Using Multicountry Ecological and Observational Studies to Determine Dietary Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 476-489

  Grant, William B ^a  

^a Sunlight   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; diet; ecological studies; meat; Mediterranean diet; observational studies; vascular dementia; Western diet

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; HOMOCYSTEINE; SATURATED FATTY ACID; SUGAR; TRACE ELEMENT; VEGETABLE OIL; VITAMIN D; 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; FAT INTAKE; METAL;

AGE; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ASSESSMENT OF HUMANS; CEREAL; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIET; ECOLOGICAL STUDY; EGG; ENERGY; FISH; HILLS CRITERIA FOR CAUSALITY; HUMAN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MEAT; OBESITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TYPES OF STUDY; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; BLOOD; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; COOKING; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ECOLOGY; FAT INTAKE; HEAT; PROCEDURES; WESTERN DIET;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES; CHOLESTEROL; COOKING; CULTURE; DAIRY PRODUCTS; DIET; DIET, WESTERN; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY FATS; ECOLOGY; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; HOMOCYSTEINE; HOT TEMPERATURE; HUMANS; MEAT; METALS; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RISK FACTORS; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84980047818     PISSN: 07315724     EISSN: 15411087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1161566     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. A.Alzheimer, R.A.Stelzmann, H.N.Schnitzlein, F.R.Murtagh: Uber eine eigenartige Erkankung der Hirnrinde[About a Peculiar Disease of the Cerebral Cortex]. Clin Anat 8:429–431, 1995.
2. R.Brookmeyer, D.A.Evans, L.Hebert,: National estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States. Alzheimers Dement 7:61–73, 2011.
3. M.Prince, R.Bryce, E.Albanese, A.Wimo, W.Ribeiro, C.P.Ferri: The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers Dement 9:63–75, 2013.
4. R.N.Kalaria, G.E.Maestre, R.Arizaga,: Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in developing countries: prevalence, management, and risk factors. Lancet Neurol 7:812–826, 2008.
5. B.L.Plassman, K.M.Langa, R.J.McCammon,: Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the United States. Ann Neurol 70:418–426, 2011.
6. A.Keys, C.Aravanis, H.W.Blackburn,: Epidemiological studies related to coronary heart disease: characteristics of men aged 40–59 in seven countries. Acta Med Scand 460:1–392, 1966.
7. W.B.Grant: Reassessing the role of sugar in the etiology of heart disease. J Orthomol Med 13:95–104, 1998.
8. J.W.Beulens, L.M.de Bruijne, R.P.Stolk,: High dietary glycemic load and glycemic index increase risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged women: a population-based follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:14–21, 2007.
9. P.Puska: Fat and heart disease: yes we can make a change—the case of North Karelia (Finland). Ann Nutr Metab 54(Suppl 1):33–38, 2009.
10. B.Armstrong, R.Doll: Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 15:617–631, 1975.
11. E.Cho, W.Y.Chen, D.J.Hunter,: Red meat intake and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 166:2253–2259, 2006.
12. S.Tominaga, T.Kuroishi: An ecological study on diet/nutrition and cancer in Japan. Int J Cancer 10:2–6, 1997.
13. W.B.Grant: A multicountry ecological study of cancer incidence rates in 2008 with respect to various risk-modifying factors. Nutrients 6:163–189, 2014.
14. D.Aune, De E.Stefani, A.Ronco,: Meat consumption and cancer risk: a case–control study in Uruguay. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 10:429–436, 2009.
15. W.B.Grant: The role of meat in the expression of rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Nutr 84:589–595, 2000.
16. W.B.Grant: The role of milk protein in increasing risk of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Epidemiol 28:357, 2013.
17. W.Jiang, C.Ju, H.Jiang, D.Zhang: Dairy foods intake and risk of Parkinson's disease: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 29:613–619, 2014.
18. M.Murata: Secular trends in growth and changes in eating patterns of Japanese children. Am J Clin Nutr 72(5 Suppl):1379S–1383S, 2000.
19. S.Jordan, L.Lim, S.A.Seubsman, C.Bain, A.Sleigh, and the Thai Cohort Study Team: Secular changes and predictors of adult height for 86,105 male and female members of the Thai Cohort Study born between 1940 and 1990. J Epidemiol Community Health 66:75–80, 2012.
20. B.M.Popkin, L.S.Adair, S.W.Ng: Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev 70:3–21, 2012.
21. A.H.Hite, R.D.Feinman, G.E.Guzman, M.Satin, P.A.Schoenfeld, R.J.Wood: In the face of contradictory evidence: report of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee. Nutrition 26:915–924, 2010.
22. P.R.Marantz, E.D.Bird, M.H.Alderman: A call for higher standards of evidence for dietary guidelines. Am J Prev Med 34:234–240, 2008.
23. E.Herrera, Jr., P.Caramelli, A.S.Silveira, R.Nitrini: Epidemiologic survey of dementia in a community-dwelling Brazilian population. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 16:103–108, 2002.
24. M.Scazufca, P.R.Menezes, H.P.Vallada,: High prevalence of dementia among older adults from poor socioeconomic backgrounds in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int Psychogeriatr 20:394–405, 2008.
25. C.Albala, F.Vio, M.Yanez: Epidemiological transition in Latin America: a comparison of four countries [La transición epidemiológica en América Latina: una comparación de cuatro países]. Rev Med Chil 125:719–727, 1997.
26. Llibre J.Rodriguez, A.Valhuerdi, I.I.Sanchez,: The prevalence, correlates and impact of dementia in Cuba. A 10/66 group population-based survey. Neuroepidemiology 31:243–251, 2008.
27. A.Farrag, H.M.Farwiz, E.H.Khedr, R.M.Mahfouz, S.M.Omran: Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders: Assiut–Upper Egypt study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 9:323–328, 1998.
28. H.Huriletemuer, S.Wen, C.Zhang,: An epidemiological study of Alzheimer's disease in elderly Mongolian and Han populations living in rural areas of Inner Mongolia. Aging Clin Exp Res 23(5–6):470–475, 2011.
29. H.C.Hendrie, B.O.Osuntokun, K.S.Hall,: Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans. Am J Psychiatry 152:1485–1492, 1995.
30. Y.J.Kim, J.W.Han, Y.S.So, J.Y.Seo, K.Y.Kim, K.W.Kim: Prevalence and trends of dementia in Korea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Korean Med Sci 29:903–912, 2014.
31. H.A.de Silva, S.B.Gunatilake, A.D.Smith: Prevalence of dementia in a semi-urban population in Sri Lanka: report from a regional survey. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 18:711–715, 2003.
32. Food and Agriculure Organization of the United Nations: FoodStat. Accessed at: http://faostat.fao.org/site/368/default.aspx#ancor
33. Food Loss and Food Waste. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/food-loss-and-food-waste/en/
34. W.B.Grant: Dietary links to Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Review 2:42–55, 1997.
35. S.Kalmijn, L.J.Launer, A.Ott, J.C.Witteman, A.Hofman, M.M.Breteler: Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol 42:776–782, 1997.
36. P.Barberger-Gateau, L.Letenneur, V.Deschamps, K.Peres, J.F.Dartigues, S.Renaud: Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ 325:932–933, 2002.
37. J.A.Luchsinger, M.X.Tang, S.Shea, R.Mayeux: Caloric intake and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 59:1258–1263, 2002.
38. M.C.Morris, D.A.Evans, J.L.Bienias,: Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 60:940–946, 2003.
39. W.B.Grant: Trends in diet and Alzheimer's disease during the nutrition transition in Japan and developing countries. J Alzheimers Dis 38:611–620, 2014.
40. H.H.Dodge, T.J.Buracchio, G.G.Fisher,: Trends in the prevalence of dementia in Japan. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012:956354, 2012.
41. De E.Stefani, P.Brennan, P.Boffetta,: Diet and adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case–control study in Uruguay. Lung Cancer 35:43–51, 2002.
42. Y.T.Wu, W.B.Grant, A.M.Prina, H.Y.Lee, C.Brayne: Nutrition and the prevalence of dementia in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan: an ecological study. J Alzheimers Dis 44:1099–1106, 2015.
43. K.Y.Chan, W.Wang, J.J.Wu,: Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990–2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet 381:2016–2023, 2013.
44. X.H.Liu, Y.N.Man, X.Z.Wu: Recurrence season impacts the survival of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15:1627–1632, 2014.
45. W.B.Grant: Year 2000 prevalence of Alzheimer disease in the United States. Arch Neurol 61:802–803; author reply 803, 2004.
46. L.E.Hebert, J.Weuve, P.A.Scherr, D.A.Evans: Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010–2050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology 80:1778–1783, 2013.
47. K.Steenland, F.C.Goldstein, A.Levey, W.Wharton: A meta-analysis of Alzheimer's disease incidence and prevalence comparing African-Americans and Caucasians. J Alzheimers Dis 50:71–76, 2015.
48. P.Giem, W.L.Beeson, G.E.Fraser: The incidence of dementia and intake of animal products: preliminary findings from the Adventist Health Study. Neuroepidemiology 12:28–36, 1993.
49. Y.Gu, J.A.Luchsinger, Y.Stern, N.Scarmeas: Mediterranean diet, inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers, and risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 22:483–492, 2010.
50. P.N.Singh, M.Batech, P.Faed, K.Jaceldo-Siegl, M.Martins, G.E.Fraser: Reliability of meat, fish, dairy, and egg intake over a 33-year interval in Adventist Health Study 2. Nutr Cancer 66:1315–1321, 2014.
51. M.C.Morris, C.C.Tangney, Y.Wang, F.M.Sacks, D.A.Bennett, N.T.Aggarwal: MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 11:1007–1014, 2015.
52. K.Gustaw-Rothenberg: Dietary patterns associated with Alzheimer's disease: population based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6:1335–1340, 2009.
53. Y.Gu, N.Scarmeas: Dietary patterns in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive aging. Curr Alzheimer Res 8:510–519, 2011.
54. L.Mosconi, J.Murray, M.Davies,: Nutrient intake and brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in at-risk cognitively normal individuals: a cross-sectional neuroimaging pilot study. BMJ Open 4: e004850, 2014.
55. V.Berti, J.Murray, M.Davies,: Nutrient patterns and brain biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in cognitively normal individuals. J Nutr Health Aging 19:413–423, 2015.
56. S.E.Power, E.M.O’Connor, R.P.Ross,: Dietary glycaemic load associated with cognitive performance in elderly subjects. Eur J Nutr 54:557–568, 2015.
57. H.J.Tsai: Dietary patterns and cognitive decline in Taiwanese aged 65 years and older. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 30:523–530, 2015.
58. T.S.Srikumar, G.K.Johansson, P.A.Ockerman, J.A.Gustafsson, B.Akesson: Trace element status in healthy subjects switching from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet for 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr 55:885–890, 1992.
59. J.S.Konig, I.Elmadfa: Plasma copper concentration as marker of copper intake from food. Ann Nutr Metab 44:129–134, 2000.
60. R.Squitti, M.Siotto, R.Polimanti: Low-copper diet as a preventive strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 35(Suppl 2):S40–S50, 2014.
61. A.Pal, M.Siotto, R.Prasad, R.Squitti: Towards a unified vision of copper involvement in Alzheimer's disease: a review connecting basic, experimental, and clinical research. J Alzheimers Dis 44:343–354, 2015.
62. G.J.Brewer: Divalent copper as a major triggering agent in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 46:593–604, 2015.
63. G.J.Brewer: Copper-2 ingestion, plus increased meat eating leading to increased copper absorption, are major factors behind the current epidemic of Alzheimer's disease. Nutrients 7:10053–10064, 2015.
64. M.C.Morris, D.A.Evans, C.C.Tangney,: Dietary copper and high saturated and trans fat intakes associated with cognitive decline. Arch Neurol 63:1085–1088, 2006.
65. K.Jomova, D.Vondrakova, M.Lawson, M.Valko: Metals, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 345:91–104, 2010.
66. M.A.Beydoun, H.A.Beydoun, A.A.Gamaldo, A.Teel, A.B.Zonderman, Y.Wang: Epidemiologic studies of modifiable factors associated with cognition and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 14:643, 2014.
67. Yakub M, Iqbal MP, Iqbal R: Dietary patterns are associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in an urban Pakistani population. J Nutr. 140:1261–1266, 2010.
68. S.Hashemipour, N.Esmailzadehha, M.Mohammadzadeh, A.Ziaee: Association of meat and dairy consumption with normal weight metabolic obesity in men: the Qazvin Metabolic Diseases Study. Eat Weight Disord 2016.
69. D.Nuzzo, P.Picone, S.Baldassano,: Insulin resistance as common molecular denominator linking obesity to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 12:723–735, 2015.
70. O.Larsson, A.Girnita, L.Girnita: Role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signalling in cancer. Br J Cancer 92:2097–2101, 2005.
71. R.F.de Bruijn, J.A.Janssen, M.P.Brugts,: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor stimulating activity is associated with dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 42:137–142, 2014.
72. T.M.Hsu, S.E.Kanoski: Blood–brain barrier disruption: mechanistic links between Western diet consumption and dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 6:88, 2014.
73. K.S.McCully: Homocysteine, vitamins, and vascular disease prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 86:1563S–1568S, 2007.
74. I.I.Kruman,, T.S.Kumaravel, A.Lohani,: Folic acid deficiency and homocysteine impair DNA repair in hippocampal neurons and sensitize them to amyloid toxicity in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 22:1752–1762, 2002.
75. J.F.Gonzales, N.D.Barnard, D.J.Jenkins,: Applying the precautionary principle to nutrition and cancer. J Am Coll Nutr 33:239–246, 2014.
76. A.Solomon, M.Kivipelto, B.Wolozin, J.Zhou, R.A.Whitmer: Midlife serum cholesterol and increased risk of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia three decades later. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 28:75–80, 2009.
77. E.Pukkala, J.I.Martinsen, E.Lynge,: Occupation and cancer—follow-up of 15 million people in five Nordic countries. Acta Oncol 48:646–790, 2009.
78. I.H.Dias, M.C.Polidori, H.R.Griffiths: Hypercholesterolaemia-induced oxidative stress at the blood–brain barrier. Biochem Soc Trans 42:1001–1005, 2014.
79. De F.G.Felice, S.T.Ferreira: Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common molecular denominators connecting type 2 diabetes to Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 63:2262–2272, 2014.
80. L.A.Profenno, A.P.Porsteinsson, S.V.Faraone: Meta-analysis of Alzheimer's disease risk with obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Biol Psychiatry 67:505–512, 2010.
81. M.Ishii, C.Iadecola: Adipocyte-derived factors in age-related dementia and their contribution to vascular and Alzheimer pathology. Biochim Biophys Acta 1862:966–74, 2016.
82. M.T.Heneka, M.J.Carson, El J.Khoury,: Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 14:388–405, 2015.
83. R.K.West, E.Moshier, I.Lubitz,: Dietary advanced glycation end products are associated with decline in memory in young elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 140:10–12, 2014.
84. W.Cai, J.Uribarri, L.Zhu,: Oral glycotoxins are a modifiable cause of dementia and the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:4940–4945, 2014.
85. S.Yamagishi, T.Matsui: Pathologic role of dietary advanced glycation end products in cardiometabolic disorders, and therapeutic intervention. Nutrition 32:157–165, 2016.
86. A.B.Hill: The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 58:295–300, 1965.
87. N.Potischman, D.L.Weed: Causal criteria in nutritional epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 69:1309S–1314S, 1999.
88. L.U.Gerdes, I.C.Klausen, I.Sihm, O.Faergeman: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in a Danish population compared to findings in 45 other study populations around the world. Genet Epidemiol 9:155–167, 1992.
89. C.Annweiler, F.R.Herrmann, B.Fantino, B.Brugg, O.Beauchet: Effectiveness of the combination of memantine plus vitamin D on cognition in patients with Alzheimer disease: a pre–post pilot study. Cogn Behav Neurol 25:121–127, 2012.
90. S.Afzal, S.E.Bojesen, B.G.Nordestgaard: Reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimers Dement 10:296–302, 2014.
91. W.B.Grant: Effect of interval between serum draw and follow-up period on relative risk of cancer incidence with respect to 25-hydroxyvitamin D level: Implications for meta-analyses and setting vitamin D guidelines. Dermato-endocrinology 3:199–204, 2011.
92. W.B.Grant: Effect of follow-up time on the relation between prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and all-cause mortality rate. Dermato-endocrinology 4:198–202, 2012.
93. T.J.Littlejohns, W.E.Henley, I.A.Lang,: Vitamin D and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 83:920–928, 2014.
94. A.Koyama, J.O’Brien, J.Weuve, D.Blacker, A.L.Metti, K.Yaffe: The role of peripheral inflammatory markers in dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 68:433–440, 2013.
95. J.J.Cannell, W.B.Grant, M.F.Holick: Vitamin D and inflammation. Dermato-endocrinology 6:e983401, 2014.
96. A.Masoumi, B.Goldenson, S.Ghirmai,: 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 interacts with curcuminoids to stimulate amyloid-beta clearance by macrophages of Alzheimer's disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis 17:703–717, 2009.
97. E.Dursun, D.Gezen-Ak, S.Yilmazer: A novel perspective for Alzheimer's disease: vitamin D receptor suppression by amyloid-beta and preventing the amyloid-beta induced alterations by vitamin D in cortical neurons. J Alzheimers Dis 23:207–219, 2011.
98. M.R.Haussler, P.W.Jurutka, M.Mizwicki, A.W.Norman: Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1alpha,25(OH)vitamin D: genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Best practice & research. Clin Endocrinol Metab 25:543–559, 2011.
99. Y.G.Zhang, S.Wu, J.Sun: Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and tissue barriers. Tissue Barriers 1:e23118(1–6), 2013.
100. K.V.Lu’o’ng, L.T.Nguyen: The role of vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease: possible genetic and cell signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 28:126–136, 2013.
101. C.Annweiler, E.Dursun, F.Feron, Gezen-Ak D, Kalueff AV, Littlejohns T, Llewellyn DJ, Millet P, Scott T, Tucker KL, Yilmazer S, Beauchet O: “Vitamin D and cognition in older adults”: updated international recommendations. J Intern Med 277:45–57, 2015.
102. E.Rodriguez-Vieitez, L.Saint-Aubert, S.F.Carter,: Diverging longitudinal changes in astrocytosis and amyloid PET in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Brain 139:922–36, 2016.
103. L.Perrone, W.B.Grant: Observational and ecological studies of dietary advanced glycation end products in national diets and Alzheimer's disease incidence and prevalence. J Alzheimers Dis 45:965–979, 2015.
104. M.Ozawa, T.Ohara, T.Ninomiya,: Milk and dairy consumption and risk of dementia in an elderly Japanese population: the Hisayama Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 62:1224–1230, 2014.
105. P.C.Elwood, J.E.Pickering, J.Hughes, A.M.Fehily, A.R.Ness: Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 58:718–724, 2004.
106. A.Kyriacou, J.M.Evans, N.Economides, A.Kyriacou: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet by the Greek and Cypriot population: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 25:1012–1018, 2015.
107. J.Zhang, I.B.Dhakal, Z.Zhao, L.Li: Trends in mortality from cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, esophagus, and stomach in East Asia: role of nutrition transition. Eur J Cancer Prev 21:480–489, 2012.
108. R.Micha, G.Michas, D.Mozaffarian: Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes—an updated review of the evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep 14:515–524, 2012.
109. C.Wittenbecher, K.Muhlenbruch, J.Kroger,: Amino acids, lipid metabolites, and ferritin as potential mediators linking red meat consumption to type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 101:1241–1250, 2015.
110. G.C.Chen, D.B.Lv, Z.Pang, Q.F.Liu: Red and processed meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 67:91–95, 2013.
111. P.Marckmann, P.Osther, A.N.Pedersen, B.Jespersen: High-protein diets and renal health. J Ren Nutr 25:1–5, 2015.
112. M.H.Rouhani, A.Salehi-Abargouei, P.J.Surkan, L.Azadbakht: Is there a relationship between red or processed meat intake and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Obes Rev 15:740–748, 2014.
113. M.A.Martinez-Gonzalez, N.Martin-Calvo: The major European dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 14:265–271, 2013.
114. A.Fardet, Y.Boirie: Associations between food and beverage groups and major diet-related chronic diseases: an exhaustive review of pooled/meta-analyses and systematic reviews. Nutr Rev 72:741–762, 2014.
115. B.Kim, R.Neff, R.Santo, J.Vigorito: “The Importance of Reducing Animal Product Consumption and Wasted Food in Mitigating Catastrophic Climate Change.” Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Center for Livable Future, 2015. Available at: http://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-andinstitutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-a-livable-future/research/clf_ publications/pub_rep_desc/the-importance-of-reducing-animalproduct-consumption-and-wasted-food-in-mitigating-catastrophicclimate-change.html
116. Shanker, D. The US meat industry's wildly successful, 40-year crusade to keep its hold on the American diet. Quartz. 2015. Available at: http://qz.com/523255/the-us-meat-industrys-wildly-successful-40-year-crusade-to-keep-its-hold-on-the-american-diet/
117. M.F.Holick, N.C.Binkley, H.A.Bischoff-Ferrari,: Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1911–1930, 2011.
118. A.C.Ross, J.E.Manson, S.A.Abrams,: The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:53–58, 2011.
119. C.Iadecola: The pathobiology of vascular dementia. Neuron 80:844–866, 2013.
120. P.Venkat, M.Chopp, J.Chen: Models and mechanisms of vascular dementia. Exp Neurol 272:97–108, 2015.
121. L.Perez, L.Heim, A.Sherzai, K.Jaceldo-Siegl, A.Sherzai: Nutrition and vascular dementia. J Nutr Health Aging 16:319–324, 2012.
122. K.Alston: Cradle to cradle design initiatives: lessons and opportunities for prevention through design (PtD). J Safety Res 39:135–136, 2008.
123. L.H.Kushi, C.Doyle, M.McCullough,: American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin 62:30–67, 2012.
124. N.D.Barnard, A.I.Bush, A.Ceccarelli,: Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 35(Suppl 2):S74–S78, 2014.
125. M.M.Glymour, A.Kosheleva, V.G.Wadley, C.Weiss, J.J.Manly: Geographic distribution of dementia mortality: elevated mortality rates for black and white Americans by place of birth. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 25:196–202, 2011.
126. J.B.Wetmore, E.F.Ellerbeck, J.D.Mahnken,: Stroke and the “stroke belt” in dialysis: contribution of patient characteristics to ischemic stroke rate and its geographic variation. J Am Soc Nephrol 24:2053–2061, 2013.
127. R.L.Siegel, L.Sahar, K.M.Portier, E.M.Ward, A.Jemal: Cancer death rates in U.S. congressional districts. CA Cancer J Clin 65:339–344, 2015.
128. A.Bovell-Benjamin, N.Dawkins, R.Pace, J.M.Shikany: Dietary consumption practices and cancer risk in African Americans in the rural South. J Health Care Poor Underserved 21(3 Suppl):57–75, 2010.
129. E.R.Mayeda, M.M.Glymour, C.P.Quesenberry, R.A.Whitmer: Inequalities in dementia incidence between six racial and ethnic groups over 14 years. Alzheimers Dement 12:216–24, 2016.
130. C.R.Daniel, A.J.Cross, C.Koebnick, R.Sinha: Trends in meat consumption in the USA. Public Health Nutr 14:575–583, 2011.