Molecular mechanisms of ischemic neuronal injury

Annals of Emergency Medicine

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2000, Pages 483-506

  Neumar, Robert W ^a  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FREE RADICAL; PROTEINASE; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART ARREST; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; STROKE; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0033751426     PISSN: 01960644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1067/mem.2000.110995     Document Type: Article

References (364)

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42. Granule cell apoptosis and protein expression in hippocampal dentate gyms after forebrain ischemia in the rat
43. Electron microscopic evidence against apoptosis as the mechanism of neuronal death in global ischemia
44. Global ischemia can cause DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis in rat brain
45. Increase in p53 protein expression following cortical infarction in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
46. p53-Immunoreactive protein and p53 mRNA expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
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48. Localization of Fas antigen mRNA induced in postischemic murine forebrain by in sim hybridization
49. CD95 ligand (Fas-L/AP0-IL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediate ischemia-induced apoptosis in neurons
50. Cytokines in brain ischemia - The role of TNF alpha
51. Expression of TNF and TNF receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia
52. Bcl-2, Bax, and Bcl-x expression in the CA1 area of the hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia in the adult gerbil
53. Upregulation of bax protein levels in neurons following cerebral ischemia
54. Bcl-x(1) Bax interaction after transient global ischemia
55. Differential regulation of Bax, Bcl-2, and Bcl-X proteins in focal cortical ischemia in the rat
56. Caspase-8 and caspase-3 are expressed by different populations of cortical neurons undergoing delayed cell death after focal stroke in the rat
57. Release of caspase-9 from mitochondria during neuronal apoptosis and cerebral ischemia
58. Induction of caspase-3-like protease may mediate delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia
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61. Prolonged therapeutic window for ischemic brain damage caused by delayed caspase activation
62. A caspase inhibitor blocks ischaemia-induced delayed neuronal death in the gerbil
63. Herpes simplex viral vectors expressing Bcl-2 are neuroprotective when delivered after a stroke
64. Amelioration of hippocampal neuronal damage after global ischemia by neuronal overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice
65. Evidences for a sodium-dependent calcium influx in isolated rat hapatocytes undergoing ATP depletion
66. Intracellular calcium levels and calcium fluxes in the CA1 region of the hippocampal slice during in vitro ischemia: Relationship to electrophysiologic damage
67. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in function and pathology
68. The activation of inositol phospholipid metabolism as a signal-transducing system for excitatory amino acids in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells
69. Ion homeostasis in rat brain in vivo: Intra- and extracellular Ca2+ and H+ in the hippocampus during recovery from short-term, transient ischemia
70. Relationships between ions and energy metabolism: Cerebral calcium movements during ischaemia and subsequent recovery
71. Intracellular and extracellular changes of [Ca2+] in hypoxia and ischemia in rat brain in vivo
72. Brain extracellular ion composition and EEG activity following 10 minutes of ischemia in normo- and hyperglycemic rats
73. Subcellular distribution of calcium and the effects of calcium-antagonists as evaluated with combined oxalate-pyroantimonate technique
74. Calcium overload in selectively vulnerable neurons of the hippocampus during and after ischemia: An electron microscopy study in the rat
75. The calcium content of mitochondria from subregions following short-term forebrain ischemia and recirculation in the rat
76. Calcium in the mitochondria following brief ischemia of the gerbil brain
77. Calcium accumulation and neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia
78. Accumulation of calcium and loss of potassium in the hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia: A proton microprobe study
79. Ultrastructural and ionic studies in global ischemic dog brain
80. Mitochondrial calcium sequestration in cortical and hippocampal neurons after prolonged ischemia of the cat brain
81. Switch in glutamate receptor subunit gene expression in CA1 subfield of hippocampus following global ischemia in rats
82. Global ischemia induces downregulation of Glur2 mRNA and increases AMPA receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx in hippocampal CA neurons of gerbil
83. NMDA and non-NMDA receptor gene expression following global ischemia in rats: Effect of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor antagonists
84. Histochemical study of Ca2+-ATPase activity in ischemic CA1 pyramidal neurons in the gerbil hippocampus
85. Ischemia-induced inhibition of calcium uptake into rat brain microsomes mediated by Mg2+/Ca2+ ATPase
86. Changes in endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase mRNA levels in transient cerebral ischemia of rat: A quantitative polymerase chain reaction study
87. Calcium metabolism of focal and penumbral tissues in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
88. Quantitative electron microscopic study of calcium accumulation in cerebral ischemia mitochondria
89. Spreading depression as a contributor to ischemic brain damage
90. Production of free radicals
91. Oxidants and human disease: Some new concepts
92. Oxidative stress in ischemia
93. Synthesis and catabolism of cyclo-oxygenase products
94. Oxygen-derived free radicals in post-ischemic tissue injury
95. Identification of hypoxanthine transport and xanthine oxidase in brain capillaries
96. Distribution of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase activities in human and rabbit tissues
97. Role of xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase in focal cerebral ischemic injury to rat
98. Xanthine oxidase is not a major source of free radicals in focal cerabral ischemia
99. No conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in canine cerebral ischemia
100. A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotection and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds
101. Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123
102. The basic chemistry of nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite
103. Hydroxyl radical production and lipid peroxidation parallels selective post-ischemic vulnerability in gerbil brain
104. Detection of free radical activity in ischemia and trauma by salicylate trapping and microdialysis
105. Relationship between free radical production and lipid peroxidation during ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat brain
106. Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing
107. Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species after brain ischemia in the rat
108. Nitric oxide measured by a porphyric microsensor in rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
109. Lipid peroxidation in focal cerebral ischemia
110. Mitochondrial susceptibility to oxidative stress exacerbates cerebral infarction that follows permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mutant mice with manganese superoxide dismutase deficiency
111. Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase and catalase reduce ischemic brain injury
112. Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide disumates in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion
113. Protective effects of liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase reduces cerebral infarction in cerebral ischemic rats
114. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents neuronal apoptosis and reduces ischemic brain injury: Suppression of peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction
115. Attenuation of focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice overexpresing CuZn superoxide dismutase
116. Cerebral infarction is exacerbated in mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (Sod-2) knock-out mutant mice after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion
117. NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester protects against lipid peroxidation in the gerbil following cerebral ischaemia
118. Inhibitory role of N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a potent nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on brain malondialdehyde and conjugated diene levels during focal cerebral ischemia in rats
119. Complex role of nitric oxide in cerebral ischemia
120. Enlarged infarcts in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice are attenuated by nitro-L-arginine
121. Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase
122. Attenuated hippocampal damage after global cerebral ischemia in knock-out mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase
123. Fluorescent histochemical localization of lipid peroxidation during brain reperfusion following cardiac arrest
124. Normoxic ventilation after cardiac arrest reduces oxidation of brain lipids and improves neurological outcome
125. Damage, repair and mutagenesis in nuclear genes after mouse forebrain ischemia-reperfusion
126. Neuroprotective effects of inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase on focal cerebral ischemia in rats
127. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: Reduction of ischemic injury and attenuation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced neurotransmitter dysregulation
128. Ischemic brain injury is mediated by the activation of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase
129. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene disruption renders mice resistant to cerebral ischemia
130. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activation: An early indicator of neurotoxic DNA damage
131. Transient poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins and role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in the early stages of apoptosis
132. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced changes in membrane proteins and lipids of gerbil cortical synaptosomes
133. Structural alterations in synaptosomal membrane-associated proteins and lipids by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the cat
134. Prevention of ischemia/reperfusion-induced alterations in synaptosomal membrane-associated proteins and lipids by N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone and difluoromethylornithine
135. Oxidative damage to brain proteins, loss of glutamine synthetase activity, and production of free radicals during ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury to gerbil brain
136. Phospholipid degradation and cellular edema induced by free radicals in brain cortical slices
137. Oxygen free radicals and the microvasculature
138. Sequential reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species in early programmed cell death
139. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: A primary site for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis
140. Prevention of apoptosis by Bcl-2: Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria blocked
141. Mitochondrial control of apoptosis
142. Calcium-dependent opening of a non-specific pore in the mitochondrial inner membrane is inhibited at pH below 7. Implications for the protective effects of low pH against chemical and hypoxic cell damage
143. Modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: Effect of protons and divalent cations
144. The pH paradox in ischemia-reperfusion injury to cardiac myocytes
145. Cytosolic redistribution of cytochrome C after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats
146. Cytochrome C is released from mitochondria into the cytosol after cerebral anoxia or ischemia
147. Cytochrome c release from brain mitochondria is independent of the mitochrondrial permeability transition
148. Bcl-2 prolongs cell survival after Bax-induced release of cytochrome c
149. BCL-2 transduction, using a herpes simplex vires amplicon, protects hippocampal neurons from transient global ischemia
150. Cyclosporin A binding to mitochondrial cyclophilin inhibits the permeability transition pore and protects hearts form ischaemia/reperfusion injury
151. Cyclosporin A protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain
152. Neuroprotective actions of FK506 in experimental stroke: In vivo evidence against an antiexcitotoxic mechanism
153. Cyclosporin A dramatically ameliorates CA1 hippocampal damage following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat
154. Amelioration by cyclosporin A of brain damage following 5 or 10 min of ischemia in rats subjected to preischemic hyperglycemia
155. Caspase-9, Bcl-XL, and Apaf-1 form a ternary complex
156. Calcium-activated neutral protease (Calpain) system: Structure, function, and regulation
157. Distribution of calpain I, an enzyme associated with degenerative activity in rat brain
158. Distribution of calpains I and II in rat brain
159. Immunohistochemical distribution of calcium-activated neutral proteinases and endogenous CANP inhibitor in the rabbit hippocampus
160. Distribution of calcium-activated neutral protease inhibitor in the central nervous system of the rat
161. The role of autolysis in activity of the Ca2+-dependent preteinases (m-calpain and m-calpain)
162. Procalpain is activated on the plasma membrane and the calpain acts on the membrane
163. Is calpain activity regulated by membranes and autolysis or by calcium and calpastatin?
164. Modulation of cellular signals by calpain
165. Regulation of calcium-dependent protease activity in vitro: Clues for determining their physiological functions
166. Calpain inhibitors block Ca2+induced suppression of neurite outgrowth in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons
167. Translational suppression of calpain blocks long-term potentiation
168. Plasticity and pathology: Brain calpains as modifiers of synaptic structure
169. Brain μ-calpain autolysis during global cerebral ischemia
170. Calpain mediated eukaryotic initiation factor 4G degradation during global ischemia
171. Transient brain ischaemia provokes Ca2+, PIP2, and calpain responses prior to delayed neuronal death in monkeys
172. Microtubule-associated protein 2 as a sensitive marker for cerebral ischemic damage: Immunohistochemical investigation of dendritic damage
173. Nilvadipine attenuates ischemic degradation of gerbil cytoskeletal proteins
174. Immunoelectron microscopic study of tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins after transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils
175. Changes in the concentrations of cerebral proteins following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats
176. Proteolysis of tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 by calpain I and II. Difference in sensitivity of assembled and disassembled microtubules
177. Differential vulnerability of microtubule components in cerebral ischemia
178. An immunoblot study of neurofilament degradation in situ and during calcium activated proteolysis
179. Alterations of a 200 kDa neurofilament in the rat hippocampus after forebrain ischemia
180. Spatial resolution of fodrin proteolysis in post-ischemic brain
181. Immunolocalization of calpain I-mediated spectrin degradation to vulnerable neurons in the ischemic gerbil brain
182. Limited proteolysis of protein kinase C sub-species by calcium dependent neutral protease (calpain)
183. A proenzyme of cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its activation by calcium-dependent neutral protease from rat liver
184. Differential down-regulation of protein kinase C isozymes
185. Proteolytic activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II: Putative function in synaptic plasticity
186. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus after forebrain ischemia
187. Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E degradation during ischemia
188. Temporal ordering of pathogenic events following transient global ischemia
189. Calcium-activated proteolysis in rat neocortex induced by transient focal ischemia
190. Inhibition of proteolysis protects hippocampal neurons from ischemia
191. Protective effects of calpain inhibitors against neuronal damage caused by cytotoxic hypoxia in vitro and ischemia in vivo
192. Six-hour window of opportunity for calpain inhibition in focal cerebral ischemia in rats
193. Neuroprotection with a calpain-inhibitor in a model of focal cerebral ischemia
194. Postischemic treatment with calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 ameliorates damage in a gerbil model of global ischemia
195. Calpain inhibitor entrapped in liposomes rescues ischemic neuronal damage
196. Calpain substrate specificity
197. Calpains and regulation of protein kinase C
198. Purification and characterization of active fragment of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II from post-synaptic density in the rat forebrain
199. Characterization of the fragmented forms of calcineurin produced by calpain I
200. Specific cleavage of transcription factors by the thiol protease, m-calpain
201. Caspases, killer proteases
202. Caspases disrupt mitochondrial membrane barrier function
203. IAP family proteins - Suppressors of apoptosis
204. Activation of CPP-32 protease in hippocampal neurons following ischemia and epilepsy
205. Inhibition of interleukin 1-beta convening enzyme family proteases reduces ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage
206. Synergistic effects of caspase inhibitors and MK-801 in brain injury after transient focal cerebral ischaemia in mice
207. Substrate and inhibitor specificity of interleukin-1 beta-convening enzyme and related caspases
208. Caspase-mediated fragmentation of calpain inhibitor protein calpastatin during apoptosis
209. Direct cleavage by the calcium-activated protease calpain can lead to inactivation of caspases
210. Activation of calpain I converts excitotoxic neuron death into caspase-independent cell death
211. Serine protease inhibitors: Novel therapeutic targets for stroke
212. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (92-kDA gelatinase/type IV collagenase) from HT 1080 human fibrosarcoma cells: Purification and activation of the precursor and enzymatic properties
213. Effect of plasminogen activator (urokinase), plasmin, and thrombin on glycoprotein and collagenous components of the basal membrane
214. Extracellular matrix degradation
215. Matrix matalloproteinases and processing of pro-TNF-alpha
216. Matrix metalloproteinases in cerebrovascular disease
217. Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in matrix remodeling
218. Plasminogen activation in focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion
219. Proteolytic cascade enzymes increase in focal cerebral ischemia in rat
220. Increased gelatinase A MMP-2 and gelatinase B (MMP-9) activities in human brain after focal ischemia
221. Early appearance of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 after focal cerebral ischemia in mice: A possible role in blood-brain barrier dysfunction
222. Matrix metalloproteinases increase very early during experimental focal cerebral ischemia
223. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) increases neuronal damage after focal cerebral ischemia in wild-type and tPA-deficient mice
224. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) deficiency exacerbates cerebrovascular fibrin deposition and brain injury in a murine stroke model: Studies in tPA-deficient mice and wild-type mice on a matched genetic background
225. Tissue plasminogen activator does not increase neuronal damage in rat models of global and focal ischemia
226. Stroke: A double-edged sword for cleaving clots?
227. Altered gene expression in brain ischemia
228. Immediate early gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia: Friend or foe?
229. Gene expression induced by cerebral ischemia: An apoptotic perspective
230. Suppression of protein synthesis in the reperfused brain
231. Cerebral protein synthesis and ischemia
232. Recovery of monkey after prolonged ischemia II. Protein synthesis and morphologic alterations
233. Persistent inhibition of protein synthesis precedes delayed neuronal death in post-ischemic gerbil hippocampus
234. Regional impairment of protein synthesis following brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbil
235. [14C] Leucine incorporation into proteins in gerbils after transient ischemia: Relationship to selective vulnerability of hippocampus
236. Temporal profile of neuronal damage in a model of transient forebrain ischemia
237. Regional incorporation of L-3H tyrosine into cat brain proteins after one hour of complete ischemia
238. The effect of ischemia and recirculation on protein synthesis in the rat brain
239. Malfunction of gene expression as a possible cause of delayed neuronal death
240. RNA synthesis and processing in the gerbil brain after transient hindbrain ischaemia
241. Progressive loss of messenger RNA and delayed neuronal death following transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils
242. Mechanism and regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis
243. Stress-induced inhibition of protein synthesis initiation: Modulation of initiation factor 2 and guanine necleotide exchange factor activities following transient cerebral ischemia in the rat
244. Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of initiation factor 2 correlates with the inhibition of translation following transient cerebral ischaemia in the rat
245. Effect of brain ischemia and reperfusion on the localization of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha
246. Insulin induces dephosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-alpha and restores protein synthesis in vulnerable hippocampal neurons after transient brain ischemia
247. Preferential translation of heat shock mRNAs in HeLa cells deficient in protein synthesis initiation factors elF-4E and elF-4γ
248. Global brain ischemia and reperfusion: Modifications in eukaryotic initiation factors associated with inhibition of translation initiation
249. Inhibitors of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis prevent neuronal death caused by nerve growth factor deprivation
250. Differential transcription and translation of immediate early genes in the gerbil hippocampus after transient global ischemia
251. Alteration of transcription factor binding activities in the ischemic rat brain
252. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated neuroprotection in cerebellar granule cells requires new RNA and protein synthesis
253. 'Ischemic tolerance' phenomenon found in the brain
254. Ischemic tolerance in hippocampal CA1 studied using contralateral controls
255. Stress proteins and tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia
256. Gene expression and induced ischemic tolerance following brief insults
257. Expression of c-fos and c-jun family genes after focal cerebral ischemia
258. Influence of oxidative stress on induced tolerance to ischemia in gerbil hippocampal neurons
259. Immunohistochemical localization of superoxide disumates in the hippocampus following ischemia in a gerbil model of ischemic tolerance
260. Effects of cyclohexamide on delayed neuronal death in the rat hippocampus
261. Are the neuroprotective effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor cyclohexamide due to prevention of apoptosis?
262. Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats
263. Cyclohexamide reduces the effects of anoxic insult in vivo and in vitro
264. Ultrastructural changes in the hippocampal CA1-region following transient cerebral ischemia-evidence against programmed cell death
265. Failure of protein synthesis inhibitor to modify glutamate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in vivo
266. Stimulus-transcription coupling in the nervous system: Involvement of the inducible proto-oncogenes fos and jun
267. The regulation and function of c-fos and other immediate early genes in the nervous system
268. Global brain ischemia and reperfusion
269. The sense of antisense fos oligonucleotides
270. Focal cerebral ischemia: Molecular mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies
271. In situ hybridization analysis of c-fos and c-jun expression in the rate brain following transient forebrain ischemia
272. Glutamate, immediate-early genes, and cell death in the nervous system
273. Redox regulation of fos and jun DNA-binding activity in vitro
274. Lasting N-terminal phosphorylation of c-Jun and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases after neuronal injury
275. A new group of conserved coactivators that increase the specificity of AP-1 transcription factors
276. AP-1 function and regulation
277. Expression of immediate early gene and growth factor mRNAs in a focal cerebral ischemic model in the rat
278. Growth factor expression after stroke
279. Increased basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) immunoreactivity at the site of focal brain wounds
280. Coordinated expression of messenger RNAs for nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3 in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia
281. Differential regulation of mRNAs for nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3 in the adult rat brain following cerebral ischemia and hypoglycemic coma
282. Expression of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene in rat brain after transient MCA occlusion
283. Transient global ischemia alters NMDA receptor expression in rat hippocampus: Correlation with decreased immunoreactive protein levels of the NR2A/2B subunits, and an altered NMDA receptor functionality
284. Prodynorphin mRNA expression in the rat dentate gyrus after cerebral ischemia
285. Differential glutathione peroxidase mRNA up-regulations in rat forebrain areas after transient hypoxia-ischemia
286. Recruitment of several neuroprotective pathways after permanent focal ischemia in mice
287. Transient increase of manganese-superoxide dismutase in remote brain areas after focal photothrombotic cortical lesion
288. Bcl-X short is elevated following severe global ischemia in rat brains
289. Expression of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme gene family and bcl-2 gene family in the rat following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
290. Cerebral vessels express interleukin 1 beta after focal cerebral ischemia
291. Interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression in ischemic rat cortex
292. Global forebrain ischemia results in differential cellular expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and its receptor at mRNA and protein level
293. Tumor necrosis factor tx expression in ischemic neurons
294. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat
295. Increase in surface expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin in human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells subjected to ischemia-like insults
296. E-selectin appears in nonischemic tissue during experimental focal cerebral ischemia
297. Local immune responses in the rat cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion
298. Induced expression of adhesion molecules following focal ischemia
299. Molecular pathology of cerebral ischemia: Delayed gene expression and strategies for neuroprotection
300. Alterations in gene expression as an index of neuronal injury: Heat shock and immediate early gene response
301. The heat shock/stress response on focal cerebral ischemia
302. The neuronal stress response: Nuclear translocation of heat shock proteins as an indicator of hyperthermic stress
303. Stress protein systems of mammalian cells
304. Transgenic mice expressing the human inducible Hsp70 have hippocampal neurons resistant to ischemic injury
305. Gene therapy with HSP72 is neuroprotective in rat models of stroke and epilepsy
306. P53 expression in brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat
307. A matter of life and death
308. Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the mouse hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia
309. Concomitant cortical expression of TNFα mRNA following transient focal ischemia
310. Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors
311. Attenuation of p53 expression protects against focal ischemic damage in transgenic mice
312. Dual roles of ATM in the cellular response to radiation and in cell growth control
313. Enhanced phosphorylation of p53 by ATM in response to DNA damage
314. DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53 alleviates inhibition by MDM2
315. Mdm-2 phosphorylation by DNA-dependent protein kinase prevents interaction with p53
316. Transcriptional activation by p53, but not induction of the p21 gene, is essential for oncogene-mediated apoptosis
317. Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in E1A-induced apoptosis
318. Bax suppresses tumorigenesis and stimulates apoptosis in vivo
319. Bax-deficiency promotes drug resistance and oncogenic transformation by attenuating p53-dependent apoptosis
320. Movement of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria during apoptosis
321. Tumor supressor p53 is a regulatar of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo
322. Tumor supressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene
323. Subcellular and submitochondrial mode of action of Bcl-2 like oncoproteins
324. Bax directly induces release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria
325. The overexpression of Bax produces cell death upon induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition
326. The tumor suppressor p53 and its response gene p21WAF1/Cipl are not markers of neuronal death following transient global cerebral ischemia
327. Significance of the inflammatory response in ischemia
328. Inflammation of the brain after ischemia
329. Inflammatory mediators and stroke: New opportunities for novel therapies
330. Inflammation after axonal injury has conflicting consequences for recovery of function: Rescue of spared axons is impaired but regeneration is supported
331. P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression after focal brain ischemia and reperfusion
332. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocyte/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke
333. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes occlude capillaries following middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in baboons
334. Influx of leukocytes and platelets in an evolving brain infarct (Wistar rat)
335. Interleukin-1 as a pathogenic mediator of ischemic brain damage in rats
336. Endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist is neuroprotective
337. Cortical protection by localized striatal injection of IL-1ra following cerebral ischemia in the rat
338. Peripheral administration of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits damage after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat
339. An ICE inhibitor, z-VAD-DCB attenuates ischaemic bran damage in the rat
340. Attenuation of transient focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice expressing a mutant ICE inhibitory protein
341. Reduced ischemic brain injury in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme-deficient mice
342. Mice deficient in interleukin-1 converting enzyme are resistant to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage
343. TNF-alpha pretreatment induces protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice
344. Tumor necrosis factor α; a mediator of focal ischemic brain injury
345. Brain TNF: Damage limitation or damaged reputation?
346. Cerebral protection in homozygous null ICAM-1 mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion
347. Intercellular adhesion molecule-I-deficient mice are less susceptible to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury
348. Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence suppresses no-reflow after focal cerebral ischemia in baboons
349. Anti-CD11b monoclonal antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat
350. Postischemic administration of an anti-Mac-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
351. Reduction of central nervous system ischemic injury in rabbits using leukocyte adhesion antibody treatment
352. Monoclonal leukocyte antibody does not decrease the injury of transient focal cerebral ischemia in cats
353. Role of neutrophils in radical production during ischemia and reperfusion of the rat brain: Effect of neutrophil depletion on extracellular ascorbyl radical formation
354. Neutrophil as a mediator of ischemic edema formation in the brain
355. Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain damage
356. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in vascular cells following transient focal cerebral ischemia
357. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gone expression in brain following focal cerebral ischemia
358. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 gene expression in neurons contributes to ischemic brain damage
359. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorates cerebral ischemic damage
360. Aminoguanidine ameliorates and L-arginine worsens brain damage from intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion
361. Delayed reduction of ischemic brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene
362. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 ameliorates ischemic brain injury in wild-type mice but not in mice with deletion of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene