The molecular mechanism of autophagy

Molecular Medicine

Volumn 9, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 65-76

  Wang, Chao Wen ^a   Klionsky, Daniel J ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOPEPTIDASE; HYDROLASE;

APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL ORGANELLE; CELL VACUOLE; CYTOPLASM; EUKARYOTE; HORMONE RESPONSE; LYSOSOME; MAMMAL CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STARVATION; YEAST;

EID: 0038309329     PISSN: 10761551     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf03402040     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Reggiori F, Klionsky DJ. (2002) Autophagy in the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryot. Cell 1:11-21
2. Kim J, Klionsky DJ. (2000) Autophagy, cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway, and pexophagy in yeast and mammalian cells. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69:303-42.
3. Tuttle DL, Dunn Jr WA. (1995) Divergent modes of autophagy in the methyiotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. J. Cell Sci. 108:25-35.
4. Bursch W. (2001) The autophagosomal-lysosomal compartment in programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ. 8:569-81.
5. Xue L, Fletcher GC, Tolkovsky AM. (1999) Autophagy is activated by apoptotic signalling in sympathetic neurons: an alternative mechanism of death execution. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 14:180-98.
6. Klionsky DJ, Emr SD. (2000) Autophagy as a regulated pathway of cellular degradation. Science 290:1717-21.
7. Liang XH et al. (1999) Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. Nature 402:672-6.
8. Kihara A, Kabeya Y, Ohsumi Y, Yoshimori T. (2001) Beclin-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex functions at the trans-Golgi network. EMBO Rep. 2:330-5.
9. Beck T, Hall MN. (1999) The TOR signalling pathway controls nuclear localization of nutrient-regulated transcription factors. Nature 402:689-92.
10. Noda T, Ohsumi Y. (1998) Tor, a phosphatidylinositol kinase homologue, controls autophagy in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 273:3963-6.
11. Hutchins MU, Klionsky DJ. (2001) Vacuolar localization of oligomeric α-mannosidase requires the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting and autophagy pathway components in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 276:20491-8.
12. Scott SV, Guan J, Hutchins MU, Kim J, Klionsky DJ. (2001) Cvt19 is a receptor for the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway. Mol. Cell. 7:1131-41.
13. Shintani T, Huang W-P, Stromhaug PE, Klionsky DJ. (2002) Mechanism of cargo selection in the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway. Dev. Cell. 3:825-37.
14. Suzuki K, Kamada Y, Ohsumi Y. (2002) Studies of cargo delivery to the vacuole mediated by autophagosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Dev. Cell. 3:815-24.
15. Kim J et al. (2001) Cvt9/Gsa9 functions in sequestering selective cytosolic cargo destined for the vacuole. J. Cell Biol. 153:381-96.
16. Kim J, Huang W-P, Stromhaug PE, Klionsky DJ. (2002) Convergence of multiple autophagy and cytoplasm to vacuole targeting components to a perivacuolar membrane compartment prior to de nova vesicle formation. J. Biol. Chem. 277:763-73.
17. Suzuki K, Kirisako T, Kamada Y, Mizushima N, Noda T, Ohsumi Y. (2001) The pre-autophagosomal structure organized by concerted functions of APG genes is essential for autophagosome formation. EMBO J. 20:5971-81.
18. Kihara A, Noda T, Ishihara N, Ohsumi Y. (2001) Two distinct Vps34 phosphatidylinasitol 3-kinase complexes function in autophagy and carboxypeptidase Y sorting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 152:519-30.
19. Nice DC, Sato TK, Stromhaug PE, Emr SD, Klionsky DJ. (2002) Cooperative binding of the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway proteins, Cvt13 and Cvt20, to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate at the pre-autophagosomal structure is required for selective autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 277:30198-207.
20. Wurmser AE, Emr SD. (2002) Novel Ptdlns(3)P-binding protein Etf1 functions as an effector of the Vps34 Ptdlns 3-kinase in autophagy. J. Cell Biol. 158:761-72.
21. Ohsumi Y. (2001) Molecular dissection of autophagy: 2 ubiquitin-like systems. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:211-6.
22. Kuma A, Mizushima N, Ishihara N, Ohsumi Y. (2002) Formation of the approximately 350-kDa Apg12-Apg5-Apg16 multimeric complex, mediated by Apg16 oligomerization, is essential for autophagy in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 277:18619-25.
23. Mizushima N et al. (2001) Dissection of autophagosome formation using Apg5-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells. J. Cell Biol. 152:657-68.
24. Yung HW, Xue L, Tolkovsky AM. (2002) Apoptosis-specific protein (ASP 45 kDa) is distinct from human Apg5, the homologue of the yeast autophagic gene apg5. FEBS Lett. 531:168-72.
25. Lang T, Schaeffeler E, Bernreuther D, Bredschneider M, Wolf DH, Thumm M. (1998) Aut2p and Aut7p, 2 novel microtubule-associated proteins are essential for delivery of autophagic vesicles to the vacuole. EMBO J. 17:3597-607.
26. Ichimura Y et al. (2000) A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation. Nature 408:488-92.
27. Kirisako T et al. (2000) The reversible modification regulates the membrane-binding state of Apg8/Aut7 essential for autophagy and the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway. J. Cell Biol. 151:263-76.
28. Kim J, Huang W-P, Klionsky DJ. (2001) Membrane recruitment of Aut7p in the autophagy and cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathways requires Aut1p, Aut2p, and the autophagy conjugation complex. J. Cell Biol. 152:51-64.
29. Huang W-P, Scott SV, Kim J, Klionsky DJ. (2000) The itinerary of a vesicle component, Aut7p/Cvt5p, terminates in the yeast vacuole via the autophagy/Cvt pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 275:5845-51.
30. Abeliovich H, Zhang C, Dunn WA, Jr, Shokat KM, Klionsky DJ. (2003) Chemical genetic analysis of Apg1 reveals a non-kinase role in the induction of autophagy. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:477-90.
31. Kabeya Y et al. (2000) LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing. EMBO J. 19:5720-8.
32. Tanida I, Tanida-Miyake E, Komatsu M, Ueno T, Kominami E. (2002) Human Apg3p/Aut1p homologue is an authentic E2 enzyme for multiple substrates. GATE-16, GABARAP, and MAP-LC3, and facilitates the conjugation of hApg12p to hApg5p. J. Biol. Chem. 277:13739-44.
33. Matsuura A, Tsukada M, Wada Y, Ohsumi Y. (1997) Apg1p, a novel protein kinase required for the autophagic process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 192:245-50.
34. Kamada Y et al. (2000) Tor-mediated induction of autophagy via on Apg1 protein kinase complex. J. Cell Biol. 150:1507-13.
35. Scott SV et al. (2000) Apg13p and Vac8p ore part of a complex of phospho-proteins that are required for cytoplasm to vacuole targeting. J. Biol. Chem. 275:25840-9.
36. Gavin AC et al. (2002) Functional organization of the yeast proteome by systematic analysis of protein complexes. Nature 415:141-7.
37. Okozaki N et al. (2000) Interaction of the Unc-51-like kinase and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 related proteins in the brain: possible role of vesicular transport in axonal elongation. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 85:1-12.
38. Shintani T, Suzuki K, Kamada Y, Noda T, Ohsumi Y. (2001) Apg2p functions in autophagosome formation on the perivacuolar structure. J. Biol. Chem. 276:30452-60.
39. Wang C-W et al. (2001) Apg2 is a novel protein required for the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting, autophagy, and pexophogy pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 276:30442-51.
40. Noda T et al. (2000) Apg9p/Cvt7p is an integral membrane protein required for transport vesicle formation in the Cvt and autophagy pathways. J. Cell Biol. 148:465-80.
41. Ishihara N et al. (2001) Autophagosome requires specific early Sec proteins for its formation and NSF/SNARE for vacuolar fusion. Mol. Biol. Cell 12:3690-702.
42. Reggiori F, Wang C-W, Stromhaug PE, Shintani T, Klionsky DJ. (2003) Vps51 is part of the yeast Vps fifty-three tethering complex essential for retrograde traffic from the early endosome and Cvt vesicle completion. J. Biol. Chem. 278:5009-20.
43. Darsow T, Rieder SE, Emr SD. (1997) A multispecificity syntaxin homolague, Vam3p, essential for autophagic and biosynthetic protein transport to the vacuole. J. Cell Biol. 138:517-29.
44. Fischer von Mollard G, Stevens TH. (1999) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae v-SNARE Vti1p is required for multiple membrane transport pathways to the vacuole. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:1719-32.
45. Sato TK, Darsow T, Emr SD. (1998) Vam7p, a SNAP-25-like molecule, and Vam3p, a syntaxin homolog, function together in yeast vacuolar protein trafficking. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:5308-19.
46. Kim J, Dalton VM, Eggerton KP, Scott SV, Klionsky DJ. (1999) Apg7p/Cvt2p is required for the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting, macroautophagy, and peroxisome degradation pathways. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:1337-51.
47. Wang C-W, Stromhaug PE, Shima J, Klionsky DJ. (2002) The Ccz1-Mon1 protein complex is required for the late step of multiple vacuole delivery pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 277:47917-27.
48. Sato TK, Rehling P, Peterson MR, Emr SD. (2000) Class C Vps protein complex regulates vacuolar SNARE pairing and is required for vesicle docking/fusion. Mol. Cell 6:661-71.
49. Rieder SE, Emr SD. (1997) A novel RING finger protein complex essential for a late step in protein transport to the yeast vacuole. Mol. Biol. Cell 8:2307-27.
50. Wurmser AE, Sato TK, Emr SD. (2000) New component of the vacuolar class C-Vps complex couples nucleotide exchange on the Ypt7 GTPase ta SNARE-dependent docking and fusion. J. Cell. Biol. 151:551-62.
51. Takeshige K, Baba M, Tsuboi S, Noda T, Ohsumi Y. (1992) Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction. J. Cell Biol. 119:301-11.
52. Epple UD, Suriapranata I, Eskelinen EL, Thumm M. (2001) Aut5/Cvt17p, a putative lipase essential for disintegration of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. J. Bacteriol. 183:5942-55.
53. Suriapranata I et al. (2000) The breakdown of autophagic vesicles inside the vacuole depends on Aut4p. J. Cell Sci. 113:4025-33.
54. Teter SA et al. (2001) Degradation of lipid vesicles in the yeast vacuole requires function of Cvt17, a putative lipase. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2083-7.
55. Stromhaug PE, Klionsky DJ. (2001) Approaching the molecular mechanism of autophagy. Traffic 2:524-31.
56. Khalfan WA, Klionsky DJ. (2002) Molecular machinery required for autophagy and the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway in S. cerevisiae. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14:468-75.