Relationships of Dietary Patterns, Foods, and Micro- and Macronutrients with Alzheimer's Disease and Late-Life Cognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review

Journal of Alzheimer's Disease

Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 815-849

  Solfrizzi, Vincenzo ^a   Custodero, Carlo ^a   Lozupone, Madia ^a   Imbimbo, Bruno P ^b   Valiani, Vincenzo ^a   Agosti, Pasquale ^a   Schilardi, Andrea ^a   D'Introno, Alessia ^a   La Montagna, Maddalena ^c   Calvani, Mariapaola ^a   Guerra, Vito ^d   Sardone, Rodolfo ^d   Abbrescia, Daniela I ^d   Bellomo, Antonello ^e   Greco, Antonio ^f   Daniele, Antonio ^e   Seripa, Davide ^a   Logroscino, Giancarlo ^a   Sabbá, Carlo ^a,e   Panza, Francesco ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^b University of Bari Aldo Moro ^*  (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FOGGIA   (Italy)

^d NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR DIGESTIVE DISEASES   (Italy)

^e CASA SOLLIEVO DELLA SOFFERENZA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^f CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; dementia; dietary pattern; food groups; foods; healthy diet; macronutrients; Mediterranean diet; micronutrients; mild cognitive impairment

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; CAFFEINE; CAPSAICIN; CAROTENOID; FATTY ACID; FOLIC ACID; OIL; OLIVE OIL; POLYPHENOL; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN B GROUP; VITAMIN D;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN SIZE; CEREAL; COFFEE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIETARY INTAKE; DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING; DISABILITIES OF THE ARM, SHOULDER AND HAND (SCORE); EGG; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FISH; FOOD; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GRAIN; HUMAN; LATE LIFE COGNITIVE DISORDER; LEGUME; MACRONUTRIENT; MEAT; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NUT; NUTRIENT; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEA FOOD; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOFU; VEGETABLE; WESTERN DIET; WINE; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; META ANALYSIS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION DISORDERS; DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC; DIET; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85026847780     PISSN: 13872877     EISSN: 18758908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/JAD-170248     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Alzheimer's, Association (2016) 2016 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement 12, 459-509.
2. Panza F, Seripa D, Solfrizzi V, Imbimbo BP, Lozupone M, Leo A, Sardone R, Gagliardi G, Lofano L, Creanza BC, Bisceglia P, Daniele A, Bellomo A, Greco A, Logroscino G (2016) Emerging drugs to reduce abnormal-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease patients. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 21, 377-391.
3. Grant WB (1999) Dietary links to Alzheimer's disease: 1999 Update. J Alzheimers Dis 1, 197-201.
4. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Capurso A (2003) The role of diet in cognitive decline. J Neural Transm 110, 95-110.
5. Luchsinger JA, Mayeux R (2004) Dietary factors and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 3, 579-587.
6. Tangney CC (2014) DASH and Mediterranean-type dietary patterns to maintain cognitive health. Curr Nutr Rep 3, 51-61.
7. XuW, Tan L, Wang HF, Jiang T, Tan MS, Tan L, Zhao QF, Li JQ, Wang J, Yu JT (2015) Meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86, 1299-1306.
8. Luchsinger JA, Noble JM, Scarmeas N (2007) Diet and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 7, 366-372.
9. Sofi F, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A (2010) Effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet: Can it help delay or prevent Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis 20, 795-801.
10. Cunnane SC, Plourde M, Pifferi F, Bégin M, Féart C, Barberger-Gateau P (2009) Fish, docosahexaenoic acid and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Lipid Res 48, 239-256.
11. SolfrizziV, FrisardiV, Capurso C, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Vendemiale G, Capurso A, Panza F (2010) Dietary fatty acids in dementia and predementia syndromes: Epidemiological evidence and possible underlying mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 9, 184-199.
12. Loef M, WalachH(2012) Fruit, vegetables and prevention of cognitive decline or dementia: A systematic review of cohort studies. J Nutr Health Aging 16, 626-630.
13. Parrott MD, Greenwood CE (2007) Dietary influences on cognitive function with aging. From high-fat diets to healthful eating. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1114, 389-397.
14. Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C (2008) Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly. A systematic review. Age Ageing 37, 505-512.
15. Panza F, Frisardi V, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Santamato A, Imbimbo BP, Scafato E, Pilotto A, Solfrizzi V (2012) Alcohol consumption in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Harmful or neuroprotective? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27, 1218-1238.
16. Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Barulli MR, Bonfiglio C, Guerra V, Osella A, Seripa D, Sabbá C, Pilotto A, Logroscino G (2015) Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and prevention of late-life cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging 19, 313-328.
17. Solfrizzi V, Frisardi V, Capurso C, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Chiloiro R, Dellegrazie F, Di Palo A, Capurso A, Panza F (2006) Whole-diet approach: Working on a criterion validity for age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 57, 1944-1946.
18. Gu Y, Scarmeas N (2011) Dietary patterns in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive aging. Curr Alzheimer Res 8, 510-519.
19. Solfrizzi V, Panza F (2014) Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline. A lesson from the whole-diet approach: What challenges lie ahead? J Alzheimers Dis 39, 283-286.
20. Lourida I, Soni M, Thompson-Coon J, Purandare N, Lang IA, Ukoumunne OC, Llewellyn DJ (2013) Mediterranean diet, cognitive function, and dementia: A systematic review. Epidemiology 24, 479-489.
21. Psaltopoulou T, Sergentanis TN, Panagiotakos DB, Sergentanis IN, Kosti R, Scarmeas N (2013) Mediterranean diet and stroke, cognitive impairment, depression:Ametaanalysis. Ann Neurol 74, 580-591.
22. Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, Erwin PJ, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Roberts RO (2014) Association of Mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and metaanalysis. J Alzheimers Dis 39, 271-282.
23. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, Mohs RC, Morris JC, Rossor MN, Scheltens P, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Weintraub S, Phelps CH (2011) The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 7, 263-269.
24. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group PRISMA (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: ThePRISMAstatement. PLoS Med 6, e1000097.
25. Zbeida M, Goldsmith R, Shimony T, Vardi H, Naggan L, Shahar DR (2014) Mediterranean diet and functional indicators among older adults in non-Mediterranean and Mediterranean countries. J Nutr Health Aging 18, 411-418.
26. Galbete C1, Toledo E, Toledo JB, Bes-Rastrollo M, Buil-Cosiales P, Marti A, Guillén-Grima F, Martínez-González MA(2015) Mediterranean diet and cognitive function: The SUN project. J Nutr Health Aging 19, 305-212.
27. Trichopoulou A, Kyrozis A, Rossi M, Katsoulis M, Trichopoulos D, La Vecchia C, Lagiou P (2015) Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline over time in an elderly Mediterranean population. Eur J Nutr 54, 1311-1321.
28. Qin B, Adair LS, Plassman BL, Batis C, Edwards LJ, Popkin BM, MendezMA(2015) Dietary patterns and cognitive decline among Chinese older adults. Epidemiology 26, 758-768.
29. Gardener SL, Rainey-Smith SR, Barnes MB, Sohrabi HR, Weinborn M, Lim YY, Harrington K, Taddei K, Gu Y, Rembach A, Szoeke C, Ellis KA, Masters CL, Macaulay SL, Rowe CC, Ames D, Keogh JB, Scarmeas N, Martins RN (2015) Dietary patterns and cognitive decline in an Australian study of ageing. Mol Psychiatry 20, 860-866.
30. Tangney CC, Li H, Wang Y, Barnes L, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Morris MC (2014) Relation of DASH-and Mediterranean-like dietary patterns to cognitive decline in older persons. Neurology 83, 1410-1416.
31. Morris MC, Tangney CC, WangY, Sacks FM, BennettDA, Aggarwal NT (2015) MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 11, 1007-1014.
32. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM4, Barnes LL5, Bennett DA6, Aggarwal NT (2015) MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement 11, 1015-1022.
33. Mosconi L, Murray J, Tsui WH, Li Y, Davies M, Williams S, Pirraglia E, Spector N, Osorio RS, Glodzik L, McHugh P, de Leon MJ (2014) Mediterranean diet and magnetic resonance imaging-assessed brain atrophy in cognitively normal individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 1, 23-32.
34. Berti V, Murray J, Davies M, Spector N, Tsui WH, Li Y, Williams S, Pirraglia E, Vallabhajosula S, McHugh P, Pupi A, de Leon MJ, Mosconi L (2015) Nutrient patterns and brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal individuals. J Nutr Health Aging 19, 413-423.
35. Staubo SC, Aakre JA, Vemuri P, Syrjanen JA, MielkeMM, Geda YE, Kremers WK, Machulda MM, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr, Roberts RO (2017) Mediterranean diet, micronutrients and macronutrients, and MRI measures of cortical thickness. Alzheimers Dement 13, 168-177.
36. Gu Y, Brickman AM, Stern Y, Habeck CG, Razlighi QR, Luchsinger JA, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Mayeux R, Scarmeas N (2015) Mediterranean diet and brain structure in a multiethnic elderly cohort. Neurology 85, 1744-1751.
37. Jacka FN, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ, Sachdev P, Butterworth P (2015) Western diet is associated with a smaller hippocampus: A longitudinal investigation. BMC Medicine 13, 215.
38. Pelletier A, Barul C, Feart C, Helmer C, Bernard C, Periot O, Dilharreguy B, Dartigues JF, Allard M, Barberger-Gateau P, Catheline G, Samieri C (2015) Mediterranean diet and preserved brain structural connectivity in older subjects. Alzheimers Dement 11, 1023-1031.
39. Shakersain B, Santoni G, Larsson SC, Faxén-Irving G, Fastbom J, Fratiglioni L, Xu W (2016) Prudent diet may attenuate the adverse effects of Western diet on cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 12, 100-109.
40. Smyth A, Dehghan M, O'Donnell M, Anderson C, Teo K, Gao P, Sleight P, Dagenais G, Probstfield JL, Mente A, Yusuf S, ONTARGET and TRANSCEND Investigators (2015) Healthy eating and reduced risk of cognitive decline: A cohort from 40 countries. Neurology 84, 2258-2265.
41. Ozawa M, Shipley M, Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A, Brunner EJ (2017) Dietary pattern, inflammation and cognitive decline: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr 36, 506-512.
42. Qin B, Plassman BL, Edwards LJ, Popkin BM, Adair LS, Mendez MA (2014) Fish intake is associated with slower cognitive decline in Chinese older adults. J Nutr 144, 1579-1585.
43. Morris MC, Brockman J, Schneider JA, Wang Y, Bennett DA, Tangney CC, van de Rest O (2016) Association of seafood consumption, brain mercury level, and APOE4 status with brain neuropathology in older adults. JAMA 315, 489-497.
44. Danthiir V, Hosking D, Burns NR, Wilson C, Nettelbeck T, Calvaresi E, Clifton P, Wittert GA (2014) Cognitive performance in older adults is inversely associated with fish consumption but not erythrocyte membrane n-3 fatty acids. J Nutr 144, 311-320.
45. Dong L, Xiao R, Cai C, Xu Z, Wang S, Pan L, Yuan L (2016) Diet, lifestyle and cognitive function in old Chinese adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 63, 36-42.
46. Pastor-Valero M, Furlan-Viebig R, Rossi Menezes P, da Silva SA, Vallada H, Scazufca M (2014) Education and WHO recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake are associated with better cognitive function in a disadvantaged Brazilian elderly population: A population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 9, e94042.
47. Zhao X, Yuan L, Feng L, Xi Y, Yu H, Ma W, Zhang D, Xiao R (2015) Association of dietary intake and lifestyle pattern with mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging 19, 164-168.
48. Xu X, Xiao S, Rahardjo TB, Hogervorst E (2015) Tofu intake is associated with poor cognitive performance among community-dwelling elderly in China. J Alzheimers Dis 43, 669-675.
49. O'Brien J, Okereke O, Devore E, Rosner B, Breteler M, Grodstein F (2014) Long-term intake of nuts in relation to cognitive function in older women. J Nutr Health Aging 18, 496-502.
50. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Imbimbo BP, D'Introno A, Galluzzo L, Gandin C, Misciagna G, Guerra V, Osella A, Baldereschi M, Di Carlo A, Inzitari D, Seripa D, Pilotto A, Sabbá C, Logroscino G, Scafato E; Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group (2015) Coffee consumption habits and the risk of mild cognitive impairment: The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 47, 889-899.
51. Araújo LF, Giatti L, Padilha dos Reis RC, Goulart AC, Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Ikram MA, Barreto SM (2015) Inconsistency of association between coffee consumption and cognitive function in adults and elderly in a crosssectional study (ELSA-Brasil). Nutrients 7, 9590-9601.
52. Beydoun MA, Gamaldo AA, Beydoun HA, Tanaka T, Tucker KL, Talegawkar SA, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB (2014) Caffeine and alcohol intakes and overall nutrient adequacy are associated with longitudinal cognitive performance among U. S. adults. J Nutr 144, 890-901.
53. Travassos M, Santana I, Baldeiras I, Tsolaki M, Gkatzima O, Sermin G, Yener GG, Simonsen A, Hasselbalch SG, Kapaki E, Mara B, Cunha RA, Agostinho P, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Mendes VM, Manadas B, de Mendon A (2015) Does caffeine consumption modify cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis 47, 1069-1078.
54. Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva VA, Ducros V, Jeandel C, Julia C, Hercberg S, Galan P (2014) Carotenoid-rich dietary patterns during midlife and subsequent cognitive function. Br J Nutr 111, 915-923.
55. Beydoun MA, Fanelli-Kuczmarski MT, Kitner-Triolo MH, Beydoun HA, Kaufman JS, Mason MA, Evans MK, Zonderman AB (2015) Dietary antioxidant intake and its association with cognitive function in an ethnically diverse sample of US adults. Psychosom Med 77, 68-82.
56. Hooshmand B, Lokk J, Solomon A, Mangialasche F, Miralbell J, Spulber G, Annerbo S, Andreasen N, Winblad B, Cedazo-Minguez A, Wahlund LO, Kivipelto M (2014) Vitamin D in relation to cognitive impairment, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and brain volumes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 69, 1132-1138.
57. Mosconi L, Murray J, Davies M, Williams S, Pirraglia E, Spector N, Tsui WH, Li Y, Butler T, Osorio RS, Glodzik L, Vallabhajosula S, McHugh P, Marmar CR, de Leon MJ (2014) Nutrient intake and brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in at-risk cognitively normal individuals: A cross-sectional neuroimaging pilot study. BMJ Open 4, e004850.
58. Wilson VK, Houston DK, Kilpatrick L, Lovato J, Yaffe K, Cauley JA, Harris TB, Simonsick EM, Ayonayon HN, Kritchevsky SB, Sink KM (2014) Health, Aging and Body Composition Study, Relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive function in older adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 62, 636-641.
59. Littlejohns TJ, Henley WE, Lang IA, Annweiler C, Beauchet O, Chaves PH, Fried L, Kestenbaum BR, Kuller LH, Langa KM, Lopez OL, Kos K, Soni M, Llewellyn DJ (2014) Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 83, 920-928.
60. Miller JW, Harvey DJ, Beckett LA, Green R, Farias ST, Reed BR, Olichney JM, Mungas DM, DeCarli C (2015) Vitamin D status and rates of cognitive decline in a multi-ethnic cohort of older adults. JAMA Neurol 72, 1295-1303.
61. Granic A, Hill TR, Kirkwood TB, Davies K, Collerton J, Martin-Ruiz C, von Zglinicki T, Saxby BK, Wesnes KA, Collerton D, Mathers JC, Jagger C (2015) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive decline in the very old: The Newcastle 85+Study. Eur J Neurol 22, 106-115.
62. Assmann KE, Touvier M, Andreeva VA, Deschasaux M, Constans T, Hercberg S, Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E (2015) Midlife plasma vitaminDconcentrations and performance in different cognitive domains assessed 13 years later. Br J Nutr 113, 1628-1637.
63. Moore EM, Ames D, Mander AG, Carne RP, Brodaty H, Woodward MC, Boundy K, Ellis KA, Bush AI, Faux NG, Martins RN, Masters CL, Rowe CC, SzoekeC, WattersDA (2014) Among vitamin B12 deficient older people, high folate levels are associated with worse cognitive function: Combined data from three cohorts. J Alzheimers Dis 39, 661-668.
64. Doets EL, Ueland PM, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Nygård OK, Van't Veer P, de Groot LC, Nurk E, Refsum H, Smith AD, Eussen SJ (2014) Interactions between plasma concentrations of folate and markers of vitamin B(12) status with cognitive performance in elderly people not exposed to folic acid fortification: The Hordaland Health Study. Br J Nutr 111, 1085-1095.
65. Kim H, Kim G, JangW, Kim SY, Chang N (2014) Association between intake of B vitamins and cognitive function in elderly Koreans with cognitive impairment. Nutr J 13, 118.
66. Agnew-Blais JC, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kang JH, Hogan PE, Coker LH, Snetselaar LG, Smoller JW (2015) Folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake and mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 115, 231-241.
67. Rabassa M, Cherubini A, Zamora-Ros R, Urpi-Sarda M, Bandinelli S, Ferrucci L, Andres-Lacueva C (2015) Low levels of a urinary biomarker of dietary polyphenol are associated with substantial cognitive decline over a 3-year period in older adults: The Invecchiare in Chianti Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 63, 938-946.
68. Feart C, Letenneur L, Helmer C, Samieri C, Schalch W, Etheve S, Delcourt C, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P (2016) Plasma carotenoids are inversely associated with dementia risk in an elderly French cohort. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 71, 683-688.
69. Liu CH, Bu XL, Wang J, Zhang T, Xiang Y, Shen LL, Wang QH, Deng B, Wang X, Zhu C, Yao XQ, Zhang M, Zhou HD, Wang YJ (2016) The associations between a capsaicin-rich diet and blood amyloid-levels and cognitive function. J Alzheimers Dis 52, 1081-1088.
70. Baierle M, Vencato PH, Oldenburg L, Bordignon S, Zibetti M, Trentini CM, Duarte MM, Veit JC, Somacal S, Emanuelli T, Grune T, Breusing N, Garcia SC (2014) Fatty acid status and its relationship to cognitive decline and homocysteine levels in the elderly. Nutrients 6, 3624-3640.
71. Pottala JV, Yaffe K, Robinson JG, Espeland MA, Wallace R, Harris WS (2014) Higher RBC EPA+ DHA corresponds with larger total brain and hippocampal volumes: WHIMS-MRI study. Neurology 82, 435-442.
72. Sabuncu MR, Desikan RS, Sepulcre J, Yeo BT, Liu H, Schmansky NJ, Reuter M, Weiner MW, Buckner RL, Sperling RA, Fischl B; Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2011) The dynamics of cortical and hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 68, 1040-1048.
73. Roberts RO, Roberts LA, Geda YE, Cha RH, Pankratz VS, O'Connor HM, Knopman DS, Petersen RC (2012) Relative intake of macronutrients impacts risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 32, 329-339.
74. Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Barulli MR, Bonfiglio C, Guerra V, Osella A, Seripa D, Sabbá C, Pilotto A, Logroscino G (2015) Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and prevention of late-life cognitive decline and dementia: A systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging 19, 313-328.
75. Casamenti F, Stefani M (2017) Olive polyphenols: New promising agents to combat aging-associated neurodegeneration. Expert Rev Neurother 17, 345-358.
76. Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, Aggarwal NT, Scherr PA (2005) Relation of the tocopherol forms to incident Alzheimer disease and to cognitive change. Am J Clin Nutr 81, 508-514.
77. Grant WB, Karras SN, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Annweiler C, Boucher BJ, Juzeniene A, Garland CF, Holick MF (2016) Do studies reporting 'U'-shaped serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D-health outcome relationships reflect adverse effects? Dermatoendocrinol 8, e1187349.
78. Morris M, Selhub J, Jacques P (2012) Vitamin B-12 and folate status in relation to decline in scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination in the Framingham Cohort Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 60, 1457-1464.
79. Clarke R, Jobst KA, Refsum H, Sutton L, Ueland PM (1998) Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 55, 1449-1455.
80. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D'Agostino RB, Wilson PW, Wolf PA (2002) Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. NEJM 289, 2651-2662.
81. Sharma SK, Vij AS, Sharma M (2013) Mechanisms and clinical uses of capsaicin. Eur J Pharmacol 720, 55-62.
82. FattoriV, Hohmann MS, RossaneisAC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Verri WA (2016) Capsaicin: Current understanding of its mechanisms and therapy of pain and other pre-clinical and clinical uses. Molecules 21, pii: E844.
83. Dearborn JL, Knopman D, Sharrett AR, Schneider AL, Jack CR Jr, Coker LH, Alonso A, Selvin E, Mosley TH, Wagenknecht LE, Windham BG, Gottesman RF (2014) The meta-bolic syndrome and cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 38, 337-346.
84. Wang M, Norman JE, Srinivasan VJ, Rutledge JC (2016) Metabolic, inflammatory, and microvascular determinants of white matter disease and cognitive decline. Am J Neurodegener Dis 5, 171-177.
85. Smallwood A, Oulhaj A, Joachim C, Christie S, Sloan C, Smith AD, EsiriM(2012) Cerebral subcortical small vessel disease and its relation to cognition in elderly subjects: A pathological study in the Oxford Project to Investigate Memoryand Ageing (OPTIMA) cohort. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 38, 337-343.
86. Gu Y, Nieves JW, Stern Y, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N (2010) Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: A protective diet. Arch Neurol 67, 699-706.
87. FrisardiV, Panza F, Seripa D, Imbimbo BP, Vendemiale G, Pilotto A, Solfrizzi V (2010) Nutraceutical properties of Mediterranean diet and cognitive decline: Possible underlying mechanisms. J Alzheimers Dis 22, 715-740.
88. Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Frisardi V, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Imbimbo BP, Pilotto A (2011) Diet and Alzheimer's disease risk factors or prevention: The current evidence. Expert Rev Neurother 11, 677-708.
89. Whitmer RA, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston SC, Yaffe K (2005) Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 64, 277-281.
90. LahiriDK(2006) Where the actions of environment (nutrition), gene and protein meet: Beneficial role of fruit and vegetable juices in potentially delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 10, 359-361.
91. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Craighead L, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Browndyke JN, Strauman TA, Sherwood A (2010) Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet, exercise, and caloric restriction on neurocognition in overweight adults with high blood pressure. Hypertension 55, 1331-1338.
92. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N (1997) A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 336, 1117-1124.
93. Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Sherwood A, Craighead L, Lin PH, Johnson J, Watkins LL, Wang JT, Kuhn C, Feinglos M, Hinderliter A (2010) Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet alone and in combination with exercise and caloric restriction on insulin sensitivity and lipids. Hypertension 55, 1199-1205.
94. Moore TJ, Alsabeeh N, Apovian CM, Murphy MC, Coffman GA, Cullum-Dugan D, Jenkins M, Cabral H (2008) Weight, blood pressure, and dietary benefits after 12 months of a Web-based Nutrition Education Program (DASH for health): Longitudinal observational study. J Med Internet Res 10, e52.
95. Azadbakht L, Surkan PJ, Esmaillzadeh A, Willett WC (2011) The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan affects C-reactive protein, coagulation abnor malities, and hepatic function tests among type 2 diabetic patients. J Nutr 141, 1083-1088.
96. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM, Diabetes Prevention Program Research, Group (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346, 393-403.
97. Weaver KL, Ivester P, Seeds M, Case LD, Arm JP, Chilton FH (2009) Effect of dietary fatty acids on inflammatory gene expression in healthy humans. J Biol Chem 284, 15400-15407.
98. Fotuhi M, Mohassel P, Yaffe K (2009) Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: A complex association. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 5, 140-152.
99. Hunt JR (2003) Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. Am J Clin Nutr 78(3 Suppl), 633S-639S.
100. Okubo H, Sasaki S, Murakami K, Takahashi Y; Freshmen in Dietetic Courses Study II group (2011) The ratio of fish to meat in the diet is positively associated with favorable intake of food groups and nutrients among young Japanese women. Nutr Res 31, 169-177.
101. Loef M, Walach H (2012) Copper and iron in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and its dietary implications. Br J Nutr 107, 7-19.
102. Brewer GJ (2015) Copper-2 ingestion, plus increased meat eating leading to increased copper absorption, are major factors behind the current epidemic of Alzheimer's disease. Nutrients 7, 10053-10064.
103. Grant WB (1997) Dietary links to Alzheimer's disease. Alz Dis Rev 2, 42-55.
104. Bonda DJ, Lee HG, Blair JA, Zhu X, Perry G, Smith MA (2011) Role of metal dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Metallomics 3, 267-270.
105. Wong BX, Hung YH, Bush AI, Duce JA (2014) Metals and cholesterol: Two sides of the same coin in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Front Aging Neurosci 6, 91.
106. Xu H, Perreau VM, Dent KA, Bush AI, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA (2016) Iron regulates apolipoprotein E expression and secretion in neurons and astrocytes. J Alzheimers Dis 51, 471-487.
107. Prakash A, Dhaliwal GK, Kumar P, Majeed AB (2017) Brain biometals and Alzheimer's disease-boon or bane? Int J Neurosci 127, 99-108.
108. Tsao R (2010) Chemistry and biochemistry of dietary polyphenols. Nutrients 2, 1231-1246.
109. Thangthaeng N, Poulose SM, Miller MG, Shukitt-Hale B (2016) Preserving brain function in aging: The antiglycative potential of berry fruit. Neuromolecular Med 18, 465-473.
110. Heim KC, Angers P, Léonhart S, Ritz BW (2012) Antiinflammatory and neuroactive properties of selected fruit extracts. J Med Food 15, 851-854.
111. Rendeiro C, Rhodes JS, Spencer JP (2015) The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects. Neurochem Int 89, 126-139.
112. Collins SM1, Surette M, Bercik P (2012) The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain. Nat Rev Microbiol 10, 735-742.
113. Pistollato F, Sumalla Cano S, Elio I, Masias Vergara M, Giampieri F, Battino (2016) Role of gut microbiota and nutrients in amyloid formation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Nutr Rev 74, 624-634.
114. Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, Power SE, O'Connor EM, Cusack S, Harris HM, Coakley M, Lakshminarayanan B, O'Sullivan O, Fitzgerald GF, Deane J, O'Connor M, Harnedy N, O'Connor K, O'Mahony D, van Sinderen D, Wallace M, Brennan L, Stanton C, Marchesi JR, Fitzgerald AP, Shanahan F, Hill C, Ross RP, O'Toole PW (2012) Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature 488, 178-184.
115. Scott KP, Gratz SW, Sheridan PO, Flint HJ, Duncan SH (2013) The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res 69, 52-60.
116. Friedland RP (2015) Mechanisms of molecular mimicry involving the microbiota in neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 45, 349-362.
117. Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ (2015) Alzheimer's disease and the microbiome. Front Cell Neurosci 7, 153.
118. Schwartz K, Boles BR (2013) Microbial amyloids-functions and interactions within the host. Curr Opin Microbiol 16, 93-99.
119. DaulatzaiMA(2014) Chronic functional bowel syndrome enhances gut-brain axis dysfunction, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and vulnerability to dementia. Neurochem Res 39, 624-644.
120. Prasanthi JR, Dasari B, Marwarha G, Larson T, Chen X, Geiger JD, Ghribi O (2010) Caffeine protects against oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology in rabbit hippocampus induced by cholesterol-enriched diet. Free Radic Biol Med 49, 1212-1220.
121. Chen X, Ghribi O, Geiger JD (2010) Caffeine protects against disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J Alzheimers Dis 20, S127-S141.
122. Fredholm BB, Battig K, Holmen J, Nehlig A, Zvartau EE (1999) Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use. Pharmacol Rev 51, 83-133.
123. Cao C, Cirrito JR, Lin X, Verges DK, Dickson A, Mamcarz M, Zhang C, Mori T, Arendash GW, Holtzman DM, PotterH(2009) Caffeine suppresses amyloid-beta levels in plasma and brain of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 17, 681-697.
124. Zeitlin R, Patel S, Burgess S, Arendash GW, Echeverria V (2011) Caffeine induces beneficial changes in PKA signaling and JNK and ERK activities in the striatum and cortex of Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Brain Res 1417, 127-136.
125. Dragicevic N, Delic V, Cao C, Copes N, Lin X, Mamcarz M, Wang L, ArendashGW, Bradshaw PC (2012) Caffeine increases mitochondrial function and blocks melatonin signaling to mitochondria in Alzheimer's mice and cells. Neuropharmacology 63, 1368-1379.
126. DrorY, Stern F, Gomori MJ (2014)Vitamins in the prevention or delay of cognitive disability of aging. Curr Aging Sci 7, 187-213.
127. Feng Y, Wang X (2012) Antioxidant therapies for Alzheimer's disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012, 472932.
128. Yamada K, Tanaka T, Han D, Senzaki K, Kameyama T, Nabeshima T (1999) Protective effects of idebenone and alpha-tocopherol on beta-amyloid-(1-42)-induced learning and memory deficits in rats: Implication of oxidative stress in beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Eur J Neurosci 11, 83-90.
129. Yu BP, Kang CM, Han JS, Kim DS (1998) Can antioxidant supplementation slow the aging process? Biofactors 7, 93101.
130. Spencer JP, Vauzour D, Rendeiro C (2009) Flavonoids and cognition: The molecular mechanisms underlying their behavioural effects. Arch Biochem Biophys 492, 19.
131. Garcia A, Zanibbi K (2004) Homocysteine and cognitive function in elderly people. CMAJ 171, 897-904.
132. Balion C, Griffith LE, Strifler L, Henderson M, Patterson C, Heckman G, Llewellyn DJ, Raina P (2012) Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Neurology 79, 1397-405.
133. Dickens AP, Lang IA, Langa KM, Kos K, Llewellyn DJ (2011) Vitamin D, cognitive dysfunction and dementia in older adults. CNS Drugs 25, 629-639.
134. Lu'o'ng KV, Nguyên LT (2011) The beneficial role of vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 26, 511-520.
135. Schubert R, Kitz R, Beermann C, Rose MA, Baer PC, Zielen S, Boehles H (2007) Influence of low-dose polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on the inflammatory response of healthy adults. Nutrition 23, 724-730.
136. Chalon S (2006)Omega-3 fatty acids and monoamine neurotransmission. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 75, 259-269.
137. Lukiw WJ, Bazan NG (2008) Docosahexaenoic acid and the aging brain. J Nutr 138, 2510-2514.
138. Sydenham E, Dangour AD, LimW-S (2012)Omega 3 fatty acid for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6, CD005379.
139. Lim GP, Calon F, Morihara T, Yang F, Teter B, Ubeda O, SalemNJr, Frautschy SA, ColeGM(2005)Adiet enriched with the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid reduces amyloid burden in an aged Alzheimer mouse model. J Neurosci 25, 3032-3040.
140. Lichtenstein AH, Schwab US (2000) Relationship of dietary fat to glucose metabolism. Atherosclerosis 150, 227-243.
141. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R (2004) Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 63, 1187-1192.
142. Snowden SG, Ebshiana AA, Hye A, An Y, Pletnikova O, O'Brien R, Troncoso J, Legido-QuigleyC, ThambisettyM (2017) Association between fatty acid metabolism in the brain and Alzheimer disease neuropathology and cognitive performance:Anontargeted metabolomic study. PLoS Med 14, e1002266.
143. Giem P, Beeson WL, Fraser GE (1993) The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: Preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology 12, 28-36.
144. Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, Peres K, Dartigues JF, Renaud S (2002) Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: Cohort study. BMJ 325, 932-933.
145. Armstrong B, Doll R (1975) Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 15, 617-631.
146. Kono S (2004) Secular trend of colon cancer incidence and mortality in relation to fat and meat intake in Japan. Eur J Cancer Prev 13, 127-132.
147. Zhang J, Dhakal IB, Zhao Z, Li L (2012) Trends in mortality from cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, esophagus, and stomach in East Asia: Role of nutrition transition. Eur J Cancer Prev 21, 480-489.
148. Aune D, De Stefani E, Ronco A, Boffetta P, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Acosta G, Mendilaharsu M (2009) Meat consumption and cancer risk: A case-control study in Uruguay. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 10, 429-436.
149. Grant WB (2014) Trends in diet and Alzheimer's disease during the nutrition transition in Japan and developing countries. J Alzheimers Dis 38, 611-620.
150. Perrone L, Grant WB (2015) Observational and ecological studies of dietary advanced glycation end products in national diets and Alzheimer's disease incidence and prevalence. J Alzheimers Dis 45, 965-979.
151. Grant WB (2016) Using multicountry ecological and observational studies to determine dietary risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. J Am Coll Nutr 35, 476-489.