Adult stem and transit-amplifying cell location

Histology and Histopathology

Volumn 21, Issue 7-9, 2006, Pages 995-1027

  Diaz Flores Jr L ^a   Madrid, J F ^b   Gutierrez R ^a   Varela, H ^a   Valladares, F ^a   Alvarez Arguelles H ^a   Diaz Flores L ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DE LA LAGUNA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Bone marrow; Cornea; Gastrointestinal; Nervous system; Pituitary; Prostate; Respiratory; Skin; Stem cells; Transit amplifying cells

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CELL MARKER; GROWTH FACTOR; INTEGRIN; PROTEIN BCL 2; TELOMERASE;

ACINAR CELL; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; CANCER CELL; CANCER STEM CELL; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CONTACT; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUSION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL PROTECTION; CELL RENEWAL; CELL TYPE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CLONOGENESIS; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CORNEA EPITHELIUM; DAUGHTER CELL; ENDOMETRIUM; EPIDERMIS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HAIR FOLLICLE; HEART MUSCLE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; KIDNEY EPITHELIUM; KIDNEY PAPILLA; LIVER CELL; LYMPH VESSEL ENDOTHELIUM; MAMMARY GLAND; MELANOCYTE; MESENCHYME CELL; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; MULTIPOTENT STEM CELL; MYOEPITHELIUM CELL; NAIL; NEURAL STEM CELL; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET CELL; PERICYTE; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PHENOTYPE; PLASTICITY; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; PROSTATE; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW; SALIVARY GLAND; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SKIN CELL; STEM CELL; STOMACH EPITHELIUM; SYNOVIUM; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TOOTH PULP; TOTIPOTENT STEM CELL; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; Y CHROMOSOME;

ANIMALS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINEAGE; CELL MOVEMENT; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; MONOCYTES; NEOPLASMS; PHENOTYPE; REGENERATION; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STEM CELLS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 33746111788     PISSN: 02133911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (486)

1. Abderrahim-Ferkoune A., Bezy O., Astri-Roques S., Elabd C., Ailhaud G. and Amri E.Z. (2004). Trans-differentiation of preadipose cells into smooth muscle-like cells: role of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein. Exp. Cell Res. 293, 219-228.
2. Adams G.B., Chabner K.T., Alley I.R., Olson D.P., Szczepiorkowski Z.M., Poznansky M.C., Kos C.H., Pollak M.R., Brown E.M. and Scadden D.T. (2006). Stem cell engraftment at the endosteal niche is specified by the calcium-sensing receptor. Nature 439, 599-603.
3. Ahdjoudj S., Lasmoles F., Oyajobi B.O., Lomri A., Delannoy P. and Marie P.J. (2001). Reciprocal control of osteoblast/chondroblast and osteoblast/adipocyte differentiation of multipotential clonal human marrow stromal F/STRO-1(+) cells. J. Cell Biochem. 81, 23-38.
4. Ahdjoudj S., Fromigue O. and Marie P.J. (2004). Plasticity and regulation of human bone marrow stromal osteoprogenitor cells: potential implication in the treatment of age-related bone loss. Histol. Histopathol. 19, 151-157.
5. Ailhaud G., Grimaldi P. and Negrel R. (1992). Cellular and molecular aspects of adipose tissue development. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 12, 207-233.
6. Al-Hajj M., Wicha S., Benito-Hernandez A., Morrison S.J. and Clarke M.F. (2003). Prospective isolation of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3983-3988.
7. Alison M. (1998). Liver stem cells: a two compartment system. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10, 710-715.
8. Alison M.R., Golding M.H. and Sarraf C.E. (1996). Pluripotential liver stem cells: facultative stem cells located in the biliary tree. Cell Prolif. 29, 373-402.
9. Alison M.R., Poulsom R., Forbes S. and Wright N.A. (2002). An introduction to stem cells. J. Pathol. 197, 419-423.
10. Alonso L. and Fuchs E. (2003a). Stem cells in the skin: waste not, Wnt not. Genes Dev. 17, 1189-1200.
11. Alonso L. and Fuchs E. (2003b). Stem cells of the skin epithelium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100 (Suppl 1), 11830-11835.
12. Alvarez-Buylla A. and Lim D.A. (2004). For the long run: maintaining germinal niches in the adult brain. Neuron 41, 683-686.
13. Alvarez-Dolado M., Pardal R., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., Fike I.R., Lee H.O., Pfefter K., Lois C., Morrison S.I. and Alvarez-Buylla A. (2003). Fusion of bone marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes. Nature 425, 968-973.
14. Angenieux B., Schorderet D.F. and Arsenijevic Y. (2006). Epidermal growth factor is a neuronal differentiation factor for retinal stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells 24, 696-706.
15. Anghelina M., Schmeisser A., Krishnan P., Moldovan L., Strasser R.H. and Moldovan N.I. (2002). Migration of monocytes/macrophages in vitro and in vivo is accompanied by MMP12-dependent tunnel formation and by neovascularization. Cold Spring Harb Symp. Quant Biol. 67, 209-215.
16. Anghelina M., Krishnan P., Moldovan L. and Moldovan N.I. (2004). Monocytes and macrophages form branched cell columns in matrigel: implications for a role in neovascularization. Stem Cells Dev. 13, 665-676.
17. Anghelina M., Krishnan P., Moldovan L. and Moldovan N.I. (2006). Monocytes/macrophages cooperate with progenitor cells during neovascularization and tissue repair: conversion of cell columns into fibrovascular bundles. Am. J. Pathol. 168, 529-541.
18. Asahara T. (2003). Endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Ernst Schering Res. Found Workshop 43, 211-216.
19. Asahara T. and Isner J.M. (2002). Endothelial progenitor cells for vascular regeneration. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 11, 171-178.
20. Asahara T. and Kawamoto A. (2004). Endothelial progenitor cells for postnatal vasculogenesis. Am. J. Physiol. 287, C572-C579.
21. Asahara T., Murohara T., Sullivan A., Silver M., van der Zee R., Li T., Witzenbichler B., Schatteman G. and Isner J.M. (1997). Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science 275, 964-967.
22. Asahara T., Masuda H., Takahashi T., Kalka C., Pastore C., Silver M., Kearne M., Magner M. and Isner J.M. (1999). Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization. Circ. Res. 85, 221-228.
23. Asakura A. (2003). Stem cells in adult skeletal muscle. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 13, 123-128.
24. Ashjian P.H., Elbarbary A.S., Edmonds B., De Ugarte D., Zhu M., Zuk P.A., Lorenz H.P., Benhaim P. and Hedrick M.H. (2003). In vitro differentiation of human processed lipoaspirate cells into early neural progenitors. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 111, 1922-1931.
25. Assmus B., Schachinger V., Teupe C., Britten M., Lehmann R., Dobert N., Grunwald F., Aicher A., Urbich C., Martin H., Hoelzer D., Dimmeler S. and Zeiher A.M. (2002). Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI). Circulation 106, 3009-3017.
26. Awad H.A., Wickham M.Q., Leddy H.A., Gimble J.M. and Guilak F. (2004). Chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived adult stem cells in agarose, alginate and gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials 25, 3211-3222.
27. Bach J.F., Chatenoud L., Herbelin A., Gombert J.M. and Carnaud C. (1997). Autoimmune diabetes: how many steps for one disease? Res. Immunol. 148, 332-338.
28. Bacou F., el Andalousi R.B., Daussin P.A., Micallef J.P., Levin J.M., Chammas M., Casteilla L., Reyne Y. and Nougues J. (2004). Transplantation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells increases mass and functional capacity of damaged skeletal muscle. Cell Transplant. 13, 103-111.
29. Badiavas E.V., Abedi M., Butmarc J., Falanga V. and Quesenberry P. (2003). Participation of bone marrow derived cells in cutaneous wound healing. J. Cell. Physiol. 196,245-250.
30. Bagley R.G., Walter-Yohrling J., Cao X., Weber W., Simons B., Cook B.P., Chartrand S.D., Wang C., Madden S.L. and Teicher B.A. (2003). Endothelial precursor cells as a model of tumor endothelium: characterization and comparison with mature endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 63, 5866-5873.
31. Bagley R.G., Weber W., Rouleau C. and Teicher B.A. (2005). Pericytes and endothelial precursor cells: cellular interactions and contributions to malignancy. Cancer Res. 65, 9741-9750.
32. Barbash I.M., Chouraqui P., Baron J., Feinberg M.S., Etzion S., Tessone A., Miller L., Guetta E., Zipori D., Kedes L.H., Kloner R.A. and Leor J. (2003). Systemic delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to the infarcted myocardium: feasibility, cell migration, and body distribution. Circulation 108, 863-868.
33. Beachy P.A., Karhadkar S.S. and Berman D.M. (2004). Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis. Nature 432, 324-331.
34. Beauchamp J.R., Partridge T.A. and Olsen I. (1990). Acquisition of a lysosomal enzyme by myoblasts in tissue culture. J. Cell Physiol. 144, 166-174.
35. Beauchamp J.R., Morgan J.E., Pagel C.N. and Partridge T.A. (1999). Dynamics of myoblast transplantation reveal a discrete minority of precursors with stem cell-like properties as the myogenic source. J. Cell Biol. 144, 1113-1122.
36. Beauchamp J.R., Heslop L., Yu D.S., Tajbakhsh S., Kelly R.G., Wernig A., Buckingham M.E., Partridge T.A. and Zammit P.S. (2000). Expression of CD34 and Myf5 defines the majority of quiescent adult skeletal muscle satellite cells. J. Cell Biol. 151, 1221-1234.
37. Beltrami A.P., Barlucchi L., Torella D., Baker M., Limana F., Chimenti S., Kasahara H., Rota M., Musso E., Urbanek K., Leri A., Kajstura J., Nadal-Ginard B. and Anversa P. (2003). Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell 114, 763-776.
38. Bendeck M.P. (2000). Mining the myocardium with macrophage drills: A novel mechanism for revascularization. Circ. Res. 87, 341-343.
39. Bennett J.H., Joyner C.J., Triffitt J.T. and Owen M.E. (1991). Adipocytic cells cultured from marrow have osteogenic potential. J. Cell Sci. 99, 131-139.
40. Bianco P. and Gehron Robey P. (2000). Marrow stromal stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 1663-1668.
41. Bickenbach J.R., Vormwald-Dogan V., Bachor C., Bleuel K., Schnapp G. and Boukamp P. (1998). Telomerase is not an epidermal stem cell marker and is downregulated by Calcium J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 1045-1052.
42. Bjerknes M. and Cheng H. (1999). Clonal analysis of mouse intestinal epithelial progenitors. Gastroenterology 116, 7-14.
43. Bjornson C.R., Rietze R.L., Reynolds, B.A., Magli M.C. and Vescovi A.L. (1999). Turning brain into blood: a hematopoietic late adopted by adult neural stem cells in vivo. Science 283, 534-537.
44. Black I.B. and Woodbury D. (2001). Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal stem cells differentiate into neurons. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 27, 632-636.
45. Blanpain C., Lowry W.E., Geoghegan A., Polak L. and Fuchs E. (2004). Self-renewal, multipotency, and the existence of two cell populations within an epithelial stem cell niche. Cell 118, 635-648.
46. Blau H.M., Brazelton T.R. and Weimann J.M. (2001). The evolving concept of a stem cell: entity or function? Cell 105, 829-841.
47. Bockman D.E. and Merlino G. (1992). Cytological changes in the pancreas of transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor alpha. Gastroenterology 103, 1883-1892.
48. Bolen J.W. and Thoming D. (1980). Benign lipoblastoma and mixoid liposarcoma. A comparative light- and electronmicroscopic study. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 4, 163-174.
49. Bonner-Weir S. and Sharma A. (2002). Pancreatic stem cells. J. Pathol. 197, 519-526.
50. Bonner-Weir S., Baxter L.A., Schuppin G.T. and Smith F.E. (1993). A second pathway for regeneration of adult exocrine and endocrine pancreas. A possible recapitulation of embryonic development. Diabetes 42, 1715-1720.
51. Bonner-Weir S., Stubbs M., Reitz P., Taneja M. and Smith F.E. (1997). Partial pancreatectomy as a model of pancreatic regeneration. In: Pancreatic growth and regeneration. Sarvetnick N. (ed). Karger Landes Systems. Basel, Switzerland. p 138.
52. Bonner-Weir S., Taneja M., Weir G.C., Tatarkiewicz K., Song K.H., Sharma A. and O'Neil J.J. (2000). In vitro cultivation of human islets from expanded ductal tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 7999-8004.
53. Bonnet D. (2005). Cancer stem cells: AMLs show the way. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33, 1531-1533.
54. Bonnet D. and Dick J.E. (1997). Human acute leukaemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat. Med. 3, 730-737.
55. Bouwens L. (1998). Transdifferentiation versus stem cell hypothesis for the regeneration of islet beta-cells in the pancreas. Microsc. Res. Technol. 43, 332-336.
56. Brachvogel B., Moch H., Pausch F., Schlotzer-Schrehardt U., Hofmann C., Hallmann R., von der Mark K., Winkler T. and Poschl E. (2005). Perivascular cells expressing annexin A5 define a novel mesenchymal stem cell-like population with the capacity to differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineages. Development 132 2657-2668.
57. Brazelton T.R., Rossi F.M., Keshet G.I. and Blau H.M. (2000). From marrow to brain: expression of neuronal phenotypes in adult mice. Science 290, 1775-1779.
58. Brittan M. and Wright N.A. (2002). Gastrointestinal stem cells. J. Pathol. 197, 492-509.
59. Brown D., Kogan S., Lagasse E., Weissman I., Alcalay M., Pelicci P.G., Atwater S. and Bishop J.M. (1997). A PMLRARalpha transgene initiates murine acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 2551-2556.
60. Burger P.E., Xiong X., Coetzee S., Salm S.N., Moscatelli D., Goto K. and Wilson E.L. (2005). Sca-1 expression identifies stem cells in the proximal region of prostatic ducts with high capacity to reconstitute prostatic tissue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 7180-7185.
61. Calvi L.M., Adams G.B., Weibrecht K.W., Weber J.M., Olson D.P., Knight M.C., Martin R.P., Schipani E., Divieti P., Bringhurst F.R., Milner L.A., Kronenberg H.M. and Scadden D.T. (2003). Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature 425, 841-816.
62. Cameli N., Picardo M., Tosti A., Perrin C., Pisani A. and Ortonne J.P. (1994). Expression of integrins in human nail matrix. Br. J. Dermatol. 130, 583-588.
63. Cameron H.A. and McKay R.D.G. (2001). Adult neurogenesis produces a large pool of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol. 435, 406-417.
64. Campagnoli C., Roberts I.A., Kumar S., Bennett P.R., Bellantuono I. and Fisk N.M. (2001). Identification of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in human first-trimester fetal blood, liver, and bone marrow. Blood 98, 2396-2402.
65. Campos L.S., Decker L., Taylor V. and Skarnes W. (2006). Notch, epidermal growth factor receptor, and beta1-integrin pathways are coordinated in neural stem cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 5300-5309.
66. Carleton A., Petreanu L.T., Lansford R., Alvarez-Buylla A. and Lledo P.M. (2003). Becoming a new neuron in the adult olfactory bulb. Nature Neurosci. 6, 507-518.
67. Cashman J.D., Eaves A.C. and Eaves C.J. (1992). Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor modulation of the inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor-beta on normal and leukemic human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Leukemia 6, 886-892.
68. Chen J., Hersmus N., Van Duppen V., Caesens P., Denef C. and Vankelecom H. (2005). The adult pituitary contains a cell population displaying stem/progenitor cell and early embryonic characteristics. Endocrinology 146, 3985-3998.
69. Cheng H. and Leblond C.P. (1974a). Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. III. Entero-endocrine cells. Am. J. Anat. 141, 503-519.
70. Cheng H. and Leblond C.P. (1974b). Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. I. Columnar cell. Am. J. Anat. 141, 461-479.
71. Cheng H. and Leblond C.P. (1974c). Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. V. Unitarian theory of the origin of the four epithelial cell types. Am. J. Anat. 141, 537-561.
72. Chepko G. and Smith G.H. (1997). Three division-competent, structurally-distinct cell populations contribute to murine mammary epithelial renewal. Tissue Cell 29, 239-253.
73. Cho H.H., Kim Y.J., Kim S.J., Kim J.H., Bae Y.C., Ba B. and Jung J.S. (2006). Endogenous Wnt signaling promotes proliferation and suppresses osteogenic differentiation in human adipose derived stromal cells. Tissue Eng. 12, 111-121.
74. Christiano A.M. (2004) Epithelial stem cells: stepping out of their niche. Cell 118, 530-532.
75. Clarke D.L., Johansson C.B., Wilbertz J., Veress B., Nilsson E., Karlstrom H., Lendahl U. and Frisen J. (2000). Generalized potential of adult neural stem cells. Science 288, 1660-1663.
76. Cogle C.R., Yachnis A.T., Laywell E.D., Zander D.S., Wingard J.R., Steindler D.A. and Scott E.W. (2004). Bone marrow transdifferentiation in brain after transplantation: a retrospective study. Lancet 363, 1432-1437.
77. Collett G.D. and Canfield A.E. (2005). Angiogenesis and pericytes in the initiation of ectopic calcification. Circ. Res. 96, 930-938.
78. Collins A.T., Habib F.K., Maitland N.J. and Neal D.E. (2001). Identification and isolation of human prostate epithelial stem cells based on alpha(2)beta(1)-integrin expression. J. Cell Sci. 114(Pt 21), 3865-3872.
79. Collins A.T., Berry P.A., Hyde C., Stower M.J. and Maitland N.J. (2005). Prospective identification of tumorigenic prostate cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 65, 10946-10951.
80. Conejo-Garcia J.R., Buckanovich R.J., Benencia F., Courreges M.C., Rubin S.C., Carroll R.G. and Coukos G. (2005). Vascular leukocytes contribute to tumor vascularization. Blood 105, 679-681.
81. Corbeil D., Roper K., Hellwig A., Tavian M., Miraglia S., Watt S.M., Simmons P.J., Peault B., Buck D.W. and Huttner W.B. (2000). The human AC133 hematopoietic stem cell antigen is also expressed in epithelial cells and targeted to plasma membrane protrusions. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5512-5520.
82. Corbel S.Y., Lee A., Yi L., Duenas J., Brazelton T.R., Blau H.M. and Rossi F.M. (2003). Contribution of hematopoietic stem cells to skeletal muscle. Nat. Med. 9, 1528-1532.
83. Corti S., Locatelli F., Strazzer S., Salani S., Del Bo R., Soligo D., Bossolasco P., Bresolin N., Scarlato G. and Comi G.P. (2002). Modulated generation of neuronal cells from bone marrow by expansion and mobilization of circulating stem cells with in vivo cytokine treatment. Exp. Neurol. 177, 443-452.
84. Cosentino L., Shaver-Walker P. and Heddle J.A. (1996). The relationships among stem cells, crypts, and villi in the small intestine of mice as determined by mutation tagging. Dev. Dyn. 207, 420-428.
85. Cotsarelis G., Sun T.T. and Lavker R.M. (1990). Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: Implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis. Cell 61, 1329-1337.
86. Cousin B., Andre M., Arnaud E., Penicaud L. and Casteilla L. (2003). Reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice by cells isolated from adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301, 1016-1022.
87. Cowan C.M., Shi Y.Y., Aalami O.O., Chou Y.F., Mari C., Thomas R., Quarto N., Contag C.H., Wu B. and Longaker M.T. (2004). Adipose-derived adult stromal cells heal critical-size mouse calvarial defects. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 560-567.
88. Cozzio A., Passegue E., Ayton P.M., Karsunky H., Cleary M.L. and Weissman I.L. (2003). Similar MLL-associated leukemias arising from self-renewing stem cells and short-lived myeloid progenitors. Genes Dev. 17, 3029-3035.
89. Crowe D.L., Parsa B. and Sinha U.K. (2004). Relationships between stem cells and cancer stem cells. Histol. Histopathol. 19, 505-509.
90. Cuevas P., Carceller F., Dujovny M., Garcia-Gomez I., Cuevas B., Gonzalez-Corrochano R., Diaz-Gonzalez D. and Reimers D. (2002). Peripheral nerve regeneration by bone marrow stromal cells. Neurol Res. 24, 634-638.
91. Cuevas P., Carceller F., Garcia-Gomez I., Yan M. and Dujovny M. (2004). Bone marrow stromal cell implantation for peripheral nerve repair. Neurol. Res. 26, 230-232.
92. Daniel C.W., DeOme K.B., Young J.T., Blair P.B. and Faulkin L.J. Jr. (1968). The in vivo life span of normal and preneoplastic mouse mammary glands: a serial transplantation study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 61, 53-60.
93. Daniel C.W. and Silberstein G.B. (1987). Postnatal development of the rodent mammary gland. In: The mammary gland: Development, regulation and function. Neville M.C. and Daniel C.W. (eds.) Plenum Press. New York. pp 3-36.
94. Davidoff M.S., Middendorff R., Enikolopov G., Riethmacher D., Holstein A.F. and Muller D. (2004). Progenitor cells of the testosterone-producing Leydig cells revealed. J. Cell Biol. 167, 935-944.
95. De Bari C., Dell'Accio F., Tylzanowski P. and Luyten F.P. (2001). Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane. Arthritis Rheum. 44, 1928-1942.
96. De Bari C., Dell'Accio F., Vandenabeele F., Vermeesch J.R., Raymackers J.M. and Luyten FP. (2003). Skeletal muscle repair by adult human mesenchymal stem cells from synovial membrane. J. Cell Biol. 160, 909-918.
97. De Bont E.S., Guikema J.E., Scherpen F., Meeuwsen T., Kamps W.A., Vellenga E. and Bos N.A. (2001). Mobilized human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells enhance tumor growth in a nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mouse model of human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer Res. 61, 7654-7659.
98. De Santa Barbara P., Van den Brink G.R. and Roberts D.J. (2003). Development and differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 60, 1322-1332.
99. De Ugarte D.A., Alfonso Z., Zuk P.A., Elbarbary A., Zhu M., Ashjian P., Benhaim P., Hedrick M.H. and Fraser J.K. (2003). Differential expression of stem cell mobilization-associated molecules on multilineage cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow. Immunol. Lett. 89, 267-270.
100. Deb A., Wang S., Skelding K.A., Miller D., Simper D. and Caplice N.M. (2003). Bone marrow-derived cardiomyocytes are present in adult human heart: a study of gender-mismatched bone marrow transplantation patients. Circulation 107, 1247-1249.
101. Deguchi K., Yagi H., Inada M., Yoshizaki K., Kishimoto T. and Komori T. (1999). Excessive extramedullary hematopoiesis in Cbfa1-deficient mice with a congenital lack of bone marrow. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255, 352-359.
102. Dekaney C.M., Rodriguez J.M., Graul M.C. and Henning S.J. (2005). Isolation and characterization of a putative intestinal stem cell fraction from mouse jejunum. Gastroenterology 129, 1567-1580.
103. Delplanque A., Coraux C., Tirouvanziam R., Khazaal I., Puchelle E., Ambros P., Gaillard D. and Peault B. (2000). Epithelial stem cell-mediated development of the human respiratory mucosa in SCID mice. J. Cell Sci. 113, 767-778.
104. Dennis J.E., Merriam A., Awadallah A., Yoo J.U., Johnstone B. and Caplan A.I. (1999). A quadripotential mesenchymal progenitor cell isolated from the marrow of an adult mouse. J. Bone Miner. Res. 14, 700-709.
105. DeOme K.B., Faulkin L.J. Jr., Bern H.A. and Blair P.B. (1959). Development of mammary tumors from hyperplastic alveolar nodules transplanted into glandfree mammary fat pads of female C3H mice. Cancer Res. 19, 515-520.
106. Deslex S., Negrel R., Vannier C., Etienne J. and Ailhaud G. (1987). Differentiation of human adipocyte precursors in a chemically defined serum-free medium. Int. J. Obes. 11, 19-27.
107. Díaz-Flores L. and Domínguez C. (1985). Relation between arterial intimal thickening and the vasa-vasorum. Virchows Arch. (A) 406, 165-177.
108. Díaz-Flores L., Rodríguez E., Gayoso M.J. and Gutiérrez R. (1988). Growth of two types of cartilage after implantation of free autogeneic perichondrial grafts. Clin. Orthop. 234, 267-279.
109. Díaz-Flores L., Martín A.L, García R. and Gutiérrez R. (1989). Proliferative fasciitis: Ultrastructure and histogenesis. J. Cutan. Pathol. 16, 85-92.
110. Diaz-Flores L., Gutierrez R., Lopez-Alonso A., Gonzalez R. and Varela H. (1992). Pericytes as a supplementary source of osteoblasts in periosteal osteogenesis. Clin. Orthop. 275, 280-286.
111. Diaz-Flores L., Gutierrez R. and Varela H. (1994). Angiogenesis: an update. Histol. Histopathol. 9, 807-843.
112. Dixon-Shanies D., Rudick J. and Knittle J.L. (1975). Observations on the growth and metabolic functions of cultured cells derived from human adipose tissue. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 149, 541-545.
113. Doetsch F. (2003). A niche for adult neural stem cells. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 13, 543-550.
114. Doetsch F. and Hen R. (2005). Young and excitable: the function of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 121-128.
115. Doetsch F., Garcia-Verdugo J.M. and Alvarez-Buylla A. (1997). Cellular composition and three-dimensional organization of the subventricular germinal zone in the adult mammalian brain. J. Neurosci. 17, 5046-5061.
116. Doetsch F., Garcia-Verdugo J.M. and Alvarez-Buylla A. (1999). Regeneration of a germinal layer in the adult mammalian brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 11619-11624.
117. Domen J., Cheshier S.H. and Weissman I.L. (2000). The role of apoptosis in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells: Overexpression of Bcl-2 increases both their number and repopulation potential. J. Exp. Med. 191, 253-264.
118. Dontu G., Jackson K.W., McNicholas E., Kawamura M.J., Abdallah W.M. and Wicha M.S. (2004). Role of Notch signaling in cell-fate determination of human mammary stem/progenitor cells. Breast Cancer Res. 6, R605-R615.
119. Dragoo J.L., Samimi B., Zhu M., Hame S.L., Thomas B.J., Lieberman J.R., Hedrick M.H. and Benhaim P. (2003). Tissue-engineered cartilage and bone using stem cells from human infrapatellar fat pads. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 85, 740-747.
120. Duan D., Sehgal A., Yao J. and Engelhardt J.F. (1998). Lef1 transcription factor expression defines airway progenitor cell targets for in utero gene therapy of submucosal gland in cystic fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 18, 750-758.
121. Duffield J.S. and Bonventre J.V. (2005). Kidney tubular epithelium is restored without replacement with bone marrow-derived cells during repair after ischemic injury. Kidney Int. 68, 1956-1961.
122. Duffield J.S., Park K.M., Hsiao L.L., Kelley V.R., Scadden D.T., Ichimura T. and Bonventre J.V. (2005). Restoration of tubular epithelial cells during repair of the postischemic kidney occurs independently of bone marrow-derived stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 1743-1755.
123. Eglitis M.A. and Mezey E. (1997). Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4080-4085.
124. Eisenberg L.M. and Eisenberg C.A. (2003). Stem cell plasticity, cell fusion, and transdifferentiation. Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 69, 209-218.
125. Erickson G.R. Gimble J.M., Franklin D.M., Rice H.E., Awad H. and Guilak F. (2002). Chondrogenic potential of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290, 763-769.
126. Falciatori I., Borsellino G., Haliassos N., Boitani C., Corallini S., Battistini L., Bernardi G., Stefanini M. and Vicini E. (2004). Identification and enrichment of spermatogonial stem cells displaying side-population phenotype in immature mouse testis. FASEB J. 18, 376-378.
127. Farrington-Rock C., Crofts N.J., Doherty M.J., Ashton B.A., Griffin-Jones C. and Canfield A.E. (2004). Chondrogenic and adipogenic potential of microvascular pericytes. Circulation 110, 2226-2232.
128. Fausto N., Lemire J.M. and Shiojiri N. (1993). Cell lineages in hepatic development and the identification of progenitor cells in normal and injured liver. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 204, 237-241.
129. Fernandes K.J.L., McKenzie I.A., Mill P., Smith K.M., Akhavan M., Barnabe-Heider F., Biernaskie J., Junek A., Kobayashi N.R., Toma J.G., Kaplan D.R., Labosky P.A., Rafuse V., Hui C.C. and Miller F.D. (2004). A dermal niche for multipotent adult skin-derived precursor cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 1082-1093.
130. Ferrari G., Cusella-De Angelis G., Coletta M., Paolucci E., Stornaiuoio A., Cossu G. and Mavilio F. (1998). Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors. Science 279, 1528-1530.
131. Forbes S., Vig P., Poulsom R., Thomas H. and Alison M. (2002). Hepatic stem cells. J. Pathol. 197, 510-518.
132. Fortunel N., Hatzfeld J., Kisselev S., Monier M.N., Ducos K., Cardoso A., Batard P. and Hatzfeld A. (2000). Release from quiescence of primitive human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells by blocking their cell-surface TGF-beta type II receptor in a short-term in vitro assay. Stem Cells 18, 102-111.
133. Fraser J.K., Wulur I., Alfonso Z. and Hedrick M.H. (2006). Fat tissue: an underappreciated source of stem cells for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 24, 150-154
134. Friedenstein A.J. (1973). Determined and inducible osteogenic precursor cells. In: Hard tissue growth, repair and remineralization. Vol. 11. Elsevier. Amsterdam. pp 169-185.
135. Friedenstein A.J., Chailakhyan R.K., Latsinik N.V., Panasyuk A.F. and Keiliss-Borok I.V. (1974). Stromal cells responsible for transferring the microenvironment of the hemopoietic tissues. Cloning in vitro and retransplantation in vivo. Transplantation 17, 331-340.
136. Fuchs E. and Gould E. (2000). Mini-review: in vivo neurogenesis in the adult brain: regulation and functional implications. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 2211-2214.
137. Fuchs E., Tumbar T. and Guasch G. (2004). Socializing with their neighbors: stem cells and their niche. Cell 116, 769-778.
138. Gage F.H. (2000). Mammalian neural stem cells. Science 287, 1433-1438.
139. Gaiano N. and Fishell G. (2002). The role of Notch in promoting glial and neural stem cell fates. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 471-490.
140. Galli R., Borello U., Gritti A., Minasi M.G., Bjornson C., Coletta M., Mora M., De Angelis M.G., Fiocco R., Cossu G. and Vescovi A.L. (2000). Skeletal myogenic potential of human and mouse neural stem cells. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 986-991.
141. Gao R., Ustinov J., Pulkkinen M.A., Lundin K., Korsgren O. and Otonkoski T. (2003). Characterization of endocrine progenitor cells and critical factors for their differentiation in human adult pancreatic cell culture. Diabetes 52, 2007-2015.
142. Gardner R.L. and Beddington R.S. (1988). Multi-lineage "stem" cells in the mammalian embryo. J. Cell Sci. 10 (Suppl.), 11-27.
143. Gargett C.E. (2004). Stem cells in gynaecology. Aust N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 44, 380-386.
144. Gat U., DasGupta R., Degenstein L. and Fuchs E. (1998). De novo hair follicle morphogenesis and hair tumors in mice expressing a truncated-catenin in skin. Cell 95, 605-614.
145. Gaustad K.G., Boquest A.C., Anderson B.E., Gerdes A.M. and Collas P. (2004). Differentiation of human adipose tissue stem cells using extracts of rat cardiomyocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 314, 420-427.
146. Ge S., Goh E.L., Sailor K.A., Kitabatake Y., Ming G.L. and Song H. (2006). GABA regulates synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in the adult brain. Nature 439, 589-593.
147. Gehling U.M., Ergun S., Schumacher U., Wagener C., Pantel K., Otte M., Schuch G., Schafhausen P., Mende T., Kilic N., Kluge K., Schafer B., Hossfeld D.K. and Fiedler W. (2000). In vitro differentiation of endothelial cells from AC133-positive progenitor cells. Blood 95, 3106-3112.
148. George J., Herz I., Goldstein E., Abashidze S., Deutch V., Finkelstein A., Michowitz Y., Miller H. and Keren G. (2003). Number and adhesive properties of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with in-stentrestenosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23, e57-e60.
149. Gepts W. and Lecompte P.M. (1981). The pancreatic islets in diabetes. Am. J. Med. 70, 105-115.
150. Gharzi A., Reynolds A.J. and Jahoda C.A. (2003). Plasticity of hair follicle dermal cells in wound healing and induction. Exp. Dermatol. 12, 126-136.
151. Gmyr V., Kerr-Conte J., Belaich S., Vandewalle B., Leteurtre E., Vantyghem M.C., Lecomte-Houcke M., Proye C., Lefebvre J. and Pattou F. (2000). Adult human cytokeratin 19-positive cells reexpress insulin promoter factor 1 in vitro: further evidence for pluripotent pancreatic stem cells in humans. Diabetes 49, 1671-1680.
152. Golding M., Sarraf C.E., Lalani E.N., Anilkumar T.V., Edwards R.J., Nagy P., Thorgeirsson S.S. and Alison M.R. (1995). Oval cell differentiation into hepatocytes in the acetylaminofluorene-treated regenerating rat liver. Hepatology 22, 1243-1253.
153. Gong J.K. (1978). Endosteal marrow: a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells. Science 199, 1443-1445.
154. Goodell M.A., Brose K., Paradis G., Conner A.S. and Mulligan R.C. (1996). Isolation and functional properties of murine hematopoietic stem cells that are replicating in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1797-1806.
155. Gordon J.I., Schmidt G.H. and Roth K.A. (1992). Studies of intestinal stem cells using normal, chimeric, and transgenic mice. FASEB J. 6, 3039-3050.
156. Grisham J.W. and Porta E.A. (1964). Origin and fate of proliferated hepatic ductal cells in the rat: electronmicroscopic and autoradiographic studies. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 3, 242-261.
157. Grisham J.W. and Thorgeirsson S.S. (1997). Liver stem cell. In: Stem cells. Potten C.S. (ed). Academic Press. London. pp 233-282.
158. Grompe M. (2005). The origin of hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 128, 2158-2160.
159. Groszer M., Erickson R., Scripture-Adams D.D., Lesche R., Trumpp A., Zack J.A., Kornblum H.I., Liu X. and Wu H. (2001). Negative regulation of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation by the Pten tumor suppressor gene in vivo. Science 294, 2186-2189.
160. Gu D. and Sarvetnick N. (1993). Epithelial cell proliferation and islet neogenesis in IFN-γ transgenic mice. Development 118, 33-46.
161. Gu D. and Sarvetnick N. (1994). Atransgenic model for studying islet development. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 49, 161-165.
162. Gu D., Lee M.S., Krahl T. and Sarvetnick N. (1994). Transitional cells in the regenerating pancreas. Development 120, 1873-1881.
163. Guilak F., Lott K.E., Awad H.A., Cao Q., Hicok K.C., Fermor B. and Gimble J.M. (2006). Clonal analysis of the differentiation potential of human adipose-derived adult stem cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 206, 229-237.
164. Gulati R., Jevremovic D., Peterson T.E., Chatterjee S., Shah V., Vile R.G. and Simari R.D. (2003). Diverse origin and function of cells with endothelial phenotype obtained from adult human blood. Circ. Res. 93, 1023-1025.
165. Gussoni E., Soneoka Y., Strickland C.D., Buzney E.A., Khan M.K., Flint A.F., Kunkel L.M. and Mulligan R.C. (1999). Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation. Nature 401, 390-394.
166. Guz Y., Nasir I. and Teitelman G. (2001). Regeneration of pancreatic beta cells from intra-islet precursor cells in an experimental model of diabetes. Endocrinology 142, 4956-4968.
167. Hamburger A.W. and Salmon S.E. (1977). Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells. Science 197, 461-463.
168. Harris R.G., Herzog E.L., Bruscia E.M., Grove J.E., Van Arnam J.S. and Krause D.S. (2004). Lack of a fusion requirement for development of bone marrow-derived epithelia. Science 305, 90-93.
169. Harrison D.E. and Zhong R.K. (1992). The same exhaustible multilineage precursor produces both myeloid and lymphoid cells as early as 3-4 weeks after marrow transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10134-10138.
170. Hausman G.J. and Martin R.J. (1989). The influence of human growth hormone on preadipocyte development in serum-supplemented and serum-free cultures of stromal-vascular cells from pig adipose tissue. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 6, 331-337.
171. Havemann K., Pujol B.F. and Adamkiewicz J. (2003). In vitro transformation of monocytes and dendritic cells into endothelial like cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 522, 47-57.
172. He Y., Rajantie I., Ilmonen M., Makinen T., Karkkainen M.J., Haiko P., Salven P. and Alitalo K. (2004). Preexisting lymphatic endothelium but not endothelial progenitor cells are essential for tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Res. 64, 3737-3740.
173. Heeschen C., Lehmann R., Honold J., Assmus B., Aicher A., Walter D.H., Martin H., Zeiher A.M. and Dimmeler S. (2004). Profoundly reduced neovascularization capacity of bone marrow mononuclear cells derived from patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. Circulation 109, 1615-1622.
174. Hicok K.C., Thomas T., Gori F., Rickard D.J., Spelsberg T.C. and Riggs B.L. (1998). Development and characterization of conditionally immortalized osteoblast precursor cell lines from human bone marrow stroma. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13, 205-217.
175. Hicok K.C., Du Laney T.V., Zhou Y.S., Halvorsen Y.D., Hitt D.C., Cooper L.F. and Gimble J.M. (2004). Human adipose-derived adult stem cells produce osteoid in vivo. Tissue Eng. 10, 371-380.
176. Hillebrands J.L., Klatter F.A., van den Hurk B.M., Popa E.R., Nieuwenhuis P. and Rozing J. (2001). Origin of neointimal endothelium and alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells in transplant arteriosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 107, 1411-1422.
177. Hitoshi S., Alexson T., Tropepe V., Donoviel D., Elia A.J., Nye J.S., Conlon R.A., Mak T.W., Bernstein A. and van der Kooy D. (2002). Notch pathway molecules are essential for the maintenance, but not the generation, of mammalian neural stem cells. Genes Dev. 16, 846-858.
178. Ho K.S. and Scott M.P. (2002). Sonic hedgehog in the nervous system: functions, modifications and mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12, 57-63.
179. Hoffman R.M. (2006). The pluripotency of hair follicle stem cells. Cell Cycle 5, 232-233.
180. Hoogduijn M.J., Gorjup E. and Genever P.G. (2006). Comparative characterization of hair follicle dermal stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev. 15, 49-60.
181. Howson K.M., Aplin A.C., Gelati M., Alessandri G., Parati E.A. and Nicosia R.F. (2005). The postnatal rat aorta contains pericyte progenitor cells that form spheroidal colonies in suspension culture. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 289, C1396-C1407.
182. Hu Y., Davison F., Ludewig B., Erdel M., Mayr M., Url M., Dietrich H. and Xu Q. (2002a). Smooth muscle cells in transplant atherosclerotic lesions are originated from recipients, but not bone marrow progenitor cells. Circulation 106, 1834-1839.
183. Hu Y., Mayr M., Metzler B., Erdel M., Davison F. and Xu Q. (2002b). Both donor and recipient origins of smooth muscle cells in vein graft atherosclerotic lesions. Circ. Res. 91, e13-20.
184. Hu Y., Davison F., Zhang Z. and Xu Q. (2003). Endothelial replacement and angiogenesis in arteriosclerotic lesions of allografts are contributed by circulating progenitor cells. Circulation 108, 3122-3127.
185. Huang J.I., Beanes S.R., Zhu M., Lorenz H.P., Hedrick M.H. and Benhaim P. (2002). Rat extramedullary adipose tissue as a source of osteochondrogenic progenitor cells. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109, 1033-1041.
186. Huelsken J., Vogel R., Erdmann B., Cotsarelis G. and Birchmeier W. (2001). Catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin. Cell 105, 533-545.
187. Huntly B.J., Shigenatsu H., Deguchi K., Lee B.H., Mizuno S., Duclos N., Rowan R., Amaral S., Curley D., Williams I.R. Akashi K. and Gilliland D.G. (2004). MOZ-TIF2, but not BCR-ABL, confers properties of leukemic stem cells to committed murine hematopoietic progenitors. Cancer Cell 6, 587-596.
188. Hur J., Yoon C.H., Kim H.S., Choi J.H., Kang H.J., Hwang K.K., Oh B.H., Lee M.M. and Park Y.B. (2004). Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 288-293.
189. Ianus A., Holz G.G., Theise N.D. and Hussain M.A. (2003). In vivo derivation of glucose-competent pancreatic endocrine cells from bone marrow without evidence of cell fusion. J. Clin. Invest. 111, 843-850.
190. Imura T., Kornblum H.I. and Sofroniew M.V. (2003). The predominant neural stem cell isolated from postnatal and adult forebrain but not early embryonic forebrain expresses GFAP. J. Neurosci. 23, 2824-2832.
191. in't Anker P.S., Noort W.A., Scherjon S.A., Kleijburg-van der Keur C., Kruisselbrink A.B., van Bezooijen R.L., Beekhuizen W., Willemze R., Kanhai H.H. and Fibbe W.E. (2003a). Mesenchymal stem cells in human second-trimester bone marrow, liver, lung, and spleen exhibit a similar immunophenotype but a heterogeneous multilineage differentiation potential. Hematologica 88, 845-852.
192. in't Anker P.S., Scherjon S.A., Kleijburg-van der Keur C., Noort W.A., Claas F.H.J., Willemze R., Fibbe W.E. and Kanhai H.H.H. (2003b). Amniotic fluid as a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic transplantation. Blood 102, 1548-1549.
193. Ingram D.A., Mead L.E., Moore D.B., Woodard W., Fenoglio A. and Yoder M.C. (2005). Vessel wall-derived endothelial cells rapidly proliferate because they contain a complete hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells. Blood 105, 2783-2786.
194. Iwasaki H., Isayama T., Johzaki H. and Kikuchi M. (1987). Malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Evidence of perivascular mesenchymal cell origin. Immunocytochemical studies with monoclonal anti-MFH antibodies. Am. J. Pathol. 128, 528-537.
195. Jacenko O., Roberts D.W., Campbell M.R., McManus P.M., Gress C.J. and Tao Z. (2002). Linking hematopoiesis to endochondral skeletogenesis through analysis of mice transgenic for collagen X. Am. J. Pathol. 160, 2019-2034.
196. Jackson K.A. and Goodell M.A. (1999). Hematopoietic potential of stem cells isoiated from murine skeletal muscle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 14482-14486.
197. Jackson K.A., Majka S.M., Wang H., Pocius J., Hartley C.J., Majesky M.W., Entman M.L., Michael L.H., Hirschi K.K. and Goodell M.A. (2001). Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 107, 1395-1402.
198. Jahoda C.A.B. and Reynolds A.J. (2001). Hair follicle dermal sheath cells: unsung participants in wound healing. Lancet 358, 1445-1448.
199. Jahoda C.A., Whitehouse J., Reynolds A.J. and Hole N. (2003). Hair follicle dermal cells differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Exp. Dermatol. 12, 849-859.
200. Jaiswal S., Traver D., Miyamoto T., Akashi K., Lagasse E. and Weissman I.L. (2003). Expression of BCR/ABL and BCL-2 in myeloid progenitors leads to myeloid Leukemias. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10002-10007.
201. Jamieson C.H., Ailles L.E., Dylla S.J., Muijtjens M., Jones C., Zehnder J.L., Gotlib J., Li K., Manz M.G., Keating A., Sawyers C.L. and Weissman I.L. (2004). Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 657-667.
202. Jang Y.Y., Collector M.I., Baylin S.B., Diehl A.M. and Sharkis S.I. (2004). Hematopoietic stem cells convert into liver cells within days without fusion. Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 532-539.
203. Javazon E.H., Beggs K.J. and Flake A.W. (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells: paradoxes of passaging. Exp. Hematol. 32, 414-425.
204. Jiang Y., Jahagirdar B.N., Reinhardt R.L., Schwartz R.E., Keene C.D., Ortiz-Gonzalez X.R., Reyes M., Lenvik T., Lund T., Blackstad M., Du J., Aldrich S., Lisberg A., Low W.C., Largaespada D.A. and Verfaillie C.M. (2002a). Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature 418, 41-49.
205. Jiang Y., Vaessen B., Lenvik T., Blackstad M., Reyes M. and Verfaillie C. (2002b). Multipotent progenitor cells can be isolated from postnatal murine bone marrow, muscle, and brain. Exp. Hematol. 30, 896-904.
206. Johe K.K., Hazel T.G., Muller T., Dugich-Djordjevic M.M. and McKay R.D. (1996). Single factors direct the differentiation of stem cells from the fetal and adult central nervous system. Genes Dev. 10, 3129-3140.
207. Jones P.H. (1996). Isolation and characterization of human epidermal stem cells. Clin. Sci. (Lond). 91, 141-146.
208. Jones P.H. and Watt F.M. (1993). Separation of human epidermal stem cells from transit amplifying cells on the basis of differences in integrin function and expression. Cell 73, 713-724.
209. Kabos P., Ehtesham M., Kabosova A., Black K.L. and Yu J.S. (2002). Generation of neural progenitor cells from whole adult bone marrow. Exp. Neurol. 178, 288-293.
210. Kalka C., Masuda H., Takahashi T., Kalka-Moll W.M., Silver M., Kearney M., Li T., Isner J.M. and Asahara T. (2000). Transplantation of ex vivo expanded endothelial progenitor cells for therapeutic neovascularization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3422-3427.
211. Kang S.K., Lee D.H., Bae Y.C., Kim H.K., Baik S.Y. and Jung J.S. (2003). Improvement of neurological deficits by intracerebral transplantation of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells after cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp. Neurol. 183, 355-366.
212. Karam S.M. (1999). Lineage commitment and maturation of epithelial cells in the gut. Front Biosci. 4, D286-D298.
213. Kayahara T., Sawada M., Takaishi S., Fukui H., Seno H., Fukuzawa H., Suzuki K., Hiai H., Kageyama R., Okano H. and Chiba T. (2003). Candidate markers for stem and early progenitor cells, Musashi-1 and Hes1, are expressed in crypt base columnar cells of mouse small intestine. FEBS Lett. 535, 131-135.
214. Kehat I., Kenyagin-Karsenti D., Snir M., Segev H., Amit M., Gepstein A., Livne E., Binah O., Itskovitz-Eldor J. and Gepstein L. (2001). Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 407-414.
215. Keilhoff G., Goihl A., Langnase K., Fansa H. and Wolf G. (2006). Transdifferentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into Schwann cell-like myelinating cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 85, 11-24.
216. Kempermann G. and Gage F.H. (1999). New nerve cells for the adult brain. Sci. Am. 280, 48-53.
217. Kim C.F., Jackson E.L., Woolfenden A.E., Lawrence S., Babar I., Vogel S., Crowley D., Bronson R.T. and Jacks T. (2005). Identification of bronchioalveolar stem cells in normal lung and lung cancer. Cell 121, 823-835.
218. Kishi T., Takao T., Fujita K. and Taniguchi H. (2006). Clonal proliferation of multipotent stem/progenitor cells in the neonatal and adult salivary glands. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 340, 544-552.
219. Kloppel G., Lohr M., Habich K., Oberholzer M. and Heitz P.U. (1985). Islet pathology and the pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus revisited. Surv. Synth. Pathol. Res. 4, 110-25.
220. Kojima H., Fujimiya M., Matsumura K., Younan P., Imaeda H., Maeda M. and Chan L. (2003). NeuroD-betacellulin gene therapy induces islet neogenesis in the liver and reverses diabetes in mice. Nat. Med. 9, 596-603.
221. Kokovay E., Li L. and Cunningham L.A. (2006). Angiogenic recruitment of pericytes from bone marrow after stroke. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 26, 545-555.
222. Kong D., Melo L.G., Gnecchi M., Zhang L., Mostoslavsky G., Liew C.C., Pratt R.E. and Dzau V.J. (2004). Cytokine-induced mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells enhances repair of injured arteries. Circulation 110, 2039-2046.
223. Kopen G.C., Prockop D.J. and Phinney D.G. (1999). Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10711-10716.
224. Korbling M., Katz R.L., Khanna A., Ruifrok A.C., Rondon G., Albitar M., Champlin R.E. and Estrov Z. (2002). Hepatocytes and epithelial cells of donor origin in recipients of peripheral-blood stem cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 738-746.
225. Kordon E.C. and Smith G.H. (1998). An entire functional mammary gland may comprise the progeny from a single cell. Development 125, 1921-1930.
226. Kotton D.N., Ma B.Y., Cardoso W.V., Sanderson E.A., Summer R.S., Williams M.C. and Fine A. (2001). Bone marrow-derived cells as progenitors of lung alveolar epithelium. Development 128, 5181-5188.
227. Krakowski M.L., Kritzik M.R., Jones E.M., Krahl T., Lee J., Arnush M., Gu D. and Sarvetnick N. (1999). Pancreatic expression of keratinocyte growth factor leads to differentiation of islet hepatocytes and proliferation of duct cells. Am. J. Pathol. 154, 683-691.
228. Krause D.S., Theise N.D., Collector M.I., Henegariu O., Hwang S., Gardner R., Neutzel S. and Sharkis S.J. (2001). Multi-organ, multilineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell 105, 369-377.
229. Kritzik M.R., Krahl T., Good A., Krakowski M., St-Onge L., Gruss P., Wright C. and Sarvetnick N. (2000). Transcription factor expression during pancreatic islet regeneration. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 164, 99-107.
230. Kucia M., Reca R., Miekus K., Wanzeck J., Wojakowski W., Janowska-Wieczorek A., Ratajczak J. and Ratajczak M.Z. (2005). Trafficking of normal stem cells and metastasis of cancer stem cells involve similar mechanisms: pivotal role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis. Stem Cells 23, 879-894.
231. LaBarge M.A. and Blau H.M. (2002). Biological progression from adult bone marrow to mononucleate muscle stem cell to multinucleate muscle fiber in response to injury. Cell 111, 589-601.
232. Labat M.L. (2001). Stem cells and the promise of eternal youth: embryonic versus adult stem cells. Biomed. Pharmacother. 55, 179-185.
233. Laflamme M.A., Myerson D., Saffitz J.E. and Murry C.E. (2002). Evidence for cardiomyocyte repopulation by extracardiac progenitors in transplanted human hearts. Circ. Res. 90, 634-640.
234. Laflamme M.A., Gold J., Xu C., Hassanipour M., Rosler E., Police S., Muskheli V. and Murry C.E. (2005). Formation of human myocardium in the rat heart from human embryonic stem cells. Am. J. Pathol. 167, 663-671.
235. Lagasse E., Connors H., Al-Dhalimy M., Reitsma M., Dohse M., Osborne L., Wang X., Finegold M., Weissman I.L. and Grompe M. (2000). Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nat. Med. 6, 1229-1234.
236. Lako M., Armstrong L., Cairns P.M., Harris S., Hole N. and Jahoda C.A. (2002). Hair follicle dermal cells repopulate the mouse haematopoietic system. J. Cell. Sci. 115(Pt 20), 3967-3974.
237. Lapidot T., Sirard C., Vormoor J., Murdoch B., Hoang T., Caceres-Cortes J., Minden M., Paterson B., Caligiuri M.A. and Dick J.E. (1994). A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367, 645-648.
238. Lauffer J.M., Tang L.H., Zhang T., Hinoue T., Rahbar S., Odo M., Modlin I.M. and Kidd M. (2001). PACAP mediates the neural proliferative pathway of Mastomys enterochromaffin-like cell transformation. Regul. Pept. 102, 157-164.
239. Lavker R.M. and Sun T.T. (2000). Epidermal stem cells: properties, markers, and location. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 13473-13475.
240. Lavker R.M., Tseng S.C. and Sun T.T. (2004). Corneal epithelial stem cells at the limbus: looking at some old problems from a new angle. Exp. Eye Res. 78, 433-446.
241. Laywell E.D., Rakic P., Kukekov V.G., Holland E.C. and Steindler D.A. (2000). Identification of a multipotent astrocytic stem cell in the immature and adult mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 13883-13888.
242. Lee E.J., Russell T., Hurley L. and Jameson J.L. (2005). Pituitary transcription factor-1 induces transient differentiation of adult hepatic stem cells into prolactin-producing cells in vivo. Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 964-971.
243. Lee K.D., Kuo T.K., Whang-Peng J., Chung Y.F., Lin C.T., Chou S.H., Chen J.R., Chen Y.P. and Lee O.K. (2004). In vitro hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Hepatology 40, 1275-1284.
244. Lendahl U., Zimmerman L.B. and Mckay R.D.G. (1990). CNS stem cells express a new class of intermediate filament protein. Cell 60, 585-595.
245. Lin F., Moran A. and Igarashi P. (2005). Intrarenal cells, not bone marrow-derived cells, are the major source for regeneration in postischemic kidney. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 1756-1764.
246. Lin Y., Weisdorf D.J., Solovey A. and Hebbel R.P. (2000). Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood. J. Clin. Invest. 105, 71-77.
247. Liu B.Y., McDermott S.P., Khwaja S.S. and Alexander C.M. (2004). The transforming activity of Wnt effectors correlates with their ability to induce the accumulation of mammary progenitor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 4158-4163.
248. Liu S., Dontu G. and Wicha M.S. (2005). Mammary stem cells, self-renewal pathways, and carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res. 7, 86-95.
249. Lord B.I., Testa N.G. and Hendry J.H. (1975). The relative spatial distributions of CFUs and CFUc in the normal mouse femur. Blood 46, 65-72.
250. Lyle S., Christofidou-Solomidou M., Liu Y., Elder D.E., Albelda S. and Cotsarelis G. (1998). The C8/144B monoclonal antibody recognizes cytokeratin 15 and defines the location of human hair follicle stem cells. J. Cell Sci. 111, 3179-3188.
251. Ma Y., Xu Y., Xiao Z., Yang W., Zhang C., Song E., Du Y. and Li L. (2006). Reconstruction of chemically burned rat corneal surface by bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 24, 315-21.
252. Man Y.G., Ball W.D., Marchetti L. and Hand A.R. (2001). Contributions of intercalated duct cells to the normal parenchyma of submandibular glands of adult rats. Anat. Rec. 263, 202-214.
253. Mangi A.A., Noiseux N., Kong D., He H., Rezvani M., Ingwall J.S. and Dzau V.J. (2003). Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts. Nat. Med. 9, 1195-1201.
254. Mankani M.H., Kuznetsov S.A., Shannon B., Nalla R.K., Ritchie R.O., Qin Y. and Robey P.G. (2006). Canine cranial reconstruction using autologous bone marrow stromal cells. Am. J. Pathol. 168, 542-550.
255. Marshall C.T., Lu C., Winstead W., Zhang X., Xiao M., Harding G., Klueber K.M. and Roisen F.J. (2006). The therapeutic potential of human olfactory-derived stem cells. Histol Histopathol. 21, 633-643.
256. Massengale M., Wagers A.J., Vogel H. and Weissman I.L. (2005). Hematopoietic cells maintain hematopoietic fates upon entering the brain. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1579-1589.
257. Matsuura K., Nagai T., Nishigaki N., Oyama T., Nishi J., Wada H., Sano M., Toko H., Akazawa H., Sato T., Nakaya H., Kasanuki H. and Komuro I. (2004). Adult cardiac Sca-1-positive cells differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 11384-11391.
258. Mauro A. (1961). Satellite cells of muscle skeletal fibers. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 9, 493-495.
259. Menard C., Hagege A.A., Agbulut O., Barro M., Morichetti M.C., Brasselet C., Bel A., Messas E., Bissery A., Bruneval P., Desnos M., Puceat M. and Menasche P. (2006). Transplantation of cardiac-committed mouse embryonic stem cells to infarctedsheep myocardium: a preclinical study. Lancet 366, 1005-1012.
260. Meivar-Levy I. and Ferber S. (2003). New organs from our own tissues: liver-to-pancreas transdifferentiation. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 14, 460-466.
261. Mercier F., Kitasako J.T. and Hatton G.I. (2002). Anatomy of the brain neurogenic zones revisited: fractones and the fibroblast/macrophage network. J. Comp. Neurol. 451, 170-188.
262. Merrill B.J., Gat U., DasGupta R. and Fuchs E. (2001). Tcf3 and Lef1 regulate lineage differentiation of multipotent stem cells in skin. Genes Dev. 15, 1688-1705.
263. Mezey E., Chandross K.J., Harta G., Maki R.A. and McKercher S.R. (2000). Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science 290, 1779-1782.
264. Mezey E., Key S., Vogelsang G., Szalayova I., Lange G.D. and Crain B. (2003). Transplanted bone marrow generates new neurons in human brains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1364-1369.
265. Miller S.J., Lavker R.M. and Sun T.T. (2005). Interpreting epithelial cancer biology in the context of stem cells: tumor properties and therapeutic implications. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1756, 25-52.
266. Minami K., Okuno M., Miyawaki K., Okumachi A., Ishizaki K., Oyama K., Kawaguchi M., Ishizuka N., Iwanaga T. and Seino S. (2005). Lineage tracing and characterization of insulin-secreting cells generated from adult pancreatic acinar cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 15116-15121.
267. Ming G.-I. and Song H. (2005). Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28, 223-250.
268. Minguell J.J., Erices A. and Conget P. (2001). Mesenchymal stem cells. Exp. Biol. Med. 226, 507-520.
269. Miranville A., Heeschen C., Sengenes C., Curat C.A., Busse R. and Bouloumie A. (2004). Improvement of postnatal neovascularization by human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Circulation 110, 349-355.
270. Mitsui K., Tokuzawa Y., Itoh H., Segawa K., Murakami M., Takahashi K., Maruyama M., Maeda M. and Yamanaka S. (2003). The homeoprotein Nanog is required for maintenance of pluripotency in mouse epiblast and ES cells. Cell 113, 631-642.
271. Mizuno H., Zuk P.A., Zhu M., Lorenz H.P., Benhaim P. and Hedrick M.H. (2002). Myogenic differentiation by human processed lipoaspirate cells. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 109, 199-209.
272. Modlin I.M., Kidd M., Lye K.D. and Wright N.A. (2003). Gastric stem cells: an update. Keio J. Med. 52, 134-137.
273. Moldovan N.I., Goldschmidt-Clermont P.J., Parker-Thornburg J., Shapiro S.D. and Kolattukudy P.E. (2000). Contribution of monocytes/macrophages to compensatory neovascularization: the drilling of metalloelastase-positive tunnels in ischemic myocardium. Circ. Res. 87, 378-384.
274. Moldovan N.I. (2002). Role of monocytes and macrophages in adult angiogenesis: a light at the tunnel's end. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 11, 179-194.
275. Moldovan N.I. and Asahara T. (2003). Role of blood mononuclear cells in recanalization and vascularization of thrombi: past, present, and future. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 13, 265-269.
276. Molofsky A.V., Pardal R., Iwashita T., Park I.K., Clarke M.F. and Morrison S.J. (2003). Bmi-1 dependence distinguishes neural stem cell self-renewal from progenitor proliferation. Nature 425, 962-967.
277. Montanaro F., Liadaki K., Volinski J., Flint A. and Kunkel L.M. (2003). Skeletal muscle engraftment potential of adult mouse skin side population cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 9336-9341.
278. Morasso M.I. and Tomic-Canic M. (2005). Epidermal stem cells: the cradle of epidermal determination, differentiation and wound healing. Biol. Cell. 97, 173-183.
279. Morgan J.E. and Partridge T.A. (2003). Muscle satellite cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35, 1151-1156.
280. Morris R.J. (2000). Keratinocyte stem cells: targets for cutaneous carcinogens. J. Clin. Invest. 106, 3-8.
281. Morris R.J., Liu Y., Marles L., Yang Z., Trempus C., Li S., Lin J.S., Sawicki J.A. and Cotsarelis G. (2004). Capturing and profiling adult hair follicle stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 411-417.
282. Morrison S.I. (2001). Stem cell potential: can anything make anything? Curr Biol. 11, R7-9.
283. Morsczeck C., Gotz W., Schierholz J., Zeilhofer F., Kuhn U., Mohl C., Sippel C. and Hoffmann K.H. (2005). Isolation of precursor cells (PCs) from human dental follicle of wisdom teeth. Matrix Biol. 24, 155-165
284. Movat H.Z. and Fernando N.V.P. (1964). The fine structure of the terminal vascular bed. IV. The venules and their perivascular cell (pericytes, adventitial cells). Exp. Mol. Pathol. 3, 98-114.
285. Munoz-Elias G., Woodbury D. and Black I.B. (2003). Marrow stromal cells, mitosis, and neuronal differentiation: stem cell and precursor functions. Stem Cells 21, 437-448.
286. Munoz-Elias G., Marcus A.J., Coyne T.M., Woodbury D. and Black I.B. (2004). Adult bone marrow stromal cells in the embryonic brain: engraftment, migration, differentiation, and long-term survival. J. Neurosci. 24, 4585-4595.
287. Murasawa S., Llevadot J., Silver M., Isner J.M., Losordo D.W. and Asahara T. (2002). Constitutive human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression enhances regenerative properties of endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 106, 1133-1139.
288. Niemann C. (2006). Controlling the stem cell niche: right time, right place, right strength. Bioessays 28, 1-5.
289. Nishikawa S.I., Nishikawa S., Hirashima M., Matsuyoshi N. and Kodama H. (1998). Progressive lineage analysis by cell sorting and culture identifies FLK1+VE-cadherin+ cells at a diverging point of endothelial and hemopoietic lineages. Development 125, 1747-1757.
290. Nishimura E.K., Jordan S.A., Oshima H., Yoshida H., Osawa M., Moriyama M., Jackson I.J., Barrandon Y., Miyachi Y. and Nishikawa S. (2002). Dominant role of the niche in melanocyte stem-cell fate determination. Nature 416, 854-860.
291. Niwa H., Miyazaki J. and Smith A.G. (2000). Quantitative expression of Oct-3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self-renewal of ES cells. Nat. Genet. 24, 372-376.
292. Nomoto M., Uchikosi Y., Kajikazawa W., Tanaka Y. and Asakura H. (1992). Appearance of hepatocyte like cells in the interlobular bile ducts of human liver in various liver disease states. Hepatology 16, 1199-1205.
293. Nottebohm F. (2002). Why are sume neurons replaced in adult brain? J. Neuroscience 22, 624-628.
294. Novikoff P.M., Yam A. and Oikawa I. (1996). Blast-like cell compartment in carcinogen-induced proliferating bile ductules, Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1473-1492.
295. Novikoff P.M. and Yam A. (1998). Stem cells and rat liver carcinogenesis: contributions of confocal and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46, 613-626.
296. Nowak G., Karrar A., Holmen C., Nava S., Uzunel M., Hultenby K. and Sumitran-Holgersson S. (2004). Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 or Tie-2 on peripheral blood cells defines functionally competent cell populations capable of reendothelialization. Circulation. 110, 3699-3707.
297. Oh J.D., Kling-Bäckhed H., Giannakis M., Engstrand L.G. and Gordon J.I. (2006). Interactions between gastric epithelial stem cells and Helicobacter pylori in the setting of chronic atrophic gastritis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 9, 21-27.
298. Ohlstein B., Kai T., Decotto E. and Spradling A. (2004). The stem cell niche: themes and variations. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16, 693-699.
299. Ohyama M., Terunuma A., Tock C.L., Radonovich M.F., Pise-Masison C.A., Hopping S.B., Brady J.N., Udey M.C. and Vogel J.C. (2006). Characterization and isolation of stem cell-enriched human hair follicle bulge cells. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 249-260.
300. Okamoto R., Yajima T., Yamazaki M., Kanai T., Mukai M., Okamoto S., Ikeda Y., Hibi T., Inazawa J. and Watanabe M. (2002). Damaged epithelia regenerated by bone marrow-derived cells in the human gastrointestinal tract. Nat. Med. 8, 1011-1017.
301. Okamoto R. and Watanabe M. (2003). Prospects for regeneration of gastrointestinal epithelia using bone-marrow cells. Trends Mol. Med. 9, 286-290.
302. Oliver J.A., Maarouf O., Cheema F.H., Martens T.P. and Al-Awqati Q. (2004). The renal papilla is a niche for adult kidney stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 114, 795-804.
303. Orkin S.H. (2000). Stem cell alchemy. Nat. Med. 6, 1212-1213.
304. Orlic D., Kajstura J., Chimenti S., Jakoniuk I., Anderson S.M., Li B., Pickel J., McKay R., Nadal-Ginard B., Bodine D.M., Leri A. and Anversa P. (2001). Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 410, 701-705
305. Oshima H., Rochat A., Kedzia C., Kobayashi K. and Barrandon Y. (2001). Morphogenesis and renewal of hair follicles from adult multipotent stem cells. Cell 104, 233-245.
306. Otto W.R. (2002). Lung epithelial stem cells. J. Pathol. 197, 527-535.
307. Owen M. and Friedenstein A.J. (1988). Stromal stem cells: marrow-derived osteogenic precursors. Ciba Found. Symp. 136, 42-60.
308. Ozerdem U., Alitalo K., Salven P. and Li A. (2005). Contribution of bone marrow-derived pericyte precursor cells to corneal vasculogenesis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 3502-3506.
309. Paku S., Schnur J., Nagy P. and Thorgeirsson S. (2001). Origin and structural evolution of the early proliferating oval cells in rat liver. Am. J. Pathol. 158, 1313-1323.
310. Palmer T.D., Willhoite A.R. and Gage F.H. (2000). Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 425, 479-494.
311. Park C.M., Cha I.H., Chung K.B., Suh W.H., Lee C.H., Choi S.Y. and Chae Y.S. (1991). Hepatocellular carcinoma in extrahepatic bile ducts. Acta Radiol. 32, 34-36.
312. Park I.K., Qian D.L., Kiel M., Becker M.W., Pihalja M., Weissman I.L., Morrison S.J. and Clarke M.F. (2003). Bmi-1 is required for maintenance of adult self-renewing haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 423, 302-305.
313. Parker M.A., Anderson J.K., Corliss D.A., Abraria V.E., Sidman R.L., Park K.I., Teng Y.D., Cotanche D.A. and Snyder E.Y. (2005). Expression profile of an operationally-defined neural stem cell clone. Exp. Neurol. 194, 320-332.
314. Paus R. and Cotsarelis G. (1999). The biology of hair follicles. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 491-497.
315. Pearton D.J., Ferraris C. and Dhouailly D. (2004). Transdifferentiation of corneal epithelium: evidence for a linkage between the segregation of epidermal stem cells and the induction of hair follicles during embryogenesis. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48, 197-201.
316. Peichev M., Naiyer A.J., Pereira D., Zhu Z., Lane W.J., Williams M., Oz M.C., Hicklin D.J., Witte L., Moore M.A.S. and Rafii S. (2000). Expression of VEGFR-2 and AC133 by circulating human CD34(+) cells identifies a population of functional endothelial precursors. Blood. 95, 952-958.
317. Pellegrini G., Dellambra E., Golisano O., Martinelli E., Fantozzi I., Bondanza S., Ponzin D., McKeon F. and De Luca M. (2001). p63 identifies keratinocyte stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 3156-3161.
318. Pereira R.F., Halford K.W., O'Hara M.D., Leeper D.B., Sokolov B.P., Pollard M.D., Bagasra O. and Prockop D.J. (1995). Cultured adherent cells from marrow can serve as long-lasting precursor cells for bone, cartilage, and lung in irradiated mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4857-4861.
319. Pereira R.F., O'Hara M.D., Laptev A.V., Halford K.W., Pollard M.D., Class R., Simon D., Livezey K. and Prockop D.J. (1998). Marrow stromal cells as a source of progenitor cells for nonhematopoietic tissues in transgenic mice with a phenotype of osteogenesis imperfecta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 1142-1147.
320. Petersen B.E., Zajac V.F. and Michalopoulos G.K. (1998). Hepatic oval cell activation in response to injury following chemically induced periportal or pericentral damage in rats. Hepatology 27, 1030-1038.
321. Petersen B.E., Bowen W.C., Greenberger J.S. and Goff J.P. (1999a). Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells, Science 284, 287-298.
322. Petersen B.E., Bowen W.C., Patrene K.D., Mars W.M., Sullivan A.K., Murase N. and Boggs S.S. (1999b). Bone marrow as a potential source of hepatic oval cells. Science 284, 1168-1170.
323. Petropavlovskaia M. and Rosenberg L. (2002). Identification and characterization of small cells in the adult pancreas: potential progenitor cells? Cell Tissue Res. 310, 51-58.
324. Picardo M., Tosti A., Marchese C., Zompetta C., Torrisi M.R., Faggioni A. and Cameli N. (1994). Characterization of cultured nail matrix cells. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30, 434-440.
325. Pictet R.L., Clark W.R., Williams R.H., Rutter W.J. (1972). An ultrastructural analysis of the developing embryonic pancreas. Dev. Biol. 29, 436-467.
326. Pinto D., Gregorieff A., Begthel H. and Clevers H. (2003). Canonical Wnt signals are essential for homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. Genes Dev. 17, 1709-1713.
327. Pittenger M.F., Mackay A.M., Beck S.C., Jaiswal R.K., Douglas R., Mosca J.D., Moorman M.A., Simonetti D.W., Craig S. and Marshak D.R. (1999). Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284, 143-147.
328. Pittenger M.F. and Martin B.J. (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells and their potential as cardiac therapeutics. Circ. Res. 95, 9-20.
329. Planat-Bernard V., Menard C., Andre M., Puceat M., Perez A., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., Penicaud L. and Casteilla L. (2004). Spontaneous cardiomyocyte differentiation from adipose tissue stroma cells. Circ. Res. 94, 223-229.
330. Podolsky D.K. (1993). Regulation of intestinal epithelial proliferation: a few answers, many questions. Am. J. Physiol. 264, G179-86.
331. Potten C.S. (1974). The epidermal proliferative unit: the possible role of the central basal cell. Cell Tissue Kinet. 7, 77-88.
332. Potten C.S. (1978). In: Stem cells and tissue homeostasis. Lord B.I., Potten C.S. and Cole R.J. (eds). Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge. pp 317-334.
333. Potten C.S. (1981). Cell replacement in epidermis (keratopoiesis) via discrete units of proliferation. Int. Rev. Cytol. 69, 271-318.
334. Potten C.S. (1998). Stem cells in gastrointestinal epithelium: numbers, characteristics and death. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 353, 821-830.
335. Potten C.S. and Loeffler M. (1990). Stem cells: attributes, cycles, spirals, pitfalls and uncertainties. Lessons for and from the crypt. Development 110, 1001-1020.
336. Potten C.S. and Booth C. (2002). Keratinocyte stem cells: a commentary. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 888-899.
337. Potten C.S., Wilson J.W. and Booth C. (1997). Regulation and significance of apoptosis in the stem cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Stem Cells 15, 82-93.
338. Potten C.S., Booth C., Tudor G.L., Booth D., Brady G., Hurley P., Ashton G., Clarke R., Sakakibara S. and Okano H. (2003). Identification of a putative intestinal stem cell and early lineage marker; musashi-1. Differentiation 71, 28-41.
339. Poulsom R., Forbes S.J., Hodivala-Dilke K., Ryan E., Wyles S., Navaratnarasah S., Jeffery R., Hunt T., Alison M., Cook T., Pusey C. and Wright N.A. (2001). Bone marrow contributes to renal parenchymal turnover and regeneration. J. Pathol. 195, 229-235.
340. Powell D.W., Mifflin R.C., Valentich J.D., Crowe S.E., Saada J.I. and West A.B. (1999). Myofibroblasts. II. Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts. Am. J. Physiol. 277, C183-C201.
341. Priller J., Persons D.A., Klett F.F., Kempermann G., Kreutzberg G.W.,
342. Prouty S.M., Lawrence L. and Stenn K.S. (1996). Fibroblast-dependent induction of a murine skin lesion with similarity to human common blue nevus. Am. J. Pathol. 148, 1871-1885.
343. Prouty S.M., Lawrence L. and Stenn K.S. (1997). Fibroblast-dependent induction of a murine skin lesion similar to human nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn. Lab. Invest. 76, 179-189.
344. Qi H., Aguiar D.J., Williams S.M., La Pean A., Pan W. and Verfaillie C.M. (2003). Identification of genes responsible for osteoblast differentiation from human mesodermal progenitor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3305-3310.
345. Quaini F., Urbanek K., Beltrami A.P., Finato N., Beltrami C.A., Nadal-Ginard B., Kajstura J., Leri A. and Anversa P. (2002). Chimerism of the transplanted heart. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 5-15.
346. Quirici N., Soligo D., Caneva L., Servida F., Bossolasco P. and Deliliers G.L. (2001). Differentiation and expansion of endothelial cells from human bone marrow CD133+ cells. Br. J. Haematol. 115, 186-194.
347. Rafii S., Shapiro F., Rimarachin J., Nachman R.L., Ferris B., Weksler B., Moore M.A. and Asch A.S. (1994). Isolation and characterization of human bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells: hematopoietic progenitor cell adhesion. Blood 84, 10-18.
348. Rajantie I., Ilmonen M., Alminaite A., Ozerdem U., Alitalo K. and Salven P. (2004). Adult bone marrow-derived cells recruited during angiogenesis comprise precursors for periendothelial vascular mural cells. Blood 104, 2084-2086.
349. Rangappa S., Fen C., Lee E.H., Bongso A. and Sim E.K. (2003). Transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the fatty tissue into cardiomyocytes. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75, 775-779.
350. Rao M.S., Subbarao V., Sato K. and Reddy J.K. (1991). Alterations of pancreatic hepatocytes in rats exposed to carcinogens. Am. J. Pathol. 139, 1111-1117.
351. Rehman J., Li J., Orschell C.M. and March K.L. (2003). Peripheral blood "endotelial progenitor cells" are derived from monocytes /macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation 107, 1164-1169.
352. Rehman J., Li J., Parvathaneni L., Karlsson G., Panchal V.R., Temm C.J., Mahenthiran J. and March K.L. (2004). Exercise acutely increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and monocytes-/ macrophage-derived angiogenic cells. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 2314-2318.
353. Religa P., Cao R., Bjorndahl M., Zhou Z., Zhu Z. and Cao Y. (2005). Presence of bone marrow-derived circulating progenitor endothelial cells in the newly formed lymphatic vessels. Blood 106, 4184-4190.
354. Reya T., Duncan A.W., Ailles L., Domen J., Scherer D.C., Willert K., Hintz L., Nusse R. and Weissman I.L. (2003). A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature 423, 409-414.
355. Reya T. and Clevers H. (2005). Wnt signalling in stem cells and cancer. Nature 434, 843-850.
356. Reyes M., Lund T., Lenvik T., Aguiar D., Koodie L. and Verfaillie C.M. (2001). Purification and ex vivo expansion of postnatal human marrow mesodermal progenitor cells. Blood 98, 2615-2625.
357. Reyes M., Dudek A., Jahagirdar B., Koodie L., Marker P.H. and Verfaillie C.M. (2002). Origin of endothelial progenitors in human postnatal bone marrow J. Clin. Invest. 109, 337-346.
358. Rezai N., Corbel S.Y., Dabiri D., Kerjner A., Rossi F.M., McManus B.M. and Podor T.J. (2005). Bone marrow-derived recipient cells in murine transplanted hearts: potential roles and the effect of immunosuppression. Lab. Invest. 85, 982-991.
359. Richardson G.D., Robson C.N., Lang S.H., Neal D.E., Maitland N.J. and Collins A.T. (2004). CD133, a novel marker for human prostatic epithelial stem cells. J. Cell Sci. 117, 3539-3545.
360. Richardson G.D., Arnott E.C., Whitehouse C.J., Lawrence C.M., Hole N. and Johada C.A. (2005a). Cultured cells from the adult human hair follicle dermis can be directed toward adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. J. Invest. Dermatol. 124, 1090-1091.
361. Richardson G.D., Arnott E.C., Whitehouse C.J., Lawrence C.M., Reynolds A.J., Hole N. and Johada C.A. (2005b). Plasticity of rodent and human hair follicle dermal cells: Implications for cell therapy and tissue engineering. J. Invest. Dermatol. SP. 10, 180-183.
362. Richardson R.L., Hausman G.J. and Campion D.R. (1982). Response of pericytes to thermal lesion in the inguinal fat pad of 10-day-old rats. Acta Anat. 114, 41-57.
363. Riggi N., Cironi L., Provero P., Suva M.L., Kaloulis K., Garcia-Echeverria C., Hoffmann F., Trumpp A. and Stamenkovic I. (2005). Development of Ewing's sarcoma from primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. Cancer Res. 65, 11459-11468.
364. Rizvi A.Z., Swain J.R., Davies P.S., Bailey A.S., Decker A.D., Willenbring H., Grompe M., Fleming W.H. and Wong M.H. (2006). Bone marrow-derived cells fuse with normal and transformed intestinal stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 6321-6325.
365. Rodriguez A.M., Elabd C., Delteil F., Astier J., Vernochet C., Saint-Marc P., Guesnet J., Guezennec A., Amri E.Z., Dani C. and Ailhaud G. (2004). Adipocyte differentiation of multipotent cells established from human adipose tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 315, 255-263.
366. Rodriguez A.M., Elabd C., Amri E.Z., Ailhaud G. and Dani C. (2005a). The human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Biochimie 87, 125-128.
367. Rodriguez A.M., Pisani D., Dechesne C.A., Turc-Carel C., Kurzenne J.Y., Wdziekonski B., Villageois A., Bagnis C., Breittmayer J.P., Groux H., Ailhaud G. and Dani C. (2005b). Transplantation of a multipotent cell population from human adipose tissue induces dystrophin expression in the immunocompetent mdx mouse. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1397-1405.
368. Roisen F.J., Klueber K.M., Lu C.L., Hatcher L.M., Dozier A., Shields C.B. and Maguire S. (2001). Adult human olfactory stem cells. Brain Res. 890, 11-22.
369. Romagnani P., Annunziato F., Liotta F., Lazzeri E., Mazzinghi B., Frosali F., Cosmi L., Maggi L., Lasagni L., Scheffold A, Kruger M., Dimmeler S., Marra F., Gensini G., Maggi E. and Romagnani S. (2005). CD14+CD34low cells with stem cell phenotypic and functional features are the major source of circulating endothelial progenitors. Circ. Res. 97, 314-322.
370. Rooman I., Lardon J. and Bouwens L. (2002). Gastrin stimulates beta-cell neogenesis and increases islet mass from transdifferentiated but not from normal exocrine pancreas tissue. Diabetes 51, 686-690.
371. Ross R., Everett N.B. and Tyler R. (1970). Wound healing and collagen formation. VI. The origin of the wound fibroblast studied in parabiosis. J. Cell Biol. 44, 645-654.
372. Rouget C. (1873). Memoire sur le development, la structure et les proprietes physiologiques des capillaires sanguins et lymphatiques. Arch. Physiol. Norm. Pathol. 5, 603-663.
373. Safford K.M., Hicok K.C., Safford S.D., Halvorsen Y.D., Wilkison W.O., Gimble J.M. and Rice H.E. (2002). Neurogenic differentiation of murine and human adipose-derived stromal cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 294, 371-379.
374. Saiura A., Sata M., Hirata Y., Nagai R. and Makuuchi M. (2001). Circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells contribute to atherosclerosis. Nat. Med. 7, 382-383.
375. Sakakibara S., Imai T., Hamaguchi K., Okabe M., Aruga J., Nakajima K., Yasutomi D., Nagata T., Kurihara Y., Uesugi S., Miyata T., Ogawa M., Mikoshiba K. and Okano H. (1996). Mouse-Musashi-1, a neural RNAinding protein highly enriched in the mammalian CNS stem cell. Dev. Biol. 176, 230-242.
376. Salm S.N., Burger P.E., Coetzee S., Goto K., Moscatelli D. and Wilson E.L. (2005). TGF-{beta} maintains dormancy of prostatic stem cells in the proximal region of ducts. J. Cell Biol. 170, 81-90.
377. Sanchez-Ramos J., Song S., Cardozo-Pelaez F., Hazzi C., Stedeford T., Willing A., Freeman T.B., Saporta S., Janssen W., Patel N., Cooper D.R., Sanberg P.R. (2000). Adult bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neural cells in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 164, 247-256.
378. Sata M., Saiura A., Kunisato A., Tojo A., Okada S., Tokuhisa T., Hirai H., Makuuchi M., Hirata Y. and Nagai R. (2002). Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into vascular cells that participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nat. Med. 8, 403-409.
379. Schermer A., Galvin S. and Sun T.T. (1986). Differentiation-related expression of a major 64K corneal keratin in vivo and in culture suggests limbal location of corneal epithelial stem cells. J. Cell Biol. 103, 49-62.
380. Schmeisser A., Garlichs C.D., Zhang H., Eskafi S., Graffy C., Ludwig J., Strasser R.H. and Daniel W.G. (2001). Monocytes coexpress endothelial and macrophagocytic lineage markers and form cord-like structures in Matrigel under angiogenic conditions. Cardiovasc. Res. 49, 671-680.
381. Schmidt-Hieber C., Jonas P. and Bischofberger J. (2004). Enhanced synaptic plasticity in newly generated granule cells of the adult hippocampus. Nature 429, 184-187.
382. Schofield R. (1978). The relationship between the spleen colony-forming cell and the haemopoietic stem cell: a hypothesis. Blood Cells 4, 7-25.
383. Schor A.M., Allen T.D., Canfield A.E., Sloan P. and Schor S.L. (1990). Pericytes derived from the retinal microvasculature undergo calcification in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 97, 449-461.
384. Schwab K.E., Chan R.W. and Gargett C.E. (2005). Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril. 84 (Suppl 2), 1124-1130.
385. Seeberger K.L., Dufour J.M., Shapiro A.M., Lakey J.R., Rajotte R.V. and Korbutt G.S. (2006). Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells from human pancreatic ductal epithelium. Lab. Invest. 86, 141-153.
386. Seki T. and Arai Y. (1993). Highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-H) is expressed by newly generated granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. J. Neurosci. 13, 2351-23518.
387. Sell S. and Salman J. (1984). Light- and electron-microscopic autoradiographic analysis of proliferating cells during the early stages of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat induced by feeding N-2-fluorenylacetamide in a choline-deficient diet. Am. J. Pathol. 114, 287-300.
388. Sell S. (1990). Is there a liver stem cell? Cancer Res. 50, 3811-3815.
389. Seo M.J., Suh S.Y., Bae Y.C. and Jung J.S. (2005). Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res. Commun. 328, 258-264.
390. Seri B., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., McEwen B.S. and Alvarez-Buylla A., (2001). Astrocytes give rise to new neurons in the adult mammalian hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 21, 7153-7160.
391. Shackleton M., Vaillant F., Simpson K.J., Stingl J., Smyth G.K., Asselin-Labat M.L., Wu L., Lindeman G.J. and Visvader J.E. (2006). Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 439, 84-88.
392. Shapiro A.M., Lakey J.R., Ryan E.A., Korbutt G.S., Toth E., Warnock G.L., Kneteman N.M. and Rajotte R.V. (2000). Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 230-238.
393. Sharma A., Zangen D.H., Reitz P., Taneja M., Lissauer M.E., Miller C.P., Weir G.C., Habener J.F. and Bonner-Weir S. (1999). The homeodomain protein IDX-1 increases after an early burst of proliferation during pancreatic regeneration. Diabetes 48, 507-513.
394. Shen C.N., Horb M.E., Slack J.M. and Tosh D. (2003). Transdifferentiation of pancreas to liver. Mech. Dev. 120, 107-116.
395. Sherwood R.I., Christensen J.L., Conboy I.M., Conboy M.J., Rando T.A., Weissman I.L. and Wagers A.J. (2004). Isolation of adult mouse myogenic progenitors: functional heterogeneity of cells within and engrafting skeletal muscle. Cell 119, 543-554.
396. Shi C., Zhu Y., Su Y. and Cheng T. (2006). Stem cells and their applications in skin-cell therapy. Trends Biotechnol. 24, 48-52.
397. Shi Q., Rafii S., Wu M.H., Wijelath E.S., Yu C., Ishida A., Fujita Y., Kothari S., Mohle R., Sauvage L.R., Moore M.A., Storb R.F. and Hammond W.P. (1998). Evidence for circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial cells. Blood 92, 362-367.
398. Shi S., Bartold P., Miura M., Seo B., Robey P. and Gronthos S. (2005). The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair dental structures. Orthod. Craniofac. Res. 8, 191-199.
399. Shimizu K., Sugiyama S., Aikawa M., Fukumoto Y., Rabkin E., Libby P. and Mitchell R.N. (2001). Host bone-marrow cells are a source of donor intimal smooth-muscle-like cells in murine aortic transplant arteriopathy. Nat. Med. 7, 738-741.
400. Shintani S., Murohara T., Ikeda H., Ueno T., Honma T., Katoh A., Sasaki K., Shimada T., Oike Y. and Imaizumi T. (2001). Mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 103, 2776-2779.
401. Shiojiri N., Lemire J.M. and Fausto N. (1991). Cell lineages and oval cell progenitors in rat liver development. Cancer Res. 51, 2611-2620.
402. Shirakawa K., Furuhata S., Watanabe I., Hayase H., Shimizu A., Ikarashi Y., Yoshida T., Terada M., Hashimoto D. and Wakasugi H. (2002). Induction of vasculogenesis in breast cancer models. Br. J. Cancer 87, 1454-146
403. Shirakawa K., Shibuya M., Heike Y., Takashima S., Watanabe I., Konishi F., Kasumi F., Goldman C.K., Thomas K.A., Bett A., Terada M. and Wakasugi H. (2002). Tumor-infiltrating endothelial cells and endothelial precursor cells in inflammatory breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 99, 344-351.
404. Shui C., Spelsberg T.C., Riggs B.L. and Khosla S. (2003). Changes in Runx2/Cbfa1 expression and activity during osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 18, 213-221.
405. Simmons P.J. and Torok-Storb B. (1991). Identification of stromal cell precursors in human bone marrow by a novel monoclonal antibody, STRO-1. Blood 78, 55-62.
406. Singh S.K., Clarke I.D., Terasaki M., Bonn V.E., Hawkins C., Squire J. and Dirks P.B. (2003). Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors. Cancer Res. 63, 5821-5828.
407. Singh S.K., Hawkins C., Clarke I.D., Squire J.A., Bayani J., Hide T., Henkelman R.M., Cusimano M.D. and Dirks P.B. (2004). Identification of human brain tumor initiating cells. Nature 432, 396-401.
408. Sirica A.E., Mathis G.A., Sano N. and Elmore L.W. (1990). Isolation, culture and transplantation of intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells and oval cells. Pathobiology 58, 44-64.
409. Slack J.M (2000). Stem cells in epithelial tissues. Science 287, 1431-1433.
410. Smas C.M. and Sul H.S. (1993). Pref-1, a protein containing EGF-like repeats, inhibits adipocyte differentiation. Cell 73, 725-734.
411. Smith A. (2001). In: Stem cell biology. Marshak D.R., Gardner R.L. and Gottlieb D. (eds). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. New York. 205-230.
412. So P.L. and Epstein E.H. (2004). Adult stem cells: capturing youth from a bulge?. Trends Biotechnol. 22, 493-496.
413. Soltysova A., Altanerova V. and Altaner C. (2005). Cancer stem cells. Neoplasma 52, 435-440.
414. Song S.Y., Gannon M., Washington M.K., Scoggins C.R., Meszoely I.M., Goldenring J.R., Marino C.R., Sandgren E.P., Coffey R.J. Jr. Wright C.V. and Leach SD. (1999). Expansion of Pdx1-expressing pancreatic epithelium and islet neogenesis in transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor alpha. Gastroenterology 117, 1416-1426.
415. Sordi V., Malosio M.L., Marchesi F., Mercalli A., Melzi R., Giordano T., Belmonte N., Ferrari G., Leone B.E., Bertuzzi F., Zerbini G., Allavena P., Bonifacio E. and Piemonti L. (2005). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express a restricted set of functionally active chemokine receptors capable of promoting migration to pancreatic islets. Blood 106, 419-427.
416. Spangrude G.J., Heimfeld S. and Weissman I.L. (1988). Purification and characterization of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Science 241, 58-62.
417. Spradling A., Drummond-Barbosa D. and Kai T. (2001). Stem cells find their niche. Nature 414, 98-104.
418. Steingrimsson E., Copeland N.G. and Jenkins N.A. (2005). Melanocyte stem cell maintenance and hair graying. Cell 121, 9-12.
419. Stenn K.S. and Cotsarelis G. (2005). Bioengineering the hair follicle: fringe benefits of stem cell technology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16, 493-497.
420. Stewart K., Walsh S., Screen J., Jefferiss C.M., Chainey J., Jordan G.R. and Beresford J.N. (1999). Further characterization of cells expressing STRO-1 in cultures of adult human bone marrow stromal cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 14, 1345-1356.
421. Stingl J., Eirew P., Ricketson I., Shackleton M., Vaillant F., Choi D., Li H.I. and Eaves C.J. (2006). Purification and unique properties of mammary epithelial stem cells. Nature 439, 993-997.
422. Strauer B.E., Brehm M., Zeus T., Kostering M., Hernandez A., Sorg R.V., Kogler G. and Wernet P. (2002). Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation 106, 1913-1918.
423. Sutherland H.J., Blair A. and Zapf R.W. (1996). Characterization of a hierarchy in human acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells. Blood 87, 4754-4761.
424. Suzuki A., Zheng Y., Kondo R., Kusakabe M., Takada Y., Fukao K., Nakauchi H. and Taniguchi H. (2000). Flow-cytometric separation and enrichment of hepatic progenitor cells in the developing mouse liver. Hepatology 32, 1230-1239.
425. Suzuki A., Nakauchi H. and Taniguchi H. (2004). Prospective isolation of multipotent pancreatic progenitors using flow-cytometric cell sorting. Diabetes 53, 2143-2152.
426. Takahashi S. and Urist M.R. (1986). Differentiation of cartilage on three substrata under the influence of an aggregate of morphogenetic protein and other bone tissue noncollagenous proteins (BMP/iNCP). Clin. Orthop. 207, 227-234.
427. Takahashi T., Kalka C., Masuda H., Chen D., Silver M., Kearney M., Magner M., Isner J.M. and Asahara T. (1999). Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat. Med. 5, 434-438.
428. Takizawa S. (2003). Differentiation of adult bone marrow cells into neurons and endothelial cells in rat brain after stroke in the presence of cytokines. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 43, 830-831.
429. Tamama K., Fan V.H., Griffith L.G., Blair H.C. and Wells A. (2006). Epidermal growth factor as a candidate for ex vivo expansion of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 24, 686-695.
430. Tani H., Morris R.J. and Kaur P. (2000). Enrichment for murine keratinocyte stem cells based on cell surface phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 10960-10965.
431. Tao H. and Ma D.D. (2003). Evidence for transdifferentiation of human bone marrow-derived stem cells: recent progress and controversies. Pathology 35, 6-13.
432. Taylor G., Lehrer M.S., Jensen P.J., Sun T.T. and Lavker R.M. (2000). Involvement of follicular stem cells in forming not only the follicle but also the epidermis. Cell 102, 451-461.
433. Temple S. and Alvarez-Buylla A. (1999). Stem cells in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9, 135-141.
434. Terada N., Hamazaki T., Oka M., Hoki M., Mastalerz D.M., Nakano Y., Meyer E.M., Morei L., Petersen B.E. and Scott E.W. (2002). Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion. Nature 416, 542-545.
435. Theise N.D., Badve S., Saxena R., Henegariu O., Sell S., Crawford J.M. and Krause D.S. (2000). Derivation of hepatocytes from bone marrow cells in mice after radiation-induced myeloablation. Hepatology 31, 235-240.
436. Tiberio R., Marconi A., Fila C., Fumelli C., Pignatti M., Krajewski S., Giannetti A., Reed J.C. and Pincelli C. (2002). Keratinocytes enriched for stem cells are protected from anoikis via an integrin signaling pathway in a Bcl-2 dependent manner. FEBS Lett. 524, 139-144.
437. Timper K., Seboek D., Eberhardt M., Linscheid P., Christ-Crain M., Keller U., Muller B. and Zulewski H. (2006). Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon expressing cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 341, 1135-40.
438. Toma J.G., Akhavan M., Fernandes K.J.L., Barnabe-Heider F., Sadikot A., Kaplan D.R. and Miller F.D. (2001) Isolation of multipotent adult stem cells from the dermis of mammalian skin. Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 778-784.
439. Toma C., Pittenger M.F., Cahill K.S., Byrne B.J. and Kessler P.D. (2002). Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation 105, 93-98.
440. Torchia E.C., Jaishankar S. and Baker S.J. (2003). Ewing tumor fusion proteins block the differentiation of pluripotent marrow stromal cells. Cancer Res. 63, 3464-3468.
441. Torella D., Ellison G.M., Mendez-Ferrer S., Ibanez B. and Nadal-Ginard B. (2006). Resident human cardiac stem cells: role in cardiac cellular homeostasis and potential for myocardial regeneration. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. (Suppl 1), S8-13.
442. Torrente Y., Belicchi M., Pisati F., Pagano S.F., Fortunato F., Sironi M., D'Angelo M.G., Parati E.A., Scarlato G. and Bresolin N. (2002). Alternative sources of neurons and glia from somatic stem cells. Cell Transplant. 11, 25-34.
443. Tran S.D., Pillemer S.R., Dutra A., Barrett A.J., Brownstein M.I., Key S., Pak E., Leakan R.A., Kingman A., Yamada K.M., Baum B.J. and Mezey E. (2003). Differentiation of human bone marrow-derived cells into buccal epithelial cells in vivo: a molecular analytical study. Lancet 361, 1084-1088.
444. Tropepe V., Coles B.L.K., Chiasson B.J., Horsford D.J., Elia A.J., McInnes R.R. and van der Kooy D. (2000). Retinal stem cells in the adult mammalian eye. Science 287, 2032-2036.
445. Tsai R.J., Li L.M. and Chen J.K. (2000). Reconstruction of damaged corneas by transplantation of autologous limbal epithelial cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 343, 86-93.
446. Tse W.T., Pendleton J.D., Beyer W.M., Egalka M.C. and Guinan E.C. (2003). Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: implications in transplantation. Transplantation 75, 389-397.
447. Tsujimura A., Koikawa Y., Salm S., Takao T., Coetzee S., Moscatelli D., Shapiro E., Lepor H., Sun T. and Wilson E. (2002). Proximal location of mouse prostate epithelial stem cells: a model of prostatic homeostasis. J. Cell Biol. 157, 1257-1265.
448. Tumbar T., Guasch G., Greco V., Blanpain C., Lowry W.E., Rendl M. and Fuchs E. (2004). Defining the epithelial stem cell niche in skin. Science 303, 359-363.
449. Uchida N., Buck D., He D., Reitsma M., Masek M., Phan T., Tsukamoto A., Gage F. and Weissman I. (2000) Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 14720-14725.
450. Urbich C., Heeschen C., Aicher A., Dernbach E., Zeiher A.M. and Dimmeler S. (2003). Relevance of monocytic features for neovascularization capacity of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 108, 2511-2516.
451. van Praag H., Schinder A.F., Christie B.R., Toni N., Palmer T.D. and Gage F.H. (2002). Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature 415, 1030-1034.
452. Vassilopoulos G., Wang P.R. and Russell D.W. (2003). Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion. Nature 422, 901-904.
453. Wagers A.I. and Weissman I.L. (2004). Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell 116, 639-648.
454. Walsh S., Jefferiss C., Stewart K., Jordan G.R., Screen J. and Beresford J.N. (2000). Expression of the developmental markers STRO-1 and alkaline phosphatase incultures of human marrow stromal cells: regulation by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and relationship to the expression of FGF receptors 1-4. Bone 27, 185-195.
455. Wang R.N., Kloppel G. and Bouwens L. (1995). Duct- to islet-cell differentiation and islet growth in the pancreas of duct-ligated adult rats. Diabetologia 38, 1405-1411.
456. Wang X., Willenbring H., Akkari Y., Torimaru Y., Foster M., Al-Dhalimy M., Lagasse E., Finegold M., Olson S. and Grompe M. (2003). Cell fusion is the principal source of bone-marrow-derived hepatocytes. Nature 422, 897-901.
457. Watt F.M. and Hogan B.L.M. (2000). Out of Eden: stem cells and their niches. Science 287, 1427-1430.
458. Watt F.M. (2001). Stem cell fate and patterning in mammalian epidermis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11, 410-417.
459. Watt S., Gschmeissner S. and Bates P. (1995). PECAM-1: its expression and function as a cell adhesion molecule on hemopoietic and endothelial cells. Leuk. Lymphoma 17, 229-235.
460. Weimann J.M., Johansson C.B., Trejo A. and Blau H.M. (2003). Stable reprogrammed heterokaryons form spontaneously in Purkinje neurons after bone marrow transplant. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 959-966.
461. Weissman I.L. (2005). Normal and neoplastic stem cells. Novartis Found Symp. 265, 35-50.
462. Welm B.E., Tepera S.B., Venezia T., Graubert T.A., Rosen J.M. and Goodell M.A. (2002). Sca-1(pos) cells in the mouse mammary gland represent an enriched progenitor cell population. Dev. Biol. 245, 42-56.
463. Werner N., Junk S., Laufs U., Link A., Walenta K., Bohm M. and Nickenig G. (2003). Intravenous transfusion of endothelial progenitor cells reduces neointima formation after vascular injury. Circ. Res. 93, e17-e24.
464. Werner N., Kosiol S., Schiegl T., Ahlers P., Walenta K., Link A., Bohm M. and Nickenig G. (2005). Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med. 353, 999-1007.
465. Wessells N.K. (1967). Differentiation of epidermis and epidermal derivatives. N. Engl. J. Med. 277, 21-33.
466. Wickham M.Q., Erickson G.R., Gimble J.M., Vail T.P. and Guilak F. (2003). Multipotent stromal cells derived from the infrapatellar fat pad of the knee. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 412, 196-212.
467. Winstead W., Marshall C.T., Lu C.L., Klueber K.M. and Roisen F.J. (2005). Endoscopic biopsy of human olfactory epithelium as a source of progenitor cells. Am. J. Rhinol. 19, 83-90.
468. Winter A., Breit S., Parsch D., Benz K., Steck E., Hauner H., Weber R.M., Ewerbeck V. and Richter W. (2003). Cartilage-like gene expression in differentiated human stem cell spheroids: a comparison of bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Arthritis Rheum. 48, 418-429.
469. Winton D.J. (2001). Stem cells in the epithelium of the small intestine and colon. In: Stem cell biology. Cold Spring Harbor monograph series 40. Marshak D.R. (ed). Cold Spring Harbor, New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories. A515-A536.
470. Woodbury D., Schwarz E.J., Prockop D.J., and Black I.B. (2000). Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 61, 364-370.
471. Yamada M., Kubo H., Kobayashi S., Ishizawa K., Numasaki M., Ueda S., Suzuki T. and Sasaki H. (2004). Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells are important for lung repair after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. J. Immunol. 172, 1266-1272.
472. Yin A.H., Miraglia S., Zanjani E.D., Almeida-Porada G., Ogawa M., Leary A.G., Olweus J., Kearney J. and Buck D.W. (1997). AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 90, 5002-5012.
473. Ying Q.L., Nichols J., Evans E.P. and Smith A.G. (2002). Changing potency by spontaneous fusion. Nature 416, 545-548.
474. Yoon C.H., Hur J., Park K.W., Kim J.H., Lee C.S., Oh I.Y., Kim T.Y., Cho H.J., Kang H.J., Chae I.H., Yang H.K., Oh B.H., Park Y.B. and Kim H.S. (2005). Synergistic neovascularization by mixed transplantation of early endothelial progenitor cells and late outgrowth endothelial cells: the role of angiogenic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Circulation 112, 1522-1524.
475. Young M.J. (2005). Stem cells in the mammalian eye: a tool for retinal repair. APMIS 113, 845-857.
476. Zhang M. and Rosen J.M. (2006). Stem cells in the etiology and treatment of cancer. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 16, 60-64.
477. Zhang Y.Q., Kritzik M. and Sarvetnick N. (2005). Identification and expansion of pancreatic stem/progenitor cells. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 9, 331-344.
478. Zhao Y., Glesne D. and Huberman E. (2003). A human peripheral blood monocyte-derived subset acts as pluripotent stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 2426-2431.
479. Zhou H., Choong P.F., Henderson S., Chou S.T., Aspenberg P., Martin T.J. and Ng K.W. (1995). Marrow development and its relationship to bone formation in vivo: a histological study using an implantable titanium device in rabbits. Bone. 17, 407-415.
480. Zhu S.J., Choi B.H., Huh J.Y., Jung J.H., Kim B.Y. and Lee S.H. (2006). A comparative qualitative histological analysis of tissue-engineered bone using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, alveolar bone cells, and periosteal cells. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 101, 164-169.
481. Ziegelhoeffer T., Fernandez B., Kostin S., Heil M., Voswinckel R., Helisch A. and Schaper W. (2004). Bone marrow-derived cells do not incorporate into the adult growing vasculature. Circ. Res. 94, 230-238.
482. Zimmermann K.W. (1923). Der feinere Bau der Blutcapillares. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 68, 3-109.
483. Zuk P.A., Zhu M., Ashjian P., De Ugarte D.A., Huang J.I., Mizuno H., Alfonso Z.C., Fraser J.K., Benhaim P. and Hedrick M.H. (2002). Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 13, 4279-4295.
484. Zuk P.A., Zhu M., Mizuno H., Huang J., Futrell J.W., Katz A.J., Benhaim P., Lorenz H.P. and Hedrick M.H. (2001). Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng. 7, 211-228.
485. Zulewski H., Abraham E.J., Gerlach M.J., Daniel P.B., Moritz W., Muller B., Vallejo M., Thomas M.K. and Habener J.F. (2001). Multipotential nestin-positive stem cells isolated from adult pancreatic islets differentiate ex vivo into pancreatic endocrine, exocrine, and hepatic phenotypes. Diabetes 50, 521-533.
486. Zvaifler N.J., Marinova-Mutafchieva L., Adams G., Edwards C.J., Moss J., Burger J.A. and Maini R.N. (2000). Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals. Arthritis Res. 2, 477-488.