메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 32, 2010, Pages 3554-3573

Mechanisms of corticosteroid resistance in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Author keywords

Asthma; COPD; Glucocorticoids; GR; HDAC; PI3K

Indexed keywords

4 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 2 (4 METHYLSULFINYLPHENYL) 5 (4 PYRIDYL)IMIDAZOLE; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; BECLOMETASONE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; COLECALCIFEROL; CORTICOSTEROID; CYTOSOL RECEPTOR; FLUTICASONE; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; I KAPPA B; INTERLEUKIN 5 ANTIBODY; JNK 401; KETOLIDE; LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MACROLIDE; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; MOMETASONE FUROATE; OMALIZUMAB; PHOSPHODIESTERASE IV INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; SALMETEROL; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; THEOPHYLLINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

EID: 78650909855     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161210793797889     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (30)

References (268)
  • 1
    • 0028956973 scopus 로고
    • Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma
    • Barnes PJ. Inhaled glucocorticoids for asthma. N Engl J Med 1995a; 332: 868-875.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.332 , pp. 868-875
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 3
    • 0032929622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination between NL1-and NL2-mediated nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid recep-tor
    • Savory JG, Hsu B, Laquian IR, et al. Discrimination between NL1-and NL2-mediated nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid recep-tor. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 1025-37.
    • (1999) Mol Cell Biol , vol.19 , pp. 1025-37
    • Savory, J.G.1    Hsu, B.2    Laquian, I.R.3
  • 4
    • 34948900221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steroid receptor phosphorylation: A keymodulator of multiple receptor functions
    • Weigel NL, Moore NL. Steroid receptor phosphorylation: a keymodulator of multiple receptor functions. Mol Endocrinol 2007;21: 2311-9.
    • (2007) Mol Endocrinol , vol.21 , pp. 2311-2319
    • Weigel, N.L.1    Moore, N.L.2
  • 5
    • 2342447986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importin 7 and importin al-pha/importin beta are nuclear import receptors for the glucocorti-coid receptor
    • Freedman ND, Yamamoto KR. Importin 7 and importin al-pha/importin beta are nuclear import receptors for the glucocorti-coid receptor. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 2276-86.
    • (2004) Mol Biol Cell , vol.15 , pp. 2276-86
    • Freedman, N.D.1    Yamamoto, K.R.2
  • 6
    • 0034463835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protracted nuclear export of glucocorticoidreceptor limits its turnover and does not require the exportin1/CRM1-directed nuclear export pathway
    • Liu J, DeFranco DB. Protracted nuclear export of glucocorticoidreceptor limits its turnover and does not require the exportin1/CRM1-directed nuclear export pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2000;14: 40-51.
    • (2000) Mol Endocrinol , vol.14 , pp. 40-51
    • Liu, J.1    Defranco, D.B.2
  • 7
    • 49449089908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroidresistance
    • Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroidresistance. Chest 2008a; 134: 394-401.
    • (2008) Chest , vol.134 , pp. 394-401
    • Adcock, I.M.1    Barnes, P.J.2
  • 8
    • 31344446119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histone deacetylase 2-mediated deacetylation of the glucocorticoid receptor enables NF-kappaB suppression
    • Ito K, Yamamura S, Essilfie-Quaye S, et al. Histone deacetylase 2-mediated deacetylation of the glucocorticoid receptor enables NF-kappaB suppression. J Exp Med 2006b; 203: 7-13.
    • (2006) J Exp Med , vol.203 , pp. 7-13
    • Ito, K.1    Yamamura, S.2    Essilfie-Quaye, S.3
  • 9
    • 34347324118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determi-nants of celland gene-specific transcriptional regulation by theglucocorticoid receptor
    • So AY, Chaivorapol C, Bolton EC, Li H, Yamamoto KR. Determi-nants of celland gene-specific transcriptional regulation by theglucocorticoid receptor. PLoS Genet 2007; 3: e94.
    • (2007) PLoS Genet , vol.e94 , pp. 3
    • So, A.Y.1    Chaivorapol, C.2    Bolton, E.C.3    Li, H.4    Yamamoto, K.R.5
  • 10
    • 44449126207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation analysis predicts in vivo occupancy of glucocorticoidreceptor-binding sequences at glucocorticoid-induced genes
    • So AY, Cooper SB, Feldman BJ, Manuchehri M, Yamamoto KR.Conservation analysis predicts in vivo occupancy of glucocorticoidreceptor-binding sequences at glucocorticoid-induced genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 5745-9.
    • (2008) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.105 , pp. 5745-5749
    • So, A.Y.1    Cooper, S.B.2    Feldman, B.J.3    Manuchehri, M.4    Yamamoto, K.R.5
  • 11
    • 40849117947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective transrepression versus transactivation mechanisms byglucocorticoid receptor modulators in stress and immune systems
    • De Bosscher K, Van Craenenbroeck K, Meijer OC, Haegeman G.Selective transrepression versus transactivation mechanisms byglucocorticoid receptor modulators in stress and immune systems. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 583: 290-302.
    • (2008) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.583 , pp. 290-302
    • de Bosscher, K.1    van Craenenbroeck, K.2    Meijer, O.C.3    Haegeman, G.4
  • 12
    • 31044447205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversing the defec-tive induction of IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells in glucocorti-coid-resistant asthma patients
    • Xystrakis E, Kusumakar S, Boswell S, et al. Reversing the defec-tive induction of IL-10-secreting regulatory T cells in glucocorti-coid-resistant asthma patients. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 146-55.
    • (2006) J Clin Invest , vol.116 , pp. 146-55
    • Xystrakis, E.1    Kusumakar, S.2    Boswell, S.3
  • 13
    • 33847070442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of chromatin during tran-scription
    • Li B, Carey M, Workman JL. The role of chromatin during tran-scription. Cell 2007; 128: 707-19.
    • (2007) Cell , vol.128 , pp. 707-19
    • Li, B.1    Carey, M.2    Workman, J.L.3
  • 14
    • 14644406272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active chromatin domains aredefined by acetylation islands revealed by genome-wide mapping
    • Roh TY, Cuddapah S, Zhao K. Active chromatin domains aredefined by acetylation islands revealed by genome-wide mapping. Genes Dev 2005; 19: 542-52.
    • (2005) Genes Dev , vol.19 , pp. 542-52
    • Roh, T.Y.1    Cuddapah, S.2    Zhao, K.3
  • 15
    • 69449102464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide mapping of HATsand HDACs reveals distinct functions in active and inactive genes
    • Wang Z, Zang C, Cui K, et al. Genome-wide mapping of HATsand HDACs reveals distinct functions in active and inactive genes. Cell 2009; 138: 1019-31.
    • (2009) Cell , vol.138 , pp. 1019-31
    • Wang, Z.1    Zang, C.2    Cui, K.3
  • 16
    • 54449097818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of dual specificity phospha-tases in biological responses to glucocorticoids
    • Clark AR, Martins JR, Tchen CR. Role of dual specificity phospha-tases in biological responses to glucocorticoids. J Biol Chem 2008;283: 25765-9.
    • (2008) J Biol Chem , vol.283 , pp. 25765-25769
    • Clark, A.R.1    Martins, J.R.2    Tchen, C.R.3
  • 17
    • 34547887674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective gluco-corticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs): Novel ligands with an im-proved therapeutic index
    • Schacke H, Berger M, Rehwinkel H, Asadullah K. Selective gluco-corticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs): Novel ligands with an im-proved therapeutic index. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275: 109-17.
    • (2007) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.275 , pp. 109-17
    • Schacke, H.1    Berger, M.2    Rehwinkel, H.3    Asadullah, K.4
  • 18
    • 18144444807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA binding ofthe glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival
    • Reichardt HM, Kaestner KH, Tuckermann J, et al. DNA binding ofthe glucocorticoid receptor is not essential for survival. Cell 1998;93: 531-41.
    • (1998) Cell , vol.93 , pp. 531-41
    • Reichardt, H.M.1    Kaestner, K.H.2    Tuckermann, J.3
  • 19
    • 0037126620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repression ofinflammatory responses in the absence of DNA binding by the glu-cocorticoid receptor
    • Reichardt HM, Tuckermann JP, Gottlicher M, et al. Repression ofinflammatory responses in the absence of DNA binding by the glu-cocorticoid receptor. EMBO J 2001; 20: 7168-73.
    • (2001) EMBO J , vol.20 , pp. 7168-73
    • Reichardt, H.M.1    Tuckermann, J.P.2    Gottlicher, M.3
  • 20
    • 18244381020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The glucocorticoid receptor blocks P-TEFb recruitment by NFkappaB to effect promoter-specific tran-scriptional repression
    • Luecke HF, Yamamoto KR. The glucocorticoid receptor blocks P-TEFb recruitment by NFkappaB to effect promoter-specific tran-scriptional repression. Genes Dev 2005; 19: 1116-1127.
    • (2005) Genes Dev , vol.19 , pp. 1116-1127
    • Luecke, H.F.1    Yamamoto, K.R.2
  • 21
    • 0033821409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid receptor recruitmentof histone deacetylase 2 inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced histoneH4 acetylation on lysines 8 and 12
    • Ito K, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Glucocorticoid receptor recruitmentof histone deacetylase 2 inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced histoneH4 acetylation on lysines 8 and 12. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 6891-903.
    • (2000) Mol Cell Biol , vol.20 , pp. 6891-903
    • Ito, K.1    Barnes, P.J.2    Adcock, I.M.3
  • 22
    • 21244495174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta2-Adrenoceptor agonists, like gluco-corticoids, repress eotaxin gene transcription by selective inhibitionof histone H4 acetylation
    • Nie M, Knox AJ, Pang L. beta2-Adrenoceptor agonists, like gluco-corticoids, repress eotaxin gene transcription by selective inhibitionof histone H4 acetylation. J Immunol 2005; 175: 478-486.
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.175 , pp. 478-486
    • Nie, M.1    Knox, A.J.2    Pang, L.3
  • 23
    • 51249109929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative corticosteroidinsensitivity of alveolar macrophages in severe asthma compared tonon-severe asthma
    • Bhavsar P, Hew M, Khorasani N, et al. Relative corticosteroidinsensitivity of alveolar macrophages in severe asthma compared tonon-severe asthma. Thorax 2008; 6: 784-790.
    • (2008) Thorax , vol.6 , pp. 784-790
    • Bhavsar, P.1    Hew, M.2    Khorasani, N.3
  • 24
    • 7444272009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Messenger RNA turnover in eu-karyotes: Pathways and enzymes
    • Meyer S, Temme C, Wahle E. Messenger RNA turnover in eu-karyotes: pathways and enzymes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 39: 197-216.
    • (2004) Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol , vol.39 , pp. 197-216
    • Meyer, S.1    Temme, C.2    Wahle, E.3
  • 25
    • 13844270512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of tristetraprolin expression by dexamethasone in acti-vated macrophages
    • Jalonen U, Lahti A, Korhonen R, Kankaanranta H, Moilanen E.Inhibition of tristetraprolin expression by dexamethasone in acti-vated macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 69: 733-740.
    • (2005) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.69 , pp. 733-740
    • Jalonen, U.1    Lahti, A.2    Korhonen, R.3    Kankaanranta, H.4    Moilanen, E.5
  • 26
    • 0025374344 scopus 로고
    • In-flammatory Cells The effects of antiasthmatictreatment with budesonide or terbutaline
    • Adelroth E, Rosenhall L, Johansson SA, Linden M, Venge P. In-flammatory cells and eosinophilic activity in asthmatics investi-gated by bronchoalveolar lavage. The effects of antiasthmatictreatment with budesonide or terbutaline. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142: 91-9.
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.142 , pp. 91-99
    • Adelroth, E.1    Rosenhall, L.2    Johansson, S.A.3    Linden, M.4    Venge, P.5
  • 27
    • 0026606394 scopus 로고
    • Effects of treatment on airway inflammation and thicken-ing of basement membrane reticular collagen in asthma. A quanti-tative light and electron microscopic study
    • Jeffery PK, Godfrey RW, Adelroth E, Nelson F, Rogers A, Johans-son SA. Effects of treatment on airway inflammation and thicken-ing of basement membrane reticular collagen in asthma. A quanti-tative light and electron microscopic study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 145: 890-899.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.145 , pp. 890-899
    • Jeffery, P.K.1    Godfrey, R.W.2    Adelroth, E.3    Nelson, F.4    Rogers, A.5    Johans-Son, S.A.6
  • 28
    • 0026764094 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of theeffects of an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, and a beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, on airway inflammation in newly diagnosedasthma: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial
    • Laitinen LA, Laitinen A, Haahtela T. A comparative study of theeffects of an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, and a beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, on airway inflammation in newly diagnosedasthma: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 32-42.
    • (1992) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.90 , pp. 32-42
    • Laitinen, L.A.1    Laitinen, A.2    Haahtela, T.3
  • 29
    • 0023925696 scopus 로고
    • Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchial mucosal biopsiesin asthmatics undergoing long-term high-dose budesonide aerosoltreatment
    • Laursen LC, Taudorf E, Borgeskov S, Kobayasi T, Jensen H,Weeke B. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchial mucosal biopsiesin asthmatics undergoing long-term high-dose budesonide aerosoltreatment. Allergy 1988; 43: 284-8.
    • (1988) Allergy , vol.43 , pp. 284-288
    • Laursen, L.C.1    Taudorf, E.2    Borgeskov, S.3    Kobayasi, T.4    Jensen, H.5    Weeke, B.6
  • 30
    • 0032922825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of inhaled steroids on airway hyper-responsiveness, sputum eosinophils, and exhaled nitric oxide levelsin patients with asthma
    • van Rensen EL, Straathof KC, Veselic-Charvat MA, ZwindermanAH, Bel EH, Sterk PJ. Effect of inhaled steroids on airway hyper-responsiveness, sputum eosinophils, and exhaled nitric oxide levelsin patients with asthma. Thorax 1999; 54: 403-8.
    • (1999) Thorax , vol.54 , pp. 403-408
    • van Rensen, E.L.1    Straathof, K.C.2    Veselic-Charvat, M.A.3    Zwinderman, A.H.4    Bel, E.H.5    Sterk, P.J.6
  • 31
    • 0030958324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of short-termtreatment with low-dose inhaled fluticasone propionate on airwayinflammation and remodeling in mild asthma: A placebo-controlledstudy
    • Olivieri D, Chetta A, Del Donno M, et al. Effect of short-termtreatment with low-dose inhaled fluticasone propionate on airwayinflammation and remodeling in mild asthma: a placebo-controlledstudy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 1864-71.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.155 , pp. 1864-71
    • Olivieri, D.1    Chetta, A.2    Del, D.M.3
  • 33
    • 0033972337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of an inhaled glucocorticos-teroid on airway mucosal blood flow in mild asthma
    • Brieva JL, Danta I, Wanner A. Effect of an inhaled glucocorticos-teroid on airway mucosal blood flow in mild asthma. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 2000; 161: 293-6.
    • (2000) Am J RespirCrit Care Med , vol.161 , pp. 293-296
    • Brieva, J.L.1    Danta, I.2    Wanner, A.3
  • 34
    • 0026736590 scopus 로고
    • A research method toinduce and examine a mild exacerbation of asthma by withdrawalof inhaled corticosteroid
    • Gibson PG, Wong BJ, Hepperle MJ, et al. A research method toinduce and examine a mild exacerbation of asthma by withdrawalof inhaled corticosteroid. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 525-32.
    • (1992) Clin Exp Allergy , vol.22 , pp. 525-32
    • Gibson, P.G.1    Wong, B.J.2    Hepperle, M.J.3
  • 35
    • 0032787222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function and sputum characteristics of patients withsevere asthma during an induced exacerbation by double-blindsteroid withdrawal
    • Veen JC, Smits HH, Hiemstra PS, Zwinderman AE, Sterk PJ,Bel EH. Lung function and sputum characteristics of patients withsevere asthma during an induced exacerbation by double-blindsteroid withdrawal. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 93-9.
    • Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 93-99
    • Veen, J.C.1    Smits, H.H.2    Hiemstra, P.S.3    Zwinderman, A.E.4    Sterk, P.J.5    Bel, E.H.6
  • 36
    • 34447509985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of control of asthma following inhaled corti-costeroid withdrawal is associated with increased sputum interleu-kin-8 and neutrophils
    • Maneechotesuwan K, Essilfie-Quaye S, Kharitonov SA, AdcockIM, Barnes PJ. Loss of control of asthma following inhaled corti-costeroid withdrawal is associated with increased sputum interleu-kin-8 and neutrophils. Chest 2007; 132: 98-105.
    • (2007) Chest , vol.132 , pp. 98-105
    • Maneechotesuwan, K.1    Essilfie-Quaye, S.2    Kharitonov, S.A.3    Adcock, I.M.4    Barnes, P.J.5
  • 37
    • 0022519139 scopus 로고
    • Role of inflammation in the hyperreactivity of the air-ways in asthma
    • Chung KF. Role of inflammation in the hyperreactivity of the air-ways in asthma. Thorax 1986; 41: 657-62.
    • (1986) Thorax , vol.41 , pp. 657-62
    • Chung, K.F.1
  • 38
    • 0025073318 scopus 로고
    • Effect of corticosteroids on airway hyperresponsiveness
    • Barnes PJ. Effect of corticosteroids on airway hyperresponsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: S70-6.
    • (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.141
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 39
    • 0025650904 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of budesonide on airway re-sponsiveness and clinical asthma severity in inhaled steroid-dependent asthmatics
    • Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Ramsdale EH, O'ByrnePM, Hargreave FE. Long-term effects of budesonide on airway re-sponsiveness and clinical asthma severity in inhaled steroid-dependent asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1990a; 3: 1122-7.
    • (1990) Eur Respir J , vol.3 , pp. 1122-1127
    • Juniper, E.F.1    Kline, P.A.2    Vanzieleghem, M.A.3    Ramsdale, E.H.4    O'Byrne, P.M.5    Hargreave, F.E.6
  • 40
    • 0025036349 scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term treatment with an inhaledcorticosteroid (budesonide) on airway hyperresponsiveness andclinical asthma in nonsteroid-dependent asthmatics
    • Juniper EF, Kline PA, Vanzieleghem MA, Ramsdale EH, O'ByrnePM, Hargreave FE. Effect of long-term treatment with an inhaledcorticosteroid (budesonide) on airway hyperresponsiveness andclinical asthma in nonsteroid-dependent asthmatics. Am Rev RespirDis 1990b; 142: 832-6.
    • (1990) Am Rev RespirDis , vol.142 , pp. 832-836
    • Juniper, E.F.1    Kline, P.A.2    Vanzieleghem, M.A.3    Ramsdale, E.H.4    O'Byrne, P.M.5    Hargreave, F.E.6
  • 41
    • 0035481976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid-induced improvement in the PC20 of adenosine monophosphate ismore closely associated with reduction in airway inflammation thanimprovement in the PC20 of methacholine
    • van den Berge M, Kerstjens HA, Meijer RJ, et al. Corticosteroid-induced improvement in the PC20 of adenosine monophosphate ismore closely associated with reduction in airway inflammation thanimprovement in the PC20 of methacholine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1127-32.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 1127-32
    • van den Berge, M.1    Kerstjens, H.A.2    Meijer, R.J.3
  • 42
    • 0036216744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway inflammation, basementmembrane thickening and bronchial hyperresponsiveness inasthma
    • Ward C, Pais M, Bish R, et al. Airway inflammation, basementmembrane thickening and bronchial hyperresponsiveness inasthma. Thorax 2002; 57: 309-16.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 309-16
    • Ward, C.1    Pais, M.2    Bish, R.3
  • 43
    • 0033025989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Respiratory Society
    • Difficult/therapy-resistantasthma: The need for an integrated approach to define clinical phe-notypes, evaluate risk factors, understand pathophysiology and findnovel therapies. ERS Task Force on Difficult/Therapy-ResistantAsthma
    • Chung KF, Godard P, Adelroth E, et al. Difficult/therapy-resistantasthma: the need for an integrated approach to define clinical phe-notypes, evaluate risk factors, understand pathophysiology and findnovel therapies. ERS Task Force on Difficult/Therapy-ResistantAsthma. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1999; 13:1198-208.
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.13 , pp. 1198-208
    • Chung, K.F.1    Godard, P.2    Adelroth, E.3
  • 44
    • 0034526865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: Currentunderstanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions.American Thoracic Society
    • Wenzel SE, Fahy JV, Irvin CG, Peters SP, Spector S, Szefler SJ.Proceedings of the ATS workshop on refractory asthma: currentunderstanding, recommendations, and unanswered questions.American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:2341-51.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 2341-51
    • Wenzel, S.E.1    Fahy, J.V.2    Irvin, C.G.3    Peters, S.P.4    Spector, S.5    Szefler, S.J.6
  • 45
    • 43749108171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • British guideline on the management of asthma
    • British guideline on the management of asthma. Thorax 2008;63(Suppl 4): 1-121.
    • (2008) Thorax , vol.63 , Issue.SUPPL. 4 , pp. 1-121
  • 46
    • 78650907318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Initiative for Asthma, NHLBI/WHO Workshop report. 2002. NIHPublication 02-3659. Last update, accessed July 2010
    • Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for Asthma Manage-ment and Prevention. NHLBI/WHO Workshop report. 2002. NIHPublication 02-3659. Last update 2010. http://www.ginasthma.com(accessed July 2010).
    • (2010) Global Strategy For Asthma Manage-ment and Prevention
  • 47
    • 78650882441 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization/National Heart, Lung and Blood Insti-tute. Workshop report, Publication no. 95-3659, Bethesda, National Institutesof Health
    • World Health Organization/National Heart, Lung and Blood Insti-tute. Workshop report. Global strategy for asthma management andprevention. Publication no. 95-3659. Bethesda, National Institutesof Health, 1995.
    • (1995) Global Strategy For Asthma Management Andprevention
  • 48
    • 78650889637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institutes of Health Expert Panel Report 2: guidelines forthe diagnosis and the management of asthma. NIH publicationnumber 08-4051. Bethesda: NIH/National Heart, Lung and BloodInstitute
    • National Institutes of Health Expert Panel Report 2: guidelines forthe diagnosis and the management of asthma. NIH publicationnumber 08-4051. Bethesda: NIH/National Heart, Lung and BloodInstitute, 2007.
    • (2007)
  • 50
    • 10744231300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ENFUMOSA cross-sectional European multicentrestudy of the clinical phenotype of chronic severe asthma. EuropeanNetwork for Understanding Mechanisms of Severe Asthma
    • European Network for Understanding Mechanisms of SevereAsthma
    • European Network for Understanding Mechanisms of SevereAsthma. The ENFUMOSA cross-sectional European multicentrestudy of the clinical phenotype of chronic severe asthma. EuropeanNetwork for Understanding Mechanisms of Severe Asthma. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 470-7.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.22 , pp. 470-477
  • 51
    • 9144268928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TENOR Study Group.Design and baseline characteristics of the epidemiology and naturalhistory of asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR)study: A large cohort of patients with severe or difficult-to-treatasthma
    • Dolan CM, Fraher KE, Bleecker ER, et al. TENOR Study Group.Design and baseline characteristics of the epidemiology and naturalhistory of asthma: Outcomes and Treatment Regimens (TENOR)study: a large cohort of patients with severe or difficult-to-treatasthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 92: 32-9.
    • (2004) Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol , vol.92 , pp. 32-39
    • Dolan, C.M.1    Fraher, K.E.2    Bleecker, E.R.3
  • 52
    • 0036231010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mitogen-activated protein kinase-induced glucocorti-coid receptor phosphorylation reduces its activity: Role in steroid-insensitive asthma
    • Irusen E, Matthews JG, Takahashi A, Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Ad-cock IM. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase-induced glucocorti-coid receptor phosphorylation reduces its activity: role in steroid-insensitive asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 649-57.
    • (2002) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.109 , pp. 649-657
    • Irusen, E.1    Matthews, J.G.2    Takahashi, A.3    Barnes, P.J.4    Chung, K.F.5    Ad-cock, I.M.6
  • 53
    • 0037248247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on glucocorticoid action and resis-tance
    • quiz 23
    • Leung DY, Bloom JW. Update on glucocorticoid action and resis-tance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111: 3-22; quiz 23.
    • (2003) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.111 , pp. 3-22
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Bloom, J.W.2
  • 54
    • 2342567291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defective glucocorti-coid receptor nuclear translocation and altered histone acetylationpatterns in glucocorticoid-resistant patients
    • Matthews JG, Ito K, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Defective glucocorti-coid receptor nuclear translocation and altered histone acetylationpatterns in glucocorticoid-resistant patients. J Allergy Clin Immu-nol 2004; 113: 1100-1118.
    • (2004) J Allergy Clin Immu-nol , vol.113 , pp. 1100-1118
    • Matthews, J.G.1    Ito, K.2    Barnes, P.J.3    Adcock, I.M.4
  • 55
    • 0031753366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchial mucosalimmunoreactivity of sensory neuropeptides in severe airway dis-eases
    • Chanez P, Springall D, Vignola AM, et al. Bronchial mucosalimmunoreactivity of sensory neuropeptides in severe airway dis-eases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 985-990.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.158 , pp. 985-990
    • Chanez, P.1    Springall, D.2    Vignola, A.M.3
  • 57
    • 14444281568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid recep-tors in bronchial epithelial cells in asthma
    • Vachier I, Chiappara G, Vignola AM, et al. Glucocorticoid recep-tors in bronchial epithelial cells in asthma. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 1998; 158: 963-970.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit CareMed , vol.158 , pp. 963-970
    • Vachier, I.1    Chiappara, G.2    Vignola, A.M.3
  • 58
    • 0036151024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs ofasthma are correlated with severity: A 1-yr prospective study
    • Godard P, Chanez P, Siraudin L, Nicoloyannis N, Duru G. Costs ofasthma are correlated with severity: a 1-yr prospective study. EurRespir J 2002; 19: 61-67.
    • (2002) EurRespir J , vol.19 , pp. 61-67
    • Godard, P.1    Chanez, P.2    Siraudin, L.3    Nicoloyannis, N.4    Duru, G.5
  • 59
    • 0033930349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid receptoralpha and beta in glucocorticoid dependent asthma
    • Gagliardo R, Chanez P, Vignola AM, et al. Glucocorticoid receptoralpha and beta in glucocorticoid dependent asthma. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 2000; 162: 7-13.
    • (2000) Am J RespirCrit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 7-13
    • Gagliardo, R.1    Chanez, P.2    Vignola, A.M.3
  • 60
    • 0242459769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent activation ofnuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway in severe uncontrolledasthma
    • Gagliardo R, Chanez P, Mathieu M, et al. Persistent activation ofnuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway in severe uncontrolledasthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168: 1190-8.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.168 , pp. 1190-1198
    • Gagliardo, R.1    Chanez, P.2    Mathieu, M.3
  • 61
    • 0034131479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent exacerba-tions in severe asthma are associated with enhanced airway closureduring stable episodes
    • Veen JC, Beekman AJ, Bel EH, Sterk PJ. Recurrent exacerba-tions in severe asthma are associated with enhanced airway closureduring stable episodes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1902-6.
    • Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.161 , pp. 1902-1906
    • Veen, J.C.1    Beekman, A.J.2    Bel, E.H.3    Sterk, P.J.4
  • 63
    • 4444221246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-fractory eosinophilic airway inflammation in severe asthma: Effectof parenteral corticosteroids
    • ten Brinke A, Zwinderman AH, Sterk PJ, Rabe KF, Bel EH. Re-fractory eosinophilic airway inflammation in severe asthma: effectof parenteral corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170: 601-5.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.170 , pp. 601-605
    • Ten, B.A.1    Zwinderman, A.H.2    Sterk, P.J.3    Rabe, K.F.4    Bel, E.H.5
  • 64
    • 0030859389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma. Persistent inflamma-tion associated with high dose glucocorticoids
    • Wenzel SE, Szefler SJ, Leung DY, Sloan SI, Rex MD, Martin RJ.Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma. Persistent inflamma-tion associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am J Respir CritCare Med 1997; 156: 737-43.
    • (1997) Am J Respir CritCare Med , vol.156 , pp. 737-43
    • Wenzel, S.E.1    Szefler, S.J.2    Leung, D.Y.3    Sloan, S.I.4    Rex, M.D.5    Martin, R.J.6
  • 65
    • 0345734195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutrophil-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased in se-vere asthma and poorly inhibited by glucocorticoids
    • Cundall M, Sun Y, Miranda C, Trudeau JB, Barnes S, Wenzel SE.Neutrophil-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased in se-vere asthma and poorly inhibited by glucocorticoids. J Allergy ClinImmunol 2003; 112: 1064-71.
    • (2003) J Allergy ClinImmunol , vol.112 , pp. 1064-71
    • Cundall, M.1    Sun, Y.2    Miranda, C.3    Trudeau, J.B.4    Barnes, S.5    Wenzel, S.E.6
  • 66
    • 0346041503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distin-guishing severe asthma phenotypes: Role of age at onset and eosi-nophilic inflammation
    • Miranda C, Busacker A, Balzar S, Trudeau J, Wenzel SE. Distin-guishing severe asthma phenotypes: role of age at onset and eosi-nophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 101-8.
    • (2004) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.113 , pp. 101-108
    • Miranda, C.1    Busacker, A.2    Balzar, S.3    Trudeau, J.4    Wenzel, S.E.5
  • 67
    • 0032875377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that se-vere asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatorysubtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics
    • Wenzel SE, Schwartz LB, Langmack EL, et al. Evidence that se-vere asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatorysubtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics. Am JRespir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1001-8.
    • (1999) Am JRespir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 1001-1008
    • Wenzel, S.E.1    Schwartz, L.B.2    Langmack, E.L.3
  • 68
    • 0035989738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transbronchial biopsy as a tool toevaluate small airways in asthma
    • Balzar S, Wenzel SE, Chu HW. Transbronchial biopsy as a tool toevaluate small airways in asthma. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 254-9.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J , vol.20 , pp. 254-259
    • Balzar, S.1    Wenzel, S.E.2    Chu, H.W.3
  • 69
    • 78650904443 scopus 로고
    • All that wheezes is not asthma
    • Chevalier L. All that wheezes is not asthma. BMQ 1865; 16: 86.
    • (1865) BMQ , vol.16 , pp. 86
    • Chevalier, L.1
  • 72
    • 0036216557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An unusual case of congeni-tal short trachea with very long bronchi mimicking bronchialasthma
    • Ravenna F, Caramori G, Papi A, et al. An unusual case of congeni-tal short trachea with very long bronchi mimicking bronchialasthma. Thorax 2002; 57: 372-3.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 372-373
    • Ravenna, F.1    Caramori, G.2    Papi, A.3
  • 73
    • 15844417254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tracheomalacia andtracheobronchomalacia in children and adults: An in-depth review
    • Carden KA, Boiselle PM, Waltz DA, Ernst A. Tracheomalacia andtracheobronchomalacia in children and adults: an in-depth review. Chest 2005; 127: 984-1005.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.127 , pp. 984-1005
    • Carden, K.A.1    Boiselle, P.M.2    Waltz, D.A.3    Ernst, A.4
  • 74
    • 29744464917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary tracheal tumours
    • Macchiarini P. Primary tracheal tumours. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7:83-91.
    • (2006) Lancet Oncol , vol.7 , pp. 83-91
    • Macchiarini, P.1
  • 76
    • 78650924896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. GlobalStrategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of ChronicObstructive Pulmonary Disease. NHLBI/WHO workshop report.Bethesda, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Last update 2009, (accessed July 4, 2010)
    • Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. GlobalStrategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of ChronicObstructive Pulmonary Disease. NHLBI/WHO workshop report.Bethesda, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, April 2001;NIH Publication No 2701:1-100. Last update 2009.http://www.goldcopd.com (accessed July 4, 2010).
    • (2001) NIH Publication No 2701:1-100
  • 77
    • 77950297480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fixed airflow obstructiondue to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 5-year fol-low-up
    • Contoli M, Baraldo S, Marku B, et al. Fixed airflow obstructiondue to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 5-year fol-low-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 830-7.
    • (2010) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.125 , pp. 830-837
    • Contoli, M.1    Baraldo, S.2    Marku, B.3
  • 79
    • 21744443322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergil-losis
    • Tillie-Leblond I, Tonnel AB. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergil-losis. Allergy 2005; 60: 1004-13.
    • (2005) Allergy , vol.60 , pp. 1004-13
    • Tillie-Leblond, I.1    Tonnel, A.B.2
  • 80
    • 75749119699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypereosinophilic syndrome andclonal eosinophilia: Point-of-care diagnostic algorithm and treat-ment update
    • Tefferi A, Gotlib J, Pardanani A. Hypereosinophilic syndrome andclonal eosinophilia: point-of-care diagnostic algorithm and treat-ment update. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85: 158-64.
    • (2010) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.85 , pp. 158-64
    • Tefferi, A.1    Gotlib, J.2    Pardanani, A.3
  • 81
    • 0037034256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical problem-solving.More than your average wheeze
    • Thomson CC, Tager AM, Weller PF. Clinical problem-solving.More than your average wheeze. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 438-42.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 438-42
    • Thomson, C.C.1    Tager, A.M.2    Weller, P.F.3
  • 83
    • 39049170984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global strategy for asthmamanagement and prevention: GINA executive summary
    • Bateman ED, Hurd SS, Barnes PJ, et al. Global strategy for asthmamanagement and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 143-78.
    • (2008) Eur Respir J , vol.31 , pp. 143-78
    • Bateman, E.D.1    Hurd, S.S.2    Barnes, P.J.3
  • 85
    • 3543146737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parameters associatedwith persistent airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma
    • Bumbacea D, Campbell D, Nguyen L, et al. Parameters associatedwith persistent airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma. EurRespir J 2004; 24: 122-8.
    • (2004) EurRespir J , vol.24 , pp. 122-128
    • Bumbacea, D.1    Campbell, D.2    Nguyen, L.3
  • 86
    • 33845987340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizationof the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, andBlood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program
    • Moore WC, Bleecker ER, Curran-Everett D, et al. Characterizationof the severe asthma phenotype by the National Heart, Lung, andBlood Institute's Severe Asthma Research Program. J Allergy ClinImmunol 2007; 119: 405-13.
    • (2007) J Allergy ClinImmunol , vol.119 , pp. 405-13
    • Moore, W.C.1    Bleecker, E.R.2    Curran-Everett, D.3
  • 87
    • 34347232679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel causes of generalized glucocorti-coid resistance
    • Charmandari E, Kino T. Novel causes of generalized glucocorti-coid resistance. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 445-50.
    • (2007) Horm Metab Res , vol.39 , pp. 445-50
    • Charmandari, E.1    Kino, T.2
  • 88
    • 0030048947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma
    • Lane SJ, Atkinson BA, Swaminathan R, Lee TH. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 557-60.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 557-60
    • Lane, S.J.1    Atkinson, B.A.2    Swaminathan, R.3    Lee, T.H.4
  • 90
    • 0028944915 scopus 로고
    • Dysregulation of interleu-kin 4, interleukin 5, and interferon gamma gene expression in ste-roid-resistant asthma
    • Leung DY, Martin RJ, Szefler SJ, et al. Dysregulation of interleu-kin 4, interleukin 5, and interferon gamma gene expression in ste-roid-resistant asthma. J Exp Med 1995; 181: 33-40.
    • (1995) J Exp Med , vol.181 , pp. 33-40
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Martin, R.J.2    Szefler, S.J.3
  • 91
    • 34447318645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epithelial cell proliferation contributes toairway remodeling in severe asthma
    • the NHLBI Severe Asthma Re-search Program (SARP)
    • Cohen L, E X, Tarsi J, et al. and the NHLBI Severe Asthma Re-search Program (SARP). Epithelial cell proliferation contributes toairway remodeling in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 138-145.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.176 , pp. 138-145
    • Cohen, L.E.X.1    Tarsi, J.2
  • 92
    • 77951196142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on corticosteroid suppression of cytokine re-lease in severe asthma
    • Bhavsar P, Khorasani N, Hew M, Johnson M, Chung KF. Effect of p38 MAPK inhibition on corticosteroid suppression of cytokine re-lease in severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 750-756.
    • (2010) Eur Respir J , vol.35 , pp. 750-756
    • Bhavsar, P.1    Khorasani, N.2    Hew, M.3    Johnson, M.4    Chung, K.F.5
  • 93
    • 33745746529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative corticosteroid insen-sitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in severe asthma
    • Hew M, Bhavsar P, Torrego A, et al. Relative corticosteroid insen-sitivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in severe asthma. AmJ Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 134-141.
    • (2006) AmJ Respir Crit Care Med , vol.174 , pp. 134-141
    • Hew, M.1    Bhavsar, P.2    Torrego, A.3
  • 94
    • 0034721232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barnes PJ. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 269-280.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 269-280
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 95
    • 2942720573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of small-airwayobstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S, et al. The nature of small-airwayobstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl JMed 2004; 350: 2645-53.
    • (2004) N Engl JMed , vol.350 , pp. 2645-53
    • Hogg, J.C.1    Chu, F.2    Utokaparch, S.3
  • 97
    • 76749168460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled corticos-teroids vs placebo for preventing COPD exacerbations: A system-atic review and metaregression of randomized controlled trials
    • Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Jindal SK. Inhaled corticos-teroids vs placebo for preventing COPD exacerbations: a system-atic review and metaregression of randomized controlled trials. Chest 2010; 137: 318-25.
    • (2010) Chest , vol.137 , pp. 318-25
    • Agarwal, R.1    Aggarwal, A.N.2    Gupta, D.3    Jindal, S.K.4
  • 98
    • 0034643610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study off luticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronicobstructive pulmonary disease: The ISOLDE trial
    • Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, Spencer S, Anderson JA,Maslen TK. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study offluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronicobstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000; 320:1297-303.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.320 , pp. 1297-303
    • Burge, P.S.1    Calverley, P.M.2    Jones, P.W.3    Spencer, S.4    Anderson, J.A.5    Maslen, T.K.6
  • 100
    • 0032696013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of high dose inhaled steroid on cells, cytokines,and proteases in induced sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease
    • Culpitt SV, Maziak W, Loukidis S, Nightingale JA, Matthews JL,Barnes PJ. Effect of high dose inhaled steroid on cells, cytokines,and proteases in induced sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1635-1639.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 1635-1639
    • Culpitt, S.V.1    Maziak, W.2    Loukidis, S.3    Nightingale, J.A.4    Matthews, J.L.5    Barnes, P.J.6
  • 101
    • 0036727142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of fluti-casone propionate on inflammatory cells in COPD: An ultrastruc-tural examination of endobronchial biopsy tissue
    • Gizycki MJ, Hattotuwa KL, Barnes N, Jeffery PK. Effects of fluti-casone propionate on inflammatory cells in COPD: an ultrastruc-tural examination of endobronchial biopsy tissue. Thorax 2002; 57:799-803.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 799-803
    • Gizycki, M.J.1    Hattotuwa, K.L.2    Barnes, N.3    Jeffery, P.K.4
  • 102
  • 103
    • 0034727828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of inhaled triamci-nolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
    • Lung Health Study Research Group
    • Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamci-nolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructivepulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1902-9.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 1902-1909
  • 104
    • 0345188819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term treatmentwith inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructivepulmonary disease who continue smoking. European RespiratorySociety Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    • Pauwels RA, Löfdahl CG, Laitinen LA, et al. Long-term treatmentwith inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructivepulmonary disease who continue smoking. European RespiratorySociety Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N EnglJ Med 1999; 340: 1948-53.
    • (1999) N EnglJ Med , vol.340 , pp. 1948-53
    • Pauwels, R.A.1    Löfdahl, C.G.2    Laitinen, L.A.3
  • 105
    • 0033614639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial
    • Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, Brix A, Torre P, Viskum K. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 1819-1823.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1819-1823
    • Vestbo, J.1    Sorensen, T.2    Lange, P.3    Brix, A.4    Torre, P.5    Viskum, K.6
  • 106
    • 48949103222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pharmacother-apy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pul-monary disease: Results from the TORCH study
    • Celli BR, Thomas NE, Anderson JA, et al. Effect of pharmacother-apy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pul-monary disease: results from the TORCH study. Am J Respir CritCare Med 2008; 178: 332-338.
    • (2008) Am J Respir CritCare Med , vol.178 , pp. 332-338
    • Celli, B.R.1    Thomas, N.E.2    Anderson, J.A.3
  • 107
    • 33847172367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salmeterol and flutica-sone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease
    • Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and flutica-sone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 775-789.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.356 , pp. 775-789
    • Calverley, P.M.1    Anderson, J.A.2    Celli, B.3
  • 108
    • 69149110944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Budesonide and the risk ofpneumonia: A meta-analysis of individual patient data
    • bis Sin DD, Tashkin D, Zhang X, et al. Budesonide and the risk ofpneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2009; 374: 712-719.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 712-719
    • Bis, S.D.D.1    Tashkin, D.2    Zhang, X.3
  • 109
    • 0037246566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety ofbudesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructivepulmonary disease
    • Erratum in: EurRespir J 2003; 21: 912
    • Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, et al. Efficacy and safety ofbudesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructivepulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 74-81. Erratum in: EurRespir J 2003; 21: 912.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21
    • Szafranski, W.1    Cukier, A.2    Ramirez, A.3
  • 110
    • 0037425745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined salmeterol andfluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease: A randomised controlled trial
    • Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, et al. Combined salmeterol andfluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 449-56.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 449-56
    • Calverley, P.1    Pauwels, R.2    Vestbo, J.3
  • 111
    • 0037111198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroidsin patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The COPEstudy
    • van der Valk P, Monninkhof E, van der Palen J, Zielhuis G, vanHerwaarden C. Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroidsin patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPEstudy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1358-63.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 1358-63
    • van der Valk, P.1    Monninkhof, E.2    van der Palen, J.3    Zielhuis, G.4    Vanherwaarden, C.5
  • 112
    • 63349090227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-year treatmentwith mometasone furoate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Calverley PM, Rennard S, Nelson HS, et al. One-year treatmentwith mometasone furoate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2008; 9: 73.
    • (2008) Respir Res , vol.9 , pp. 73
    • Calverley, P.M.1    Rennard, S.2    Nelson, H.S.3
  • 113
    • 37549007943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management ofstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic reviewfor a clinical practice guideline
    • Wilt TJ, Niewoehner D, MacDonald R, Kane RL. Management ofstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic reviewfor a clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 639-53.
    • (2007) Ann Intern Med , vol.147 , pp. 639-53
    • Wilt, T.J.1    Niewoehner, D.2    Macdonald, R.3    Kane, R.L.4
  • 114
    • 0037246565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disease severityand the effect of fluticasone propionate on chronic obstructivepulmonary disease exacerbations
    • Jones PW, Willits LR, Burge PS, Calverley PM. Disease severityand the effect of fluticasone propionate on chronic obstructivepulmonary disease exacerbations. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 68-73.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 68-73
    • Jones, P.W.1    Willits, L.R.2    Burge, P.S.3    Calverley, P.M.4
  • 115
    • 68149158110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic treatments forchronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A mixed treatment compari-son meta-analysis
    • Baker WL, Baker EL, Coleman CI. Pharmacologic treatments forchronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a mixed treatment compari-son meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29:891-905.
    • (2009) Pharmacotherapy , vol.29 , pp. 891-905
    • Baker, W.L.1    Baker, E.L.2    Coleman, C.I.3
  • 116
    • 0035422692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of withdrawalof inhaled steroids in men with severe irreversible airflow obstruc-tion
    • O'Brien A, Russo-Magno P, Karki A, et al. Effects of withdrawalof inhaled steroids in men with severe irreversible airflow obstruc-tion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 365-71.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 365-71
    • O'Brien, A.1    Russo-Magno, P.2    Karki, A.3
  • 117
    • 20444497934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of flutica-sone propionate from combined salmeterol/fluticasone treatment inpatients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease dete-rioration: A randomised controlled trial
    • Wouters EF, Postma DS, Fokkens B, et al. Withdrawal of flutica-sone propionate from combined salmeterol/fluticasone treatment inpatients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease dete-rioration: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2005; 60: 480-7.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 480-487
    • Wouters, E.F.1    Postma, D.S.2    Fokkens, B.3
  • 118
    • 1542399736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled steroids and mortality in COPD: Bias from unac-counted immortal time
    • Suissa S. Inhaled steroids and mortality in COPD: bias from unac-counted immortal time. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 391-5.
    • (2004) Eur Respir J , vol.23 , pp. 391-395
    • Suissa, S.1
  • 119
    • 34250817009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic inflammation and mortality in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sin DD, Man SF. Systemic inflammation and mortality in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:141-7.
    • (2007) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.85 , pp. 141-147
    • Sin, D.D.1    Man, S.F.2
  • 120
    • 26844486618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of inhaled corticosteroids onsputum cell counts in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:A systematic review and a meta-analysis
    • Gan WQ, Man SF, Sin DD. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids onsputum cell counts in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a systematic review and a meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2005; 5:3.
    • (2005) BMC Pulm Med , vol.5 , pp. 3
    • Gan, W.Q.1    Man, S.F.2    Sin, D.D.3
  • 121
    • 0037216753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired inhibition by dex-amethasone of cytokine release by alveolar macrophages from pa-tients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Culpitt SV, Rogers DF, Shah P, et al. Impaired inhibition by dex-amethasone of cytokine release by alveolar macrophages from pa-tients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir CritCare Med 2003; 167: 24-31.
    • (2003) Am J Respir CritCare Med , vol.167 , pp. 24-31
    • Culpitt, S.V.1    Rogers, D.F.2    Shah, P.3
  • 122
    • 0037097883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of inhaled fluticasone on airway inflammation inchronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled biopsy study
    • Hattotuwa KL, Gizycki MJ, Ansari TW, Jeffery PK, Barnes NC.The effects of inhaled fluticasone on airway inflammation inchronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled biopsy study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1592-6.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.165 , pp. 1592-1596
    • Hattotuwa, K.L.1    Gizycki, M.J.2    Ansari, T.W.3    Jeffery, P.K.4    Barnes, N.C.5
  • 123
    • 36049046128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of salmeterol/fluticasone propionateon airway inflammation in COPD: A randomised controlled trial
    • Bourbeau J, Christodoulopoulos P, Maltais F, Yamauchi Y, Oli-venstein R, Hamid Q. Effect of salmeterol/fluticasone propionateon airway inflammation in COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2007; 62: 938-43.
    • (2007) Thorax , vol.62 , pp. 938-43
    • Bourbeau, J.1    Christodoulopoulos, P.2    Maltais, F.3    Yamauchi, Y.4    Oli-Venstein, R.5    Hamid, Q.6
  • 124
    • 33644784718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids: The drugs to beat
    • Barnes PJ. Corticosteroids: the drugs to beat. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533: 2-14.
    • (2006) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.533 , pp. 2-14
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 125
    • 0031718041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels in bronchial epithelial cellsof patients with COPD: Influence of glucocorticoids
    • Korn SH, Thunnissen FB, Wesseling GJ, Arends JW, Wouters EF.Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA levels in bronchial epithelial cellsof patients with COPD: influence of glucocorticoids. Respir Med 1998; 92: 1102-9.
    • (1998) Respir Med , vol.92 , pp. 1102-1109
    • Korn, S.H.1    Thunnissen, F.B.2    Wesseling, G.J.3    Arends, J.W.4    Wouters, E.F.5
  • 126
    • 65249151877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of PI-3K restores steroid responsiveness in smoking-induced steroid in-sensitivity
    • Marwick JA, Caramori G, Stevenson CS, et al. Inhibition of PI-3K restores steroid responsiveness in smoking-induced steroid in-sensitivity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 542-8.
    • (2009) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.179 , pp. 542-548
    • Marwick, J.A.1    Caramori, G.2    Stevenson, C.S.3
  • 127
    • 9644273912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoidreceptor alpha:Beta ratio in blood mononuclear cells is reduced incigarette smokers
    • Livingston E, Darroch CE, Chaudhuri R, et al. Glucocorticoidreceptor alpha:beta ratio in blood mononuclear cells is reduced incigarette smokers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114: 1475-8.
    • (2004) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.114 , pp. 1475-1478
    • Livingston, E.1    Darroch, C.E.2    Chaudhuri, R.3
  • 128
    • 0035809314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High constitutive glucocorti-coid receptor beta in human neutrophils enables them to reducetheir spontaneous rate of cell death in response to corticosteroids
    • Strickland I, Kisich K, Hauk PJ, et al. High constitutive glucocorti-coid receptor beta in human neutrophils enables them to reducetheir spontaneous rate of cell death in response to corticosteroids. JExp Med 2001; 193: 585-93.
    • (2001) JExp Med , vol.193 , pp. 585-93
    • Strickland, I.1    Kisich, K.2    Hauk, P.J.3
  • 129
    • 0035810930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proinflamma-tory cytokines regulate human glucocorticoid receptor gene expres-sion and lead to the accumulation of the dominant negative betaisoform: A mechanism for the generation of glucocorticoid resis-tance
    • Webster JC, Oakley RH, Jewell CM, Cidlowski JA. Proinflamma-tory cytokines regulate human glucocorticoid receptor gene expres-sion and lead to the accumulation of the dominant negative betaisoform: a mechanism for the generation of glucocorticoid resis-tance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 6865-70.
    • (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.98 , pp. 6865-70
    • Webster, J.C.1    Oakley, R.H.2    Jewell, C.M.3    Cidlowski, J.A.4
  • 130
    • 33644834415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-creased glucocorticoid receptor beta alters steroid response in glu-cocorticoid-insensitive asthma
    • Goleva E, Li LB, Eves PT, Strand MJ, Martin RJ, Leung DY. In-creased glucocorticoid receptor beta alters steroid response in glu-cocorticoid-insensitive asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173: 607-16.
    • (2006) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.173 , pp. 607-16
    • Goleva, E.1    Li, L.B.2    Eves, P.T.3    Strand, M.J.4    Martin, R.J.5    Leung, D.Y.6
  • 131
    • 44649153952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased activation of p38MAPK in COPD
    • Renda T, Baraldo S, Pelaia G, et al. Increased activation of p38MAPK in COPD. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 62-9.
    • (2008) Eur Respir J , vol.31 , pp. 62-69
    • Renda, T.1    Baraldo, S.2    Pelaia, G.3
  • 132
    • 59649102494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease macrophage in-flammatory gene expression by dexamethasone and the p38 mito-gen-activated protein kinase inhibitor N-cyano-N'-(2-{[8-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4-(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-7-oxo-7,8-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}ethyl)guanidine (SB706504)
    • Kent L, Smyth L, Plumb J, et al. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease macrophage in-flammatory gene expression by dexamethasone and the p38 mito-gen-activated protein kinase inhibitor N-cyano-N'-(2-{[8-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4-(4-fluoro-2-methylphenyl)-7-oxo-7,8-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}ethyl)guanidine (SB706504). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 328: 458-68.
    • (2009) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.328 , pp. 458-68
    • Kent, L.1    Smyth, L.2    Plumb, J.3
  • 133
  • 134
    • 10744232382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-13 and -4expression in the central airways of smokers with chronic bronchi-tis
    • Miotto D, Ruggieri MP, Boschetto P, et al. Interleukin-13 and -4expression in the central airways of smokers with chronic bronchi-tis. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 602-8.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.22 , pp. 602-608
    • Miotto, D.1    Ruggieri, M.P.2    Boschetto, P.3
  • 135
    • 49249104860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced sputum and bronchialmucosal expression of interleukin-13 is not increased in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease
    • Saha S, Mistry V, Siva R, et al. Induced sputum and bronchialmucosal expression of interleukin-13 is not increased in chronicobstructive pulmonary disease. Allergy 2008; 63: 1239-43.
    • (2008) Allergy , vol.63 , pp. 1239-43
    • Saha, S.1    Mistry, V.2    Siva, R.3
  • 136
    • 77649224716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphisms in IL13 path-way genes in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Beghé B, Hall IP, Parker SG, et al. Polymorphisms in IL13 path-way genes in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Allergy 201; 65: 474-481.
    • Allergy , vol.201 , pp. 474-481
    • Beghé, B.1    Hall, I.P.2    Parker, S.G.3
  • 137
    • 70349123761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New paradigms in the pathogenesisof chronic obstructive pulmonary disease II
    • Sethi S, Mallia P, Johnston SL. New paradigms in the pathogenesisof chronic obstructive pulmonary disease II. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6: 532-534.
    • (2009) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.6 , pp. 532-534
    • Sethi, S.1    Mallia, P.2    Johnston, S.L.3
  • 138
    • 58749085209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral prednisolonefor preschool children with acute virus-induced wheezing
    • Panickar J, Lakhanpaul M, Lambert PC, et al. Oral prednisolonefor preschool children with acute virus-induced wheezing. N Engl JMed 2009; 360: 329-38.
    • (2009) N Engl JMed , vol.360 , pp. 329-38
    • Panickar, J.1    Lakhanpaul, M.2    Lambert, P.C.3
  • 139
    • 58749100297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preemptive use of high-dose fluticasone for virus-induced wheezing in young children
    • Ducharme FM, Lemire C, Noya FJ, et al. Preemptive use of high-dose fluticasone for virus-induced wheezing in young children. NEngl J Med 2009; 360: 339-53.
    • (2009) NEngl J Med , vol.360 , pp. 339-53
    • Ducharme, F.M.1    Lemire, C.2    Noya, F.J.3
  • 140
    • 0032535369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma is associated with in-creased c-fos expression in monocytes and T lymphocytes
    • Lane SJ, Adcock IM, Richards D, Hawrylowicz C, Barnes PJ, LeeTH. Corticosteroid-resistant bronchial asthma is associated with in-creased c-fos expression in monocytes and T lymphocytes. J ClinInvest 1998; 102: 2156-64.
    • (1998) J ClinInvest , vol.102 , pp. 2156-64
    • Lane, S.J.1    Adcock, I.M.2    Richards, D.3    Hawrylowicz, C.4    Barnes, P.J.5    Lee, T.H.6
  • 141
    • 6944222804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comprehensive gene expressionprofiles reveal pathways related to the pathogenesis of chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease
    • Ning W, Li CJ, Kaminski N, et al. Comprehensive gene expressionprofiles reveal pathways related to the pathogenesis of chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:14895-900.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 14895-900
    • Ning, W.1    Li, C.J.2    Kaminski, N.3
  • 142
    • 16844364420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress andairway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD
    • Drost EM, Skwarski KM, Sauleda J, et al. Oxidative stress andairway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2005; 60: 293-300.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 293-300
    • Drost, E.M.1    Skwarski, K.M.2    Sauleda, J.3
  • 143
    • 33746674992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic glucocorticoidreduces bronchial mucosal activation of activator protein 1 compo-nents in glucocorticoid-sensitive but not glucocorticoid-resistant as-thmatic patients
    • Loke TK, Mallett KH, Ratoff J, et al. Systemic glucocorticoidreduces bronchial mucosal activation of activator protein 1 compo-nents in glucocorticoid-sensitive but not glucocorticoid-resistant as-thmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 368-75.
    • (2006) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.118 , pp. 368-75
    • Loke, T.K.1    Mallett, K.H.2    Ratoff, J.3
  • 144
    • 28544433747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory T cells and IL-10 in allergic in-flammation
    • Hawrylowicz CM. Regulatory T cells and IL-10 in allergic in-flammation. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 1459-63.
    • (2005) J Exp Med , vol.202 , pp. 1459-63
    • Hawrylowicz, C.M.1
  • 145
    • 0032847464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-10 levelin sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers
    • Takanashi S, Hasegawa Y, Kanehira Y, et al. Interleukin-10 levelin sputum is reduced in bronchial asthma, COPD and in smokers. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 309-14.
    • (1999) Eur Respir J , vol.14 , pp. 309-14
    • Takanashi, S.1    Hasegawa, Y.2    Kanehira, Y.3
  • 146
    • 64849091023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral T cell functionscorrelate with the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease
    • Zhu X, Gadgil AS, Givelber R, et al. Peripheral T cell functionscorrelate with the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease. J Immunol 2009; 182: 3270-7.
    • (2009) J Immunol , vol.182 , pp. 3270-3277
    • Zhu, X.1    Gadgil, A.S.2    Givelber, R.3
  • 147
    • 58849142042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased FOXP3 expressionin small airways of smokers with COPD
    • Isajevs S, Taivans I, Strazda G, et al. Decreased FOXP3 expressionin small airways of smokers with COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 33:61-67.
    • (2009) Eur Respir J , vol.33 , pp. 61-67
    • Isajevs, S.1    Taivans, I.2    Strazda, G.3
  • 149
    • 67650653218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T helper type 17-related cytokine expression is increased in the bronchial mucosa ofstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
    • Di Stefano A, Caramori G, Gnemmi I, et al. T helper type 17-related cytokine expression is increased in the bronchial mucosa ofstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clin ExpImmunol 2009; 157: 316-24.
    • (2009) Clin ExpImmunol , vol.157 , pp. 316-24
    • Di Stefano, A.1    Caramori, G.2    Gnemmi, I.3
  • 150
    • 56149097181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TH17 cells mediatesteroid-resistant airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsive-ness in mice
    • McKinley L, Alcorn JF, Peterson A, et al. TH17 cells mediatesteroid-resistant airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsive-ness in mice. J Immunol 2008; 181: 4089-97.
    • (2008) J Immunol , vol.181 , pp. 4089-97
    • McKinley, L.1    Alcorn, J.F.2    Peterson, A.3
  • 151
    • 10644266789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mediators of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barnes PJ. Mediators of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56: 515-48.
    • (2004) Pharmacol Rev , vol.56 , pp. 515-48
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 152
    • 21044458874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased histone deacetylaseactivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ito K, Ito M, Elliott WM, et al. Decreased histone deacetylaseactivity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1967-76.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1967-76
    • Ito, K.1    Ito, M.2    Elliott, W.M.3
  • 153
    • 71749089652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered epige-netic regulation and increasing severity of bronchial hyperrespon-siveness in atopic asthmatic children
    • Su RC, Becker AB, Kozyrskyj AL, Hayglass KT. Altered epige-netic regulation and increasing severity of bronchial hyperrespon-siveness in atopic asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124: 1116-8.
    • (2009) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.124 , pp. 1116-1118
    • Su, R.C.1    Becker, A.B.2    Kozyrskyj, A.L.3    Hayglass, K.T.4
  • 154
    • 4544379912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid re-sponses in COPD macrophages
    • Cosio BG, Tsaprouni L, Ito K, Jazrawi E, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ.Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid re-sponses in COPD macrophages. J Exp Med 2004; 200: 689-95.
    • (2004) J Exp Med , vol.200 , pp. 689-95
    • Cosio, B.G.1    Tsaprouni, L.2    Ito, K.3    Jazrawi, E.4    Adcock, I.M.5    Barnes, P.J.6
  • 155
    • 33750620057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and redox regulation oflung inflammation in COPD
    • Rahman I, Adcock IM. Oxidative stress and redox regulation oflung inflammation in COPD. Eur Respir J 2006; 28: 219-42.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.28 , pp. 219-42
    • Rahman, I.1    Adcock, I.M.2
  • 156
    • 0035315925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking reduces histone deacetylase 2 expression, en-hances cytokine expression, and inhibits glucocorticoid actions inalveolar macrophages
    • Ito K, Lim S, Caramori G, Chung KF, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Cigarette smoking reduces histone deacetylase 2 expression, en-hances cytokine expression, and inhibits glucocorticoid actions inalveolar macrophages. FASEB J 2001; 15: 1110-2.
    • (2001) FASEB J , vol.15 , pp. 1110-1112
    • Ito, K.1    Lim, S.2    Caramori, G.3    Chung, K.F.4    Barnes, P.J.5    Adcock, I.M.6
  • 157
    • 0842308109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidativestress reduces histone deacetylase 2 activity and enhances IL-8gene expression: Role of tyrosine nitration
    • Ito K, Hanazawa T, Tomita K, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. Oxidativestress reduces histone deacetylase 2 activity and enhances IL-8gene expression: role of tyrosine nitration. Biochem Biophys ResCommun 2004; 315: 240-5.
    • (2004) Biochem Biophys ResCommun , vol.315 , pp. 240-245
    • Ito, K.1    Hanazawa, T.2    Tomita, K.3    Barnes, P.J.4    Adcock, I.M.5
  • 158
    • 9744220302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smokealters chromatin remodeling and induces proinflammatory genes inrat lungs
    • Marwick JA, Kirkham PA, Stevenson CS, et al. Cigarette smokealters chromatin remodeling and induces proinflammatory genes inrat lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31: 633-42.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.31 , pp. 633-42
    • Marwick, J.A.1    Kirkham, P.A.2    Stevenson, C.S.3
  • 159
    • 56249130433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress modulatestheophylline effects on steroid responsiveness
    • Marwick JA, Wallis G, Meja K, et al. Oxidative stress modulatestheophylline effects on steroid responsiveness. Biochem BiophysRes Commun 2008; 377: 797-802.
    • (2008) Biochem BiophysRes Commun , vol.377 , pp. 797-802
    • Marwick, J.A.1    Wallis, G.2    Meja, K.3
  • 160
    • 62849114529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of phosphoi-nositide 3-kinase expression in health and disease
    • Kok K, Geering B, Vanhaesebroeck B. Regulation of phosphoi-nositide 3-kinase expression in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34: 115-27.
    • (2009) Trends Biochem Sci , vol.34 , pp. 115-27
    • Kok, K.1    Geering, B.2    Vanhaesebroeck, B.3
  • 161
    • 77951667667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for phosphoi-nositol 3-kinase delta in the impairment of glucocorticoid respon-siveness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Marwick JA, Caramori G, Casolari P, et al. A role for phosphoi-nositol 3-kinase delta in the impairment of glucocorticoid respon-siveness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAllergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125: 1146-53.
    • (2010) JAllergy Clin Immunol , vol.125 , pp. 1146-53
    • Marwick, J.A.1    Caramori, G.2    Casolari, P.3
  • 162
    • 0037445151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline: New perspectives for an old drug
    • Barnes PJ. Theophylline: new perspectives for an old drug. Am JRespir Crit Care Med 2003a; 167: 813-8.
    • (2003) Am JRespir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , pp. 813-818
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 163
    • 28244462817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:New horizons
    • discussion340-1
    • Barnes PJ. Theophylline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:new horizons. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005a; 2: 334-339; discussion340-1.
    • (2005) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.2 , pp. 334-339
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 164
    • 0037822263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of airway inflammation inasthma and COPD
    • Caramori G, Adcock I. Pharmacology of airway inflammation inasthma and COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2003; 16: 247-77.
    • (2003) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.16 , pp. 247-77
    • Caramori, G.1    Adcock, I.2
  • 166
    • 66749146095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of low-dose theophyl-line plus beclometasone on lung function in smokers with asthma: Apilot study
    • Spears M, Donnelly I, Jolly L, et al. Effect of low-dose theophyl-line plus beclometasone on lung function in smokers with asthma: apilot study. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1010-7.
    • (2009) Eur Respir J , vol.33 , pp. 1010-1017
    • Spears, M.1    Donnelly, I.2    Jolly, L.3
  • 167
    • 0037502770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists or tiotropium bromide for patients withCOPD: Is combination therapy justified?
    • Tennant RC, Erin EM, Barnes PJ, Hansel TT. Long-acting beta 2-adrenoceptor agonists or tiotropium bromide for patients withCOPD: is combination therapy justified? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003; 3: 270-276.
    • (2003) Curr Opin Pharmacol , vol.3 , pp. 270-276
    • Tennant, R.C.1    Erin, E.M.2    Barnes, P.J.3    Hansel, T.T.4
  • 168
    • 77953310216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment effects of low dose theophylline combined with aninhaled corticosteroid in COPD
    • Ford PA, Durham AL, Russell RE, Gordon F, Adcock IM, BarnesPJ. Treatment effects of low dose theophylline combined with aninhaled corticosteroid in COPD. Chest 2010; 137: 1338-44.
    • (2010) Chest , vol.137 , pp. 1338-44
    • Ford, P.A.1    Durham, A.L.2    Russell, R.E.3    Gordon, F.4    Adcock, I.M.5    Barnes, P.J.6
  • 169
    • 77958173826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting phosphoinositide-3-kinase-{delta} with theophylline reverses corticosteroid insensitivityCOPD
    • To Y, Ito K, Kizawa Y, et al. Targeting phosphoinositide-3-kinase-{delta} with theophylline reverses corticosteroid insensitivityCOPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182(7): 897-904.
    • (2010) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.182 , Issue.7 , pp. 897-904
    • To, Y.1    Ito, K.2    Kizawa, Y.3
  • 170
    • 66049156186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-dose theophylline en-hances the anti-inflammatory effects of steroids during exacerba-tions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Cosio BG, Iglesias A, Rios A, et al. Low-dose theophylline en-hances the anti-inflammatory effects of steroids during exacerba-tions of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2009; 64:424-9.
    • (2009) Thorax , vol.64 , pp. 424-429
    • Cosio, B.G.1    Iglesias, A.2    Rios, A.3
  • 171
    • 70349083749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New and controversial therapies forchronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bourbeau J, Johnson M. New and controversial therapies forchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009;6: 553-4.
    • (2009) Proc Am Thorac Soc , vol.6 , pp. 553-554
    • Bourbeau, J.1    Johnson, M.2
  • 172
    • 33745467032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect ofsmoking on the transcriptional regulation of lung inflammation inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Szulakowski P, Crowther AJ, Jiménez LA, et al. The effect ofsmoking on the transcriptional regulation of lung inflammation inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 2006; 174: 41-50.
    • (2006) Am J RespirCrit Care Med , vol.174 , pp. 41-50
    • Szulakowski, P.1    Crowther, A.J.2    Jiménez, L.A.3
  • 173
    • 70349311616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histone acetyl transferases as emergingdrug targets
    • Dekker FJ, Haisma HJ. Histone acetyl transferases as emergingdrug targets. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14: 942-8.
    • (2009) Drug Discov Today , vol.14 , pp. 942-948
    • Dekker, F.J.1    Haisma, H.J.2
  • 174
    • 67650073195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of CFTR results in reduction ofhistone deacetylase 2 in airway epithelial cells
    • Bartling TR, Drumm ML. Loss of CFTR results in reduction ofhistone deacetylase 2 in airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 297: L35-43.
    • (2009) Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol , vol.297
    • Bartling, T.R.1    Drumm, M.L.2
  • 175
    • 28844479963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting histone deacetylase 2 in chronic obstructivepulmonary disease treatment
    • Barnes PJ. Targeting histone deacetylase 2 in chronic obstructivepulmonary disease treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005b; 9:1111-21.
    • (2005) Expert Opin Ther Targets , vol.9 , pp. 1111-21
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 177
    • 77949489123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological profile ofAW-814141, a novel, potent, selective and orally active inhibitor ofp38 MAP kinase
    • Chopra P, Kulkarni O, Gupta S, et al. Pharmacological profile ofAW-814141, a novel, potent, selective and orally active inhibitor ofp38 MAP kinase. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10: 467-73.
    • (2010) Int Immunopharmacol , vol.10 , pp. 467-73
    • Chopra, P.1    Kulkarni, O.2    Gupta, S.3
  • 178
    • 77349118681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KR-003048, a potent,orally active inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
    • Montalban AG, Boman E, Chang CD, et al. KR-003048, a potent,orally active inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. EurJ Pharmacol 2010; 632: 93-102.
    • (2010) EurJ Pharmacol , vol.632 , pp. 93-102
    • Montalban, A.G.1    Boman, E.2    Chang, C.D.3
  • 179
    • 72749121087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A random-ized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of the p38 MAPK in-hibitor SB-681323 on blood biomarkers of inflammation in COPDpatients
    • Singh D, Smyth L, Borrill Z, Sweeney L, Tal-Singer R. A random-ized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of the p38 MAPK in-hibitor SB-681323 on blood biomarkers of inflammation in COPDpatients. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50: 94-100.
    • (2010) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.50 , pp. 94-100
    • Singh, D.1    Smyth, L.2    Borrill, Z.3    Sweeney, L.4    Tal-Singer, R.5
  • 180
    • 75749092187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Go upstream, young man: Lessonslearned from the p38 saga
    • Hammaker D, Firestein GS. Go upstream, young man: lessonslearned from the p38 saga. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69 (Suppl 1):i77-82.
    • (2010) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.69 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Hammaker, D.1    Firestein, G.S.2
  • 181
    • 66749134594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting innate immunityprotein kinase signalling in inflammation
    • Gaestel M, Kotlyarov A, Kracht M. Targeting innate immunityprotein kinase signalling in inflammation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8: 480-99.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Drug Discov , vol.8 , pp. 480-99
    • Gaestel, M.1    Kotlyarov, A.2    Kracht, M.3
  • 182
    • 40949119305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined corticoster-oid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus placebo forchronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Nannini L, Cates CJ, Lasserson TJ, Poole P. Combined corticoster-oid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus placebo forchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4: CD003794.
    • (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4
    • Nannini, L.1    Cates, C.J.2    Lasserson, T.J.3    Poole, P.4
  • 183
    • 0037180086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between gluco-corticoids and beta2 agonists on bronchial airway smooth musclecells through synchronised cellular signalling
    • Roth M, Johnson PR, Rüdiger JJ, et al. Interaction between gluco-corticoids and beta2 agonists on bronchial airway smooth musclecells through synchronised cellular signalling. Lancet 2002; 360:1293-1299.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 1293-1299
    • Roth, M.1    Johnson, P.R.2    Rüdiger, J.J.3
  • 184
    • 24944482440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoidreceptor nuclear translocation in airway cells after inhaled combi-nation therapy
    • Usmani OS, Ito K, Maneechotesuwan K, et al. Glucocorticoidreceptor nuclear translocation in airway cells after inhaled combi-nation therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 704-712.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.172 , pp. 704-712
    • Usmani, O.S.1    Ito, K.2    Maneechotesuwan, K.3
  • 185
    • 11044232589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy of long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists and corticosteroids for asthma
    • Chung KF, Adcock IM. Combination therapy of long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists and corticosteroids for asthma. Treat RespirMed 2004a; 3: 279-89.
    • (2004) Treat RespirMed , vol.3 , pp. 279-89
    • Chung, K.F.1    Adcock, I.M.2
  • 186
    • 33644763964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids and adrenoceptor agonists: Thecompliments for combination therapy in chronic airways diseases
    • Sin DD, Man SF. Corticosteroids and adrenoceptor agonists: thecompliments for combination therapy in chronic airways diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533: 28-35.
    • (2006) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.533 , pp. 28-35
    • Sin, D.D.1    Man, S.F.2
  • 187
    • 33644811309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in airways disease
    • Chung KF. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in airways disease. Eur JPharmacol 2006a; 533: 110-117.
    • (2006) Eur JPharmacol , vol.533 , pp. 110-117
    • Chung, K.F.1
  • 188
    • 77952192978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is PDE4 too difficult a drug target?
    • Higgs G. Is PDE4 too difficult a drug target? Curr Opin InvestigDrugs 2010; 11: 495-498.
    • (2010) Curr Opin InvestigDrugs , vol.11 , pp. 495-498
    • Higgs, G.1
  • 189
    • 76449090268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roflumilast in chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease: Evidence from large trials
    • Cazzola M, Picciolo S, Matera MG. Roflumilast in chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease: evidence from large trials. Expert OpinPharmacother 2010; 11: 441-449.
    • (2010) Expert OpinPharmacother , vol.11 , pp. 441-449
    • Cazzola, M.1    Picciolo, S.2    Matera, M.G.3
  • 190
    • 11844267183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for asthma andchronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Lipworth BJ. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for asthma andchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2005; 365: 167-175.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 167-175
    • Lipworth, B.J.1
  • 193
    • 69149103642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roflumilast insymptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Two random-ised clinical trials
    • M2-124 and M2-125 study groups
    • Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring UM, Kristiansen S, Fabbri LM,Martinez FJ. M2-124 and M2-125 study groups. Roflumilast insymptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two random-ised clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374: 685-694.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 685-694
    • Calverley, P.M.1    Rabe, K.F.2    Goehring, U.M.3    Kristiansen, S.4
  • 194
    • 33744799127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines as targets in chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease
    • Chung KF. Cytokines as targets in chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease. Curr Drug Targets 2006b; 7: 675-81.
    • (2006) Curr Drug Targets , vol.7 , pp. 675-81
    • Chung, K.F.1
  • 195
    • 69149098943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M2-127 andM2-128 study groups. Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronicobstructive pulmonary disease treated with long-acting bronchodi-lators: Two randomised clinical trials
    • Fabbri LM, Calverley PM, Izquierdo-Alonso JL, et al. M2-127 andM2-128 study groups. Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronicobstructive pulmonary disease treated with long-acting bronchodi-lators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374: 695-703.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 695-703
    • Fabbri, L.M.1    Calverley, P.M.2    Izquierdo-Alonso, J.L.3
  • 196
    • 10644253750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphodiesterase 4-selective inhibition: Novel therapyfor the inflammation of COPD
    • Jeffery P. Phosphodiesterase 4-selective inhibition: novel therapyfor the inflammation of COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18: 9-17.
    • (2005) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.18 , pp. 9-17
    • Jeffery, P.1
  • 197
    • 36749063803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction insputum neutrophil and eosinophil numbers by the PDE4 inhibitorroflumilast in patients with COPD
    • Grootendorst DC, Gauw SA, Verhoosel RM, et al. Reduction insputum neutrophil and eosinophil numbers by the PDE4 inhibitorroflumilast in patients with COPD. Thorax 2007; 62: 1081-7.
    • (2007) Thorax , vol.62 , pp. 1081-1087
    • Grootendorst, D.C.1    Gauw, S.A.2    Verhoosel, R.M.3
  • 198
    • 0032445151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory mediators ofasthma: An update
    • Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Page CP. Inflammatory mediators ofasthma: an update. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50: 515-96.
    • (1998) Pharmacol Rev , vol.50 , pp. 515-96
    • Barnes, P.J.1    Chung, K.F.2    Page, C.P.3
  • 199
    • 33645467520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5-Lipoxygenase,leukotrienes biosynthesis and potential antileukotrienic agents
    • Jampilek J, Dolezal M, Opletalova V, Hartl J. 5-Lipoxygenase,leukotrienes biosynthesis and potential antileukotrienic agents. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13: 117-29.
    • (2006) Curr Med Chem , vol.13 , pp. 117-29
    • Jampilek, J.1    Dolezal, M.2    Opletalova, V.3    Hartl, J.4
  • 200
    • 33644885331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ALOX5 promoter geno-type, asthma severity and LTC production by eosinophils
    • Kalayci O, Birben E, Sackesen C, et al. ALOX5 promoter geno-type, asthma severity and LTC production by eosinophils. Allergy 2006; 61: 97-103.
    • (2006) Allergy , vol.61 , pp. 97-103
    • Kalayci, O.1    Birben, E.2    Sackesen, C.3
  • 203
    • 32444440309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of leukotriene pathwaypolymorphisms on response to montelukast in asthma
    • Lima JJ, Zhang S, Grant A, et al. Influence of leukotriene pathwaypolymorphisms on response to montelukast in asthma. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 2006; 173: 379-85.
    • (2006) Am J RespirCrit Care Med , vol.173 , pp. 379-85
    • Lima, J.J.1    Zhang, S.2    Grant, A.3
  • 206
    • 34250852792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cysteinyl-leukotrienes and their receptors in asthma and other in-flammatory diseases: Critical update and emerging trends
    • Capra V, Thompson MD, Sala A, Cole DE, Folco G, Rovati GE.Cysteinyl-leukotrienes and their receptors in asthma and other in-flammatory diseases: critical update and emerging trends. Med ResRev 2007; 27: 469-527.
    • (2007) Med ResRev , vol.27 , pp. 469-527
    • Capra, V.1    Thompson, M.D.2    Sala, A.3    Cole, D.E.4    Folco, G.5    Rovati, G.E.6
  • 207
    • 0035152877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of the cyste-inyl leukotriene 1 receptor in normal human lung and peripheralblood leukocytes
    • Figueroa DJ, Breyer RM, Defoe SK, et al. Expression of the cyste-inyl leukotriene 1 receptor in normal human lung and peripheralblood leukocytes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 226-33.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 226-33
    • Figueroa, D.J.1    Breyer, R.M.2    Defoe, S.K.3
  • 208
    • 0037246364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in airway inflammation, smoothmuscle function, and remodeling
    • discussion S34-6
    • Holgate ST, Peters-Golden M, Panettieri RA, Henderson WR Jr.Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in airway inflammation, smoothmuscle function, and remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111(1 Suppl): S18-34; discussion S34-6.
    • (2003) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.111 , Issue.1 SUPPL.
    • Holgate, S.T.1    Peters-Golden, M.2    Panettieri, R.A.3    Henderson, W.R.4
  • 209
    • 3843125523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-leukotriene agents compared toinhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/orchronic asthma in adults and children
    • Ng D, Salvio F, Hicks G. Anti-leukotriene agents compared toinhaled corticosteroids in the management of recurrent and/orchronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 2: CD002314.
    • (2004) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , Issue.2
    • Ng, D.1    Salvio, F.2    Hicks, G.3
  • 211
    • 0036308390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, placebo-controlled trialof a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor in patients with COPD
    • Gompertz S, Stockley RA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trialof a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 122: 289-294.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.122 , pp. 289-294
    • Gompertz, S.1    Stockley, R.A.2
  • 212
    • 39749178346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of the oral leukot-riene B4 receptor antagonist LTB019 on inflammatory sputummarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Grönke L, Beeh KM, Cameron R, et al. Effect of the oral leukot-riene B4 receptor antagonist LTB019 on inflammatory sputummarkers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21: 409-17.
    • (2008) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.21 , pp. 409-17
    • Grönke, L.1    Beeh, K.M.2    Cameron, R.3
  • 214
    • 0842323816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term montelukast ther-apy in moderate to severe COPD--a preliminary observation
    • Rubinstein I, Kumar B, Schriever C. Long-term montelukast ther-apy in moderate to severe COPD--a preliminary observation. Respir Med 2004; 98: 134-8.
    • (2004) Respir Med , vol.98 , pp. 134-138
    • Rubinstein, I.1    Kumar, B.2    Schriever, C.3
  • 215
    • 1242341925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, omalizumab: A newtreatment for allergic asthma
    • Chung KF. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, omalizumab: a newtreatment for allergic asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2004b; 5:439-46.
    • (2004) Expert Opin Pharmacother , vol.5 , pp. 439-46
    • Chung, K.F.1
  • 218
    • 0031781980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Mycoplasmapneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma
    • Erratum in: Am JRespir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1692
    • Kraft M, Cassell GH, Henson JE, et al. Detection of Mycoplasmapneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. Am JRespir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 998-1001. Erratum in: Am JRespir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1692.
    • (1998) Am JRespir Crit Care Med , vol.158
    • Kraft, M.1    Cassell, G.H.2    Henson, J.E.3
  • 220
    • 0034821548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of blood ves-sels and edema in the airways of asthma patients: Regulation withclarithromycin treatment
    • Chu HW, Kraft M, Rex MD, Martin RJ. Evaluation of blood ves-sels and edema in the airways of asthma patients: regulation withclarithromycin treatment. Chest 2001; 120: 416-22.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.120 , pp. 416-22
    • Chu, H.W.1    Kraft, M.2    Rex, M.D.3    Martin, R.J.4
  • 221
    • 33646939061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide antibiotics and asthma treatment
    • Johnston SL. Macrolide antibiotics and asthma treatment. J AllergyClin Immunol 2006; 117: 1233-6.
    • (2006) J AllergyClin Immunol , vol.117 , pp. 1233-1236
    • Johnston, S.L.1
  • 222
    • 28044444054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory effects ofmacrolide antibiotics
    • Shinkai M, Park CS, Rubin BK. Immunomodulatory effects ofmacrolide antibiotics. Clin Pulm Med 2005; 12: 341-8.
    • (2005) Clin Pulm Med , vol.12 , pp. 341-348
    • Shinkai, M.1    Park, C.S.2    Rubin, B.K.3
  • 223
    • 33745698649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telithromycin in acute exacerbations ofasthma
    • author reply
    • Caramori G, Papi A. Telithromycin in acute exacerbations ofasthma. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 96; author reply 97-98.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , Issue.96 , pp. 97-98
    • Caramori, G.1    Papi, A.2
  • 224
    • 0142022792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine-directed therapies for the treatment of chronicairway diseases
    • Barnes PJ. Cytokine-directed therapies for the treatment of chronicairway diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003b; 14: 511-22.
    • (2003) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev , vol.14 , pp. 511-22
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 225
    • 6644229440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an interleukin-5blocking monoclonal antibody on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response
    • Leckie MJ, ten Brinke A, Khan J, et al. Effects of an interleukin-5blocking monoclonal antibody on eosinophils, airway hyper-responsiveness, and the late asthmatic response. Lancet 2000; 356:2144-8.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 2144-2148
    • Leckie, M.J.1    Ten, B.A.2    Khan, J.3
  • 226
    • 0038643527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of SCH55700, ahumanized anti-human interleukin-5 antibody, in severe persistentasthma: A pilot study
    • Kips JC, O'Connor BJ, Langley SJ, et al. Effect of SCH55700, ahumanized anti-human interleukin-5 antibody, in severe persistentasthma: a pilot study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 1655-9.
    • (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.167 , pp. 1655-1659
    • Kips, J.C.1    O'Connor, B.J.2    Langley, S.J.3
  • 227
    • 36749065556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Mepoli-zumab Study Group. A study to evaluate safety and efficacy of me-polizumab in patients with moderate persistent asthma
    • Flood-Page P, Swenson C, Faiferman I, et al. International Mepoli-zumab Study Group. A study to evaluate safety and efficacy of me-polizumab in patients with moderate persistent asthma. Am JRespir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 1062-71.
    • (2007) Am JRespir Crit Care Med , vol.176 , pp. 1062-71
    • Flood-Page, P.1    Swenson, C.2    Faiferman, I.3
  • 228
    • 0037718532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoclonalanti-interleukin-5 treatment suppresses eosinophil but not T-cellfunctions
    • Büttner C, Lun A, Splettstoesser T, Kunkel G, Renz H. Monoclonalanti-interleukin-5 treatment suppresses eosinophil but not T-cellfunctions. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 799-803.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 799-803
    • Büttner, C.1    Lun, A.2    Splettstoesser, T.3    Kunkel, G.4    Renz, H.5
  • 229
    • 61849086181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mepolizumab andexacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma
    • Haldar P, Brightling CE, Hargadon B, et al. Mepolizumab andexacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 973-84.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , pp. 973-84
    • Haldar, P.1    Brightling, C.E.2    Hargadon, B.3
  • 230
    • 61849155730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mepolizumab forprednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia
    • Nair P, Pizzichini MM, Kjarsgaard M, et al. Mepolizumab forprednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. N Engl JMed 2009; 360: 985-93.
    • (2009) N Engl JMed , vol.360 , pp. 985-93
    • Nair, P.1    Pizzichini, M.M.2    Kjarsgaard, M.3
  • 231
    • 77949503208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narrative review: The role of Th2 immunepathway modulation in the treatment of severe asthma and its phe-notypes
    • Levine SJ, Wenzel SE. Narrative review: the role of Th2 immunepathway modulation in the treatment of severe asthma and its phe-notypes. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 232-7.
    • (2010) Ann Intern Med , vol.152 , pp. 232-237
    • Levine, S.J.1    Wenzel, S.E.2
  • 232
    • 40949146020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mepolizumab HESStudy Group. Treatment of patients with the hypereosinophilicsyndrome with mepolizumab
    • Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2530
    • Rothenberg ME, Klion AD, Roufosse FE, et al. Mepolizumab HESStudy Group. Treatment of patients with the hypereosinophilicsyndrome with mepolizumab. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1215-1228.Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2530.
    • N Engl J Med 2008 , vol.358 , pp. 1215-1228
    • Rothenberg, M.E.1    Klion, A.D.2    Roufosse, F.E.3
  • 233
    • 33745179197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association betweenpolymorphism of tumour necrosis factor alpha-308 gene promoterand asthma: A meta-analysis
    • Gao J, Shan G, Sun B, Thompson PJ, Gao X. Association betweenpolymorphism of tumour necrosis factor alpha-308 gene promoterand asthma: a meta-analysis. Thorax 2006; 61: 466-71.
    • (2006) Thorax , vol.61 , pp. 466-71
    • Gao, J.1    Shan, G.2    Sun, B.3    Thompson, P.J.4    Gao, X.5
  • 234
    • 21844431677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attempted replication ofreported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease candidate gene as-sociations
    • Hersh CP, Demeo DL, Lange C, et al. Attempted replication ofreported chronic obstructive pulmonary disease candidate gene as-sociations. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 33: 71-8.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , vol.33 , pp. 71-78
    • Hersh, C.P.1    Demeo, D.L.2    Lange, C.3
  • 235
    • 32644490529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of a role oftumor necrosis factor alpha in refractory asthma
    • Berry MA, Hargadon B, Shelley M, et al. Evidence of a role oftumor necrosis factor alpha in refractory asthma. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 697-708.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 697-708
    • Berry, M.A.1    Hargadon, B.2    Shelley, M.3
  • 236
    • 0038045780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In situ localization of TNFalpha/beta, TACE and TNFreceptors TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 in control and LPS-treated lung tis-sue
    • Ermert M, Pantazis C, Duncker HR, Grimminger F, Seeger W,Ermert L. In situ localization of TNFalpha/beta, TACE and TNFreceptors TNF-R1 and TNF-R2 in control and LPS-treated lung tis-sue. Cytokine 2003; 22: 89-100.
    • (2003) Cytokine , vol.22 , pp. 89-100
    • Ermert, M.1    Pantazis, C.2    Duncker, H.R.3    Grimminger, F.4    Seeger, W.5    Ermert, L.6
  • 237
    • 0028983633 scopus 로고
    • TNF-alpha increases airwayresponsiveness and sputum neutrophilia in normal human subjects
    • Thomas PS, Yates DH, Barnes PJ. TNF-alpha increases airwayresponsiveness and sputum neutrophilia in normal human subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 76-80.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 76-80
    • Thomas, P.S.1    Yates, D.H.2    Barnes, P.J.3
  • 238
    • 34247607712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD Investigators. Thesafety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease
    • Rennard SI, Fogarty C, Kelsen S, et al. COPD Investigators. Thesafety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic ob-structive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175: 926-34.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.175 , pp. 926-34
    • Rennard, S.I.1    Fogarty, C.2    Kelsen, S.3
  • 239
    • 75749095929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TNF-alpha inhibitors inasthma and COPD: We must not throw the baby out with the bathwater
    • Matera MG, Calzetta L, Cazzola M. TNF-alpha inhibitors inasthma and COPD: we must not throw the baby out with the bathwater. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23: 121-8.
    • (2010) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.23 , pp. 121-128
    • Matera, M.G.1    Calzetta, L.2    Cazzola, M.3
  • 240
    • 33646696885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis andthe risk of serious infections and malignancies: Systematic reviewand meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlledtrials
    • Erratum in: JAMA 2006; 295:2482
    • Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL,Montori V. Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis andthe risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic reviewand meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlledtrials. JAMA 2006; 295: 2275-2285. Erratum in: JAMA 2006; 295:2482.
    • (2006) JAMA , vol.295 , pp. 2275-2285
    • Bongartz, T.1    Sutton, A.J.2    Sweeting, M.J.3    Buchan, I.4    Matteson, E.L.5    Montori, V.6
  • 241
    • 33645518317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The yin and yang of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors
    • Calabrese L. The yin and yang of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Cleve Clin J Med 2006; 73: 251-6.
    • (2006) Cleve Clin J Med , vol.73 , pp. 251-256
    • Calabrese, L.1
  • 242
    • 32644459549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha for refrac-tory asthma
    • Erzurum SC. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha for refrac-tory asthma. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 754-8.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 754-758
    • Erzurum, S.C.1
  • 243
    • 28244479315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumour necrosis factor(TNFalpha) as a novel therapeutic target in symptomatic corticoste-roid dependent asthma
    • Howarth PH, Babu KS, Arshad HS, et al. Tumour necrosis factor(TNFalpha) as a novel therapeutic target in symptomatic corticoste-roid dependent asthma. Thorax 2005; 60: 1012-8.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 1012-1018
    • Howarth, P.H.1    Babu, K.S.2    Arshad, H.S.3
  • 244
    • 0037296809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway hyperresponsiveness: A story ofmice and men and cytokines
    • Townley RG, Horiba M. Airway hyperresponsiveness: a story ofmice and men and cytokines. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2003; 24:85-110.
    • (2003) Clin Rev Allergy Immunol , vol.24 , pp. 85-110
    • Townley, R.G.1    Horiba, M.2
  • 245
    • 0036727009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of inhaled tumour necrosis factoralpha in subjects with mild asthma
    • Thomas PS, Heywood G. Effects of inhaled tumour necrosis factoralpha in subjects with mild asthma. Thorax 2002; 57: 774-8.
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 774-778
    • Thomas, P.S.1    Heywood, G.2
  • 246
    • 33749438560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of a mono-clonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha inasthma
    • Erin EM, Leaker BR, Nicholson GC, et al. The effects of a mono-clonal antibody directed against tumor necrosis factor-alpha inasthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 753-62.
    • (2006) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.174 , pp. 753-62
    • Erin, E.M.1    Leaker, B.R.2    Nicholson, G.C.3
  • 247
    • 62549084077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T03 Asthma Investiga-tors. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tu-mor necrosis factor-alpha blockade in severe persistent asthma
    • Wenzel SE, Barnes PJ, Bleecker ER, et al. T03 Asthma Investiga-tors. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tu-mor necrosis factor-alpha blockade in severe persistent asthma. AmJ Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 549-58.
    • (2009) AmJ Respir Crit Care Med , vol.179 , pp. 549-58
    • Wenzel, S.E.1    Barnes, P.J.2    Bleecker, E.R.3
  • 248
    • 3142517968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association betweenchronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation:A systematic review and a meta-analysis
    • Gan WQ, Man SF, Senthilselvan A, Sin DD. Association betweenchronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation:a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004; 59: 574-80.
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , pp. 574-80
    • Gan, W.Q.1    Man, S.F.2    Senthilselvan, A.3    Sin, D.D.4
  • 249
    • 0030071687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences ininterleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputumfrom patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease orasthma
    • Keatings VM, Collins PD, Scott DM, Barnes PJ. Differences ininterleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputumfrom patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease orasthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 530-4.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , pp. 530-534
    • Keatings, V.M.1    Collins, P.D.2    Scott, D.M.3    Barnes, P.J.4
  • 250
    • 0036839767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local and systemicinflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are increased in spu-tum
    • Vernooy JH, Küçükaycan M, Jacobs JA, et al. Local and systemicinflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are increased in spu-tum. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1218-24.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 1218-24
    • Vernooy, J.H.1    Küçükaycan, M.2    Jacobs, J.A.3
  • 252
    • 0037102166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptosis as a potential mechanism of muscle cachexiain chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Lewis MI. Apoptosis as a potential mechanism of muscle cachexiain chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit CareMed 2002; 166: 434-6.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit CareMed , vol.166 , pp. 434-436
    • Lewis, M.I.1
  • 253
    • 4444322565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumornecrosis factor-alpha drives 70% of cigarette smoke-induced em-physema in the mouse
    • Churg A, Wang RD, Tai H, Wang X, Xie C, Wright JL. Tumornecrosis factor-alpha drives 70% of cigarette smoke-induced em-physema in the mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 492-8.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.170 , pp. 492-498
    • Churg, A.1    Wang, R.D.2    Tai, H.3    Wang, X.4    Xie, C.5    Wright, J.L.6
  • 254
    • 0036141863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severityof elastase-induced emphysema is decreased in tumor necrosis fac-tor-alpha and interleukin-1beta receptor-deficient mice
    • Lucey EC, Keane J, Kuang PP, Snider GL, Goldstein RH. Severityof elastase-induced emphysema is decreased in tumor necrosis fac-tor-alpha and interleukin-1beta receptor-deficient mice. Lab Invest 2002; 82: 79-85.
    • (2002) Lab Invest , vol.82 , pp. 79-85
    • Lucey, E.C.1    Keane, J.2    Kuang, P.P.3    Snider, G.L.4    Goldstein, R.H.5
  • 255
    • 20444415267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor ne-crosis factor-alpha overexpression in lung disease: A single causebehind a complex phenotype
    • Lundblad LK, Thompson-Figueroa J, Leclair T, et al. Tumor ne-crosis factor-alpha overexpression in lung disease: a single causebehind a complex phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171: 1363-70.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 1363-70
    • Lundblad, L.K.1    Thompson-Figueroa, J.2    Leclair, T.3
  • 257
    • 38049057089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TNF-alpha antagonists and the pre-vention of hospitalisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease
    • Suissa S, Ernst P, Hudson M. TNF-alpha antagonists and the pre-vention of hospitalisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21: 234-238.
    • (2008) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.21 , pp. 234-238
    • Suissa, S.1    Ernst, P.2    Hudson, M.3
  • 258
    • 52049113214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New targets for drug deve-lopment in asthma
    • Adcock IM, Caramori G, Chung KF. New targets for drug deve-lopment in asthma. Lancet 2008b; 372: 1073-1087.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.372 , pp. 1073-1087
    • Adcock, I.M.1    Caramori, G.2    Chung, K.F.3
  • 259
    • 3042530222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects of inhaled budesonideand the NO-donating budesonide derivative, NCX 1020, againstleukocyte influx and airway hyperreactivity following lipopolysac-charide challenge
    • Nevin BJ, Broadley KJ. Comparative effects of inhaled budesonideand the NO-donating budesonide derivative, NCX 1020, againstleukocyte influx and airway hyperreactivity following lipopolysac-charide challenge. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2004; 17: 219-32.
    • (2004) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.17 , pp. 219-32
    • Nevin, B.J.1    Broadley, K.J.2
  • 260
    • 0042834254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoid recep-tor nitration leads to enhanced anti-inflammatory effects of novelsteroid ligands
    • Paul-Clark MJ, Roviezzo F, Flower RJ, et al. Glucocorticoid recep-tor nitration leads to enhanced anti-inflammatory effects of novelsteroid ligands. J Immunol 2003; 171: 3245-52.
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.171 , pp. 3245-52
    • Paul-Clark, M.J.1    Roviezzo, F.2    Flower, R.J.3
  • 261
    • 37649009794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antiinflammatory gluco-corticoid receptor ligand with reduced side effects exhibits an al-tered protein-protein interaction profile
    • Miner JN, Ardecky B, Benbatoul K, et al. Antiinflammatory gluco-corticoid receptor ligand with reduced side effects exhibits an al-tered protein-protein interaction profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 19244-19249.
    • (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.104 , pp. 19244-19249
    • Miner, J.N.1    Ardecky, B.2    Benbatoul, K.3
  • 262
    • 24144465889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular determinants ofcrosstalk between nuclear receptors and toll-like receptors
    • Ogawa S, Lozach J, Benner C, et al. Molecular determinants ofcrosstalk between nuclear receptors and toll-like receptors. Cell 2005; 122: 707-721.
    • (2005) Cell , pp. 707-721
    • Ogawa, S.1    Lozach, J.2    Benner, C.3
  • 263
    • 44649131942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear receptors: Doubling up in the lung
    • Farrow SN. Nuclear receptors: doubling up in the lung. Curr OpinPharmacol 2008; 8: 275-9.
    • (2008) Curr OpinPharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 275-279
    • Farrow, S.N.1
  • 264
    • 33947358942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic potential of phosphati-dylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors in inflammatory respiratory disease
    • Ito K, Caramori G, Adcock IM. Therapeutic potential of phosphati-dylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors in inflammatory respiratory disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321: 1-8.
    • (2007) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.321 , pp. 1-8
    • Ito, K.1    Caramori, G.2    Adcock, I.M.3
  • 265
    • 45249125161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review: Individual DMARDs have similar effi-cacy for RA, but combination therapy improves response
    • Rothschild BM. Review: individual DMARDs have similar effi-cacy for RA, but combination therapy improves response. Evid Based Med 2008; 13: 76.
    • (2008) Evid Based Med , vol.13 , pp. 76
    • Rothschild, B.M.1
  • 266
    • 33748566568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroid design for the treatment ofasthma: Structural insights and the therapeutic potential of soft cor-ticosteroids
    • Bodor N, Buchwald P. Corticosteroid design for the treatment ofasthma: structural insights and the therapeutic potential of soft cor-ticosteroids. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(25): 3241-60.
    • (2006) Curr Pharm Des , vol.12 , Issue.25 , pp. 3241-60
    • Bodor, N.1    Buchwald, P.2
  • 267
    • 77955617565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel and current treatment concepts using pul-monary drug delivery
    • Hohenegger M. Novel and current treatment concepts using pul-monary drug delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16(22): 2484-92.
    • (2010) Curr Pharm Des , vol.16 , Issue.22 , pp. 2484-92
    • Hohenegger, M.1
  • 268
    • 33748544596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in asthma and COPDtreatment: Combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids andlong-acting beta 2-agonists
    • Miller-Larsson A, Selroos O. Advances in asthma and COPDtreatment: combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids andlong-acting beta 2-agonists. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12(25): 3261-79.
    • (2006) Curr Pharm Des , vol.12 , Issue.25 , pp. 3261-79
    • Miller-Larsson, A.1    Selroos, O.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.