Chinese medicines induce cell death: The molecular and cellular mechanisms for cancer therapy

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Wang, Xuanbin ^a,b   Feng, Yibin ^a   Wang, Ning ^a   Cheung, Fan ^a   Tan, Hor Yue ^a   Zhong, Sen ^b   Li, Charlie ^c   Kobayashi, Seiichi ^d  

^a THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b HUBEI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE   (China)

^c CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

18ALPHA GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID; ALOE EMODIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARTEMISININ DERIVATIVE; BAICALEIN; BAICALIN; BERBERINE; BETA ELEMENE; CATECHIN; CHINESE DRUG; CURCUMIN; EMODIN; EUGENOL; GAMBOGIC ACID; GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID; GYPENOSIDE; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HESPERIDIN; MINERAL; NATURAL PRODUCT; ORIDONIN; OROXYLIN A; PSEUDOLARIC ACID B; SHIKONIN; SILIBININ; TANSHINONE IIA; TRIPTOLIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; URSOLIC ACID; WOGONIN;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CANCER THERAPY; CELL DEATH; CHINESE MEDICINE; DRUG MECHANISM; HUMAN; NECROSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; ANIMAL; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; DRUG EFFECTS; NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY; PHYTOTHERAPY;

ANIMALS; CELL DEATH; DRUG DISCOVERY; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; HUMANS; MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL; NEOPLASMS; PHYTOTHERAPY;

EID: 84908343646     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/530342     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Jemal A., Bray F., Center M. M., Ferlay J., Ward E., Forman D., Global cancer statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2011 61 2 69 90 10.3322/caac.20107
2. Hanahan D., Weinberg R. A., Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011 144 5 646 674 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 2-s2.0-79952284127
3. Clarke P. G. H., Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. Anatomy and Embryology 1990 181 3 195 213 2-s2.0-0025283961
4. Lockshin R. A., Zakeri Z., Apoptosis, autophagy, and more. The International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 2004 36 12 2405 2419 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.011 2-s2.0-4344594807
5. Edinger A. L., Thompson C. B., Death by design: apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 2004 16 6 663 669 10.1016/j.ceb.2004.09.011 2-s2.0-7744235672
6. Kerr J. F., Wyllie A. H., Currie A. R., Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. British Journal of Cancer 1972 26 4 239 257 10.1038/bjc.1972.33 2-s2.0-0015383455
7. Wang C. W., Klionsky D. J., The molecular mechanism of autophagy. Molecular Medicine 2003 9 3-4 65 76 2-s2.0-0038309329
8. Degterev A., Huang Z., Boyce M., Li Y., Jagtap P., Mizushima N., Cuny G. D., Mitchison T. J., Moskowitz M. A., Yuan J., Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nature Chemical Biology 2005 1 2 112 119 10.1038/nchembio711 2-s2.0-33644840693
9. Galluzzi L., Vitale I., Abrams J. M., Alnemri E. S., Baehrecke E. H., Blagosklonny M. V., Dawson T. M., Dawson V. L., El-Deiry W. S., Fulda S., Gottlieb E., Green D. R., Hengartner M. O., Kepp O., Knight R. A., Kumar S., Lipton S. A., Lu X., Madeo F., Malorni W., Mehlen P., N͡ez G., Peter M. E., Piacentini M., Rubinsztein D. C., Shi Y., Simon H.-., Vandenabeele P., White E., Yuan J., Zhivotovsky B., Melino G., Kroemer G., Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012. Cell Death and Differentiation 2012 19 1 107 120 10.1038/cdd.2011.96 2-s2.0-84255210700
10. Margottin-Goguet F., Hsu J. Y., Loktev A., Hsieh H., Reimann J. D. R., Jackson P. K., Prophase destruction of Emi1 by the SCF β TrCP/Slimb ubiquitin ligase activates the anaphase promoting complex to allow progression beyond prometaphase. Developmental Cell 2003 4 6 813 826 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00153-9 2-s2.0-0037534899
11. Roninson I. B., Broude E. V., Chang B. D., If not apoptosis, then what? Treatment-induced senescence and mitotic catastrophe in tumor cells. Drug Resistance Updates 2001 4 5 303 313 10.1054/drup.2001.0213 2-s2.0-0035736138
12. Speirs C. K., Hwang M., Kim S., Li W., Chang S., Varki V., Lu B., Harnessing the cell death pathway for targeted cancer treatment. The American Journal of Cancer Research 2011 1 1 43 61
13. Ancuceanu R. V., Istudor V., Pharmacologically active natural compounds for lung cancer. Alternative Medicine Review 2004 9 4 402 419 2-s2.0-11244313152
14. Carmady B., Smith C. A., Use of Chinese medicine by cancer patients: a review of surveys. Chinese Medicine 2011 6, article 22 10.1186/1749-8546-6-22 2-s2.0-79958073064
15. Feng Y., Wang N., Zhu M., Li H., Tsao S., Recent progress on anticancer candidates in patents of herbal medicinal products. Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 2011 3 1 30 48 10.2174/2212798411103010030 2-s2.0-79955007154
16. Lin Y.-H., Chiu J.-H., Use of Chinese medicine among patients with liver cancer in Taiwan. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2010 16 5 527 528 10.1089/acm.2009.0637 2-s2.0-77952578901
17. Pu C. Y., Lan V. M., Lan C. F., Lang H. C., The determinants of traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture utilization for cancer patients with simultaneous conventional treatment. European Journal of Cancer Care 2008 17 4 340 349 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2007.00865.x 2-s2.0-48249091292
18. Wong L. C., Chan E., Tay S., Lee K. M., Back M., Complementary and alternative medicine practices among Asian radiotherapy patients. Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010 6 4 357 363 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2010.01296.x 2-s2.0-78649761023
19. Crespo-Ortiz M. P., Wei M. Q., Antitumor activity of artemisinin and its derivatives: from a well-known antimalarial agent to a potential anticancer drug. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 2012 18 247597 10.1155/2012/247597 2-s2.0-84855554316
20. Lai H., Nakase I., Lacoste E., Singh N. P., Sasaki T., Artemisinin-transferrin conjugate retards growth of breast tumors in the rat. Anticancer Research 2009 29 10 3807 3810 2-s2.0-71949100459
21. Mercer A. E., Copple I. M., Maggs J. L., O'Neill P. M., Park B. K., The role of heme and the mitochondrion in the chemical and molecular mechanisms of mammalian cell death induced by the artemisinin antimalarials. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011 286 2 987 996 10.1074/jbc.M110.144188 2-s2.0-78651404852
22. Gong Y., Li Y., Lu Y., Li L., Abdolmaleky H., Blackburn G. L., Zhou J., Bioactive tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in mice. International Journal of Cancer 2011 129 5 1042 1052 10.1002/ijc.25678 2-s2.0-79959767855
23. Tian H. L., Yu T., Xu N. N., Feng C., Zhou L. Y., Luo H. W., Chang D. C., Le X., Luo K. Q., A novel compound modified from tanshinone inhibits tumor growth in vivo via activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Cancer Letters 2010 297 1 18 30 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.04.020 2-s2.0-77956231164
24. Won S.-H., Lee H.-J., Jeong S.-J., Lee E., Jung D., Shin J., Kwon T., Yun S., Lee M., Choi S., Lü J., Kim S., Tanshinone IIa induces mitochondria dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells in association with an inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2010 33 11 1828 1834 10.1248/bpb.33.1828 2-s2.0-78249235878
25. Park I. J., Kim M. J., Park O. J., Park M. G., Choe W., Kang I., Kim S., Ha J., Cryptotanshinone sensitizes DU145 prostate cancer cells to Fas(APO1/CD95)-mediated apoptosis through Bcl-2 and MAPK regulation. Cancer Letters 2010 298 1 88 98 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.06.006 2-s2.0-77956945287
26. Yu J., Li X., Tashiro S., Onodera S., Ikejima T., Bcl-2 family proteins were involved in pseudolaric acid B-induced autophagy in murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 2008 107 3 295 302 10.1254/jphs.08091FP 2-s2.0-47749149209
27. Li K.-S., Gu X.-F., Li P., Zhang Y., Zhao Y., Yao Z., Qu N., Wang B., Effect of pseudolaric acid B on gastric cancer cells: inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005 11 48 7555 7559 2-s2.0-31644434550
28. Wong V. K. W., Chiu P., Chung S. S. M., Chow L. M. C., Zhao Y., Yang B. B., Ko B. C. B., Pseudolaric acid B, a novel microtubule-destabilizing agent that circumvents multidrug resistance phenotype and exhibits antitumor activity in vivo. Clinical Cancer Research 2005 11 16 6002 6011 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0209 2-s2.0-23844557173
29. de Angel R. E., Smith S. M., Glickman R. D., Perkins S. N., Hursting S. D., Antitumor effects of ursolic acid in a mouse model of postmenopausal breast cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 2010 62 8 1074 1086 10.1080/01635581.2010.492092 2-s2.0-78249242752
30. Shin S. W., Kim S. Y., Park J., Autophagy inhibition enhances ursolic acid-induced apoptosis in PC3 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2012 1823 2 451 457 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.10.014 2-s2.0-84862798150
31. Kim K. H., Seo H. S., Choi H. S., Choi I. H., Shin Y. C., Ko S.-G., Induction of apoptotic cell death by ursolic acid through mitochondrial death pathway and extrinsic death receptor pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2011 34 8 1363 1372 10.1007/s12272-011-0817-5 2-s2.0-80855124898
32. Kwon S. H., Park H. Y., Kim J. Y., Jeong I. Y., Lee M. K., Seo K. I., Apoptotic action of ursolic acid isolated from Corni fructus in RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary human prostate cancer cells. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2010 20 22 6435 6438 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.073 2-s2.0-77958049067
33. Pinon A., Limami Y., Micallef L., Cook-Moreau J., Liagre B., Delage C., Duval R. E., Simon A., A novel form of melanoma apoptosis resistance: melanogenesis up-regulation in apoptotic B16-F0 cells delays ursolic acid-triggered cell death. Experimental Cell Research 2011 317 12 1669 1676 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.04.014 2-s2.0-79958786624
34. Wang N., Pan W., Zhu M., Zhang M., Hao X., Liang G., Feng Y., Fangchinoline induces autophagic cell death via p53/sestrin2/AMPK signalling in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The British Journal of Pharmacology 2011 164 2 731 742 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01349.x 2-s2.0-80052227790
35. Yan S.-L., Huang C.-Y., Wu S.-T., Yin M.-C., Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid induce apoptosis in four human liver cancer cell lines. Toxicology in Vitro 2010 24 3 842 848 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.12.008 2-s2.0-77649184736
36. Mujumdar N., Saluja A. K., Autophagy in pancreatic cancer: an emerging mechanism of cell death. Autophagy 2010 6 7 997 998 10.4161/auto.6.7.13334 2-s2.0-77957663027
37. Chen L., Liu Q., Huang Z., Wu F., Li Z., Chen X., Lin T., Tripchlorolide induces cell death in lung cancer cells by autophagy. International Journal of Oncology 2012 40 4 1066 1070 10.3892/ijo.2011.1278 2-s2.0-84863356225
38. Clawson K. A., Borja-Cacho D., Antonoff M. B., Saluja A. K., Vickers S. M., Triptolide and TRAIL combination enhances apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma. Journal of Surgical Research 2010 163 2 244 249 10.1016/j.jss.2010.03.067 2-s2.0-77956901995
39. Cheng Y., Qiu F., Ikejima T., Molecular mechanisms of oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells. Autophagy 2009 5 3 430 431 10.4161/auto.5.3.7896 2-s2.0-65249128643
40. Cheng Y., Qiu F., Ye Y.-C., Guo Z., Tashiro S., Onodera S., Ikejima T., Autophagy inhibits reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis via activating p38-nuclear factor-kappa B survival pathways in oridonin-treated murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells. FEBS Journal 2009 276 5 1291 1306 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06864.x 2-s2.0-60349085032
41. Cui Q., Tashiro S., Onodera S., Minami M., Ikejima T., Autophagy preceded apoptosis in oridonin-treated human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2007 30 5 859 864 10.1248/bpb.30.859 2-s2.0-34248158083
42. Li C., Wang E., Cheng Y., Bao J., Oridonin: an active diterpenoid targeting cell cycle arrest, apoptotic and autophagic pathways for cancer therapeutics. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 2011 43 5 701 704 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.01.020 2-s2.0-79953029230
43. Chen S., Cooper M., Jones M., Madhuri T. K., Wade J., Bachelor A., Butler-Manuel S., Combined activity of oridonin and wogonin in advanced-stage ovarian cancer cells. Cell Biology and Toxicology 2011 27 2 133 147 10.1007/s10565-010-9176-0 2-s2.0-79955606571
44. Kang N., Zhang J., Qiu F., Tashiro S., Onodera S., Ikejima T., Inhibition of EGFR signaling augments oridonin-induced apoptosis in human laryngeal cancer cells via enhancing oxidative stress coincident with activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Cancer Letters 2010 294 2 147 158 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.032 2-s2.0-77953359873
45. Liu A., Chen H., Tong H., Ye S., Qiu M., Wang Z., Tan W., Liu J., Lin S., Emodin potentiates the antitumor effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells via inhibition of nuclear factor- B. Molecular Medicine Reports 2011 4 2 221 227 10.3892/mmr.2011.414 2-s2.0-79551714920
46. Liu B., Yang P., Ye Y., Zhou Y., Li L., Tashiro S., Onodera S., Ikejima T., Role of ROS in the protective effect of silibinin on sodium nitroprusside-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Free Radical Research 2011 45 7 835 847 10.3109/10715762.2011.580343 2-s2.0-79957905224
47. Liu J., Zhang Y., Qu J., Xu L., Hou K., Zhang J., Qu X., Liu Y., β -Elemene-induced autophagy protects human gastric cancer cells from undergoing apoptosis. BMC Cancer 2011 11, article 183 10.1186/1471-2407-11-183 2-s2.0-79956202882
48. Liu L., Chen C., Gong W., Li Y., Edin M. L., Zeldin D. C., Wang D. W., Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids attenuate reactive oxygen species level, mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase activation, and apoptosis in carcinoma cells treated with arsenic trioxide. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2011 339 2 451 463 10.1124/jpet.111.180505 2-s2.0-80054781373
49. Peng X., Zhao Y., Liang X., Wu L., Cui S., Guo A., Wang W., Assessing the quality of RCTs on the effect of β -elemene, one ingredient of a Chinese herb, against malignant tumors. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2006 27 1 70 82 10.1016/j.cct.2005.07.002 2-s2.0-28744441464
50. Zhang W., Wang Z., Chen T., Curcumol induces apoptosis via caspases-independent mitochondrial pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells. Medical Oncology 2011 28 1 307 314 10.1007/s12032-010-9431-5 2-s2.0-79952243311
51. Cho S. H., Chung K. S., Choi J. H., Kim D. H., Lee K. T., Compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, induces apoptosis via caspase-8-dependent pathway in HL-60 human leukemia cells. BMC Cancer 2009 9, article 149 10.1186/1471-2407-9-149 2-s2.0-74549165964
52. Kim D. Y., Park M. W., Yuan H. D., Lee H. J., Kim S. H., Chung S. H., Compound K induces apoptosis via CAMK-IV/AMPK pathways in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009 57 22 10573 10578 10.1021/jf902700h 2-s2.0-72449153399
53. Lee J. I., Ha Y. W., Choi T. W., Kim H. J., Kim S., Jang H., Choi J., Choi M. H., Chung B. C., Sethi G., Kim S., Ahhn K. S., Choi S., Shim B. S., Ahn K. S., Cellular uptake of ginsenosides in korean white ginseng and red ginseng and their apoptotic activities in human breast cancer cells. Planta Medica 2011 77 2 133 140 10.1055/s-0030-1250160 2-s2.0-78651500545
54. Park S., Lee H.-J., Jeong S.-J., Song H. S., Kim M., Lee E., Kim D., Ahn K. S., Kim S., Inhibition of JAK1/STAT3 signaling mediates compound K-induced apoptosis in human multiple myeloma U266 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2011 49 6 1367 1372 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.021 2-s2.0-79955672688
55. Song G., Guo S., Wang W., Hu C., Mao Y., Zhang B., Zhang H., Hu T., Intestinal metabolite compound K of ginseng saponin potently attenuates metastatic growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by augmenting apoptosis via a bid-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2010 58 24 12753 12760 10.1021/jf103814f 2-s2.0-78650410644
56. Jian J., Hu Z., Huang Y., Effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on Pim-3 and Bad proteins in human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1. Chinese Journal of Cancer 2009 28 5 461 465 2-s2.0-79960655184
57. Kim S. M., Lee S. Y., Yuk D. Y., Moon D. C., Choi S. S., Kim Y., Han S. B., Oh K., Hong J. T., Inhibition of NF- B by ginsenoside Rg3 enhances the susceptibility of colon cancer cells to docetaxel. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2009 32 5 755 765 10.1007/s12272-009-1515-4 2-s2.0-67649361895
58. Li B., Zhao J., Wang C.-Z., Searle J., He T., Yuan C., Du W., Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis and paraptosis-like cell death in colorectal cancer cells through activation of p53. Cancer Letters 2011 301 2 185 192 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.11.015 2-s2.0-78651445610
59. Li W., Zhu S., Li J., Assa A., Jundoria A., Xu J., Fan S., Eissa N. T., Tracey K. J., Sama A. E., Wang H., EGCG stimulates autophagy and reduces cytoplasmic HMGB1 levels in endotoxin-stimulated macrophages. Biochemical Pharmacology 2011 81 9 1152 1163 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.02.015 2-s2.0-79953685881
60. Choi S., Oh J.-Y., Kim S.-J., Ginsenoside Rh2 induces Bcl-2 family proteins-mediated apoptosis in vitro and in xenografts in vivo models. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2011 112 1 330 340 10.1002/jcb.22932 2-s2.0-78651342562
61. Kang J.-H., Song K.-H., Woo J.-K., Park M. H., Rhee M. H., Choi C., Oh S. H., Ginsenoside Rp1 from Panax ginseng exhibits anti-cancer activity by down-regulation of the IGF-1R/Akt pathway in breast cancer cells. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 2011 66 3 298 305 10.1007/s11130-011-0242-4 2-s2.0-80051787458
62. Kumar A., Kumar M., Park T.-Y., Park M., Takemoto T., Terado T., Kitano M., Kimura H., Molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside Rp1-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 2009 24 3 381 386 10.3892/ijmm-00000243 2-s2.0-70349575430
63. Lee W. H., Choi J. S., Kim H. Y., Park J. H., Park B. D., Cho S. J., Lee S., Surh Y. J., Potentiation of etoposide-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells by co-treatment with KG-135, a quality-controlled standardized ginsenoside formulation. Cancer Letters 2010 294 1 74 81 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.01.024 2-s2.0-77953027035
64. Ong R. C. Y., Lei J., Lee R. K. Y., Cheung J. Y. N., Fung K. P., Lin C., Ho H. P., Yu B., Li M., Kong S. K., Polyphyllin D induces mitochondrial fragmentation and acts directly on the mitochondria to induce apoptosis in drug-resistant HepG2 cells. Cancer Letters 2008 261 2 158 164 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.005 2-s2.0-39149090383
65. Siu F. M., Ma D. L., Cheung Y. W., Lok C. N., Yan K., Yang Z., Yang M., Xu S., Ko B. C., He Q., Che C. M., Proteomic and transcriptomic study on the action of a cytotoxic saponin (Polyphyllin D): induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways. Proteomics 2008 8 15 3105 3117 10.1002/pmic.200700829 2-s2.0-49749104260
66. Hsu H.-Y., Yang J.-S., Lu K.-W., Yu C.-S., Chou S.-T., Lin J.-J., Chen Y., Lin M., Chueh F., Chen S., Chung J., An experimental study on the antileukemia effects of gypenosides in vitro and in vivo. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2011 10 1 101 112 10.1177/1534735410377198 2-s2.0-79953693930
67. Gao J., Morgan W. A., Sanchez-Medina A., Corcoran O., The ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and the active compounds induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis including upregulation of p53 and Bax in human lung cancer cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2011 254 3 221 228 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.016 2-s2.0-80053953558
68. Jiang R.-H., Su W.-C., Liu H.-F., Huang H.-S., Chao J.-I., Opposite expression of securin and γ -H2AX regulates baicalein-induced cancer cell death. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2010 111 2 274 283 10.1002/jcb.22697 2-s2.0-77957276131
69. Li H. N., Nie F. F., Liu W., Dai Q., Lu N., Qi Q., Li Z., You Q., Guo Q., Apoptosis induction of oroxylin A in human cervical cancer HeLa cell line in vitro and in vivo. Toxicology 2009 257 1-2 80 85 10.1016/j.tox.2008.12.011 2-s2.0-58649105305
70. Liu W., Mu R., Nie F., Yang Y., Wang J., Dai Q., Lu N., Qi Q., Rong J., Hu R., Wang X., You Q., Guo Q., MAC related mitochondrial pathway in oroxylin A induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Cancer Letters 2009 284 2 198 207 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.021 2-s2.0-69549116609
71. Polier G., Ding J., Konkimalla B. V., Eick D., Ribeiro N., Köhler R., Giaisi M., Efferth T., Desaubry L., Krammer P. H., Li-Weber M., Wogonin and related natural flavones are inhibitors of CDK9 that induce apoptosis in cancer cells by transcriptional suppression of Mcl-1. Cell Death and Disease 2011 2, article e182 10.1038/cddis.2011.66 2-s2.0-80051519147
72. Xu X., Cai B., Guan S., Li Y., Wu J., Wang Y., Liu B., Baicalin induces human mucoepidermoid carcinoma Mc3 cells apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Investigational New Drugs 2011 29 4 637 645 10.1007/s10637-010-9402-x 2-s2.0-79959727338
73. Zhang X., Tang X., Liu H., Li L., Hou Q., Gao J., Autophagy induced by baicalin involves downregulation of CD147 in SMMC-7721 cells in vitro. Oncology Reports 2012 27 4 1128 1134 10.3892/or.2011.1599 2-s2.0-84863020273
74. Yang L., Zheng X. L., Sun H., Zhong Y. J., Wang Q., He H. N., Shi X. W., Zhou B., Li J. K., Lin Y., Zhang L., Wang X., Catalase suppression-mediated H2O2 accumulation in cancer cells by wogonin effectively blocks tumor necrosis factor-induced NF- B activation and sensitizes apoptosis. Cancer Science 2011 102 4 870 876 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01874.x 2-s2.0-79952744551
75. Yang W.-H., Fong Y.-C., Lee C.-Y., Jin T., Tzen J. T. C., Li T., Tang C., Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces cell apoptosis of human chondrosarcoma cells through apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 pathway. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2011 112 6 1601 1611 10.1002/jcb.23072 2-s2.0-79954486798
76. Choi E. J., Kim G.-H., Anti-/pro-apoptotic effects of hesperetin against 7,12-dimetylbenz(a) anthracene-induced alteration in animals. Oncology Reports 2011 25 2 545 550 10.3892/or.2010.1105 2-s2.0-78651354623
77. Cluzan R. V., Alliot F., Ghabboun S., Pascot M., Treatment of secondary lymphedema of the upper limb with CYCLO 3 FORT. Lymphology 1996 29 1 29 35 2-s2.0-0029879231
78. Nazari M., Ghorbani A., Hekmat-Doost A., Jeddi-Tehrani M., Zand H., Inactivation of nuclear factor- B by citrus flavanone hesperidin contributes to apoptosis and chemo-sensitizing effect in Ramos cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 2011 650 2-3 526 533 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.053 2-s2.0-78651069319
79. Lee C. S., Kim Y. J., Lee M. S., Han E. S., Lee S. J., 18 β -Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptotic cell death in SiHa cells and exhibits a synergistic effect against antibiotic anti-cancer drug toxicity. Life Sciences 2008 83 13-14 481 489 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.07.014 2-s2.0-52049126160
80. Veldt B. J., Hansen B. E., Ikeda K., Verhey E., Suzuki H., Schalm S. W., Long-term clinical outcome and effect of glycyrrhizin in 1093 chronic hepatitis C patients with non-response or relapse to interferon. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2006 41 9 1087 1094 10.1080/00365520600641365 2-s2.0-34248996254
81. Yoshikawa M., Toyohara M., Ueda S., Shiroi A., Takeuchi H., Nishiyama T., Yamada T., Fukui H., Ishizaka S., Glycyrrhizin inhibits TNF-induced, but not Fas-mediated, apoptosis in the human hepatoblastoma line HepG2. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1999 22 9 951 955 2-s2.0-0032846405
82. Vidhya N., Niranjali Devaraj S., Induction of apoptosis by eugenol in human breast cancer cells. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2011 49 11 871 878 2-s2.0-80355139628
83. Aun L. L., Azmi M. N., Ibrahim H., Awang K., Nagoor N. H., 1′S-1′-acetoxyeugenol acetate: a novel phenylpropanoid from Alpinia conchigera enhances the apoptotic effects of paclitaxel in MCF-7 cells through NF- κ B inactivation. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2011 22 5 424 434 10.1097/CAD.0b013e328343cbe6 2-s2.0-79955057806
84. Hoffmann J., Junker H., Schmieder A., Venz S., Brandt R., Multhoff G., Falk W., Radons J., EGCG downregulates IL-1RI expression and suppresses IL-1-induced tumorigenic factors in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 2011 82 9 1153 1162 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.063 2-s2.0-80053942696
85. Lim Y. C., Cha Y. Y., Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells through suppression of EGFR/ERK pathway and cyclin B1/CDK1 complex. Journal of Surgical Oncology 2011 104 7 776 780 10.1002/jso.21999 2-s2.0-80255132722
86. Vu H. A., Beppu Y., Chi H. T., Sasaki K., Yamamoto H., Xinh P. T., Tanii T., Hara Y., Watanabe T., Ohdomari I., Green tea epigallocatechin gallate exhibits anticancer effect in human pancreatic carcinoma cells via the inhibition of both focal adhesion kinase and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 2010 8 290516 10.1155/2010/290516 2-s2.0-79953272160
87. Alshatwi A. A., Catechin hydrate suppresses MCF-7 proliferation through TP53/Caspase-mediated apoptosis. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 2010 29 1, article 167 10.1186/1756-9966-29-167 2-s2.0-78650083074
88. Oz H. S., Ebersole J. L., Green tea polyphenols mediated apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells by a FADD-dependent pathway. Journal of Cancer Therapy 2010 1 3 105 113 10.4236/jct.2010.13018
89. Tsukamoto S., Hirotsu K., Kumazoe M., Goto Y., Sugihara K., Suda T., Tsurudome Y., Suzuki T., Yamashita S., Kim Y., Huang Y., Yamada K., Tachibana H., Green tea polyphenol EGCG induces lipid-raft clustering and apoptotic cell death by activating protein kinase C δ and acid sphingomyelinase through a 67 kDa laminin receptor in multiple myeloma cells. Biochemical Journal 2012 443 2 525 534 10.1042/BJ20111837 2-s2.0-84859459692
90. Wu L.-Y., de Luca T., Watanabe T., Morré D. M., Morré D. J., Metabolite modulation of HeLa cell response to ENOX2 inhibitors EGCG and phenoxodiol. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011 1810 8 784 789 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.04.011 2-s2.0-79959886507
91. Chen Y. C., Kung F. L., Tsai I. L., Chou T. H., Chen I. S., Guh J. H., Cryptocaryone, a natural dihydrochalcone, induces apoptosis in human androgen independent prostate cancer cells by death receptor clustering in lipid raft and nonraft compartments. The Journal of Urology 2010 183 6 2409 2418 10.1016/j.juro.2010.01.065 2-s2.0-77951877744
92. Carroll R. E., Benya R. V., Turgeon D. K., Vareed S., Neuman M., Rodriguez L., Kakarala M., Carpenter P. M., McLaren C., Meyskens F. L. Jr., Brenner D. E., Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer Prevention Research 2011 4 3 354 364 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0098 2-s2.0-79955804832
93. Kim J. H., Gupta S. C., Park B., Yadav V. R., Aggarwal B. B., Turmeric (Curcuma longa) inhibits inflammatory nuclear factor (NF)- B and NF- B-regulated gene products and induces death receptors leading to suppressed proliferation, induced chemosensitization, and suppressed osteoclastogenesis. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2012 56 3 454 465 10.1002/mnfr.201100270 2-s2.0-84859203593
94. Ma Y.-S., Weng S.-W., Lin M.-W., Lu C., Chiang J., Yang J., Lai K., Lin J., Tang N., Chung J., Antitumor effects of emodin on LS1034 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: roles of apoptotic cell death and LS1034 tumor xenografts model. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2012 50 5 1271 1278 10.1016/j.fct.2012.01.033 2-s2.0-84862780192
95. Lee H. Z., Hsu S. L., Liu M. C., Wu C. H., Effects and mechanisms of aloe-emodin on cell death in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. European Journal of Pharmacology 2001 431 3 287 295 10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01467-4 2-s2.0-0035941166
96. Suboj P., Babykutty S., Srinivas P., Gopala S., Aloe emodin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via activation of caspase-6 in human colon cancer cells. Pharmacology 2012 89 1-2 91 98 10.1159/000335659 2-s2.0-84856943361
97. Kauntz H., Bousserouel S., Gossé F., Raul F., Silibinin triggers apoptotic signaling pathways and autophagic survival response in human colon adenocarcinoma cells and their derived metastatic cells. Apoptosis 2011 16 10 1042 1053 10.1007/s10495-011-0631-z 2-s2.0-82955187812
98. Singh R. P., Agarwal R., Prostate cancer prevention by silibinin. Current Cancer Drug Targets 2004 4 1 1 11 10.2174/1568009043481605 2-s2.0-1542409976
99. Singh R. P., Agarwal R., Prostate cancer chemoprevention by silibinin: bench to bedside. Molecular Carcinogenesis 2006 45 6 436 442 10.1002/mc.20223 2-s2.0-33745002041
100. Zeng J., Sun Y., Wu K., Li L., Zhang G., Yang Z., Wang Z., Zhang D., Xue Y., Chen Y., Zhu G., Wang X., He D., Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of intravesical silibinin against bladder cancer by acting on mitochondria. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2011 10 1 104 116 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-0577 2-s2.0-78751525898
101. Duan W., Li Q., Xia M., Tashiro S., Onodera S., Ikejima T., Silibinin activated p53 and induced autophagic death in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells via reactive oxygen species-p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2011 34 1 47 53 10.1248/bpb.34.47 2-s2.0-78951491924
102. Huang H. B., Chen D., Li S., Li X. F., Liu N. N., Lu X., Liu S., Zhao K., Zhao C., Guo H., Yang C., Zhou P., Dong X., Zhang C., Ping Dou Q., Liu J., Gambogic acid enhances proteasome inhibitor-induced anticancer activity. Cancer Letters 2011 301 2 221 228 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.12.015 2-s2.0-78651460233
103. Kasibhatla S., Jessen K. A., Maliartchouk S., Wang J. Y., English N. M., Drewe J., Qiu L., Archer S. P., Ponce A. E., Sirisoma N., Jiang S., Zhang H., Gehlsen K. R., Cai S. X., Green D. R., Tseng B., A role for transferrin receptor in triggering apoptosis when targeted with gambogic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 102 34 12095 12100 10.1073/pnas.0406731102 2-s2.0-24744435348
104. Pandey M. K., Sung B., Kwang S. A., Kunnumakkara A. B., Chaturvedi M. M., Aggarwal B. B., Gambogic acid, a novel ligand for transferrin receptor, potentiates TNF-induced apoptosis through modulation of the nuclear factor- B signaling pathway. Blood 2007 110 10 3517 3525 10.1182/blood-2007-03-079616 2-s2.0-35349029248
105. Min R., Tong J., Wenjun Y., Wenhu D., Xiaojian Z., Jiacai H., Jian Z., Wantao C., Chenping Z., Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca-8113 cell lines by Shikonin was partly through the inactivation of NF- B pathway. Phytotherapy Research 2008 22 3 407 415 10.1002/ptr.2340 2-s2.0-40849147137
106. Han W., Xie J., Li L., Liu Z., Hu X., Necrostatin-1 reverts shikonin-induced necroptosis to apoptosis. Apoptosis 2009 14 5 674 686 10.1007/s10495-009-0334-x 2-s2.0-67349269527
107. Han W., Li L., Qiu S., Lu Q., Pan Q., Gu Y., Luo J., Hu X., Shikonin circumvents cancer drug resistance by induction of a necroptotic death. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2007 6 5 1641 1649 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0511 2-s2.0-34250748014
108. Burgeiro A., Gajate C., Dakir E. H., Villa-Pulgarín J. A., Oliveira P. J., Mollinedo F., Involvement of mitochondrial and B-RAF/ERK signaling pathways in berberine-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Anti-Cancer Drugs 2011 22 6 507 518 10.1097/CAD.0b013e32834438f6 2-s2.0-79958289658
109. Chidambara Murthy K. N., Jayaprakasha G. K., Patil B. S., The natural alkaloid berberine targets multiple pathways to induce cell death in cultured human colon cancer cells. European Journal of Pharmacology 2012 688 1-3 14 21 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.004 2-s2.0-84863529339
110. Peng P.-L., Kuo W.-H., Tseng H.-C., Chou F.-P., Synergistic tumor-killing effect of radiation and berberine combined treatment in lung cancer: the contribution of autophagic cell death. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2008 70 2 529 542 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.08.034 2-s2.0-38149008948
111. Wang N., Feng Y., Zhu M., Tsang C., Man K., Tong Y., Tsao S., Berberine induces autophagic cell death and mitochondrial apoptosis in liver cancer cells: the cellular mechanism. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2010 111 6 1426 1436 10.1002/jcb.22869 2-s2.0-78649775152
112. Letašiová S., Jantová S., Čipák L., Múčková M., Berberine-antiproliferative activity in vitro and induction of apoptosis/necrosis of the U937 and B16 cells. Cancer Letters 2006 239 2 254 262 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.08.024
113. Kim J. B., Yu J. H., Ko E., Lee K.-W., Song A. K., Park S. Y., Shin I., Han W., Noh D. Y., The alkaloid Berberine inhibits the growth of Anoikis-resistant MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest. Phytomedicine 2010 17 6 436 440 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.08.012 2-s2.0-77950020488
114. El Btaouri H., Morjani H., Greffe Y., Charpentier E., Martiny L., Role of JNK/ATF-2 pathway in inhibition of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) expression and apoptosis mediated by doxorubicin and camptothecin in FTC-133 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011 1813 5 695 703 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.02.004 2-s2.0-79955664110
115. Zhang Y., Wang C., Wang H., Wang K., Du Y., Zhang J., Combination of Tetrandrine with cisplatin enhances cytotoxicity through growth suppression and apoptosis in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Letters 2011 304 1 21 32 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.01.022 2-s2.0-79952251376
116. Dai Z. J., Gao J., Ji Z. Z., Wang X. J., Ren H. T., Liu X. X., Wu W., Kang H., Guan H., Matrine induces apoptosis in gastric carcinoma cells via alteration of Fas/FasL and activation of caspase-3. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009 123 1 91 96 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.022 2-s2.0-64249154146
117. Liu T., Song Y., Chen H., Pan S., Sun X., Matrine inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2010 33 10 1740 1745 2-s2.0-77957987817
118. Lin Z., Huang C.-F., Liu X.-S., Jiang J., In vitro anti-tumour activities of quinolizidine alkaloids derived from Sophora flavescens Ait. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 2011 108 5 304 309 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00653.x 2-s2.0-79954456146
119. Zhang J.-Q., Li Y.-M., Liu T., He W., Chen Y., Chen X., Li X., Zhou W., Yi J., Ren Z., Antitumor effect of matrine in human hepatoma G2 cells by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. The World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010 16 34 4281 4290 10.3748/wjg.v16.i34.4281 2-s2.0-77957557122
120. Zhang S., Qi J., Sun L., Cheng B., Pan S., Zhou M., Sun X., Matrine induces programmed cell death and regulates expression of relevant genes based on PCR array analysis in C6 glioma cells. Molecular Biology Reports 2009 36 4 791 799 10.1007/s11033-008-9247-y 2-s2.0-61449105025
121. Ling Q., Xu X., Wei X., Wang W., Zhou B., Wang B., Zheng S., Oxymatrine induces human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells apoptosis via regulating expression of Bcl-2 and IAP families, and releasing of cytochrome c. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research 2011 30 1, article 66 10.1186/1756-9966-30-66 2-s2.0-79959641621
122. Chou S. T., Peng H. Y., Chang C. T., Yang J. S., Chung H. K., Yang S. T., Wood W. G., Chung J. G., Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb and Zucc. extract inhibits growth and induces cell death through G2/M-phase arrest and activation of apoptotic signals in colo 205 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Anticancer Research 2011 31 5 1667 1676 2-s2.0-79958125236
123. Xu H., Huang Y., Wu Y., Zhao Y., Xiao W., Lin Q., Sun H., Dai W., Chen G., Pharicin A, a novel natural ent-kaurene diterpenoid, induces mitotic arrest and mitotic catastrophe of cancer cells by interfering with BubR1 function. Cell Cycle 2010 9 14 2897 2907 10.4161/cc.9.14.12406 2-s2.0-77956795019
124. Shen J. K., Du H. P., Yang M., Wang Y. G., Jin J., Casticin induces leukemic cell death through apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Annals of Hematology 2009 88 8 743 752 10.1007/s00277-008-0677-3 2-s2.0-67649394233
125. Hu D., Liu Q., Cui H., Wang H., Han D., Xu H., Effects of amino acids from selenium-rich silkworm pupas on human hepatoma cells. Life Sciences 2005 77 17 2098 2110 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.02.017 2-s2.0-23744462761
126. Tan B., Huang J. F., Wei Q., Zhang H., Ni R. Z., Anti-hepatoma effect of arsenic trioxide on experimental liver cancer induced by 2-acetamidofluorene in rats. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005 11 38 5938 5943 2-s2.0-28644435021
127. Calviño E., Estañ M. C., Simón G. P., Sancho P., Boyano-Adánez M. D. C., De Blas E., Bréard J., Aller P., Increased apoptotic efficacy of lonidamine plus arsenic trioxide combination in human leukemia cells. Reactive oxygen species generation and defensive protein kinase (MEK/ERK, Akt/mTOR) modulation. Biochemical Pharmacology 2011 82 11 1619 1629 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.08.017 2-s2.0-80255123508
128. Chien C. W., Yao J. H., Chang S. Y., Lee P. C., Lee T. C., Enhanced suppression of tumor growth by concomitant treatment of human lung cancer cells with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and arsenic trioxide. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2011 257 1 59 66 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.018 2-s2.0-81255175566
129. Chiu H. W., Chen Y. A., Ho S. Y., Wang Y. J., Arsenic trioxide enhances the radiation sensitivity of androgen-dependent and -independent human prostate cancer cells. PLoS ONE 2012 7 2 e31579 10.1371/journal.pone.0031579 2-s2.0-84857411790
130. Sun R. C., Board P. G., Blackburn A. C., Targeting metabolism with arsenic trioxide and dichloroacetate in breast cancer cells. Molecular Cancer 2011 10, article 142 10.1186/1476-4598-10-142 2-s2.0-81255178599
131. Kuo C., Wu T., Chen L., Shiah H., Wu C., Cheng Y., Pan W., Liu J., Chen K., Yang Y., Chen S., Chang J., Combination of arsenic trioxide and BCNU synergistically triggers redox-mediated autophagic cell death in human solid tumors. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2011 51 12 2195 2209 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.023 2-s2.0-81855176014
132. Cain K., Chemical-induced apoptosis: formation of the Apaf-1 apoptosome. Drug Metabolism Reviews 2003 35 4 337 363 10.1081/DMR-120026497 2-s2.0-0345731420
133. Castedo M., Perfettini J.-L., Roumier T., Andreau K., Medema R., Kroemer G., Cell death by mitotic catastrophe: a molecular definition. Oncogene 2004 23 16 2825 2837 10.1038/sj.onc.1207528 2-s2.0-2342635919
134. Su X., Wang X., Zhang F., Yang L., Mei Y., Long H., Zhang X., Zhang J., Ursolic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 2011 8 419343 10.1155/2011/419343 2-s2.0-80052674065
135. Manikandan P., Murugan R. S., Priyadarsini R. V., Vinothini G., Nagini S., Eugenol induces apoptosis and inhibits invasion and angiogenesis in a rat model of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG. Life Sciences 2010 86 25-26 936 941 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.010 2-s2.0-77953609651
136. Singh A. T. K., Ghosh M., Forte T. M., Ryan R. O., Gordon L. I., Curcumin nanodisk-induced apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia and Lymphoma 2011 52 8 1537 1543 10.3109/10428194.2011.584253 2-s2.0-79960406241
137. Ye F., Xui L., Yi J., Zhang W., Zhang D. Y., Anticancer activity of Scutellaria baicalensis and its potential mechanism. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2002 8 5 567 572 10.1089/107555302320825075 2-s2.0-0036804974
138. Patel P. S., Joshee N., Rimando A. M., Parajuli P., Anti-cancer scopes and associated mechanisms of Scutellaria extract and flavonoid wogonin. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews 2013 9 1 34 42 2-s2.0-84874859005
139. Ikemoto S., Sugimura K., Yoshida N., Yasumoto R., Wada S., Yamamoto K., Kishimoto T., Antitumor effects of Scutellariae radix and its components baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin on bladder cancer cell lines. Urology 2000 55 6 951 955 10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00467-2 2-s2.0-0034025809
140. Khoo B. Y., Chua S. L., Balaram P., Apoptotic effects of chrysin in human cancer cell lines. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2010 11 5 2188 2199 10.3390/ijms11052188 2-s2.0-77953400961
141. Wu Y.-X., Fang X., Apigenin, chrysin, and luteolin selectively inhibit chymotrypsin-like and trypsin-like proteasome catalytic activities in tumor cells. Planta Medica 2010 76 2 128 132 10.1055/s-0029-1186004 2-s2.0-74349115989
142. Kachadourian R., Leitner H. M., Day B. J., Selected flavonoids potentiate the toxicity of cisplatin in human lung adenocarcinoma cells: a role for glutathione depletion. International Journal of Oncology 2007 31 1 161 168 2-s2.0-34548554576
143. Brechbuhl H. M., Kachadourian R., Min E., Chan D., Day B. J., Chrysin enhances doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cancer cell lines: the role of glutathione. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2012 258 1 1 9 10.1016/j.taap.2011.08.004 2-s2.0-84855470386
144. Kachadourian R., Day B. J., Flavonoid-induced glutathione depletion: potential implications for cancer treatment. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2006 41 1 65 76 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.002 2-s2.0-33744996911
145. Galluzzi L., Kroemer G., Necroptosis: a specialized pathway of programmed necrosis. Cell 2008 135 7 1161 1163 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.004 2-s2.0-57649167477
146. Ma Z., Otsuyama K., Liu S., Abroun S., Ishikawa H., Tsuyama N., Obata M., Li F., Zheng X., Maki Y., Miyamoto K., Kawano M. M., Baicalein, a component of Scutellaria radix from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT), leads to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloma cells. Blood 2005 105 8 3312 3318 10.1182/blood-2004-10-3915 2-s2.0-20144387818
147. Hsu Y. L., Kuo P. L., Tzeng T. F., Sung S., Yen M., Lin L., Lin C., Huang-lian-jie-du-tang, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2008 23 7, part 2 e290 e299 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05390.x 2-s2.0-47649092000
148. Antonoff M. B., Chugh R., Skube S. J., Dudeja V., Borja-Cacho D., Clawson K. A., Vickers S. M., Saluja A. K., Role of Hsp-70 in triptolide-mediated cell death of neuroblastoma. Journal of Surgical Research 2010 163 1 72 78 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.047 2-s2.0-77955919366
149. Kim M. J., Lee T. H., Kim S. H., Choi Y., Heo J., Kim Y., Triptolide inactivates Akt and induces caspase-dependent death in cervical cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway. International Journal of Oncology 2010 37 5 1177 1185 10.3892/ijo-00000769 2-s2.0-77957861811
150. Lu L., Kanwar J., Schmitt S., Cui Q. C., Zhang C., Zhao C., Dou Q. P., Inhibition of tumor cellular proteasome activity by triptolide extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant "thunder god vine" Anticancer Research 2011 31 1 1 10 2-s2.0-79851474637
151. Zhao F., Chen Y., Zeng L., Li R., Zeng R., Wen L., Liu Y., Zhang C., Effects of triptolide on RIZ1 expression, proliferation, and apoptosis in multiple myeloma U266 cells. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2010 31 6 733 740 10.1038/aps.2010.49 2-s2.0-77953249347
152. Zhou G. S., Hu Z., Fang H. T., Zhang F. X., Pan X. F., Chen X. Q., Hu A., Xu L., Biologic activity of triptolide in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia Research 2011 35 2 214 218 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.07.013 2-s2.0-78751704487
153. Tarr J. M., Ding N., Kaul K., Antonell A., Pérez-Jurado L. A., Chibber R., Cellular crosstalk between TNF-α NADPH oxidase, PKC β 2, and C2GNT in human leukocytes. Cellular Signalling 2012 24 4 873 878 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.003 2-s2.0-84856219135
154. Mizushima N., Yamamoto A., Matsui M., Yoshimori T., Ohsumi Y., In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2004 15 3 1101 1111 10.1091/mbc.E03-09-0704 2-s2.0-1542283812
155. Sperandio S., Poksay K., de Belle I., Lafuente M. J., Liu B., Nasir J., Bredesen D. E., Paraptosis: mediation by MAP kinases and inhibition by AIP-1/Alix. Cell Death and Differentiation 2004 11 10 1066 1075 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401465 2-s2.0-5044249067
156. Wang Y., Li X., Wang L., Ding P., Zhang Y., Han W., Ma D., An alternative form of paraptosis-like cell death, triggered by TAJ/TROY and enhanced by PDCD5 overexpression. Journal of Cell Science 2004 117 part 8 1525 1532 10.1242/jcs.00994 2-s2.0-2142848181
157. Hu B., An H., Shen K., Xu L., Du Q., Deng S., Wu Y., Modified Yi Guan Jian, a Chinese herbal formula, induces anoikis in Bel-7402 human hepatocarcinoma cells in vitro. Oncology Reports 2011 26 6 1465 1470 10.3892/or.2011.1414 2-s2.0-80053538633
158. Tang J., Feng Y., Tsao S., Wang N., Curtain R., Wang Y., Berberine and Coptidis rhizoma as novel antineoplastic agents: a review of traditional use and biomedical investigations. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009 126 1 5 17 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.009 2-s2.0-70349971732