calcium transport. J Clin Invest 2001, 107:1007-1015.
306. Chase L.R., Aurbach G.D. Renal adenyl cyclase: Anatomically separate sites for parathyroid hormone and vasopressin. Science 1968, 159:545-547.
307. Chase L.R., Fedak S.A., Aurbach G.D. Activation of skeletal adenyl cyclase by parathyroid hormone in vitro. Endocrinology 1969, 84:761-768.
308. Marcus R., Aurbach G.D. Bioassay of parathyroid hormone in vitro with a stable preparation of adenyl cyclase from rat kidney. Endocrinology 1969, 85:801-810.
309. Dousa T., Rychlik I. The effect of parathyroid hormone on adenyl cyclase in rat kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta 1968, 158:484-486.
310. Lanske B., Divieti P., Kovacs C.S., Pirro A., Landis W.J., Krane S.M., Bringhurst F.R., Kronenberg H.M. The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor mediates actions of both ligands in murine bone. Endocrinology 1998, 139:5194-5204.
311. Vaes G. Parathyroid hormone-like action of N62-O-dibutyryladenosine-3́5́ (cyclic)-monophosphate on bone explants in tissue culture. Nature 1968, 219:939-940.
312. Raisz L.G. Physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of bone resorption. N Engl J Med 1970, 282:909-916.
313. Herrmann-Erlee M.P. Studies on the role of cyclic AMP in parathyroid hormone-induced embryonic bone resorption. J Endocrinol 1970, 48:lix-lxi.
314. Peck W.A., Klahr S. Cyclic nucleotides in bone and mineral metabolism. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1979, 11:89-130.
315. Lorenzo J.A., Sousa S., Quinton J. Forskolin has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on bone resorption in fetal rat long bone cultures. J Bone Miner Res 1986, 1:313-317.
316. Herrmann-Erlee M.P., Meer J.M.v. The effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, aminophylline and propranolol on PTE-induced bone resorption in vitro. Endocrinology 1974, 94:424-434.
317. Dziak R., Stern P. Parathyromimetic effects of the ionophore, A23187, on bone cells and organ cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975, 65:1343-1349.
318. Lorenzo J.A., Sousa S. Phorbol esters stimulate bone resorption in fetal rat long-bone cultures by mechanisms independent of prostaglandin synthesis. J Bone Miner Res 1988, 3:63-67.
319. Abraham D.C., Wadkins C.L., Conaway H.H. Enhancement of fetal rat limb bone resorption by phorbol ester (PMA) and ionophore A-23187. Calcif Tissue Int 1988, 42:191-195.
320. Bos M.P., Most W., van Leeuwen J.P., Herrmann-Erlee M.P. Role of protein kinase C (PKC) in bone resorption: Effect of the specific PKC inhibitor 1-alkyl-2-methylglycerol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992, 184:1317-1323.
321. Sprague S.M., Popovtzer M.M., Dranitzki-Elhalel M., Wald H. Parathyroid hormone-induced calcium efflux from cultured bone is mediated by protein kinase C translocation. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:F1139-F1146.
322. Bornefalk E., Ljunghall S., Ljunggren O. Bone resorption induced by A23187 is abolished by indomethacin: Implications for second messenger utilised by parathyroid hormone. Eur J Pharmacol 1998, 345:333-338.
323. Ivey J.L., Wright D.R., Tashjian A.H. Bone resorption in organ culture: Inhibition by the divalent cation ionophores A23187 and X-537A. J Clin Invest 1976, 58:1327-1338.
324. Dziak R., Stern P.H. Responses of fetal rat bone cells and bone organ cultures to the ionophore, A23187. Calcif Tissue Res 1976, 22:137-147.
325. Ransjo M., Lerner U.H. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a phorbol ester stimulating protein kinase C, inhibits bone resorption in vitro induced by parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide of malignancy. Acta Physiol Scand 1990, 139:249-250.
326. Kaji H., Sugimoto T., Kanatani M., Nasu M., Chihara K. Estrogen blocks parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated osteoclast-like cell formation by selectively affecting PTHresponsive cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Endocrinology 1996, 137:2217-2224.
327. Ransjo M., Lie A., Mackie E.J. Cholera toxin and forskolin stimulate formation of osteoclast-like cells in mouse marrow cultures and cultured mouse calvarial bones. Eur J Oral Sci 1999, 107:45-54.
328. Gao Y.H., Yamaguchi M. Inhibitory effect of genistein on osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse marrow cultures. Biochem Pharmacol 1999, 58:767-772.
329. Sugimoto T., Kanatani M., Kaji H., Yamaguchi T., Fukase M., Chihara K. Second messenger signaling of PTH- and PTHRP-stimulated osteoclast-like cell formation from hemopoietic blast cells. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:E367-E373.
330. Villa I., Mrak E., Rubinacci A., Ravasi F., Guidobono F. CGRP inhibits osteoprotegerin production in human osteoblast-like cells via cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006, 291:C529-C537.
331. Kondo H., Guo J., Bringhurst F.R. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A mediates parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor regulation of osteoclastogenesis and expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin mRNAs by marrow stromal cells. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:1667-1679.
332. Kanzawa M., Sugimoto T., Kanatani M., Chihara K. Involvement of osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor in the stimulation of osteoclast formation by parathyroid hormone in mouse bone cells. Eur J Endocrinol 2000, 142:661-664.
333. Lee S.K., Lorenzo J.A. Regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin mRNA expression by parathyroid hormone is predominantly mediated by the protein kinase a pathway in murine bone marrow cultures. Bone 2002, 31:252-259.
334. Brandstrom H., Jonsson K.B., Ohlsson C., Vidal O., Ljunghall S., Ljunggren O. Regulation of osteoprotegerin mRNA levels by prostaglandin E2 in human bone marrow stroma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 247:338-341.
335. Halladay D.L., Miles R.R., Thirunavukkarasu K., Chandrasekhar S., Martin T.J., Onyia J.E. Identification of signal transduction pathways and promoter sequences that mediate parathyroid hormone 1-38 inhibition of osteoprotegerin gene expression. J Cell Biochem 2001, 84:1-11.
336. Fu Q., Jilka R.L., Manolagas S.C., O'Brien C.A. Parathyroid hormone stimulates receptor activator of NFkappa B ligand and inhibits osteoprotegerin expression via protein kinase A activation of cAMP-response element-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:48868-48875.
337. Fu Q., Manolagas S.C., O'Brien C.A. Parathyroid hormone controls receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand gene expression via a distant transcriptional enhancer. Mol Cell Biol 2006, 26:6453-6468.
338. Kim S., Yamazaki M., Shevde N.K., Pike J.W. Transcriptional control of receptor activator of nuclear factor{kappa}B ligand by the protein kinase A activator forskolin and the transmembrane glycoprotein 130-activating cytokine, oncostatin M, is exerted through multiple distal enhancers. Mol Endocrinol 2007, 21:197-214.
339. Sakamoto A., Chen M., Nakamura T., Xie T., Karsenty G., Weinstein L.S. Deficiency of the G-protein alpha-subunit G(s)alpha in osteoblasts leads to differential effects on trabecular and cortical bone. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:21369-21375.
340. Onishi T., Zhang W., Cao X., Hruska K. The mitogenic effect of parathyroid hormone is associated with E2F-dependent activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdc2) in osteoblast precursors. J Bone Miner Res 1997, 12:1596-1605.
341. Isogai Y., Akatsu T., Ishizuya T., Yamaguchi A., Hori M., Takahashi N., Suda T. Parathyroid hormone regulates osteoblast differentiation positively or negatively depending on the differentiation stages. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:1384-1393.
342. Rixon R.H., Whitfield J.F., Gagnon L., Isaacs R.J., Maclean S., Chakravarthy B., Durkin J.P., Neugebauer W., Ross V., Sung W., et al. Parathyroid hormone fragments may stimulate bone growth in ovariectomized rats by activating adenylyl cyclase. J Bone Miner Res 1994, 9:1179-1189.
343. Whitfield J.F., Morley P., Willick G.E., MacLean S., Ross V., Barbier J., Isaacs R.J. Stimulation of femoral trabecular bone growth in ovariectomized rats by human parathyroid hormone (hPTH)-(1-30)NH(2). Calcif Tissue Int 1999, 65:143-147.
344. Franceschi R.T., Xiao G., Jiang D., Gopalakrishnan R., Yang S., Reith E. Multiple signaling pathways converge on the Cbfa1/Runx2 transcription factor to regulate osteoblast differentiation. Connect Tissue Res 2003, 44(Suppl. 1):109-116.
345. Krishnan V., Moore T.L., Ma Y.L., Helvering L.M., Frolik C.A., Valasek K.M., Ducy P., Geiser A.G. Parathyroid hormone bone anabolic action requires Cbfa1/Runx2-dependent signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2003, 17:423-435.
346. Wang B.L., Dai C.L., Quan J.X., Zhu Z.F., Zheng F., Zhang H.X., Guo S.Y., Guo G., Zhang J.Y., Qiu M.C. Parathyroid hormone regulates osterix and Runx2 mRNA expression predominantly through protein kinase A signal ing in osteoblast-like cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2006, 29:101-108.
347. Inoue A., Hiruma Y., Hirose S., Yamaguchi A., Hagiwara H. Reciprocal regulation by cyclic nucleotides of the differentiation of rat osteoblast-like cells and mineralization of nodules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 215:1104-1110.
348. Kaneki H., Takasugi I., Fujieda M., Kiriu M., Mizuochi S., Ide H. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates the formation of mineralized bone nodules by a cAMP-independent mechanism in the culture of adult rat calvarial osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 1999, 73:36-48.
349. Koh A.J., Beecher C.A., Rosol T.J., McCauley L.K. 3́,5́-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation in osteoblastic cells: Effects on parathyroid hormone-1 receptors and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. Endocrinology 1999, 140:3154-3162.
350. Kano J., Sugimoto T., Fukase M., Fujita T. The activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase is directly linked to the inhibition of osteoblast proliferation (UMR-106) by parathyroid hormone-related protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991, 179:97-101.
351. Wang A., Martin J.A., Lembke L.A., Midura R.J. Reversible suppression of in vitro biomineralization by activation of protein kinase A. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:11082-11091.
352. Chabardes D., Imbert M., Clique A., Montegut M., Morel F. PTH sensitive adenyl cyclase activity in different segments of the rabbit nephron. Pflugers Arch 1975, 354:229-239.
353. Torikai S., Imai M. A simple method to determine adenylate cyclase activity in isolated single nephron segments by radioimmunoassay for succinyl adenosine 3́,5́-cyclic monophosphate. Tohoku J Exp Med 1979, 129:91-99.
354. Harris C.A., Seely J.F. Resistance to the phosphaturic effect of parathyroid hormone in the hamster. Am J Physiol 1979, 237:F175-F181.
355. Berndt T.J., Onsgard M.J., Knox F.G. Effect of cAMP analogue infusion on phosphate reabsorption in phosphatedeprived rats. Am J Physiol 1988, 255:F96-F99.
356. Beck N., Davis B.B. Impaired renal response to parathyroid hormone in potassium depletion. Am J Physiol 1975, 228:179-183.
357. Mano T., Uchimura K., Hayashi R., Kobahashi T., Fujiwara K., Makino M., Kakizawa H., Nagata M., Nakai A., Wada M., Nagasaka A., Itoh M. Increased urinary phosphate excretion in pseudohypoparathyroidism type II with long-term treatment with phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Horm Metab Res 1999, 31:602-605.
358. Moses A.M., Breslau N., Coulson R. Renal responses to PTH in patients with hormone-resistant (pseudo) hypoparathyroidism. Am J Med 1976, 61:184-189.
359. Neer R.M., Tregear G.W., Potts J.T. Renal effects of native parathyroid hormone and synthetic biologically active fragments in pseudohypoparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977, 44:420-423.
360. Albright F., Burnett C.H., Smith P.H. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: An example of "Seabright-Bantam" syndrome. Endocrinology 1942, 30:922-932.
361. Levine M.A. Pseudohypoparathyroidism: From bedside to bench and back. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:1255-1260.
362. Teitelbaum A.P., Strewler G.J. Parathyroid hormone receptors coupled to cyclic adenosine monophosphate formation in an established renal cell line. Endocrinology 1984, 114:980-985.
363. Malmstrom K., Murer H. Parathyroid hormone inhibits phosphate transport in OK cells but not in LLC-PK1 and JTC12.P3 cells. Am J Physiol 1986, 251:C23-C31.
364. Cole J.A., Forte L.R., Eber S., Thorne P.K., Poelling R.E. Regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone in opossum kidney cells: Adenosine 3́,5́-monophosphate-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Endocrinology 1988, 122:2981-2989.
365. Quamme G., Pfeilschifter J., Murer H. Parathyroid hormone inhibition of Na+/phosphate cotransport in OK cells: Intracellular [Ca2+] as a second messenger. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989, 1013:166-172.
366. Martin K.J., McConkey C.L., Jacob A.K., Gonzalez E.A., Khan M., Baldassare J.J. Effect of U-73,122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, on actions of parathyroid hormone in opossum kidney cells. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:F254-F258.
367. Segal J.H., Pollock A.S. Transfection-mediated expression of a dominant cAMP-resistant phenotype in the opossum kidney (OK) cell line prevents parathyroid hormone-induced inhibition of Na-phosphate cotransport. A protein kinase-Amediated event. J Clin Invest 1990, 86:1442-1450.
368. Lederer E.D., Sohi S.S., Mathiesen J.M., Klein J.B. Regulation of expression of type II sodium-phosphate cotransporters by protein kinases A and C. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:F270-F277.
369. Khundmiri S.J., Rane M.J., Lederer E.D. Parathyroid hormone regulation of type II sodium-phosphate cotransporters is dependent on an A kinase anchoring protein. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:10134-10141.
370. Traebert M., Volkl H., Biber J., Murer H., Kaissling B. Luminal and contraluminal action of 1-34 and 3-34 PTH peptides on renal type IIa Na-P(i) cotransporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000, 278:F792-F798.
371. Pfister M.F., Forgo J., Ziegler U., Biber J., Murer H. cAMP-dependent and -independent downregulation of type II Na-Pi cotransporters by PTH. Am J Physiol 1999, 276:F720-F725.
372. Nakai M., Kinoshita Y., Fukase M., Fujita T. Phorbol esters inhibit phosphate uptake in opossum kidney cells: A model of proximal renal tubular cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987, 145:303-308.
373. Cole J.A., Eber S.L., Poelling R.E., Thorne P.K., Forte L.R. A dual mechanism for regulation of kidney phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone. Am J Physiol 1987, 253:E221-E227.
374. +/phosphate cotransport in OK cells. Biochem J 1988, 251:207-213.
375. Welsh J., Weaver V., Simboli-Campbell M. Regulation of renal 25(OH)D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase: Signal transduction pathways. Biochem Cell Biol 1991, 69:768-770.
376. Henry H.L. Parathyroid hormone modulation of 25hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism by cultured chick kidney cells is mimicked and enhanced by forskolin. Endocrinology 1985, 116:503-510.
377. Portale A.A., Miller W.L. Human 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase: Cloning, mutations, and gene expression. Pediatr Nephrol 2000, 14:620-625.
378. Brenza H.L., Kimmel-Jehan C., Jehan F., Shinki T., Wakino S., Anazawa H., Suda T., DeLuca H.F. Parathyroid hormone activation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase gene promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:1387-13891.
379. Murayama A., Takeyama K., Kitanaka S., Kodera Y., Hosoya T., Kato S. The promoter of the human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase gene confers positive and negative responsiveness to PTH, calcitonin, and 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 249:11-16.
380. Kong X.F., Zhu X.H., Pei Y.L., Jackson D.M., Holick M.F. Molecular cloning, characterization, and promoter analysis of the human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alphahydroxylase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:6988-6993.
381. Gao X.H., Dwivedi P.P., Choe S., Alba F., Morris H.A., Omdahl J.L., May B.K. Basal and parathyroid hormone induced expression of the human 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase gene promoter in kidney AOK-B50 cells: Role of Sp1, Ets and CCAAT box protein binding sites. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002, 34:921-930.
382. Flanagan J.N., Wang L., Tangpricha V., Reichrath J., Chen T.C., Holick M.F. Regulation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase gene and its splice variant. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003, 164:157-167.
383. Ro H.K., Tembe V., Favus M.J. Evidence that activation of protein kinase-C can stimulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 secretion by rat proximal tubules. Endocrinology 1992, 131:1424-1428.
384. Janulis M., Tembe V., Favus M.J. Role of protein kinase C in parathyroid hormone stimulation of renal 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 secretion. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:2278-2283.
385. 2+ reabsorption in rabbit kidney cortical collecting system is cAMP-independent and involves a phorbol ester-insensitive PKC isotype. Kidney Int 1999, 55:225-233.
386. 2+ transport by the luminal membrane of the distal nephron: Action and interaction of protein kinases A and C. Biochem J 1997, 328(Pt. 2):371-375.
387. Friedman P.A., Gesek F.A., Morley P., Whitfield J.F., Willick G.E. Cell-specific signaling and structure-activity relations of parathyroid hormone analogs in mouse kidney cells. Endocrinology 1999, 140:301-309.
388. Singh A.T., Kunnel J.G., Strieleman P.J., Stern P.H. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-(1-34), [Nle(8,18),Tyr34]PTH(3-34) amide, PTH-(1-31) amide, and PTH-related peptide(1-34) stimulate phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in UMR-106 osteoblastic cells: Comparison with effects of phorbol 12,13dibutyrate. Endocrinology 1999, 140:131-137.
389. Morley P., Whitfield J.F., Willick G.E. Design and applications of parathyroid hormone analogues. Curr Med Chem 1999, 6:1095-1106.
390. Spiegel A.M., Weinstein L.S. Inherited diseases involving g proteins and g protein-coupled receptors. Annu Rev Med 2004, 55:27-39.
391. Sakamoto A., Chen M., Kobayashi T., Kronenberg H.M., Weinstein L.S. Chondrocyte-specific knockout of the G protein G(s)alpha leads to epiphyseal and growth plate abnormalities and ectopic chondrocyte formation. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:663-671.
392. Kather H., Tschope W., Simon B. Human fat cell adenylate cyclase. Modulation of parathyroid hormone action by guanine nucleotides. Res Exp Med (Berlin) 1977, 171:201-204.
393. Michalangeli V.P., Hunt N.H., Martin T.J. States of activation of chick kidney adenylate cyclase induced by parathyroid hormone and guanyl nucleotides. J Endocrinol 1977, 72:69-79.
394. Bellorin-Font E., Martin K.J. Regulation of the PTHreceptor-cyclase system of canine kidney: Effects of calcium, magnesium, and guanine nucleotides. Am J Physiol 1981, 241:F364-F373.
395. Rizzoli R.E., Murray T.M., Marx S.J., Aurbach G.D. Binding of radioiodinated bovine parathyroid hormone(1-84) to canine renal cortical membranes. Endocrinology 1983, 112:1303-1312.
396. Teitelbaum A.P., Nissenson R.A., Arnaud C.D. Coupling of the canine renal parathyroid hormone receptor to adenylate cyclase: Modulation by guanyl nucleotides and N-ethylmaleimide. Endocrinology 1982, 111:1524-1533.
397. Nissenson R.A., Abbott S.R., Teitelbaum A.P., Clark O.H., Arnaud C.D. Endogenous biologically active human parathyroid hormone: Measurement by a guanyl nucleotideamplified renal adenylate cyclase assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981, 52:840-846.
398. Juppner H., Abou-Samra A.B., Freeman M., Kong X.F., Schipani E., Richards J., Kolakowski L.F., Hock J., Potts J.T., Kronenberg H.M., et al. A G protein-linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Science 1991, 254:1024-1026.
399. Schoneberg T., Schultz G., Gudermann T. Structural basis of G protein-coupled receptor function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999, 151:181-193.
400. Strader C.D., Fong T.M., Graziano M.P., Tota M.R. The family of G-protein-coupled receptors. FASEB J 1995, 9:745-754.
401. Babich M., Choi H., Johnson R.M., King K.L., Alford G.E., Nissenson R.A. Thrombin and parathyroid hormone mobilize intracellular calcium in rat osteosarcoma cells by distinct pathways. Endocrinology 1991, 129:1463-1470.
402. Gensure R.C., Gardella T.J., Juppner H. Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, and their receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 328:666-678.
403. Juppner H., Schipani E., Bringhurst F.R., McClure I., Keutmann H.T., Potts J.T., Kronenberg H.M., Abou-Samra A.B., Segre G.V., Gardella T.J. The extracellular amino-terminal region of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor determines the binding affinity for carboxyl-terminal fragments of PTH-(1-34). Endocrinology 1994, 134:879-884.
404. Turner P.R., Bambino T., Nissenson R.A. A putative selectivity filter in the G-protein-coupled receptors for parathyroid hormone and secretion. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:9205-9208.
405. Bergwitz C., Gardella T.J., Flannery M.R., Potts J.T., Kronenberg H.M., Goldring S.R., Juppner H. Full activation of chimeric receptors by hybrids between parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Evidence for a common pattern of ligand-receptor interaction. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:26469-26472.
406. Gardella T.J., Juppner H., Wilson A.K., Keutmann H.T., Abou-Samra A.B., Segre G.V., Bringhurst F.R., Potts J.T., Nussbaum S.R., Kronenberg H.M. Determinants of [Arg2]PTH-(1-34) binding and signaling in the transmembrane region of the parathyroid hormone receptor. Endocrinology 1994, 135:1186-1194.
407. Turner P.R., Bambino T., Nissenson R.A. Mutations of neighboring polar residues on the second transmembrane helix disrupt signaling by the parathyroid hormone receptor. Mol Endocrinol 1996, 10:132-139.
408. Gardella T.J., Luck M.D., Fan M.H., Lee C. Transmembrane residues of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor that specifically affect binding and signaling by agonist ligands. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:12820-12825.
409. Hoare S.R. Mechanisms of peptide and nonpeptide ligand binding to class B G-protein-coupled receptors. Drug Discov Today 2005, 10:417-427.
410. Mannstadt M., Luck M.D., Gardella T.J., Juppner H. Evidence for a ligand interaction site at the amino-terminus of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptor from cross-linking and mutational studies. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:16890-16896.
411. Gensure R.C., Gardella T.J., Juppner H. Multiple sites of contact between the carboxyl-terminal binding domain of PTHrP-(1-36) analogs and the amino-terminal extracellular domain of the PTH/PTHrP receptor identified by photoaffinity cross-linking. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:28650-28658.
412. Bisello A., Adams A.E., Mierke D.F., Pellegrini M., Rosenblatt M., Suva L.J., Chorev M. Parathyroid hormone-receptor interactions identified directly by photocrosslinking and molecular modeling studies. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:22498-22505.
413. Sheikh S.P., Vilardarga J.P., Baranski T.J., Lichtarge O., Iiri T., Meng E.C., Nissenson R.A., Bourne H.R. Similar structures and shared switch mechanisms of the beta2-adrenoceptor and the parathyroid hormone receptor. Zn(II) bridges between helices III and VI block activation. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:17033-17041.
414. Ca2+ signal transduction pathways. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:33382-33389.
415. Iida-Klein A., Guo J., Takemura M., Drake M.T., Potts J.T., Abou-Samra A., Bringhurst F.R., Segre G.V. Mutations in the second cytoplasmic loop of the rat parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein receptor result in selective loss of PTH-stimulated phospholipase C activity. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:6882-6889.
416. Zhou A.T., Bessalle R., Bisello A., Nakamoto C., Rosenblatt M., Suva L.J., Chorev M. Direct mapping of an agonist-binding domain within the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor by photoaffinity crosslinking. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:3644-3649.
417. Gensure R.C., Shimizu N., Tsang J., Gardella T.J. Identification of a contact site for residue 19 of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein analogs in transmembrane domain two of the type 1 PTH receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2003, 17:2647-2658.
418. Wittelsberger A., Corich M., Thomas B.E., Lee B.K., Barazza A., Czodrowski P., Mierke D.F., Chorev M., Rosenblatt M. The mid-region of parathyroid hormone (1-34) serves as a functional docking domain in receptor activation. Biochemistry 2006, 45:2027-2034.
419. Wong G.L. Induction of metabolic changes and downregulation of bovine parathyroid hormone-responsive adenylate cyclase are dissociable in isolated osteoclastic and osteoblastic bone cells. J Biol Chem 1979, 254:34-37.
420. Peck W.A., Kohler G. Hormonal and nonhormonal desensitization in isolated bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1980, 32:95-103.
421. Goldring S.R., Dayer J.M., Rosenblatt M. Factors regulating the response of cells cultured from human giant cell tumors of bone to parathyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981, 53:295-300.
422. Chao W.I., Forte L.R. Rat kidney cells in primary culture: Hormone-mediated desensitization of the adenosine 3́,5́-monophosphate response to parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Endocrinology 1982, 111:252-259.
423. Henry H.L., Cunningham N.S., Noland T.A. Homologous desensitization of cultured chick kidney cells to parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology 1983, 113:1942-1949.
424. Bergwitz C., Abou-Samra A.B., Hesch R.D., Juppner H. Rapid desensitization of parathyroid hormone dependent adenylate cyclase in perfused human osteosarcoma cells (SaOS2). Biochim Biophys Acta 1994, 1222:447-456.
425. Lee S.K., Stern P.H. Studies on the mechanism of desensitization of the parathyroid hormone-stimulated calcium signal in UMR-106 cells: Reversal of desensitization by alkaline phosphatase but not by protein kinase C downregulation. J Bone Miner Res 1994, 9:781-789.
426. Fujimori A., Miyauchi A., Hruska K.A., Martin K.J., Avioli L.V., Civitelli R. Desensitization of calcium messenger system in parathyroid hormone-stimulated opossum kidney cells. Am J Physiol 1993, 264:E918-E924.
427. Fukayama S., Tashjian A.H., Bringhurst F.R. Mechanisms of desensitization to parathyroid hormone in human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. Endocrinology 1992, 131:1757-1769.
428. Pun K.K., Ho P.W., Nissenson R.A., Arnaud C.D. Desensitization of parathyroid hormone receptors on cultured bone cells. J Bone Miner Res 1990, 5:1193-1200.
429. Bunemann M., Hosey M.M. G-protein coupled receptor kinases as modulators of G-protein signalling. J Physiol 1999, 517(Pt. 1):5-23.
430. Lefkowitz R.J. G protein-coupled receptors: III. New roles for receptor kinases and beta-arrestins in receptor signaling and desensitization. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:18677-18680.
431. Krupnick J.G., Benovic J.L. The role of receptor kinases and arrestins in G protein-coupled receptor regulation. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1998, 38:289-319.
432. Blind E., Bambino T., Nissenson R.A. Agonist-stimulated phosphorylation of the G protein-coupled receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein. Endocrinology 1995, 136:4271-4277.
433. Qian F., Leung A., Abou-Samra A. Agonist-dependent phosphorylation of the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor. Biochemistry 1998, 37:6240-6246.
434. Blind E., Bambino T., Huang Z., Bliziotes M., Nissenson R.A. Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of the PTH/PTHrP receptor. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:578-586.
435. Malecz N., Bambino T., Bencsik M., Nissenson R.A. Identification of phosphorylation sites in the G protein-coupled receptor for parathyroid hormone. Receptor phosphorylation is not required for agonist-induced internalization. Mol Endocrinol 1998, 12:1846-1856.
436. Bliziotes M., Murtagh J., Wiren K. Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-like activity and beta-arrestin are expressed in osteoblastic cells. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:820-826.
437. Dicker F., Quitterer U., Winstel R., Honold K., Lohse M.J. Phosphorylation-independent inhibition of parathyroid hormone receptor signaling by G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:5476-5481.
438. Bounoutas G.S., Tawfeek H., Frohlich L.F., Chung U.I., Abou-Samra A.B. Impact of impaired receptor internalization on calcium homeostasis in knock-in mice expressing a phosphorylation-deficient parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTHrelated peptide receptor. Endocrinology 2006, 147:4674-4679.
439. Mahoney C.A., Nissenson R.A. Canine renal receptors for parathyroid hormone. Downregulation in vivo by exogenous parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 1983, 72:411-421.
440. Teitelbaum A.P., Silve C.M., Nyiredy K.O., Arnaud C.D. Downregulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors in cultured bone cells is associated with agonistspecific intracellular processing of PTH-receptor complexes. Endocrinology 1986, 118:595-602.
441. Yamamoto I., Shigeno C., Potts J.T., Segre G.V. Characterization and agonist-induced downregulation of parathyroid hormone receptors in clonal rat osteosarcoma cells. Endocrinology 1988, 122:1208-1217.
442. Mitchell J., Goltzman D. Mechanisms of homologous and heterologous regulation of parathyroid hormone receptors in the rat osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106. Endocrinology 1990, 126:2650-2660.
443. Forte L.R., Nickols G.A., Anast C.S. Renal adenylate cyclase and the interrelationship between parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in the regulation of urinary phosphate and adenosine cyclic 3,5-monophosphate excretion. J Clin Invest 1976, 57:559-568.
444. Massry S.G., Stein R., Garty J., Arieff A.I., Coburn J.W., Norman A.W., Friedler R.M. Skeletal resistance to the calcemic action of parathyroid hormone in uremia: Role of 1,25 (OH)2 D3. Kidney Int 1976, 9:467-474.
445. Lewin I.G., Papapoulos S.E., Hendy G.N., Tomlinson S., O'Riordan J.L. Reversible resistance to the renal action of parathyroid hormone in human vitamin D deficiency. Clin Sci (London) 1982, 62:381-387.
446. Nickols G.A., Carnes D.L., Anast C.S., Forte L.R. Parathyroid hormone-mediated refractoriness of rat kidney cyclic AMP system. Am J Physiol 1979, 236:E401-E409.
447. Urena P., Mannstadt M., Hruby M., Ferreira A., Schmitt F., Silve C., Ardaillou R., Lacour B., Abou-Samra A.B., Segre G.V., et al. Parathyroidectomy does not prevent the renal PTH/PTHrP receptor downregulation in uremic rats. Kidney Int 1995, 47:1797-1805.
448. Huang Z., Chen Y., Nissenson R.A. The cytoplasmic tail of the G-protein-coupled receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein contains positive and negative signals for endocytosis. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:151-156.
449. Tawfeek H.A., Qian F., Abou-Samra A.B. Phosphorylation of the receptor for PTH and PTHrP is required for internalization and regulates receptor signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2002, 16:1-13.
450. Ferrari S.L., Behar V., Chorev M., Rosenblatt M., Bisello A. Endocytosis of ligand-human parathyroid hormone receptor 1 complexes is protein kinase C-dependent and involves beta-arrestin2. Real-time monitoring by fluorescence microscopy. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:29968-29975.
451. Vilardaga J.P., Krasel C., Chauvin S., Bambino T., Lohse M.J., Nissenson R.A. Internalization determinants of the parathyroid hormone receptor differentially regulate beta-arrestin/ receptor association. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:8121-8129.
452. Syme C.A., Friedman P.A., Bisello A. Parathyroid hormone receptor trafficking contributes to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases but is not required for regulation of cAMP signaling. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:11281-11288.
453. Gesty-Palmer D., Chen M., Reiter E., Ahn S., Nelson C.D., Wang S., Eckhardt A.E., Cowan C.L., Spurney R.F., Luttrell L.M., Lefkowitz R.J. Distinct beta-arrestin- and G protein-dependent pathways for parathyroid hormone receptorstimulated ERK1/2 activation. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:10856-10864.
454. Rey A., Manen D., Rizzoli R., Caverzasio J., Ferrari S.L. Proline-rich motifs in the parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTHrelated protein receptor C terminus mediate scaffolding of c- Src with beta-arrestin2 for ERK1/2 activation. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:38181-38188.
455. Ferrari S.L., Pierroz D.D., Glatt V., Goddard D.S., Bianchi E.N., Lin F.T., Manen D., Bouxsein M.L. Bone response to intermittent parathyroid hormone is altered in mice null for β-arrestin2. Endocrinology 2005, 146:1854-1862.
456. Gonzalez E.A., Martin K.J. Coordinate regulation of PTH/PTHrP receptors by PTH and calcitriol in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. Kidney Int 1996, 50:63-70.
457. Jongen J.W., Willemstein-van Hove E.C., van der Meer J.M., Bos M.P., Juppner H., Segre G.V., Abou-Samra A.B., Feyen J.H., Herrmann-Erlee M.P. Downregulation of the receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide by PTH in primary fetal rat osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 1996, 11:1218-1225.
458. Kawane T., Mimura J., Yanagawa T., Fujii-Kuriyama Y., Horiuchi N. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) downregulates PTH/PTH-related protein receptor gene expression in UMR106 osteoblast-like cells via a 3,5-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent, protein kinase A-independent pathway. J Endocrinol 2003, 178:247-256.
459. Turner G., Coureau C., Rabin M.R., Escoubet B., Hruby M., Walrant O., Silve C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTHrelated protein receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression and PTH response in a rat model of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with vitamin D deficiency. Endocrinology 1995, 136:3751-3758.
460. McCauley L.K., Beecher C.A., Melton M.E., Werkmeister J.R., Juppner H., Abou-Samra A.B., Segre G.V., Rosol T.J. Transforming growth factor-beta1 regulates steady-state PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA levels and PTHrP binding in ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994, 101:331-336.
461. Jongen J.W., Willemstein-Van Hove E.C., Van der Meer J.M., Bos M.P., Juppner H., Segre G.V., Abou-Samra A.B., Feyen J.H., Herrmann-Erlee M.P. Downregulation of the receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide by transforming growth factor-beta in primary fetal rat osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1995, 136:3260-3266.
462. Law F., Bonjour J.P., Rizzoli R. Transforming growth factor-beta: A downregulator of the parathyroid hormonerelated protein receptor in renal epithelial cells. Endocrinology 1994, 134:2037-2043.
463. Kawane T., Mimura J., Fujii-Kuriyama Y., Horiuchi N. Identification of the promoter region of the parathyroid hormone receptor gene responsible for transcriptional suppression by insulin-like growth factor-I. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005, 439:61-69.
464. Urena P., Iida-Klein A., Kong X.F., Juppner H., Kronenberg H.M., Abou-Samra A.B., Segre G.V. Regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor messenger ribonucleic acid by glucocorticoids and PTH in ROS 17/2.8 and OK cells. Endocrinology 1994, 134:451-456.
465. Yaghoobian J., Drueke T.B. Regulation of the transcription of parathyroid-hormone/parathyroid-hormone-related peptide receptor mRNA by dexamethasone in ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13:580-586.
466. Wald H., Dranitzki-Elhalel M., Backenroth R., Popovtzer M.M. Evidence for interference of vitamin D with PTH/ PTHrP receptor expression in opossum kidney cells. Pflugers Arch 1998, 436:289-294.
467. Gu W.X., Stern P.H., Madison L.D., Du G.G. Mutual upregulation of thyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone receptors in rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma 17/2.8 cells. Endocrinology 2001, 142:157-164.
468. Hook V.Y., Burton D., Yasothornsrikul S., Hastings R.H., Deftos L.J. Proteolysis of ProPTHrP(1-141) by "prohormone thiol protease" at multibasic residues generates PTHrP-related peptides: Implications for PTHrP peptide production in lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001, 285:932-938.
469. Cornish J., Callon K.E., Nicholson G.C., Reid I.R. Parathyroid hormone-related protein-(107-139) inhibits bone resorption in vivo. Endocrinology 1997, 138:1299-1304.
470. Cornish J., Callon K.E., Lin C., Xiao C., Moseley J.M., Reid I.R. Stimulation of osteoblast proliferation by C-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone-related protein. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:915-922.
471. De Miguel F., Martinez-Fernandez P., Guillen C., Valin A., Rodrigo A., Martinez M.E., Esbrit P. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (107-139) stimulates interleukin-6 expression in human osteoblastic cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10:796-803.
472. Valin A., Guillen C., Esbrit P. C-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) (107-139) stimulates intracellular Ca(2+) through a receptor different from the type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor in osteoblastic osteosarcoma UMR 106 cells. Endocrinology 2001, 142:2752-2759.
473. Care A.D., Abbas S.K., Pickard D.W., Barri M., Drinkhill M., Findlay J.B., White I.R., Caple I.W. Stimulation of ovine placental transport of calcium and magnesium by midmolecule fragments of human parathyroid hormone-related protein. Exp Physiol 1990, 75:605-608.
474. Maioli E., Fortino V. The complexity of parathyroid hormone-related protein signalling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004, 61:257-262.
475. Fiaschi-Taesch N.M., Stewart A.F. Minireview: Parathyroid hormone-related protein as an intracrine factor-Trafficking mechanisms and functional consequences. Endocrinology 2003, 144:407-411.
476. Nguyen M.T., Karaplis A.C. The nucleus: A target site for parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) action. J Cell Biochem 1998, 70:193-199.
477. Aarts M.M., Levy D., He B., Stregger S., Chen T., Richard S., Henderson J.E. Parathyroid hormone-related protein interacts with RNA. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:4832-4838.
478. Henderson J.E., Amizuka N., Warshawsky H., Biasotto D., Lanske B.M., Goltzman D., Karaplis A.C. Nucleolar localization of parathyroid hormone-related peptide enhances survival of chondrocytes under conditions that promote apoptotic cell death. Mol Cell Biol 1995, 15:4064-4075.
479. Amizuka N., Oda K., Shimomura J., Maeda T. Biological action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) mediated either by the PTH/PTHrP receptor or the nucleolar translocation in chondrocytes. Anat Sci Int 2002, 77:225-236.
480. Nguyen M., He B., Karaplis A. Nuclear forms of parathyroid hormone-related peptide are translated from non- AUG start sites downstream from the initiator methionine. Endocrinology 2001, 142:694-703.
481. Massfelder T., Dann P., Wu T.L., Vasavada R., Helwig J.J., Stewart A.F. Opposing mitogenic and anti-mitogenic actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein in vascular smooth muscle cells: A critical role for nuclear targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:13630-13635.
482. Schordan E., Welsch S., Rothhut S., Lambert A., Barthelmebs M., Helwig J.J., Massfelder T. Role of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the regulation of stretch-induced renal vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:3016-3025.
483. Fiaschi-Taesch N., Takane K.K., Masters S., Lopez-Talavera J.C., Stewart A.F. Parathyroid-hormone-related protein as a regulator of pRb and the cell cycle in arterial smooth muscle. Circulation 2004, 110:177-185.
484. Fiaschi-Taesch N., Sicari B.M., Ubriani K., Bigatel T., Takane K.K., Cozar-Castellano I., Bisello A., Law B., Stewart A.F. Cellular mechanism through which parathyroid hormone-related protein induces proliferation in arterial smooth muscle cells: Definition of an arterial smooth muscle PTHrP/p27kip1 pathway. Circ Res 2006, 99:933-942.
485. Stuart W.D., Maeda S., Khera P., Fagin J.A., Clemens T.L. Parathyroid hormone-related protein induces G1 phase growth arrest of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000, 279:E60-E67.
486. Lam M.H., Olsen S.L., Rankin W.A., Ho P.W., Martin T.J., Gillespie M.T., Moseley J.M. PTHrP and cell division: Expression and localization of PTHrP in a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) during the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 1997, 173:433-446.
487. Lam M.H., House C.M., Tiganis T., Mitchelhill K.I., Sarcevic B., Cures A., Ramsay R., Kemp B.E., Martin T.J., Gillespie M.T. Phosphorylation at the cyclin-dependent kinases site (Thr85) of parathyroid hormone-related protein negatively regulates its nuclear localization. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:18559-18566.
488. Pache J.C., Burton D.W., Deftos L.J., Hastings R.H. A carboxyl leucine-rich region of parathyroid hormone-related protein is critical for nuclear export. Endocrinology 2006, 147:990-998.