Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 94, Issue 2-3, 2004, Pages 219-243

  Sparg, S G ^a   Light, M E ^a   Van Staden, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

CDDP; cisplatin; ED50; haemolytic dose of 100 ; haemolytic dose of 50 ; HD100; HD50; HGF; HIV; HSC; HSV; human gingival fibroblasts; human immunodeficiency virus; human oral squamous cell carcinoma; median effective dose

Indexed keywords

ACHYRANTHES ASPERA EXTRACT; AGAVE AMERICANA EXTRACT; AGAVE ATTENUATA EXTRACT; AGAVE DECIPIENS EXTRACT; ALLIUM CHINENSE EXTRACT; ALLIUM KARATAVIENSE EXTRACT; ALLIUM NUTANS EXTRACT; ALLIUM PORRUM EXTRACT; ALLIUM TRIQUETRUM EXTRACT; ALLIUM TUBEROSUM EXTRACT; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CORDYLINE STRICTA EXTRACT; FURCRAEA FOETIDA EXTRACT; HEMOLYTIC AGENT; HERBACEOUS AGENT; MOLLUSCACIDE; PLANT EXTRACT; SAPONIN; STEROID; STEROIDAL FUROSTANE; STEROIDAL SPIROSTANE; TRITERPENOID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; YUCCA FILAMENTOSA EXTRACT; YUCCA SCHIDIGERA EXTRACT;

ACHYRANTHES ASPERA; AGAVE AMERICANA; AGAVE ATTENUATA; AGAVE DECIPIENS; ALLIUM CHINENSE; ALLIUM KARATAVIENSE; ALLIUM NUTANS; ALLIUM TRIQUETRUM; ALLIUM TUBEROSUM; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; CORDYLINE STRICTA; CYTOTOXICITY; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG ISOLATION; DRUG STRUCTURE; FURCRAEA FOETIDA; HEMOLYSIS; HUMAN; LEEK; MEDICINAL PLANT; MOLLUSC; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; YEAST; YUCCA FILAMENTOSA; YUCCA SCHIDIGERA;

ANIMALS; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; HUMANS; PLANT COMPONENTS; PLANT EXTRACTS; SAPONINS;

EID: 4344587843     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.016     Document Type: Review

References (316)

1. Abdel-Gawad M.M., El-Sayed M.M., Abdel-Hameed E.S. Molluscicidal steroidal saponins and lipid content of Agave decipiens. Fitoterapia. 70:1999;371-381
2. Abdel-Kader M.S., Bahler B.D., Malone S., Werkhoven M.C.M., Wisse J.H., Neddermann K.M., Bursuker I., Kingston D.G.I. Bioactive saponins from Swartzia schomburgkii from the Suriname rainforest. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;1461-1464
3. Abdel-Kader M., Hoch J., Berger J.M., Evans R., Miller J.S., Wisse J.H., Mamber S.W., Dalton J.M., Kingston D.G.I. Two bioactive saponins from Albizia subdimidiata from the Suriname rainforest. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001;536-539
4. Acebes B., Bernabé M., Díaz-Lanza A.M., Bartolomé C. Two new sulfated saponins from the roots of Gypsophila bermejoi. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998a;1557-1559
5. Acebes B., Diaz-Lanza A.M., Bernabé M. A saponin from the roots of Gypsophila bermejoi. Phytochemistry. 49:1998b;2077-2079
6. Ahmad V.U., Khaliq-uz-Zaman S.M., Shameel S., Perveen S., Ali Z. Steroidal saponins from Asparagus dumosus. Phytochemistry. 50:1998;481-484
7. Ahmad V.U., Ali A., Ali Z., Zafar F.N., Zahid M. Novel cycloartane saponins from Corchorus depressus L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48:2000;1591-1601
8. Ahn B.-Z., Yoon Y.-D., Lee Y.H., Kim B.-H., Sok D.-E. Inhibitory effect of bupleuri radix saponins on adhesion of some solid tumor cells and relation to hemolytic action: Screening of 232 herbal drugs for anti-cell adhesion. Planta Medica. 64:1998;220-224
9. Akhov L.S., Musienko M.M., Piacente S., Pizza C., Oleszek W. Structure of steroidal saponins from underground parts of Allium nutans L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1999;3193-3196
10. Alaoui A., Charrouf Z., Soufiaoui M., Carbone V., Malorni A., Pizza C., Piacente S. Triterpenoid saponins from the shells of Argania spinosa seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50:2002;4600-4603
11. Alvarez L., Pérez M.D.C., González J.L., Navarro V., Villarreal M.L., Olson J.O. SC-1, an antimycotic spirostan saponin from Solanum chrysotrichum. Planta Medica. 67:2001;372-374
12. Antunes A.D., da Silva B.P., Parente J.P., Valente A.P. A new bioactive steroidal saponin from Sansevieria cylindrica. Phytotherapy Research. 17:2003;179-182
13. Apers S., De Bruyne T.E., Claeys M., Vlietinck A.J., Pieters L.A.C. New acylated triterpenoid saponins from Maesa lanceolata. Phytochemistry. 52:1999;1121-1131
14. Apers S., Varonikova S., Sindambiwe J.-B., Witvrouw M., De Clercq E., Vanden Berghe D., Van Marck E., Vlietinck A., Pieters L. Antiviral, haemolytic and molluscicidal activities of triterpenoid saponins from Maesa lanceolata: establishment of structure-activity relationships. Planta Medica. 67:2001;528-532
15. Aquino R., Tortora S., Rkih-Tetouani S., Capasso A. Saponins from the roots of Zygophyllum gaetulum and their effects on electrically-stimulated guinea-pig ileum. Phytochemistry. 56:2001;393-398
16. Atta-ur-Rahman, Shahwar, D., Choudhary, M.I., Sener, B., Toker, G., Baser, K.H.C., 2000. Triterpenoid saponins from Bongardia chrysogonum. Journal of Natural Products 63, 251-253.
17. Attele S.A., Wu J.A., Yuan C-.S. Ginseng pharmacology, multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochemical Pharmacology. 58:1999;1685-1693
18. Avila J.G., Romo de Vivar A. Triterpenoid saponins and other glycosides from Buddleja scordioides. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30:2002;1003-1005
19. Baba M., Ohmura M., Kishi N., Okada Y., Shibata S., Peng J., Yao S.-S., Nishino H., Okuyama T. Saponins isolated from Allium chinense G.Don and antitumor-promoting activities of isoliquiritigenin and laxogenin from the same drug. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 23:2000;660-662
20. Bader G., Seibold M., Tintelnot K., Hiller K. Cytotoxicity of triterpenoid saponins. Part 2. Relationships between the structures of glycosides of polygalacic acid and their activities against pathogenic Candida species. Pharmazie. 55:2000;72-74
21. Balandrin, M.F., Kinghorn, A.D., Farnsworth, N.R., 1993. Plant-derived natural products in drug discovery and development. In: Kinghorn, A.D., Balandrin, M.F. (Eds.), Human Medicinal Agents from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 534. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 2-12.
22. Barr I.G., Sjölander A., Cox J.C. Iscoms and other saponin based adjuvants. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 32:1998;247-271
23. 1 compared with other saponins from Hedera colchica against proliferation of human carcinoma and melanoma cells. Planta Medica. 68:2002;672-675
24. Baumann E., Stoya G., Völkner A., Richter W., Lemke C., Linss W. Hemolysis of human erythrocytes with saponin affects the membrane structure. Acta Histochemica. 102:2000;21-35
25. Baykal T., Panayir T., Tasdemir D., Sticher O., Çalis I. Triterpene saponins from Scabiosa rotata. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;867-873
26. Bedir E., Kirmizipekmez H., Sticher O., Çaliş Ý. Triterpene saponins from the fruits of Hedera helix. Phytochemistry. 53:2000;905-909
27. Bellini A.A., Camilo D., De Oliveira R., Vichnewski W. Steroidal saponin, 7-oxostigmasterol and diterpenes from Aspilia montevidensis. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 27:1999;317-319
28. Berhow M.A., Wagner E.D., Vaughn S.F., Plewa M.J. Characterization and antimutagenic activity of soybean saponins. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 448:2000;11-22
29. Bialy Z., Jurzysta M., Oleszek W., Piacente S., Pizza C. Saponins in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) root and their structural elucidation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1999;3185-3192
30. Bruneton, J, 1995. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris, pp. 538-544 (ISBN 2-4730-0028-7).
31. Burger I., Burger B.V., Albrecht C.F., Spies H.S.C., Sāndor P. Triterpenoid saponins from Becium grandiflorum var. obovatum. Phytochemistry. 49:1998;2087-2095
32. Cai L., Wu Y., Zhang J., Pei F., Xu Y., Xie S., Xu D. Steroidal saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Planta Medica. 67:2001;196-198
33. Carotenuto A., Fattorusso E., Lanzotti V., Magno S. Spirostanol saponins of Allium porrum L. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;1077-1082
34. Corea, G., Fattorusso, E., Lanzotti, 2003. Saponins and flavonoids of Allium triquetrum. Journal of Natural Products 66, 1405-1411.
35. Choi J., Huh K., Kim S.-H., Lee K.-T., Park H.-J., Han Y.N. Antinociceptive and anti-rheumatoidal effects of Kalopanax pictus extract and its saponin components in experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 79:2002;199-204
36. Cioffi G., Bellino A., Pizza C., Venturella F., De Tommasi N. Triterpene saponins from Tupidanthus calyptratus. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001;750-753
37. Crublet M.-L., Pouny I., Delaude C., Lavaud C. Acylated triterpenoid saponins from the stem bark of Foetidia africana. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;1560-1567
38. da Silva B.P., De Sousa A.C., Silva G.M., Mendes T.P., Parente J.P. A new bioactive steroidal saponin from Agave attenuata. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C. 57:2002;423-428
39. de Andrade F.D.P., Piacente S., Pizza C., Vilegas W. Studies on the constituents of a Brazilian folk infusion. Isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpene saponins from Ilex amara leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50:2002;255-261
40. de Carvalho G.J.A., De Carvalho M.G., Braz-Filho R. A triterpenoid saponin isolated from Lafoensia glyptocarpa. Phytochemistry. 52:1999;1617-1619
41. de Combarieu E., Falzoni M., Fuzzati N., Gattesco F., Giori A., Lovati M., Pace R. Identification of Ruscus steroidal saponins by HPLC-MS analysis. Fitoterapia. 73:2002;583-596
42. de Combarieu E., Fuzzati N., Lovati M., Mercalli E. Furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Fitoterapia. 74:2003;583-591
43. de Lucca A., Bland J.M., Vigo C.B., Cushion M., Selitrennikoff C.P., Peter J., Walsh T.J. CAY-1, a fungicidal saponin from Capsicum sp. fruit. Medical Mycology. 40:2002;131-137
44. de Rosa S., Iodice C., Mitova M., Handjieva N., Popov S., Anchev M. Triterpene saponins and iridoid glucosides from Galium rivale. Phytochemistry. 54:2000a;751-756
45. de Rosa S., Mitova M., Handjieva N., Popov S., Anchev M. Rivalosides A and B, two 19-oxo triterpenoid saponins from Galium rivale. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000b;1012-1014
46. De Tommasi N., Piacente S., Gacs-Baitz E., De Simone F., Pizza C., Aquino R. Triterpenoid saponins from Spergularia ramosa. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998;323-327
47. De Tommasi N., De Simone F., Speranza G., Pizza C. Studies on the constituents of Cyclanthera pedata fruits: isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpenoid saponins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1999;4512-4519
48. De Tommasi N., Autore G., Bellino A., Pinto A., Pizza C., Sorrentino R., Venturella P. Antiproliferative triterpene saponins from Trevesia palmata. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;308-314
49. Debella A., Haslinger E., Kunert O., Michl G., Abebe D. Steroidal saponins from Asparagus africanus. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;1069-1075
50. Debella A., Haslinger E., Schmid M.G., Bucar F., Michl G., Abebe D., Kunert O. Tritermpenoid saponins and sapogenin lactones from Albizia gummifera. Phytochemistry. 53:2000;885-892
51. 1, as compared to their action on mammalian cells cultured in vitro. Planta Medica 66, 343-347.
52. Desbéne S., Hanquet B., Shoyama Y., Wagner H., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. Biologically active triterpene saponins from callus tissue of Polygala amarella. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;923-926
53. Dini I., Schettino O., Simioli T., Dini A. Studies on the constituents of Chenopodium quinoa seeds: isolation and characterization of new triterpene saponins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001a;741-746
54. Dini I., Tenore G.C., Schettino O., Dini A. New oleanane saponins in Chenopodium quinoa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001b;3976-3981
55. Dini I., Tenore G.C., Dini A. Oleanane saponins in "kancolla", a sweet variety of Chenopodium quinoa. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;1023-1026
56. Dizes C., Gerald F., Lavaud C., Elias R., Faure R., Massiot G., Balansard G. Harpuloside A triterpenoid saponins from Harpullia ramiflora. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;1229-1232
57. Dong M., Feng X.-Z., Wang B.-X., Wu L.-J., Ikejima T. Two novel furostanol saponins from the rhizomes of Dioscorea panthaica Prain et Burkill and their cytotoxic activity. Tetrahedron. 57:2001a;501-506
58. Dong M., Feng X.-Z., Wu L.-J., Wang B.-X., Ikejima T. Two new steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of Dioscorea panthaica and their cytotoxic activity. Planta Medica. 67:2001b;853-857
59. Dou D.-Q., Chen Y.-J., Liang L.-H., Pang F.-G., Shimizu N., Takeda T. Six new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;442-446
60. Elgamal M.H.A., Soliman H.S.M., Elmunajjed D.T., Tóth G., Simon A., Duddeck H. Two triterpene saponins from Arenaria filicaulis. Phytochemistry. 49:1998;189-193
61. ElSohly H.N., Danner S., Li X.-C., Nimrod A.C., Clark A.M. New antimycobacterial saponin from Colubrina retusa. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;1341-1342
62. Escalante A.M., Santecchia C.B., López S.N., Gattuso M.A., Ravelo A.G., Monache F.D., Sierra M.G., Zacchino S.A. Isolation of antifungal saponins from Phytolacca tetramera, an Argentinean species in critic risk. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 82:2002;29-34
63. Estrada A., Katselis G.S., Laarveld B., Barl B. Isolation and evaluation of immunological adjuvant activities of saponins from Polygala senega L. Comparative Immunology. Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 23:2000;27-43
64. Fabricant D.S., Farnsworth N.R. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental Health Perspectives. 109:2001;69-75
65. Fattorusso E., Lanzotti V., Taglialatela-Scafati O., Di Rosa M., Ianaro A. Cytotoxic saponins from bulbs of Allium porrum L. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48:2000;3455-3462
66. Fu H., Koike K., Zheng Q., Mitsunaga K., Jia Z., Nikaido T., Lin W., Guo D., Zhang L. Fargosides A-E, triterpenoids saponins from Holboellia fargesii. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;999-1002
67. Fujioka T., Yoshida K., Jujii H., Nagao T., Okabe H., Mihashi K. Antiproliferative constituents from Umbelliferae plants VI. New ursane-type saikosaponin analogs from the fruits of Bupleurum rotundifolium. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 51:2003;365-372
68. Fujiwara Y., Yahara S., Ikeda T., Ono M., Nohara T. Cytotoxic major saponin from tomato fruits. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 51:2003;234-235
69. Fukuda N., Tanaka H., Shoyama Y. Isolation of the pharmocologically active saponin Ginsenoside Rb1 from ginseng by immunoaffinity column chromatography. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;283-285
70. Gaidi G., Marouf A., Hanquet B., Bauer R., Correia M., Chauffert B., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. A new major triterpene saponin from the roots of Cucurbita foetidissima. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000a;122-124
71. Gaidi G., Miyamoto T., Rustaiyan A., Laurens V., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. Two new biologically active triterpene saponins from Acanthophyllum squarrosum. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000b;1497-1502
72. Gaidi G., Miyamoto T., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. Junceosides A-C, new triterpene saponins from Arenaria juncea. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001a;1533-1537
73. Gaidi G., Miyamoto T., Rustaiyan A., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. Three new acylated triterpene saponins from Acanthophyllum squarrosum. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001b;920-924
74. Gaidi G., Miyamoto T., Laurens V., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. New acylated triterpene saponins from Silene fortunei that modulate lymphocyte proliferation. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;1568-1572
75. Glensk M., Wray V., Nimtz M., Schöpke T. Silenosides A-C, triterpenoid saponins from Silene vulgaris. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;717-721
76. Gohar A.A., Maatooq G.T., Niwa M., Yoshiaki T. A new triterpene saponin from Chenopodium ficifolium. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C. 57:2002;597-602
77. González A.G., Hernández J.C., León F., Padrón J.I., Estévez F., Quintana J., Bermejo J. Steroidal saponins from the bark of Dracaena draco and their cytotoxic activities. Journal of Natural Products. 66:2003;793-798
78. Gosse B., Gnabre J., Bates R.B., Dicus C.W., Nakkiew P., Huang R.C.C. Antiviral saponins from Tieghemella heckelii. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;1942-1944
79. Gromova A.S., Lutsky V.I., Semenov A.A., Li D., Owen N.L. The elucidation of the structure of thalicoside F, a minor oleanane glycoside from Thalictrum minus L. Phytochemistry. 47:1998;437-440
80. Guo S., Kenne L., Lundgren L.N., Rönnberg B., Sundquist B.G. Triterpenoid saponins from Quillaja saponaria. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;175-180
81. Guo S., Falk E., Kenne L., Rönnberg B., Sundquist B.G. Triterpenoid saponins containing an acetylated branched D-fucosyl residue from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Phytochemistry. 53:2000;861-868
82. Guo S., Kenne L. Characterization of some O-acetylated saponins from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Phytochemistry. 54:2000a;615-623
83. Guo S., Kenne L. Structural studies of triterpenoid saponins with new acyl components from Quillaja saponaria Molina. Phytochemistry. 55:2000b;419-428
84. Haladova M., Eisenreichova E., Mucaji P., Budesinsky M., Ubik K. Steroidal saponins from Lilium candidum L. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications. 63:1998;205-210
85. Hamed A.I., El-Emary N.A. Triterpene saponins from Glinus lotoides var. dictamnoides. Phytochemistry. 50:1999;477-480
86. Hanausek M., Ganesh P., Walaszek Z., Arntzen C.J., Slaga T.J., Gutternam J.U. Avicins, a family of triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham), suppress H-ras mutations and aneuploidy in a murine skin carcinogenesis model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 98:2001;11551-11556
87. Haraguchi M., Motidome M., Morita H., Takeya K., Itokawa H., Mimaki Y., Sashida Y. New polyhydroxylated steroidal sapogenin and saponin from the leaves of Cestrum sendtenerianum. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999;582-584
88. Haraguchi M., Mimaki Y., Motidome M., Morita H., Takeya K., Itokawa H., Yokosuka A., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from the leaves of Cestrum sendtenerianum. Phytochemistry. 55:2000;715-720
89. Haralampidis K., Trojanowska M., Osbourn A.E. Biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in plants. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/ Biotechnology. 75:2002;31-49
90. Harinantenaina L., Kasai R., Yamasaki K. Cussosaponins A-E, triterpene saponins from the leaves of Cussonia racemosa, a Malagasy endemic plant. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 50:2002;1290-1293
91. Hayashi K., Sagesaka Y.M., Suzuki T., Suzuki Y. Inactivation of human type A and B influenza viruses by tea-seed saponins. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biotechemistry. 63:1999;184-186
92. Herlt A.J., Mander L.N., Pongoh E., Rumampuk R.J., Tarigan P. Two major saponins from seeds of Barringtonia asiatica: putative antifeedants toward Epilachna sp. larvae. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;115-120
93. Hiradate S., Yada H., Ishii T., Nakajima N., Ohnishi-Kameyama M., Sugie H., Zungsontiporn S., Fujii Y. Three plant growth inhibiting saponins from Duranta repens. Phytochemistry. 52:1999;1223-1228
94. Huan V.D., Yamamura S., Ohtani K., Kasai R., Yamasaki K., Nham N.T., Chau H.M. Oleanane saponins from Polyscias fruticosa. Phytochemistry. 47:1998;451-457
95. Huang J., Ogihara Y., Zhang H., Shimizu N., Takeda T. Ardisimamillosides C-F, four new triterpenoid saponins from Ardisia mamillata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48:2000a;1413-1417
96. Huang J., Ogihara Y., Zhang H., Shimizu N., Takeda T. Triterpenoid saponins from Ardisia mamillata. Phytochemistry. 54:2000b;817-822
97. Huang J., Wang X., Ogihara Y., Shimizu N., Akiyama T., Takeda T. Latifolosides K and L, two new triterpenoid saponins from the bark of Ilex latifolia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001a;765-767
98. Huang J., Wang X., Ogihara Y., Shimizu N., Takeda T., Akiyama T. Latifolosides I and J., two new triterpenoid saponins from the bark of Ilex latifolia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001b;239-241
99. Huang H.-C., Liao S.-C., Chang F.-R., Kuo Y.-H., Wu Y.-C. Molluscicidal saponins from Sapindus mukorossi, inhibitory agents of golden apple snails, Pomacea canaliculata. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51:2003;4916-4919
100. Huong N.T.T., Matsumoto K., Kasai R., Yamasaki K., Watanabe H. In vitro antioxidant activity of Vietnamese ginseng saponin and its components. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 21:1998a;978-981
101. Huong N.T.T., Matsumoto K., Watanabe H. The antistress effect of majonoside-R2, a major saponin component of Vietnamese ginseng: neuronal mechanism of action. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 20:1998b;65-76
102. Iida T., Yoshiki Y., Okubo K., Ohrui H., Kinjo J., Nohara T. Triterpenoid saponins from Vigna angularis. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;1055-1058
103. Iorizzi M., Lanzotti V., Ranalli G., De Marino S., Zollo F. Antimicrobial furostanol saponins from the seeds of Capsicum annuum L. var. acuminatum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50:2002;4310-4316
104. Itabashi M., Segawa K., Ikeda Y., Kondo S., Naganawa H., Koyano T., Umezawa K. A new bioactive steroidal saponin, furcreastatin, from the plant Furcraea foetida. Carbohydrate Research. 323:1999;57-62
105. Jayasinghe L., Hara N., Fujimoto Y. Bidesmosidic saponins from the fruits of Diploclisia glaucescens. Phytochemistry. 62:2003;563-567
106. Jayatilake G.S., Freeberg D.R., Liu Z., Richheimer S.L., Blake M.E., Bailey D.T., Haridas V., Gutterman J.U. Isolation and structures of avicins D and G: in vitro tumor-inhibitory saponins derived from Acacia victoriae. Journal of Natural Products. 66:2003;779-783
107. Jhoo J.-W., Sang S., He K., Cheng X., Zhu N., Stark R.E., Zheng Q.Y., Rosen R.T., Ho C.-T. Characterization of the triterpene saponins of the roots and rhizomes of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001;5969-5974
108. Jia Z., Koike K., Kudo M., Li H., Nikaido T. Triterpenoid saponins and sapogenins from Vaccaria segetalis. Phytochemistry. 48:1998a;529-536
109. Jia Z., Koike K., Nikaido T. Major triterpenoid saponins from Saponaria officinalis. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998b;1368-1373
110. Jia Z., Koike K., Nikaido T. Saponarioside C, the first ∅-D-galactose containing triterpenoid saponin, and five related compounds from Saponaria officinalis. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;449-453
111. Jiang Z., Gallard J.-F., Adeline M.T., Dumontet V., Tri M.V., Sévenet T., Païs M. Six triterpenoid saponins from Maesa laxiflora. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;873-876
112. Jin S.-H., Park J.-K., Nam K.-Y., Park S.-N., Jung N.-P. Korean red ginseng saponins with low ratios of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponin improve scopolamine-induced learning disability and spatial working memory in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 66:1999;123-129
113. Johansson M., Lövgren-Bengtsson K. Iscoms with different quillaja saponin components differ in their immunomodulating activities. Vaccine. 17:1999;2894-2900
114. Junkuszew M., Oleszek W., Jurzysta M., Piancente S., Pizza C. Triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Amaranthus cruentus. Phytochemistry. 49:1998;195-198
115. Just M.J., Recio M.C., Giner R.M., Cuéllar M.J., Māñez S., Bilia A.R., Ríos J.-L. Anti-inflammatory activity of unusual lupane saponins from Bupleurum fruticescens. Planta Medica. 64:1998;404-407
116. Kamel M.S. A furostanol saponin from fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;755-757
117. Kanchanapoom T., Kasai R., Yamasaki K. Acetylated triterpene saponins from the Thai medicinal plant Sapindus emarginatus. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;1195-1197
118. Kang S.S., Ahn B.T., Kim J.S., Bae K. Lathyrus saponin, a new trisaccharide glycoside from Lathyrus japonicus. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998;299-300
119. Kanzaki T., Morisaki N., Shiina R., Saito Y. Role of transforming growth factor- pathway in the mechanism of wound healing by saponin from Ginseng Radix rubra. British Journal of Pharmacology. 125:1998;255-262
120. Kawata Y., Kizu H., Miyaichi Y., Tomimori T. Studes on the constituents of Clematis species. VIII. Triterpenoid saponins from the aerial part of Clematis tibetana Kuntz. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;635-638
121. Kersten G.F.A., Crommelin D.J.A. Liposomes and iscoms. Vaccine. 21:2003;915-920
122. Khalik S.M.A., Miyase T., El-Ashaal H.A., Melek F.R. Triterpenoid saponins from Fagonia cretica. Phytochemistry. 54:2000;853-859
123. Killeen G.F., Madigan C.A., Connolly C.R., Walsh G.A., Clark C., Hynes M.J., Timmins B.F., James P., Headon D.R., Power R.F. Antimicrobial saponins of Yucca schidigera and the implications of their in vitro properties for their in vivo impact. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46:1998;3178-3186
124. Kim D.S., Oh S.R., Lee I.S., Jung K.Yl., Park J.D., Kim S.I., Lee H-K. Anticomplementary activity of Ginseng saponins and their degradation products. Phytochemistry. 47:1998a;397-399
125. Kim H.-S., Jang C.-G., Oh K.-W., Oh S., Rheu H.-M., Rhee G.-S., Seong Y.-H., Park W.-K. Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 60:1998b;33-42
126. Kim H.S., Kim K.-S. Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponin on nicotine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Behavioural Brain Research. 103:1999;55-61
127. Kim H.-S., Kim K.-S., Oh K.-W. Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 66:1999;83-90
128. Kinjo J., Yokomizo K., Hirakawa T., Shii Y., Nohara T., Uyeda M. Anti-herpes virus activity of fabaceous triterpenoidal saponins. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 23:2000;887-889
129. Kinoshita K., Koyama K., Takahashi K., Kondo N., Yuasa H. A new triterpenoid saponin from Isolatocereus dumortieri. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;701-703
130. Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T. Triterpenoids saponins from Vaccaria segetalis. Phytochemistry. 47:1998;1343-1349
131. Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T. New triterpenoid saponins and sapogenins from Saponaria officinalis. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999a;1655-1659
132. Koike K., Jia Z., Ohura S., Mochida S., Nikaido T. Minor triterpenoid saponins from Ardisia crenata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999b;434-435
133. Koike K., Kudo M., Jia Z., Nikaido T., Ide Y., Sakura T. New triterpenoid saponins from Maesa japonica. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999c;228-232
134. Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T. New triterpenoids saponins from Maesa tenera. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;758-761
135. Kojima K., Zhu X.-B., Ogihara Y. Saponins from Gliricidia sepium. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;885-888
136. Konishi M., Hano Y., Takayama M., Nomura T., Hamzah A.S., Ahmad R.B., Jamani H. Triterpenoid saponins from Hedyotis nudicaulis. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;525-528
137. Konishi T., Fujiwara Y., Konoshima T., Kiwosawa S., Nishi M., Miyahara K. Steroidal saponins from Hemerocallis fulva var. kwanso. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;318-320
138. Kostova I., Dinchev D., Rentsch G.H., Dimitrov V., Ivanova A. Two new sulfated furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C. 57:2002;33-38
139. Kumara S.S.M., Huat B.T.K. Extraction, isolation and characterisation of antitumor principle, ∅-hederin, from the seeds of Nigella sativa. Planta Medica. 67:2001;29-32
140. Kunert O., Haslinger E., Schmid M.G., Reiner J., Bucar F., Mulatu E., Abebe D., Debella A. Three saponins, a steroid, and a flavanol glycoside from Achyranthes aspera. Monatshefte für Chemie. 131:2000;195-204
141. Kuroda M., Mimaki Y., Hasegawa F., Yokosuka A., Sashida Y., Sakagami H. Steroidal glycosides from the bulbs of Camassia leichtlinii and their cytotoxic activities. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;726-731
142. Kwak W.J., Han C.K., Chang H.W., Kim H.P., Kang S.S., Son K.H. Loniceroside C, an antiinflammatory saponin from Lonicera japonica. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 51:2003;333-335
143. Lacaille-Dubois M.A., Wagner H. A review of the biological and pharmacological activities of saponins. Phytomedicine. 2:1996;363-386
144. Lacaille-Dubois M.-A., Hanquet B., Cui Z.-H., Lou Z.-C., Wagner H. A new biologically active acylated triterpene saponin from Silene fortunei. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999a;133-136
145. Lacaille-Dubois M.-A., Hanquet B., Cui Z.-H., Lou Z.-C., Wagner H. A new biologically active acylated triterpene saponin from Silene fortunei. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999b;404
146. Larhsini M., Marston A., Hostettmann K. Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Silene cucubalus. Fitoterapia. 74:2003;237-241
147. Lavaud C., Voutquenne L., Massiot G., Le Men-Olivier L., Das B.C., Laprévote O., Serani L., Delaude C., Becchi M. Saponins from the stem bark of Filicium decipiens. Phytochemistry. 47:1998;441-449
148. Lavaud C., Voutquenne L., Bal P., Pouny I. Saponins from Chenopodium album. Fitoterapia. 71:2000;338-340
149. Lavaud C., Crublet M.-L., Pouny I., Litaudon M., Sévenet T. Triterpenoid saponins from the stem bark of Elattostachys apetala. Phytochemistry. 57:2001;469-478
150. Lee B.-H., Lee S.-J., Hui J.-H., Lee S., Sung J.-H., Huh J.D., Moon C.-K. In vitro antigenotoxic activity of novel ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Planta Medica. 64:1998;500-503
151. Lee S.-J., Sung J.-H., Lee S.-J., Moon C.-K., Lee B.-H. Antitumor activity of a novel ginseng saponin metabolite in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin. Cancer Letters. 144:1999;39-43
152. Lee S.-C., Moon Y.-S., You K.-H. Effects of red ginseng saponins and nootropic drugs on impaired acquisition of ethanol-treated rats in passive avoidance performance. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 69:2000;1-8
153. Li T., Yuying Z., Guangzhong T., Bin W., Shaoqing C., Ruyi Z. Saikosaponins from roots of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium. Phytochemistry. 50:1999a;139-142
154. Li X.-C., ElSohly H.N., Nimrod A.C., Clark A.M. Antifungal jujubogenin saponins from Colubrina retusa. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999b;674-677
155. Li D.W., Lee E.B., Kang S.S., Hyun J.E., Whang W.K. Activity-guided isolation of saponins from Kalopanax pictus with anti-inflammatory activity. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 50:2002;900-903
156. 1 on spinal cord neurons in vitro. Experimental Neurology. 173:2002;224-234
157. Liu W.K., Xu S.X., Che C.T. Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sciences. 67:2000;1297-1306
158. Liu J., Henkel T. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): are polyphenols and saponins the key ingredients triggering biological activities? Current Medicinal Chemistry. 9:2002;1483-1485
159. Lu Y., Umeda T., Yagi A., Sakata K., Chaudhuri T., Ganguly D.K., Sarma S. Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). Phytochemistry. 53:2000;941-946
160. Ma W.G., Mizutani M., Malterud K.E., Lu S.L., Ducrey B., Tahara S. Saponins from the roots of Panax notoginseng. Phytochemistry. 52:1999;1133-1139
161. Ma J., He F.-H., Deng J.-Z., Ye W.-C., Zhao S.-X., Wu H.-M. Triterpenoid saponins from Vaccaria segetalis. Chinese Journal of Chemistry. 19:2001;606-611
162. Marciani D.J., Athak A.K., Reynolds R.C., Seitz L., May R.D. Altered immunomodulating and toxicological properties of degraded Quillaja saponaria Molina saponins. International Immunopharmacology. 1:2001;813-818
163. Marquina S., Maldonado N., Garduño-Ramírez M.L., Aranda E., Villarreal M.L., Navarro V., Bye R., Delgado G., Alvarez L. Bioactive oleanolic acid saponins and other constituents from the roots of Viguiera decurrens. Phytochemistry. 56:2001;93-97
164. 1, from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa (Zizyphi Spinosi Semen). Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999;1744-1748
165. Matsuda H., Morikawa T., Ueda H., Yoshikawa M. Medicinal foodstuffs. XXVII. Saponin constituents of gotu kola (2): structures of new ursane- and oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, centellasaponins B, C, and D, from Centella asiatica cultivated in Sri Lanka. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;1368-1371
166. Matsuura H. Saponins in garlic as modifiers of the risk of cardiovascular disease. The Journal of Nutrition. 131:2001;1000S-1005S
167. Melek F.R., Miyase T., Ghaly N.S. Triterpenoid saponins from Meryta lanceolata. Phytochemistry. 62:2003;557-562
168. Meselhy M.R. Hopane-type saponins from Polycarpon succulentum - II. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;1415-1421
169. Michl G., Abebe D., Bucar F., Debella A., Kunert O., Schmid M.G., Mulatau E., Haslinger E. New triterpenoid saponins from Achyranthes aspera Linn. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 83:2000;359-363
170. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Kameyana A., Yokosuka A., Sashida Y. Aculeoside B, a new bisdesmosidic spirostanol saponin from the underground parts of Ruscus aculeatus. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998a;1279-1282
171. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Kameyama A., Yokosuka A., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from the underground parts of Ruscus aculeatus and their cytostatic activity on HL-60 cells. Phytochemistry. 48:1998b;485-493
172. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Kameyama A., Yokosuka A., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of Hosta sieboldii and their cytostatic activity on HL-60 cells. Phytochemistry. 48:1998c;1361-1369
173. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Takaashi Y., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from the leaves of Cordyline stricta. Phytochemistry. 47:1998d;79-85
174. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Takaashi Y., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from the stems of Dracaena concinna. Phytochemistry. 47:1998e;1351-1356
175. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Asano T., Sashi Y. Triterpene saponins and lignans from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis and their cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999a;1279-1283
176. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Fukasawa T., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from the bulbs of Allium karataviense. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999b;738-743
177. Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Ide A., Kameyama A., Yokosuka A., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from the aerial parts of Dracaena draco and their cytostatic activity on HL-60 cells. Phytochemistry. 50:1999c;805-813
178. Mimaki Y., Kuora M., Yokosuka A., Sashida Y. A spirostanol saponin from the underground parts of Ruscus aculeatus. Phytochemistry. 51:1999d;689-692
179. Mimaki Y., Satou T., Kuroda M., Sashida Y., Hatakeyama Y. Steroidal saponins from the bulbs of Lilium candidum. Phytochemistry. 51:1999e;567-573
180. Mimaki Y., Watanabe K., Ando Y., Sakuma C., Sashida Y., Furuya S., Sakagami H. Flavonol glycosides and steroidal saponins from the leaves of Cestrum nocturnum and their cytotoxicity. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001a;17-22
181. Mimaki Y., Yokosuka A., Kuroda M., Sashida Y. Cytotoxic activities and structure-cytotoxic relationships of steroidal saponins. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 24:2001b;1286-1289
182. Mitaine-Offer A.-C., Marouf A., Hanquet B., Birlirakis N., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. Two triterpene saponins from Achyranthes bidentata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001a;1492-1494
183. Mitaine-Offer A.C., Marouf A., Pizza C., Khanh T.C., Chauffert B., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. Bidentatoside I, a new triterpene saponin from Achyranthes bidentata. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001b;243-245
184. Mitaine-Offer A.-C., Miyamoto T., Khan I.A., Delaude C., Lacaille-Dubois M.-A. Three new triterpene saponins from two species of Carpolobia. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;553-557
185. Miyakoshi M., Shirasuna K., Hirai Y., Shingu K., Isoda S., Shoji J., Ida Y., Shimizu T. Triterpenoid saponins fo Acanthopanax nipponicus leaves. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;445-448
186. Miyakoshi M., Tamura Y., Masuda H., Mizutani K., Tanaka O., Ikeda T., Ohtani K., Kasai R., Yamasaki K. Antiyeast steroidal saponins from Yucca schidigera (Mohave yucca), a new anti-food-deteriorating agent. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;332-338
187. Mølgaard P., Chihaka A., Lemmich E., Furu P., Windber C., Ingerslev F., Halling-Sørensen B. Biodegradability of the molluscicidal saponins of Phytolacca dodecandra. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 32:2000;248-255
188. Mshvildadze V., Favel A., Delmas F., Elias R., Faure R., Decanosidze G., Kemertelidze E., Balansard G. Antifungal and antiprotozoal activities of saponins from Hedera colchica. Pharmazie. 55:2000;325-326
189. Mshvildadze V., Elias R., Faure R., Debrauwer L., Dekanosidze G., Kemertelidze E., Balansard G. Triterpenoid saponins from berries of Hedera colchica. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;752-754
190. Mujoo K., Haridas V., Hoffmann J.J., Wächter G.A., Hutter L.K., Lu Y., Blake M.E., Jayatilake G.S., Bailey D., Mills G.B., Gutterman J.U. Triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham) decrease tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Cancer Research. 61:2001;5486-5490
191. Murakami T., Matsuda H., Inadzuki M., Hirano K., Yoshikawa M. Medicinal foodstuffs. XVI. Sugar beet (3): absolute stereostructures of betavulgarosides II and IV, hypoglycemic saponins having a unique substituent, from the roots of Beta vulgaris L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999a;1717-1724
192. Murakami T., Nakamura J., Matsuda H., Yoshikawa M. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XV. Saponin constituents with gastroprotective effect from the seeds of tea plant, Camellia sinensis L. var. assamica PIERRE, cultivated in Sri Lanka: structures of assamsaponins A, B, C, D, and E. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999b;1759-1764
193. Murakami T., Kishi A., Matsuda H., Yoshikawa M. Medicinal foodstuffs. XVII. Fenugreek seed (3): structures of new furostanol-type steroid saponins, trigoneosides Xa, Xb, XIb, XIIa, XIIb, and XIIIa, from the seeds of Egyptian Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48:2000a;994-1000
194. Murakami T., Nakamura J., Kageura T., Matsuda H., Yoshikawa M. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XVII. Inhibitory effect on gastric emptying and accelerating effect on gastrointestinal transit of tea saponins: structures of assamsaponins F, G, H, I and J from the seeds and leaves of the tea plant. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48:2000b;1720-1725
195. Murakami T., Emoto A., Matsuda H., Yoshikawa M. Medicinal foodstuffs. XXI. Structures of new cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides, goyaglycosides-a, -b, -c, -d, -e, -f, -g, and -h, and new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, goyasaponins I, II, and III, from the fresh fruit of Japanese Momordica charantia L. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001a;54-63
196. Murakami T., Oominami H., Matsuda H., Yoshikawa M. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XVIII. Nortriterpene and triterpene oligoglycosides from the fresh leaves of Euptelea polyandra SIEB. et. ZUCC (2): structures of eupteleasaponins VI, VI acetate, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001b;741-746
197. Navarro P., Giner R.M., Recio M.C., Máñez S., Cerdá-Nicolās M., Ríos J.-L. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of saponins from Bupleurum rotundifolium. Life Sciences. 68:2001;1199-1206
198. Ngounou, F.N., Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary, M.I., Malik, S., Zareen, S., Ali, R., Lontsi, D., Sondengam, B.L., 1999. Two saponins from Pteleopsis hylodendron. Phytochemistry 52, 917-921.
199. Nikaido T., Koike K., Mitsunaga K., Saeki T. Two new triterpenoid saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999;903-904
200. Nishimura K., Miyase T., Noguchi H. Triterpenoid saponins from Ilex kudincha. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;1128-1133
201. Nocerino E., Amato M., Izzo A.A. The aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties of ginseng. Fitoterapia. 71:2000;S1-S5
202. Oda K., Matsuda H., Murakami T., Katayama S., Ohgitani T., Yoshikawa M. Adjuvant and haemolytic activities of 47 saponins derived from medicinal and food plants. Biological Chemistry. 381:2000;67-74
203. Oda K., Matsuda H., Murakami T., Katayama S., Ohgitani T., Yoshikawa M. Relationship between adjuvant activity and amphipathic structure of soyasaponins. Vaccine. 21:2003;2145-2151
204. Oleszek W., Junkuszew M., Stochmal A. Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1999;3685-3687
205. Oleszek W., Sitek M., Stochmal A., Piacente S., Pizza C., Cheeke P. Steroidal saponins of Yucca schidigera Roezl. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001;4392-4396
206. Oleszek W., Stochmal A. Triterpene saponins and flavonoids in the seeds of Trifolium species. Phytochemistry. 61:2002;165-170
207. Olugbade T.A., Ogundaini A., Birlirakis N., Païs M., Martin M.-T. Petersaponins III and IV, triterpenoid saponins from Petersianthus macrocarpus. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;716-719
208. Osbourn A.E. Molecules of interest, saponins in cereals. Phytochemistry. 62:2003;1-4
209. Ouyang M.-A., Liu Y.-Q., Wang H.-Q., Yang C.-R. Triterpenoid saponins from Ilex latifolia. Phytochemistry. 49:1998;2483-2486
210. Parab R.S., Mengi S.A. Hypolipidemic activity of Acorus calamus L. in rats. Fitoterapia. 73:2002;451-455
211. Park H.-J., Kwon S.-H., Lee J.-H., Lee K.-H., Miyamoto K.I., Lee K.-T. Kalopanaxsaponin A is a basic saponin structure for the anti-tumor activity of hederagenin monodesmosides. Planta Medica. 67:2001;118-121
212. Pawar R., Gopalakrishnan C., Bhutani K.K. Dammarane triterpene saponin from Bacopa monniera as the superoxide inhibitor in polymorphonuclear cells. Planta Medica. 67:2001;752-754
213. Plock A., Beyer G., Hiller K., Gründemann E., Krause E., Nimtz M., Wray V. Application of MS and NMR to the structure elucidation of complex sugar moieties of natural products: exemplified by the steroidal saponins from Yucca filamentosa L. Phytochemistry. 57:2001;489-496
214. Pöllmann K., Schaller K., Schweizer U., Elgamal M.H.A., Shaker K.H., Seifert K. Triterpenoid saponins from Zygophyllum decumbens. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;875-880
215. Putalun W., Xuan L.-J., Tanaka H., Shoyama Y. Solakhasoside, a novel steroidal saponin from Solanum khasianum. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;181-183
216. Qiu S.-X., Li X.-C., Xiong Y., Dong Y., Chai H., Farnsworth N.R., Pezzuto J.M., Fong H.H.S. Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic saponin chloromaloside A from Chlorophytum malayense. Planta Medica. 66:2000;587-590
217. Quiroga E.N., Sampietro A.R., Vattuone M.A. Screening antifungal activities of selected medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 74:2001;89-96
218. Rastrelli L., Aquino R., Abdo S., Proto M., De Simone F., De Tommasi N. Studies on the constituents of Amaranthus caudatus leaves: isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpenoid saponins and ionol-derived glycosides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46:1998;1797-1804
219. Rastrelli L., Caceres A., De Simone F., Aquino R. Studies on the constituents of Gliricidia sepium (Leguminosae) leaves and roots: isolation and structure elucidation of new triterpenoid saponins and aromatic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1999;1537-1540
220. Safir O., Fkih-Tetouani S., de Tommasi N., Aquino R. Saponins from Zygophyllum gaetulum. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998;130-134
221. Sahpaz S., Gupta M.P., Hostettmann K. Triterpene saponins from Randia formosa. Phytochemistry. 54:2000;77-84
222. Sahu N.P., Koike K., Banerjee S., Achari B., Nikaido T. Triterpenoid saponins from Mollugo spergula. Phytochemistry. 58:2001;1177-1182
223. Sakai K., Nagao T., Okabe H. Triterpenoid saponins from the ground part of Aster ageratoides var. ovatus. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;309-318
224. Sánchez-Contreras S., Díaz-Lanza A.M., Matellano L.F., Bernabé M., Ollivier E., Balansard G., Faure R. A sulfated saponin from Bupleurum rigidum. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998;1383-1385
225. Sánchez-Contreras S., Díaz-Lanza A.M., Bernabé M. Four new triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Bupleurum rigidum. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;1479-1482
226. Sang S., Lao A., Wang H., Chen Z. Two new spirostanol saponins from Allium tuberosum. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999a;1028-1029
227. Sang S., Lao A., Wang H., Chen Z. Furostanol saponins from Allium tuberosum. Phytochemistry. 52:1999b;1611-1615
228. Sang S., Mao S., Lao A., Chen Z., Ho C.-T. Four new steroidal saponins from the seeds of Allium tuberosum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001a;1475-1478
229. Sang S., Zou M., Xia Z., Lao A., Chen Z., Ho C.-T. New spirostanol saponins from Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001b;4780-4783
230. Sanoko R., Speranza G., Pizza C., De Tommasi N. Trterpene saponins from Alternanthera repens. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;1043-1047
231. Scarpato R., Bertoli A., Naccarati A., Migliore L., Cocchi L., Barale R., Pistelli L. Different effects of newly isolated saponins on the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the anticancer drugs mitomycin C and bleomycin in human lymphocytes. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 420:1998;49-54
232. Schühly W., Heilmann J., Çalis I., Sticher O. Novel triterpene saponins from Zizyphus joazeiro. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 83:2000;1509-1516
233. Seo Y., Berger J.M., Hoch J., Neddermann K.M., Bursuker I., Mamber S.W., Kingston D.G.I. A new triterpene saponin from Pittosporum viridiflorum from the Madagascar rainforest. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002a;65-68
234. Seo Y., Hoch J., Abdel-Kader M., Malone S., Derveld I., Adams H., Werkhoven M.C.M., Wisse J.H., Mamber S.W., Dalton J.M., Kingston D.G.I. Bioactive saponins from Acacia tenuifolia from the Suriname rainforest. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002b;170-174
235. Shaker K.H., Bernhardt M., Elgamal M.H.A., Seifert K. Triterpenoid saponins from Fagonia indica. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;1049-1053
236. Shaker K.H., Bernhardt M., Hani M., Elgamal A., Seifert K. Triterpenoid saponins from Astragalus trigonus. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C. 56:2001;699-702
237. Shen P., Wang S-L., Liu X-K., Yang C.-R., Cai B., Yao X-S. Steroidal saponins from rhizomes of Tupistra wattii Hook. f. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 51:2003;305-308
238. Shibata S. Chemistry and cancer preventing activities of ginseng saponins and some related triterpenoid compounds. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 16:2001;S28-37
239. Shin M.H., Wang W., Nam K.I., Jo Y., Jung J.H., Im K.S. Triterpenoid saponins from the fruits of Ternstroemia japonica. Journal of Natural Products. 66:2003;1351-1355
240. Simões C.M.O., Amoros M., Girre L. Mechanism of antiviral activity of triterpenoid saponins. Phytotherapy Research. 13:1999;323-328
241. Simonet A.M., Stochmal A., Oleszek W., Macías F.A. Saponins and polar compounds from Trifolium resupinatum. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;1065-1067
242. Sindambiwe J.B., Calomme M., Geerts S., Pieters L., Vlietinck A.J., Vanden Berghe D.A. Evaluation of biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from Maesa lanceolata. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998;585-590
243. Sirtori C.R. Aescin: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic profile. Pharmacological Research. 44:2001;183-193
244. Sjölander A., Cox J.C. Uptake and adjuvant activity of orally delivered saponin and ISCOM™ vaccines. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 34:1998;321-338
245. Soliman H.S.M., Elgamal M.H.A., Simon A., Tóth G., Horv āth G., Duddeck H. A new gypsogenin saponin from Arenaria filicaulis. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;885-888
246. Soliman H.S.M., Simon A., Tóth G., Duddeck H. Identification and structure determination of four triterpene saponins from some Middle-East plants. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 39:2001;567
247. Song S.-J., Nakamura N., Ma C.-M., Hattori M., Xu S.-X. Four new saponins from the root bark of Aralia elata. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48:2000;838-842
248. Song S.-J., Nakamura N., Ma C.-M., Hattori M., Xu S.-X. Five saponins from the root bark of Aralia elata. Phytochemistry. 56:2001;491-497
249. Su Y., Guo D., Guo H., Liu J., Zheng J., Koike K., Nikaido T. Four new triterpenoid saponins from Conyza blinii. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001;32-36
250. Su Y., Koike K., Nikaido T., Liu J., Zheng J., Guo D. Conyzasaponins I-Q, nine new triterpenoid saponins from Conyza blinii. Journal of Natural Products. 66:2003;1593-1599
251. Tanaka O., Han E.-C., Yamaguchi H., Matsuura H., Murakami T., Taniyama T., Yoshikawa M. Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in central Nepal, and their chemotaxonomical significance. III. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48:2000;889-892
252. Tapondjou L.A., Lontsi D., Sondengam B.L., Shaheen F., Choudhary M.I., Atta-ur-Rahman, Van Heerden F.R., Park H.-J., Lee K.-T. Saponins from Cussonia bancoensis and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production. Journal of Natural Products. 66:2003;1266-1269
253. Tezuka Y., Honda K., Banskota A.J., Thet M.M., Kadota S. Kinmoonosides A-C, three new cytotoxic saponins from the fruits of Acacia concinna, a medicinal plant collected in Myanmar. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;1658-1664
254. Tran Q.L., Adnyana I.K., Tezuka Y., Nagaoka T., Tran Q.K., Kadota S. Triterpene saponins from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis) and their hepatocytoprotective activity. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001a;456-461
255. Tran Q.L., Tezuka Y., Banskota A.H., Tran Q.K., Saiki I., Kadota S. New spirostanol steroids and steroidal saponins from roots and rhizomes of Dracaena angustifolia and their antiproliferative activity. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001b;1127-1132
256. 2, the major saponin from Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis). Planta Medica. 68:2002;402-406
257. Traore F., Faure R., Olivier E., Gasqet M., Azas N., Debrauwer L., Keita A., Timon-David P., Balansard G. Structure and antiprotozoal activity of triterpenoid saponins from Glinus oppositifolius. Planta Medica. 66:2000;368-371
258. Treyvaud V., Marston A., Dyatmiko W., Hostettmann K. Molluscicidal saponins from Phytolacca icosandra. Phytochemistry. 55:2000;603-609
259. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R., Robbers, J.E., 1981. Pharmacognosy, eighth ed. Lea & Ferbiger, Philadelphia, p. 67 (ISBN 0-8121-0793-4).
260. Udayama M., Kinjo J., Nohara T. Triterpenoidal saponins from Baptisia australis. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;1233-1235
261. Ueckert J., Wray V., Nimtz M., Schöpke T. Noroleanane saponins from Celmisia spectabilis. Phytochemistry. 49:1998;2487-2492
262. Um B.-H., Weniger B., Lobstein A., Pouplin T., Polat M., Aragón R., Anton R. Triterpenoid saponins from Isertia pittieri. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001;1588-1589
263. Une H.D., Sarveiya V.P., Pal S.C., Kasture V.X., Kasture S.B. Nootropic and anxiolytic activity of saponins of Albizzia lebbeck leaves. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 69:2001;439-444
264. Verotta L., Guerrini M., El-Sebakhy N.A., Assad A.M., Toaima S.M., Radwan M.M., Luo Y.-D., Pezzuto J.M. Cycloartane and oleanane saponins from Egyptian Astragalus spp. as modulators of lymphocyte proliferation. Planta Medica. 68:2002;986-994
265. Voutquenne L., Lavaud C., Massiot G., Delaude C. Saponins from Harpullia cupanioides. Phytochemistry. 49:1998;2081-2085
266. Voutquenne L., Kokougan C., Lavaud C., Pouny I., Litaudon M. Triterpenoid saponins and acylated prosapogenins from Harpullia austro-caledonica. Phytochemistry. 59:2002;825-832
267. Voutquenne L., Guinot P., Thoison O., Sevenet T., Lavaud C. Oleanolic glycosides from Pometia ridleyi. Phytochemistry. 64:2003;781-789
268. Wandji J., Tillequin F., Mulholland D.A., Shirri J.C., Tsabang N., Seguin E., Verite P., Libot F., Fomum Z.T. Pentacyclic triterpenoid and saponins from Gambeya boukokoensis. Phytochemistry. 64:2003;845-849
269. Wang M.-K., Cai H., Peng S.-L., Ding L.-S., Wu F.-E., Chen Y.-Z. Triterpenoid saponins from Berneuxia thebetica. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;1411-1414
270. Wang H.X., Ng T.B. Natural products with hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, hypocholesterolemic, antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic activities. Life Sciences. 65:1999;2663-2677
271. Wang B.-G., Zhu W.-M., Li X.-M., Jia Z.-J., Hao X.-J. Rubupungenosides A and B, two novel triterpenoid saponin dimers from the aerial parts of Rubus pungens. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000;851-854
272. Wang Z., Zhou J., Ju Y., Zhang H., Liu M., Li X. Effects of two saponins extracted from the Polygonatum zanlanscianense pamp on the human leukemia (HL-60) cells. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 24:2001;159-162
273. Watanabe K., Mimaki Y., Sakuma C., Sashida Y. Eranthisaponins A and B, two new bisdesmosidic triterpene saponins from the tubers of Eranthis cilicica. Journal of Natural Products. 66:2003;879-882
274. Witthawaskul P., Panthong A., Danjanapothi D., Taesothikul T., Lertprasertsuke N. Acute and subacute toxicities of the saponin mixture isolated from Schefflera leucantha Viguier. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 89:2003;115-121
275. Woldemichael G.M., Wink M. Identification and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from Chenopodium quinoa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2001;2327-2332
276. Woldemichael G.M., Montenegro G., Timmermann B.N. Triterpenoidal lupin saponins from the Chilean legume Lupinus oreophilus Phil. Phytochemistry. 63:2003;853-857
277. Xiang T., Tezuka Y., Wu L-J., Banskota A.H., Kadota S. Saponins from Lonicera bournei. Phytochemistry. 54:2000;795-799
278. Xiao K., Yi Y.-H., Wang Z.-Z., Tang H.-F., Li Y.-Q., Lin H.-W. A cytotoxic triterpene saponin from the root bark of Aralia dasyphylla. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;1030-1032
279. Xu Y.-X., Chen H.-S., Liang H.-Q., Gu Z.-B., Liu W.-Y., Leung W.-N., Li T.-J. Three new saponins from Tribulus terrestris. Planta Medica. 66:2000;545-550
280. Yang X.-W., Zhao J., Cui Y.-X., Liu X.-H., Ma C.-M., Hattori M., Zhang L-H. Anti-HIV-1 protease triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;1510-1513
281. Yang D.-J., Lu T.-J., Hwang L.S. Isolation and identification of steroidal saponins in Taiwanese yam cultivar (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51:2003;6438-6444
282. Yayla Y., Alankuş-Çalişkan Ö., Anil H., Bates R.B., Stessman C.C., Kane V.V. Saponins from Styrax officinalis. Fitoterapia. 73:2002;320-326
283. Yayli N., Baltaci C., Zengin A., Kuçukislamoglu M., Genc H. A triterpenoid saponin from Cyclamen coum. Phytochemistry. 48:1998;881-884
284. Ye W., Pan G., Zhang Q., Che C.-T., Wu H., Zhao S. Five new triterpene saponins from Pulsatilla patens var. multifida. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999;233-237
285. Ye W.-C., Zhang Q.-W., Liu X., Che C.-T., Zhao S.-X. Oleanane saponins from Gymnema sylvestre. Phytochemistry. 53:2000;893-899
286. Ye W., Liu X., Zhang Q., Che C.-T., Zhao S. Antisweet saponins from Gymnema sylvestre. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001;232-235
287. Yeşilada E., Takaishi Y. A saponin with anti-ulcerogenic effect from the flowers of Spartium junceum. Phytochemistry. 51:1999;903-908
288. Yokosuka A., Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Sashida Y. A new steroidal saponin from the leaves of Agave americana. Planta Medica. 66:2000a;393-396
289. Yokosuka A., Mimaki Y., Sashida Y. Steroidal saponins from Dracaena surculosa. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000b;1239-1243
290. Yokosuka A., Mimaki Y., Sashida Y. Four new 3,5-cyclosteroidal saponins from Dracaena surculosa. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 50:2002a;992-995
291. Yokosuka A., Mimaki Y., Sashida Y. Spirostanol saponins from the rhizomes of Tacca chantrieri and their cytotoxic activity. Phytochemistry. 61:2002b;73-78
292. Yoshikawa K., Satou Y., Tokunaga Y., Tanaka M., Arihara S., Nigam S.K. Four acylated triterpenoid saponins from Albizia procera. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998;440-445
293. Yoshikawa K., Katsuta S., Mizumori J., Arihara S. Four cycloartane triterpenoids and six related saponins from Passiflora edulis. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000a;1229-1234
294. Yoshikawa M., Murakami T., Oominami H., Matsuda H. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XVI. Nortriterpene oligoglycosides with gastroprotective activity from the fresh leaves of Euptelea polyandra SIEB. et ZUCC (1): structures of eupteleasaponins I, II, III, IV, V, and V acetate. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 48:2000b;1045-1050
295. Yoshikawa K., Tanaka M., Arihara S., Pal B.C., Roy S.K., Matsumura E., Katayama S. New oleanene triterpenoid saponins from Madhuca longifolia. Journal of Natural Products. 63:2000c;1679-1681
296. Yoshikawa M., Morikawa T., Yashiro K., Murakami T., Matsuda H. Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XIX. Notoginseng (3): immunological adjuvant activity of notoginsenosides and related saponins: structures of notoginsenosides-L, -M, and -N from the roots of Panax notoginseng (BURK.) F.H.Chen. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;1452-1456
297. Yoshikawa M., Morikawa T., Nakano K., Pongpiriyadacha Y., Murakami T., Matsuda H. Characterization of new sweet triterpene saponins from Albizia myriophylla. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;1638-1642
298. Yoshikawa M., Morikawa T., Kashima Y., Ninomiya K., Matsuda H. Structures of new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the flower buds of Panax notoginseng and hepatoprotective effects of principal ginseng saponins. Journal of Natural Products. 66:2003;922-927
299. Yoshiki Y., Kudou S., Okubo K. Relationship between chemical structures and biological activites of triterpenoid saponins from soybean. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 62:1998;2291-2299
300. Young M.C.M., Araújo A.R., Da Silva C.A., Lopes M.N., Trevisan L.M.V., Bolzani V.D.S. Triterpenes and saponins from Rudgea viburnioides. Journal of Natural Products. 61:1998;936-938
301. Yui S., Ubukata K., Hodono K., Kitahara M., Mimaki Y., Kuroda M., Sashida Y., Yamazaki M. Macrophage-oriented cytotoxic activity of novel triterpene saponins extracted from roots of Securidaca inappendiculata. International Immunopharmacology. 1:2001;1989-2000
302. Yun T.-K. Experimental and epidemiological evidence on non-organ specific cancer preventive effect of Korean ginseng and identification of active compounds. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 523/524:2003;63-74
303. Yun Y.S., Shimizu K., Morita H., Takeya K., Itokawa H., Shirota O. Triterpenoid saponin from Vaccaria segetalis. Phytochemistry. 47:1998;143-144
304. Zamilpa A., Tortoriello J., Navarro V., Delgado G., Alvarez L. Five new steroidal saponins from Solanum chrysotrichum leaves and their antimycotic activity. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002;1815-1819
305. Zhang Z., Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T., Guo D., Zheng J. New saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 47:1999a;1515-1520
306. Zhang Z., Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T., Guo D., Zheng J. Four new triterpenoidal saponins acylated with one monoterpenic acid from Gleditsia sinensis. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999b;740-745
307. Zhang Z., Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T., Guo D., Zheng J. Gleditsiosides N-Q, new triterpnoid saponins from Gleditsia sinensis. Journal of Natural Products. 62:1999c;877-881
308. Zhang Z., Koike K., Jia Z., Nikaido T., Guo D., Zheng J. Triterpenoidal saponins from Gleditsia sinensis. Phytochemistry. 52:1999d;715-722
309. Zhao J., Yang X.-W., Hattori M. Three new triterpene saponins from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 49:2001;626-628
310. Zhong H.M., Chen C.X., Tian X., Chui Y.X., Chen Y.Z. Triterpenoid saponins from Clematis tangutica. Planta Medica. 67:2001;484-488
311. Zhu N., Jiang Y., Wang M., Ho C.-T. Cycloartane triterpene saponins from the roots of Cimicifuga foetida. Journal of Natural Products. 64:2001;627-629
312. Zhu N., Sheng S., Sang S., Jhoo J.-W., Bai N., Karwe M.V., Rosen R.T., Ho C.-T. Triterpene saponins from debittered quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50:2002;865-867
313. Zou K., Zhao Y., Tu G., Cui J., Jia Z., Zhang R. Two diastereomeric saponins with cytotoxic activity from Albizia julibrissin. Carbohydrate Research. 324:2000;182-188
314. Zou Z.-M., Yu D.-Q., Cong P.-Z. A steroidal saponin from the seeds of Allium tuberosum. Phytochemistry. 57:2001;1219-1222
315. Zou K., Zhu S., Meselhy M.R., Tohda C., Cai S., Komatsu K. Dammarane-type saponins from Panax japonicus and their neurite outgrowth activity in SK-N-SH cells. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002a;1288-1292
316. Zou K., Zhu S., Tohda C., Cai S., Komatsu K. Dammarane-type triterpene saponins from Panax japonicus. Journal of Natural Products. 65:2002b;346-351