Plant metabolites and nutritional quality of vegetables

Journal of Food Science

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 2008, Pages

  Hounsome, N ^a   Hounsome, B ^b   Tomos, D ^a   Edwards Jones, G ^a  

^a BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Analysis; Nutritional quality; Plant metabolites; Vegetables

Indexed keywords

ALKALOID; AMINO ACID; CARBOHYDRATE; CARBOXYLIC ACID; FATTY ACID; FLAVONOID; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; POLYPHENOLS; TERPENE; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

CHEMISTRY; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHORESIS; HEALTH PROMOTION; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; REVIEW; SPECTROSCOPY; VEGETABLE;

ALKALOIDS; AMINO ACIDS; CARBOHYDRATES; CARBOXYLIC ACIDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHORESIS; FATTY ACIDS; FLAVONOIDS; HEALTH PROMOTION; NUTRITIVE VALUE; PHENOLS; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; TERPENES; VEGETABLES; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

EID: 43049136933     PISSN: 00221147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00716.x     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Abayomi LA, Terry LA, White SF, Warner PJ. 2006. Development of a disposable pyruvate biosensor to determine pungency in onions (Allium cepa L.). Biosens Bioelectron 21 (11 2176 9.
2. Abbott JA. 1999. Quality measurement of fruits and vegetables. Postharv Biol Technol 15 (3 207 25.
3. Adams MA, Chen Z, Landman P, Colmer TD. 1999. Simultaneous determination by capillary gas chromatography of organic acids sugars and sugar alcohols in plant tissue extracts as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Anal Biochem 266 (1 77 84.
4. Adlercreutz H, Mazur W. 1997. Phyto-oestrogens and Western diseases. Ann Med 29 (2 95 120.
5. Altria KD. 1999. Overview of capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. J Chrom A 856 (1-2 443 63.
6. Altria KD, Smith NW, Turnbull CH. 1997. A review of the current status of capillary electrochromatography technology and applications. Chromatographia 46 (11-12 664 74.
7. Anderson JW, Bridges SR. 1988. Dietary fiber content of selected foods. Am J Clin Nutr 47: 440 7.
8. Arts ICW, Hollman PCH. 2005. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 81 (Suppl 317S 25S.
9. Asp NG. 1996. Dietary carbohydrates: classification by chemistry and physiology. Food Chem 57 (1 9 14.
10. Aturki Z, D'Orazio G, Fanali S. 2005. Rapid assay of vitamin E in vegetable oils by reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 26 (4-5 798 803.
11. Awad AB, Fink CS. 2000. Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: evidence and mechanism of action. J Nutr 130: 2127 30.
12. Baranska M, Baranski R, Schulz H, Nothnagel T. 2006. Tissue-specific accumulation of carotenoids in carrot roots. Planta 224 (5 1028 37.
13. Bartz JA, Brecht JK. 2002. Postharvest physiology and pathology of vegetables. 2nd ed. CRC Press. 744 p.
14. Bell A. 2003. Nonprotein amino acids of plants: significance in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. J Agric Food Chem 51 (10 2854 65.
15. Bender DA. 2003. Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. 2nd ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press. 512 p.
16. Bennett RN, Wallsgrove RM. 1994. Tansley review no 72. Secondary metabolites in plant defence mechanisms. New Phytol 127: 617 33.
17. Bhosale P, Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, Gellermann W, Bernstein PS. 2004. Resonance Raman quantification of nutritionally important carotenoids in fruits vegetables and their juices in comparison to high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. J Agric Food Chem 52 (11 3281 5.
18. Bilyk A, Cooper PL, Sapers GM. 1984. Varietal differences in distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in onion (Allium cepa L.) tissue. J Agric Food Chem 32 (2 274 6.
19. Blaut M. 2002. Relationship of prebiotics and food to intestinal microflora. Eur J Nutr 41 (Suppl 1 I/11 I/16.
20. 1) content of foods. Br J Nutr 83 (4 389 99.
21. Bones AM, Rossiter JT. 1996. The myrosinase-glucosinolate system: its organisation and biochemistry. Physiol Plant 97 (1 194 208.
22. Boue SM, Carter-Weintjies CH, Shih BY, Cleveland TE. 2003. Identification of flavone aglycones and glycosides in soybean pods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chrom A 991 (1 61 8.
23. Brezmes J, Llobet E, Vilanova X, Orts J, Saiz G, Correig X. 2001. Correlation between electronic nose signals and fruit quality indicators on shelf-life measurements with pinklady apples. Sens Actuat B 80 (1 41 50.
24. Brezmes J, Fructuoso MaLL, Llobet E, Vilanova X, Recasens I, Orts J, Saiz G, Correig X. 2005. Evaluation of an electronic nose to assess fruit ripeness. IEEE Sens J 5 (1 97 108.
25. Brigelius-Flohe R, Traber MG. 1999. Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB J 13: 1145 55.
26. Buchgraber M, Karaali A. 2005. Compilation of standardised analytical methods for the analysis of active ingredients in functional foods. Brussels: European Commission Directorate-General Joint Research Centre Inst. for Reference Materials and Measurements. Available from: http://www.irmm.jrc.be/ html/publications/technical_reports/publications/EUR21831ENcomplete.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2007.
27. Bureau JL, Bushway RJ. 1986. HPLC determination of carotenoids in fruits and vegetables in the United States. J Food Sci 51 (1 128 30.
28. Butz P, Hofmann C, Tauscher B. 2005. Recent developments in noninvasive techniques for fresh fruit and vegetable internal quality analysis. J Food Sci 70 (9 131 41.
29. Capell T, Christou P. 2004. Progress in plant metabolic engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 15 (2 148 54.
30. Carr AC, Frei B. 1999. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 1086 107.
31. Charlton A, Allnutt T, Holmes S, Chisholm J, Bean S, Ellis N, Mullineaux P, Oehlschlager S. 2004. NMR profiling of transgenic peas. Plant Biotechnol J 2: 27 35.
32. Chen P, McCarthy MJ, Kim SM, Zion B. 1996. Development of a high-speed NMR technique for sensing maturity of avocados. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 39 (6 2205 9.
33. Cheng JC, Dai F, Zhou B, Yang L, Liu ZL. 2007. Antioxidant activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in human low density lipoprotein: mechanism and structure-activity relationship. Food Chem 104 (1 132 9.
34. Cherkaoui S, Bekkouche K, Christen P, Veuthey JL. 2001. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis with diode array and electrospray mass spectrometric detection for the analysis of selected steroidal alkaloids in plant extracts. J Chrom A 922 (1-2 321 8.
35. Chester TL, Pinkston JD, Raynie DE. 1994. Supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction. Anal Chem 66: 106R 30R.
36. Chou CH. 1999. Roles of allelopathy in plant biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Crit Rev Plant Sci 18 (5 609 36.
37. Chun J, Lee J, Ye L, Exler J, Eitenmiller RR. 2006. Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of raw and processed fruits and vegetables in the United States diet. J Food Comp Anal 19: 196 204.
38. Clark CJ, Hockings PD, Joyce DC, Mazucco RA. 1997. Application of magnetic resonance imaging to pre-and post-harvest studies of fruits and vegetables. Postharv Biol Technol 11 (1 1 21.
39. Clouse SD, Sasse JM. 1998. Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49: 427 51.
40. Cole KD, Cousin SL Jr. 1994. Size exclusion chromatography of soybean proteins and isoflavones. J Agric Food Chem 42 (12 2713 20.
41. Combs GF Jr. 1998. The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press. 618 p.
42. Connor WE. 1999. α-linolenic acid in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 827 8.
43. Connor WE. 2000. Importance of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (1 Suppl 171S 5S.
44. Cowan MM. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 12 (4 564 82.
45. Crozier A, Clifford M, Ashihara H. 2006. Plant secondary metabolites: occurrence structure and role in the human diet. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 384 p.
46. Dahlberg DB, Lee SM, Wenger SJ, Vargo JA. 1997. Classification of vegetable oils by FT-IR. Appl Spectroscop 51 (8 1118 24.
47. Dalvi RR, Bowie WC. 1983. Toxicology of solanine: an overview. Vet Human Toxicol 25 (1 13 5.
48. 1) content of vegetables. J Food Comp Anal 18: 751 8.
49. Das S, Tyagi AK, Kaur H. 2000. Cancer modulation by glucosinolates: a review. Curr Sci 79 (12 1665 71.
50. Davies K. 2004. Plant pigments and their manipulation. Annual plant reviews V 14. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 368 p.
51. De Lacy Costello BPJ, Ewen RJ, Gunson HE, Ratcliffe NM, Spencer-Phillips PTN. 2000. The development of a sensor system for the early detection of soft rot in stored potato tubers. Meas Sci Technol 11 (12 1685 91.
52. Demarquoy J, Georges B, Rigault C, Royer MC, Clairet A, Soty M, Lekounoungou S, Le Borgne F. 2004. Radioisotopic determination of L-carnitine content in foods commonly eaten in Western countries. Food Chem 86 (1 137 42.
53. Deisingh AK, Stone DC, Thompson M. 2004. Applications of electronic noses and tongues in food analysis. Int J Food Sci Tech 39 (6 587 604.
54. DellaPenna D. 2001. Plant metabolic engineering. Plant Physiol 125: 160 3.
55. Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW. 1996. The role of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids in the protection of photosynthesis. Trends Plant Sci 1: 21 6.
56. De Vries JW. 2003. On defining dietary fibre. Proc Nutr Soc 62 (1 37 3.
57. Djoussé L, Arnett DK, Coon H, Province MA, Moore LL, Ellison RC. 2004. Fruit and vegetable consumption and LDL cholesterol: the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 79: 213 7.
58. Drewnowski A, Gomez-Carneros C. 2000. Bitter taste phytonutrients and the consumer: a review. Am J Clin Nutr 72: 1424 35.
59. Dutta PC. 2003. Phytosterols as functional food components and nutraceuticals. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 450 p.
60. Dutta PC, Appelqvist L-A. 1996. Saturated sterols (stanols) in unhydrogenated and hydrogenated edible vegetable oils and in cereal lipids. J Sci Food Agric 71 (3 383 91.
61. Eitenmiller R, Lee J. 2004. Vitamin E: food chemistry composition and analysis. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 540 p.
62. Eskilsson CS, Björklund E. 2000. Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. J Chrom A 902 (1 227 50.
63. Facchini PJ. 2001. Alkaloid biosynthesis in plants: biochemistry cell biology molecular regulation and metabolic engineering applications. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 52: 29 66.
64. Fahey JW, Zalcmann AT, Talalay P. 2001. The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry 56 (1 5 51.
65. [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1970. The amino acid content of foods and biological data on proteins. Rome: Food Policy and Food Science Service Nutrition Division, FAO. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC854T/AC854T00.HTM. Accessed May 8, 2007.
66. Fenwick GR, Heaney RK. 1983. Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in cruciferous crops foods and feeding stuffs. Food Chem 11 (4 249 71.
67. Fiehn O. 2002. Metabolomics - the link between genotypes and phenotypes. Plant Mol Biol 48: 155 71.
68. Fisher C, Scott TR. 1997. Food flavours: biology and chemistry. Cambridge, U.K.: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 176 p.
69. Flamm G, Glinsmann W, Kritchevsky D, Prosky L, Roberfroid M. 2001. Inulin and oligofructose as dietary fiber: a review of the evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 41 (5 353 62.
70. Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC. 2002. International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 5 56.
71. Francis G, Kerem Z, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. Br J Nutr 88 (6 587 605.
72. Fraser PD, Romer S, Shipton CA, Mills PB, Kiano JW, Misawa N, Drake RG, Schuch W, Bramley PM. 2002. Evaluation of transgenic tomato plants expressing an additional phytoene synthase in a fruit-specific manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99: 1092 7.
73. Frias J, Bakhsh A, Jones DA, Arthur AE, Vidal-Valverde C, Rhodes MJC, Hedley C. 1999. Genetic analysis of the raffinose oligosaccharide pathway in lentil seeds. J Exp Bot 50: 469 76.
74. Gan HL, Che Man YB, Tan CP, NorAini I, Nazimah SAH. 2005. Characterisation of vegetable oils by surface acoustic wave sensing electronic nose. Food Chem 89: 507 18.
75. Gardner JW, Bartlett PN. 1999. Electronic noses: principles and applications. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press. 245 p.
76. Garratt LC, Linforth R, Taylor AJ, Lowe KC, Power JB, Davey MR. 2005. Metabolite fingerprinting in transgenic lettuce. Plant Biotechnol J 3: 165 74.
77. Garrido A, Sanchez MT, Cano G, Perez D, Lopez C. 2001. Prediction of neutral and acid detergent fiber content of green asparagus stored under refrigeration and modified atmosphere conditions by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Food Qual 24 (6 539 50.
78. Goldberg G. 2003. Plants: diet and health. The report of a British nutrition foundation task force. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 347 p.
79. Granado F, Olmedilla B, Blanco I, Rojas-Hidalgo E. 1992. Carotenoid composition in raw and cooked Spanish vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 40 (11 2135 40.
80. Gurr M, Harwood J, Frayn K. 2002. Lipid biochemistry: an introduction. 5th ed. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Science Ltd. 368 p.
81. Hanlon EB, Manoharan R, Koo TW, Shafer KE, Motz JT, Fitzmaurice M, Kramer JR, Itzkan I, Dasari RR, Feld MS. 2000. Prospects for in vivo Raman spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol 45 (2 R1 R59.
82. Haralampidis K, Trojanowska M, Osbourn AE. 2001. Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 75: 31 49.
83. Harmatha J, Dinan L. 2003. Biological activities of lignans and stilbenoids associated with plant-insect chemical interactions. Phytochem Rev 2 (3 321 30.
84. Harnly JM, Doherty RF, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Bhagwat S, Gebhardt S. 2006. Flavonoid content of U.S. fruits, vegetables, and nuts. J Agric Food Chem 54: 9966 77.
85. Hartmann MA. 1998. Plant sterols and the membrane environment. Trends Plant Sci 3 (5 170 5.
86. Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ. 2002. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J Nutr Biochem 13 (10 572 84.
87. Heinonen S, Nurmi T, Liukkonen K, Poutanen K, Wähälä K, Deyama T, Nishibe S, Adlercreutz H. 2001. In vitro metabolism of plant lignans: new precursors of mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol. J Agric Food Chem 49 (7 3178 86.
88. Heldt HW. 2005. Plant biochemistry. 3rd ed. London, U.K.: Elsevier Academic Press. 656 p.
89. Herbert CG, Johnstone RAW. 2003. Mass spectrometry basics. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 474 p.
90. Herrero-Martínez JM, Eeltink S, Schoenmakers PJ, Kok WT, Ramis-Ramos G. 2006. Determination of major carotenoids in vegetables by capillary electrochromatography. J Sep Sci 29 (5 660 5.
91. Hertog MGL, Hollman PCH, Katan MB. 1992. Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands. J Agric Food Chem 40 (12 2379 83.
92. Hollman PCH, Katan MB. 1999. Dietary flavonoids: intake health effects and bioavailability. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (9-10 937 42.
93. Hostettmann K, Marston A. 2005. Saponins. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press. 560 p.
94. Hou DX, Fujii M, Terahara N, Yoshimoto M. 2004. Molecular mechanisms behind the chemopreventive effects of anthocyanidins. J Biomed Biotechnol 5: 321 5.
95. Hu Q, Noll RJ, Li H, Makarov A, Hardman M, Cooks RG. 2005. The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer. J Mass Spectr 40 (4 430 43.
96. Hung HC, Joshipura KJ, Jiang R, Hu FB, Hunter D, Smith-Warner SA, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC. 2004. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of major chronic disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 (21 1577 84.
97. Innis SM. 1991. Essential fatty acids in growth and development. Progr Lipid Res 30 (1 39 103.
98. Ishida N, Koizumi M, Kano H. 1994. Ontogenetic changes in water in cherry tomato fruits measured by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Scient Horticult 57 (4 335 46.
99. Jadhav SJ, Sharma RP, Salunkhe DK. 1981. Naturally occurring toxic alkaloids in foods. Crit Rev Toxicol 9 (1 21 104.
100. Jakab A, Nagy K, Héberger K, Vékey K, Forgács E. 2002. Differentiation of vegetable oils by mass spectrometry combined with statistical analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16 (24 2291 7.
101. Jansen MAK, Gaba V, Greenberg BM. 1998. Higher plants and UV-B radiation: balancing damage repair and acclimation. Trends Plant Sci 3 (4 131 5.
102. Japón-Luján R, Luque-Rodríguez JM, de Castro MDL. 2006. Multivariate optimisation of the microwave-assisted extraction of oleuropein and related biophenols from olive leaves. Anal Bioanal Chem 385 (4 753 9.
103. Jarvis AP, Morgan ED. 1997. Isolation of plant products by supercritical-fluid extraction. Phytochem Anal 8 (5 217 22.
104. Jeleń HH, Obuchowska M, Zawirska-Wojtasiak R, Wasowicz E. 2000. Headspace solid-phase microextraction use for the characterization of volatile compounds in vegetable oils of volatile compounds in vegetable oils of different sensory quality. J Agric Food Chem 48 (6 2360 7.
105. Jha SN, Matsuoka T. 2000. Non-destructive techniques for quality evaluation of intact fruits and vegetables. Food Sci Technol Res 6 (4 248 51.
106. Johnson HE, Broadhurst D, Goodacre R, Smith AR. 2003. Metabolic fingerprinting of salt-stressed tomatoes. Phytochemistry 62 (6 919 28.
107. Johnson IT. 2002. Glucosinolates in the human diet. Bioavailability and implications for health. Phytochem Rev 1 (2 183 8.
108. Kačuráková M, Capek P, Sasinková V, Wellner N, Ebringerová A. 2000. FT-IR study of plant cell wall model compounds: pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses. Carbohydr Polymer 43 (2 195 203.
109. Katayama K, Komaki K, Tamiya S. 1996. Prediction of starch moisture and sugar in sweet potato by near infrared transmittance. HortScience 31 (6 1003 6.
110. Kerem Z, German-Shashoua H, Yarden O. 2005. Microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive saponins from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Sci Food Agric 85 (3 406 12.
111. Khachik F, Goli MB, Beecher GR, Holden J, Lusby WR, Tenorio MD, Barrera MR. 1992. The effect of food preparation on qualitative and quantitative distribution of major carotenoid constituents of tomatoes and several green vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 40 (3 390 8.
112. Kinghorn AD, Kaneda N, Baek NI, Kennelly EJ, Soejarto DD. 1998. Noncariogenic intense natural sweeteners. Med Res Rev 18 (5 347 60.
113. Kinney AJ. 1996. Development of genetically engineered soybean oils for food applications. J Food Lipids 3: 273 92.
114. Klessig DF, Malamy J. 1994. The salicylic acid signal in plants. Plant Mol Biol 26 (5 1439 58.
115. Kmiecik W, Lisiewska Z. 2000. Studies on the morphological traits and chemical composition of the fruit of six tomato cultivars recommended as raw material for freezing. Nahrung/Food 44 (5 394 53.
116. Kozukue N, Han JS, Lee KR, Friedman M. 2004. Dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine content in tomato fruits and vegetative plant tissues. J Agric Food Chem 52: 2079 83.
117. Krajčovičová-Kudláčková M, Šebeková K, Schinzel R, Klvanová J. 2002. Advanced glycation end products and nutrition. Physiol Res 51 (3 313 6.
118. Krishnan P, Kruger NJ, Ratcliffe RG. 2004. Metabolite fingerprinting and profiling in plants using NMR. J Exp Bot 56 (410 255 65.
119. Kuo TM, van Middlesworth JF, Wolf WJ. 1988. Content of raffinose oligosaccharides and sucrose in various plant seeds. J Agric Food Chem 36: 32 6.
120. Latovikov M, Chmelík J. 2006. Simple and fast method for recognition of reducing and nonreducing neutral carbohydrates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 54 (14 5092 7.
121. Lee CY, Shallenberger RS, Vittum MT. 1970. Free sugars in fruits and vegetables. N Y Food Life Sci Bull 1: 1 12.
122. Lehotay SJ, Hajšlová J. 2001. Application of gas chromatography in food analysis. Trends Anal Chem 21 (9-10 686 97.
123. 2/modifier mobile phases. Chromatographia 51 (11-12 688 94.
124. Lewis DH. 1984. Physiology and metabolism of alditols. In: Lewis DH, editor. Storage carbohydrates in vascular plants. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press. p 157 79.
125. Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, Cole SR, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, Buring JE. 2000. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the women's health study. Am J Clin Nutr 72: 922 8.
126. Llobet E, Hines EL, Gardner JW, Franco S. 1999. Non-destructive banana ripeness determination using a neural network-based electronic nose. Meas Sci Technol 10 (6 538 48.
127. Lochner K, Döring O, Böttger M. 2003. Phylloquinone, what can we learn from plants? Biofactors 18 (1-4 73 8.
128. Lucchesi ME, Chemat F, Smadja J. 2004. An original solvent free microwave extraction of essential oils from spices. Flav Fragr J 19 (2 134 8.
129. MacEvilly C, Peltola K. 2003. The effect of agronomy storage processing and cooking on bioactive substances in food. In: Goldberg G, editor. Plants: diet and health. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p 226 39.
130. Maines A, Prodromidis MI, Tzouwara-Karayanni SM, Karayannis MI, Ashworth D, Vadgama P. 2000. An enzyme electrode for extended linearity citrate measurements based on modified polymeric membranes. Electroanalys 12 (14 1118 23.
131. Mäkinen KK, Söderling E. 1980. A quantitative study of mannitol sorbitol xylitol and xylose in wild berries and commercial fruits. J Food Sci 45 (2 367 71.
132. Marconi O, Floridi S, Montanari L. 2007. Organic acids profile in tomato juice by HPLC with UV detection. J Food Qual 30 (2 253 66.
133. Marlett JA. 2001. Dietary fiber and cardiovascular disease. In: Cho SS, Dreher ML, editors. Handbook of dietary fiber. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. p 17 30.
134. Matsunaga R, JieYu C, YeLian M, Han Z. 2004. Non-destructive determination of carbohydrate content in potatoes using near infrared spectroscopy. J Near Infrared Spectrosc 12 (5 311 4.
135. Mattila P, Hellström J. 2007. Phenolic acids in potatoes, vegetables, and some of their products. J Food Comp Anal 20: 152 60.
136. McCord JM. 2000. The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. Am J Med 108 (8 652 9.
137. McGarr SE, Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB. 2005. Diet anaerobic bacterial metabolism and colon cancer: a review of the literature. J Clin Gastroenterol 39 (2 98 109.
138. McLuckey SA, Wells JM. 2001. Mass analysis at the advent of the 21st century. Chem Rev 101 (2 571 606.
139. Mehta RA, Cassol T, Li N, Ali N, Handa AK, Mattoo AK. 2002. Engineered polyamine accumulation in tomato enhances phytonutrient content, juice quality, and vine life. Nat Biotechnol 20: 613 8.
140. Mello LD, Sotomayor MDPT, Kubota LT. 2003. HRP-based amperometric biosensor for the polyphenols determination in vegetables extract. Sens Actuat B 96 (3 636 45.
141. Milder IEJ, Arts ICW, van de Putte B, Venema DP, Hollman PCH. 2005. Lignan contents of Dutch plant foods: a database including lariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. Brit J Nutr 93: 393 402.
142. Mínguez-Mosquera MI, Hornero-Méndez D. 1993. Separation and quantification of the carotenoid pigments in red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) paprika and oleoresin by reversed-phase HPLC. J Agric Food Chem 41 (10 1616 20.
143. Morandini P, Salamini F, Gantet P. 2005. Engineering of plant metabolism for drug and food. Curr Med Chem Immunol Endocr Metab Agents 5 (2 103 12.
144. Mozafar A. 1993. Nitrogen fertilizers and the amount of vitamins in plants: a review. J Plant Nutr 16 (12 2479 506.
145. Müller H. 1997. Determination of the carotenoid content in selected vegetables and fruit by HPLC and photodiode array detection. Zeitschrift Lebensm Forsch A 204 (2 88 94.
146. Munné-Bosch S, Alegre L. 2002. The function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 (1 31 57.
147. Nelson DR, Rinne RW. 1977. Improved analysis of citrate and aconitate in plant tissues. Plant Cell Physiol 18: 393 7.
148. Nettleton JA. 1995. Omega-3 fatty acids and health. New York: Chapman Hall. 384 p.
149. Ni QX, Eads TM. 1993. Analysis by proton NMR of changes in liquid-phase and solid-phase components during ripening of banana. J Agric Food Chem 41 (7 1035 40.
150. Nicholson RL, Hammerschmidt R. 1992. Phenolic compounds and their role in disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30: 369 89.
151. Nollet LML. 2000. Food analysis by HPLC. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker. 759 p.
152. Normén L, Johnsson M, Andersson H, van Gameren Y, Dutta P. 1999. Plant sterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Sweden. Eur J Nutr 38 (2 84 9.
153. Noteborn HPJM, Lommen A, van der Jagt RC, Weseman JM. 2000. Chemical fingerprinting for the evaluation of unintended secondary metabolic changes in transgenic food crops. J Biotechnol 77: 103 14.
154. Obendorf RL, Horbowicz M, Dickerman AM, Brenac P, Smith ME. 1998. Soluble oligosaccharides and galactosyl cyclitols in maturing soybean seeds in planta and in vitro. Crop Sci 38: 78 84.
155. Oh SH, Moon YJ, Oh CH. 2003. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of selected uncooked foods. Nutraceuticals Food 8 (1 75 8.
156. O'Kennedy R, Carolan N, Hearty S, Leonard P, Finlay W, Dillon P, Daly S. 2005. Applications and future developments of sensors in relation to postharvest analysis of fruits vegetables and other crops. Stewart Postharvest Rev 1 (3 1 18.
157. Ollanketo M, Hartonen K, Riekkola M-L, Holm Y, Hiltunen R. 2001. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lycopene in tomato skins. Eur Food Res Technol 212 (5 561 5.
158. Orcutt DM, Nilsen ET. 2000. The physiology of plants under stress soil and biotic factors. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 680 p.
159. Ostlund RE. 2002. Phytosterols in human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 533 49.
160. Paré JRJ, Bélanger JMR, Stafford SS. 1994. Microwave-assisted process (MAP™): a new tool for the analytical laboratory. Trends Anal Chem 13 (4 176 84.
161. Parr AJ, Bolwell GP. 2000. Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile. J Sci Food Agric 80 (7 985 1012.
162. Pedro AMK, Ferreira MMC. 2005. Nondestructive determination of solids and carotenoids in tomato products by near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. Anal Chem 77 (8 2505 11.
163. Pereira C, Li D, Sinclair AJ. 2001. The alpha-linolenic acid content of green vegetables commonly available in Australia. Int J Vit Nutr Res 71 (4 223 8.
164. Peterbauer T, Lahuta LB, Blöchl A, Mucha J, Jones DA, Hedley CL, Gòrecki RJ, Richter A. 2001. Analysis of the raffinose family oligosaccharide pathway in pea seeds with contrasting carbohydrate composition. Plant Physiol 127: 1764 72.
165. Peters AM, Haagsma N, Amerongen A. 1997. A pilot study on the effects of cultivation conditions of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) roots on the levels of sesquiterpene lactones in chicons. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A 205: 143 7.
166. Pichersky E, Gang D. 2000. Genetics and biochemistry of secondary metabolites: an evolutionary perspective. Trends Plant Sci 5 (10 439 45.
167. Piironen V, Syväoja EL, Varo P, Salminen K, Koivistoinen P. 1986. Tocopherols and tocotrienols in Finnish foods: vegetables fruits and berries. J Agric Food Chem 34 (4 742 6.
168. Piironen V, Toivo J, Puupponen-Pimiä R, Lampi AM. 2003. Plant sterols in vegetables fruits and berries. J Sci Food Agric 83 (4 330 7.
169. Price KR, Rhodes MJC. 1997. Analysis of the major flavonol glycosides present in four varieties of onion (Allium cepa) and changes in composition resulting from autolysis. J Sci Food Agric 74 (3 331 9.
170. Prior RL, Cao G. 2000. Antioxidant phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables; diet and health implications. HortScience 35 (4 588 92.
171. Regierer B, Fernie AR, Springer F, Perez-Melis A, Leisse A, Koehl K, Willmitzer L, Geigenberger P, Kossmann J. 2002. Starch content and yield increase as a result of altering adenylate pools in transgenic plants. Nat Biotechnol 20: 1256 12.
172. Rice-Evans CA, Packer L. 2003. Flavonoids in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 504 p.
173. Robbins RJ. 2003. Phenolic acids in foods: an overview of analytical methodology. J Agric Food Chem 51 (10 2866 87.
174. Roessner U, Luedemann A, Brust D, Fiehn O, Linke T, Willmitzer L, Fernie AR. 2001. Metabolic profiling allows comprehensive phenotyping of genetically or environmentally modified plant systems. Plant Cell 13: 11 29.
175. Ruhl I, Herrmann K. 1985. Organic acids in vegetables: Brassica leaf and bulb vegetables as well as carrots and celery. Zeitschrift Lebensm Forsch A 180 (3 215 20.
176. Sato T, Takahata Y, Noda T, Yanagisawa T, Morishita T, Sakai S. 1995. Nondestructive determination of fatty acid composition of husked sunflower (Helianthus annua L.) seeds by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Am Oil Chem Soc 72 (10 1177 83.
177. Schauer N, Fernie AR. 2006. Plant metabolomics: towards biological function and mechanism. Trends Plant Sci 11 (10 508 16.
178. Schauer N, Zamir D, Fernie AR. 2005. Metabolic profiling of leaves and fruit of wild species tomato: a survey of the Solanum lycopersicum complex. J Exp Bot 56: 297 307.
179. Schmitz HH, Artz WE, Poor CL, Dietz JM, Erdman JW Jr. 1989. High-performance liquid chromatography and capillary supercritical-fluid chromatography separation of vegetable carotenoids and carotenoid isomers. J Chrom 479 (2 261 8.
180. Schrader B, Klump HH, Schenzel K, Schulz H. 1999. Non-destructive NIR FT Raman analysis of plants. J Molec Struct 509 (1 201 12.
181. Schröder MJA. 2003. Food quality and consumer value: delivering food that satisfies. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. 346 p.
182. Schulz H, Drews HH, Quilitzsch R, Krüger H. 1998. Application of near infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of quality parameters in selected vegetables and essential oil plants. J Near Infrared Spectrosc 6(Issue A): A125 30.
183. Schulz H, Baranska M, Baranski R. 2005. Potential of NIR-FT-Raman spectroscopy in natural carotenoid analysis. Biopolymers 77: 212 21.
184. Scott SM, James D, Ali Z. 2006. Data analysis for electronic nose systems. Microchim Acta 156 (3-4 183 207.
185. Seiger DS. 1998. Plant secondary metabolism. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 592 p.
186. Şengül M, Keleş F, Keleş MS. 2004. The effect of storage conditions (temperature, light, time) and variety on the glycoalkaloid content of potato tubers and sprouts. Food Control 15: 281 6.
187. Señoráns FJ, Markides KE, Nyholm L. 1999. Determination of tocopherols and vitamin A in vegetable oils using packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Microcol Sep 11 (5 385 91.
188. Shahidi F, Miraliakbari H. 2005. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease: part 2 - health effects of omega-3 fatty acids in autoimmune diseases, mental health and gene expression. J Med Food 8 (2 133 48.
189. Shaw GJ, Andrzejewski D, Roach JAG, Sphon JA. 1989. Separation and identification of glucosinolates from Brassica vegetables using high-performance capillary gas chromatography (GC)-positive-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (PICIMS) and GC-PICIMS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 37 (2 372 8.
190. Shewfelt RL, Brückner B. 2000. Fruit and vegetable quality: an integrated view. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 664 p.
191. Shiomi N. 1992. Content of carbohydrate and activities of fructosyltransferase and invertase in asparagus roots during the fructo-oligosaccharide- and fructo-polysaccharide-accumulating season. New Phytol 122 (3 421 32.
192. Shiomi N, Benkeblia N, Onodera S. 2005. The metabolism of the fructooligosaccharides in onion bulbs: a comprehensive review. J Appl Glycosci 52: 121 7.
193. Simopoulos AP. 1999. Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am J Clin Nutr 70 (3 Suppl 560S 9S.
194. Singh J, Upadhyay AK, Prasad K, Bahadur A, Rai M. 2007. Variability of carotenes, vitamin C, E and phenolics in Brassica vegetables. J Food Comp Anal 20: 106 12.
195. Slavin JL. 2005. Dietary fiber and body weight. Nutrition 3: 411 8.
196. Smith BC. 1996. Fundamentals of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 224 p.
197. Solms J. 1969. The taste of amino acids peptides and proteins. J Agric Food Chem 17 (4 686 8.
198. Song L, Thornalley PJ. 2007. Effect of storage, processing and cooking on glucosinolate content of Brassica vegetables. Food Chemical Toxicol 45: 216 24.
199. Spallholz JE, Boylan LM, Driskel JA. 1999. Nutrition: chemistry and biology. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 345 p.
200. Sparg SG, Light ME, van Staden J. 2004. Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. J Ethnopharmacol 94 (2-3 219 43.
201. Sroka Z, Cisowski W. 2003. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids. Food Chem Toxicol 41 (6 753 8.
202. Stapleton PP, Charles RP, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes DJ. 1997. Taurine and human nutrition. Clin Nutr 16 (3 103 8.
203. Stollman N, Raskin JB. 2004. Diverticular disease of the colon. Lancet 363: 631 9.
204. Stoop JMH, Williamson JD, Mason PD. 1996. Mannitol metabolism in plants: a method for coping with stress. Trends Plant Sci 1: 139 44.
205. Taper HS, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Summers JL, Calderon PB. 2004. Inhibition of the development of metastases by dietary vitamin C:K3 combination. Life Scie 75 (8 955 67.
206. Taylor IB, Burbidge A, Thompson AJ. 2000. Control of abscisic acid synthesis. J Exp Bot 51 (350 1563 74.
207. Temple NJ, Gladwin KK. 2003. Fruit vegetables and the prevention of cancer: research challenges. Nutrition 19 (5 467 70.
208. Tolrà RP, Alonso R, Poschenrieder C, Barceló D, Barceló J. 2000. Determination of glucosinolates in rapeseed and Thlaspi caerulescens plants by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chrom A 889 (1-2 75 81.
209. Tungland BC, Meyer D. 2002. Nondigestible oligo- and polysaccharides (dietary fiber): their physiological role in human health and food. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Saf 1 (3 90 109.
210. [UNECE] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2007. Documents of the working party on agricultural quality standards. Available from: http://www.unece.org/trade/agr/meetings/ge.01/2007-in-session.htm. Accessed May 8, 2007.
211. [USDA] U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. 2005. USDA national nutrient database for standard reference release 18. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/. Accessed May 8, 2007.
212. Van Beek TA, Maas P, King BM, Leclercq E, Voragen AGJ, de Groott A. 1990. Bitter sesquiterpene lactones from chicory roots. J Agric Food Chem 38 (4 1035 8.
213. Van Doorn HE, van der Kruk GC, van Holst GJ, Raaijmakers-Ruijs NCME, Postma E, Groeneweg B, Jongen WHF. 1998. The glucosinolates sinigrin and progoitrin are important determinants for taste preference and bitterness of Brussels sprouts. J Sci Food Agric 78 (1 30 8.
214. Van Waes C, Baert J, Carlier L, van Bockstaele B. 1998. A rapid determination of the total sugar content and the average inulin chain length in roots of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). J Sci Food Agric 76 (1 107 10.
215. Velasco L, Becker HC. 1998. Analysis of total glucosinolate content and individual glucosinolates in Brassica spp. by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Plant Breed 117 (2 97 102.
216. Villanueva-Suárez MJ, Redondo-Cuenca A, Rodríguez-Sevilla MD, De Las Heras Martínez M. 2003. Characterization of nonstarch polysaccharides content from different edible organs of some vegetables determined by GC and HPLC: comparative study. J Agric Food Chem 51 (20 5950 5.
217. Wang YM, van Eys J. 1981. Nutritional significance of fructose and sugar alcohols. Annu Rev Nutr 1: 437 75.
218. Webb AL, McCullough ML. 2005. Dietary lignans: potential role in cancer prevention. Nutr Cancer 51 (2 117 31.
219. [WHO] World Health Organization. 2002. The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva: WHO.
220. [WHO] World Health Organization. 2003. Diet nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. WHO Technical Report Series No. 916. Geneva: WHO.
221. Willett W, Manson JA, Liu S. 2002. Glycemic index glycemic load and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (Suppl 274S 80S.
222. Williams JR, Clifford AA, Al-Saidi SHR. 2002. Supercritical fluids and their applications in biotechnology and related areas. Mol Biotechnol 22: 263 86.
223. Wittstock U, Gershenzon J. 2002. Constitutive plant toxins and their role in defense against herbivores and pathogens. Curr Opin Plant Biol 5 (4 300 7.
224. Wu B, Zhang G, Shuang S, Dong C, Choi MMF, Lee AWM. 2005. A biosensor with myrosinase and glucose oxidase bienzyme system for determination of glucosinolates in seeds of commonly consumed vegetables. Sens Actuat B 106 (2 700 7.
225. Yao LH, Jiang YM, Shi J, Tomás-Barberán FA, Datta N, Singanusong R, Chen SS. 2004. Flavonoids in food and their health benefits. Plant Foods Human Nutr 59 (3 113 22.
226. Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. 1999. Essential fatty acids are mediators of brain biochemistry and cognitive functions. J Neurosci Res 56: 565 70.
227. Yildiz HB, Kiralpa S, Topparea L, Yagci Y. 2005. Immobilization of tyrosinase in poly(ethyleneoxide) electrodes and determination of phenolics in red wines. React Funct Polym 63 (2 155 61.
228. Young VR, Pellett PL. 1994. Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 59 (Suppl 1203S 12S.
229. Zhang J, Satterfield MB, Brodbelt JS, Britz SJ, Clevidence BA, Novotny JA. 2003. Structural characterization and improved detection of kale flavonoids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 75 (23 6401 7.