Amyloid-β aggregation

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 13-27

  Finder, Verena H ^a   Glockshuber, Rudi ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid ; Neurodegeneration; Oligomers; Protein misfolding

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN;

ALPHA HELIX; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; HUMAN; NERVE CELL CULTURE; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OLIGOMERIZATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN ASSEMBLY; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN ISOLATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; SENILE PLAQUES;

EID: 34247117730     PISSN: 16602854     EISSN: 16602862     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000100355     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Alzheimer A: Über eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde. Allg Z Psychiatr Psychisch-Gerichtl Med 1907;64:146-148.
2. Masters CL, Simms G, Weinman NA, Multhaup G, McDonald BL, Beyreuther K: Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:4245-4249.
3. Ross CA, Poirier MA: Opinion: what is the role of protein aggregation in neurodegeneration? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005;6:891-898.
4. Dobson CM: Protein folding and misfolding. Nature 2003;426:884-890.
5. Goedert M, Spillantini MG: A century of Alzheimer's disease. Science 2006;314:777-781.
6. Glenner GG, Wong CW: Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984;122:1131-1135.
7. Haass C, Schlossmacher MG, Hung AY, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Mellon A, Ostaszewski BL, Lieberburg I, Koo EH, Schenk D, Teplow DB, et al: Amyloid beta-peptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism. Nature 1992;359:322-325.
8. Kang J, Lemaire HG, Unterbeck A, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Grzeschik KH, Multhaup G, Beyreuther K, Muller-Hill B: The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 1987;325:733-736.
9. Johnson GV, Bailey CD: The p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2003;183:263-268.
10. Sandbrink R, Masters CL, Beyreuther K: APP gene family: alternative splicing generates functionally related isoforms. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996;777:281-287.
11. Selkoe DJ: Cell biology of protein misfolding: the examples of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Nat Cell Biol 2004;6:1054-1061.
12. Hardy J, Selkoe DJ: The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002;297:353-356.
13. Jarrett JT, Lansbury PT Jr: Seeding 'one-dimensional crystallization' of amyloid: a pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease and scrapie? Cell 1993;73:1055-1058.
14. German DC, Eisch AJ: Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: insight into treatment. Rev Neurosci 2004;15:353-369.
15. Hsiao K, Chapman P, Nilsen S, Eckman C, Harigaya Y, Younkin S, Yang F, Cole G: Correlative memory deficits, Abeta elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice. Science 1996;274:99-102.
16. Wong PC, Cai H, Borchelt DR, Price DL: Genetically engineered mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Neurosci 2002;5:633-639.
17. Suzuki N, Cheung TT, Cai XD, Odaka A, Otvos L Jr, Eckman C, Golde TE, Younkin SG: An increased percentage of long amyloid beta protein secreted by familial amyloid beta protein precursor (beta APP717) mutants. Science 1994;264:1336-1340.
18. Irie K, Murakami K, Masuda Y, Morimoto A, Ohigashi H, Ohashi R, Takegoshi K, Nagao M, Shimizu T, Shirasawa T: Structure of beta-amyloid fibrils and its relevance to their neurotoxicity: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Biosci Bioeng 2005;99:437-447.
19. Hardy J, Duff K, Hardy KG, Perez-Tur J, Hutton M: Genetic dissection of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: amyloid and its relationship to tau. Nat Neurosci 1998;1:355-358.
20. Mann DM, Yates PO, Marcyniuk B, Ravindra CR: The topography of plaques and tangles in Down's syndrome patients of different ages. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1986;12:447-457.
21. Ghetti B, Murrell J, Spillantini MG: Mutations in the Tau gene cause frontotemporal dementia. Brain Res Bull 1999;50:471-472.
22. Spillantini MG, Bird TD, Ghetti B: Frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17: a new group of tauopathies. Brain Pathol 1998;8:387-402.
23. Nakagawa T, Zhu H, Morishima N, Li E, Xu J, Yankner BA, Yuan J: Caspase-12 mediates endoplasmic-reticulum-specific apoptosis and cytotoxicity by amyloid-beta. Nature 2000;403:98-103.
24. Soto C: Unfolding the role of protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003;4:49-60.
25. Roberson ED, Mucke L: 100 years and counting: prospects for defeating Alzheimer's disease. Science 2006;314:781-784.
26. Lorenzo A, Yankner BA: Beta-amyloid neurotoxicity requires fibril formation and is inhibited by Congo red. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12243-12247.
27. Bucciantini M, Giannoni E, Chiti F, Baroni F, Formigli L, Zurdo J, Taddei N, Ramponi G, Dobson CM, Stefani M: Inherent toxicity of aggregates implies a common mechanism for protein misfolding diseases. Nature 2002;416:507-511.
28. Dahlgren KN, Manelli AM, Stine WB Jr, Baker LK, Krafft GA, LaDu MJ: Oligomeric and fibrillar species of amyloid-beta peptides differentially affect neuronal viability. J Biol Chem 2002;277:32046-32053.
29. Selkoe DJ: Alzheimer's disease is a synaptic failure. Science 2002;298:789-791.
30. Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, Cullen WK, Anwyl R, Wolfe MS, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ: Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid beta protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 2002;416:535-539.
31. Walsh DM, Klyubin I, Fadeeva JV, Rowan MJ, Selkoe DJ: Amyloid-beta oligomers: their production, toxicity and therapeutic inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 2002;30:552-557.
32. Citron M, Westaway D, Xia W, Carlson G, Diehl T, Levesque G, Johnson-Wood K, Lee M, Seubert P, Davis A, et al: Mutant presenilins of Alzheimer's disease increase production of 42-residue amyloid beta-protein in both transfected cells and transgenic mice. Nat Med 1997;3:67-72.
33. Mehta ND, Refolo LM, Eckman C, Sanders S, Yager D, Perez-Tur J, Younkin S, Duff K, Hardy J, Hutton M: Increased Abeta42(43) from cell lines expressing presenilin 1 mutations. Ann Neurol 1998;43:256-258.
34. Kuo YM, Emmerling MR, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Kasunic TC, Kirkpatrick JB, Murdoch GH, Ball MJ, Roher AE: Water-soluble Abeta (N-40, N-42) oligomers in normal and Alzheimer disease brains. J Biol Chem 1996;271:4077-4081.
35. McLean CA, Cherny RA, Fraser FW, Fuller SJ, Smith MJ, Beyreuther K, Bush AI, Masters CL: Soluble pool of Abeta amyloid as a determinant of severity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1999;46:860-866.
36. Lansbury PT Jr: Evolution of amyloid: what normal protein folding may tell us about fibrillogenesis and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:3342-3344.
37. Lemere CA, Blusztajn JK, Yamaguchi H, Wisniewski T, Saido TC, Selkoe DJ: Sequence of deposition of heterogeneous amyloid beta-peptides and APO E in Down syndrome: implications for initial events in amyloid plaque formation. Neurobiol Dis 1996;3:16-32.
38. Cleary JP, Walsh DM, Hofmeister JJ, Shankar GM, Kuskowski MA, Selkoe DJ, Ashe KH: Natural oligomers of the amyloid-beta protein specifically disrupt cognitive function. Nat Neurosci 2005;8:79-84.
39. Lesne S, Koh MT, Kotilinek L, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Yang A, Gallagher M, Ashe KH: A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature 2006;440:352-357.
40. Small DH, Mok SS, Bornstein JC: Alzheimer's disease and Abeta toxicity: from top to bottom. Nat Rev Neurosci 2001;2:595-598.
41. Lee SJ, Liyanage U, Bickel PE, Xia W, Lansbury PT Jr, Kosik KS: A detergent-insoluble membrane compartment contains A beta in vivo. Nat Med 1998;4:730-734.
42. Zhang Y, McLaughlin R, Goodyer C, LeBlanc A: Selective cytotoxicity of intracellular amyloid beta peptide1-42 through p53 and Bax in cultured primary human neurons. J Cell Biol 2002;156:519-529.
43. Lue LF, Kuo YM, Roher AE, Brachova L, Shen Y, Sue L, Beach T, Kurth JH, Rydel RE, Rogers J: Soluble amyloid beta peptide concentration as a predictor of synaptic change in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 1999;155:853-862.
44. Walsh DM, Hartley DM, Condron MM, Selkoe DJ, Teplow DB: In vitro studies of amyloid beta-protein fibril assembly and toxicity provide clues to the aetiology of Flemish variant (Ala692→ Gly) Alzheimer's disease. Biochem J 2001;355:869-877.
45. Clippingdale AB, Wade JD, Barrow CJ: The amyloid-beta peptide and its role in Alzheimer's disease. J Pept Sci 2001;7:227-249.
46. Bitan G, Kirkitadze MD, Lomakin A, Vollers SS, Benedek GB, Teplow DB: Amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) assembly: Abeta 40 and Abeta 42 oligomerize through distinct pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:330-335.
47. Coles M, Bicknell W, Watson AA, Fairlie DP, Craik DJ: Solution structure of amyloid beta-peptide(1-40) in a water-micelle environment: is the membrane-spanning domain where we think it is? Biochemistry 1998;37:11064-11077.
48. Crescenzi O, Tomaselli S, Guerrini R, Salvadori S, D'Ursi AM, Temussi PA, Picone D: Solution structure of the Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide (1-42) in an apolar microenvironment: similarity with a virus fusion domain. Eur J Biochem 2002;269:5642-5648.
49. Zhang S, Iwata K, Lachenmann MJ, Peng JW, Li S, Stimson ER, Lu Y, Felix AM, Maggio JE, Lee JP: The Alzheimer's peptide a beta adopts a collapsed coil structure in water. J Struct Biol 2000;130:130-141.
50. Barrow CJ, Zagorski MG: Solution structures of beta peptide and its constituent fragments: relation to amyloid deposition. Science 1991;253:179-182.
51. Lazo ND, Grant MA, Condron MC, Rigby AC, Teplow DB: On the nucleation of amyloid beta-protein monomer folding. Protein Sci 2005;14:1581-1596.
52. Xu Y, Shen J, Luo X, Zhu W, Chen K, Ma J, Jiang H: Conformational transition of amyloid beta-peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:5403-5407.
53. Garzon-Rodriguez W, Sepulveda-Becerra M, Milton S, Glabe CG: Soluble amyloid Abeta-(1-40) exists as a stable dimer at low concentrations. J Biol Chem 1997;272:21037-21044.
54. Hilbich C, Kisters-Woike B, Reed J, Masters CL, Beyreuther K: Substitutions of hydrophobic amino acids reduce the amyloidogenicity of Alzheimer's disease beta A4 peptides. J Mol Biol 1992;228:460-473.
55. Roher AE, Chaney MO, Kuo YM, Webster SD, Stine WB, Haverkamp LJ, Woods AS, Cotter RJ, Tuohy JM, Krafft GA, et al: Morphology and toxicity of Abeta-(1-42) dimer derived from neuritic and vascular amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 1996;271:20631-20635.
56. Podlisny MB, Ostaszewski BL, Squazzo SL, Koo EH, Rydell RE, Teplow DB, Selkoe DJ: Aggregation of secreted amyloid beta-protein into sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable oligomers in cell culture. J Biol Chem 1995;270:9564-9570.
57. Walsh DM, Tseng BP, Rydel RE, Podlisny MB, Selkoe DJ: The oligomerization of amyloid beta-protein begins intracellularly in cells derived from human brain. Biochemistry 2000;39:10831-10839.
58. Bitan G, Tarus B, Vollers SS, Lashuel HA, Condron MM, Straub JE, Teplow DB: A molecular switch in amyloid assembly: Met35 and amyloid beta-protein oligomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:15359-15365.
59. Levine H 3rd: Soluble multimeric Alzheimer beta(1-40) pre-amyloid complexes in dilute solution. Neurobiol Aging 1995;16:755-764.
60. Barghorn S, Nimmrich V, Striebinger A, Krantz C, Keller P, Janson B, Bahr M, Schmidt M, Bitner RS, Harlan J, et al: Globular amyloid beta-peptide oligomer - a homogenous and stable neuropathological protein in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2005;95:834-847.
61. LeVine H 3rd: Alzheimer's beta-peptide oligomer formation at physiologic concentrations. Anal Biochem 2004;335:81-90.
62. Townsend M, Shankar GM, Mehta T, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ: Effects of secreted oligomers of amyloid beta-protein on hippocampal synaptic plasticity: a potent role for trimers. J Physiol 2006;572:477-492.
63. Chromy BA, Nowak RJ, Lambert MP, Viola KL, Chang L, Velasco PT, Jones BW, Fernandez SJ, Lacor PN, Horowitz P, et al: Self-assembly of Abeta(1-42) into globular neurotoxins. Biochemistry 2003;42:12749-12760.
64. Klein WL, Stine WB Jr, Teplow DB: Small assemblies of unmodified amyloid beta-protein are the proximate neurotoxin in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2004;25:569-580.
65. Lambert MP, Barlow AK, Chromy BA, Edwards C, Freed R, Liosatos M, Morgan TE, Rozovsky I, Trommer B, Viola KL, et al: Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6448-6453.
66. Harper JD, Wong SS, Lieber CM, Lansbury PT Jr: Assembly of A beta amyloid protofibrils: an in vitro model for a possible early event in Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry 1999;38:8972-8980.
67. Georganopoulou DG, Chang L, Nam JM, Thaxton CS, Mufson EJ, Klein WL, Mirkin CA: Nanoparticle-based detection in cerebral spinal fluid of a soluble pathogenic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:2273-2276.
68. Kagan BL, Hirakura Y, Azimov R, Azimova R, Lin MC: The channel hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: current status. Peptides 2002;23:1311-1315.
69. Lashuel HA, Hartley D, Petre BM, Walz T, Lansbury PT Jr: Neurodegenerative disease: amyloid pores from pathogenic mutations. Nature 2002;418:291.
70. Quist A, Doudevski I, Lin H, Azimova R, Ng D, Frangione B, Kagan B, Ghiso J, Lal R: Amyloid ion channels: a common structural link for protein-misfolding disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:10427-10432.
71. Mattson MP, Chan SL: Neuronal and glial calcium signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Calcium 2003;34:385-397.
72. Arimon M, Diez-Perez I, Kogan MJ, Durany N, Giralt E, Sanz F, Fernandez-Busquets X: Fine structure study of Abeta1-42 fibrillogenesis with atomic force microscopy. FASEB J 2005;19:1344-1346.
73. Harper JD, Lansbury PT Jr: Models of amyloid seeding in Alzheimer's disease and scrapie: mechanistic truths and physiological consequences of the time-dependent solubility of amyloid proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 1997;66:385-407.
74. Harper JD, Wong SS, Lieber CM, Lansbury PT: Observation of metastable Abeta amyloid protofibrils by atomic force microscopy. Chem Biol 1997;4:119-125.
75. Kheterpal I, Lashuel HA, Hartley DM, Walz T, Lansbury PT Jr, Wetzel R: Abeta protofibrils possess a stable core structure resistant to hydrogen exchange. Biochemistry 2003;42:14092-14098.
76. Walsh DM, Lomakin A, Benedek GB, Condron MM, Teplow DB: Amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis: detection of a protofibrillar intermediate. J Biol Chem 1997;272:22364-22372.
77. Williams AD, Sega M, Chen M, Kheterpal I, Geva M, Berthelier V, Kaleta DT, Cook KD, Wetzel R: Structural properties of Abeta protofibrils stabilized by a small molecule. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:7115-7120.
78. Walsh DM, Hartley DM, Kusumoto Y, Fezoui Y, Condron MM, Lomakin A, Benedek GB, Selkoe DJ, Teplow DB: Amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis: structure and biological activity of protofibrillar intermediates. J Biol Chem 1999;274:25945-25952.
79. Hartley DM, Walsh DM, Ye CP, Diehl T, Vasquez S, Vassilev PM, Teplow DB, Selkoe DJ: Protofibrillar intermediates of amyloid beta-protein induce acute electrophysiological changes and progressive neurotoxicity in cortical neurons. J Neurosci 1999;19:8876-8884.
80. Rochet JC, Lansbury PT Jr: Amyloid fibrillogenesis: themes and variations. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2000;10:60-68.
81. Klunk WE, Jacob RF, Mason RP: Quantifying amyloid by Congo red spectral shift assay. Methods Enzymol 1999;309:285-305.
82. LeVine H 3rd: Quantification of beta-sheet amyloid fibril structures with thioflavin T. Methods Enzymol 1999;309:274-284.
83. Kirschner DA, Inouye H, Duffy LK, Sinclair A, Lind M, Selkoe DJ: Synthetic peptide homologous to beta protein from Alzheimer disease forms amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:6953-6957.
84. Stromer T, Serpell LC: Structure and morphology of the Alzheimer's amyloid fibril. Microsc Res Tech 2005;67:210-217.
85. Kheterpal I, Williams A, Murphy C, Bledsoe B, Wetzel R: Structural features of the Abeta amyloid fibril elucidated by limited proteolysis. Biochemistry 2001;40:11757-11767.
86. Petkova AT, Ishii Y, Balbach JJ, Antzutkin ON, Leapman RD, Delaglio F, Tycko R: A structural model for Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils based on experimental constraints from solid state NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:16742-16747.
87. Guo JT, Wetzel R, Xu Y: Molecular modeling of the core of Abeta amyloid fibrils. Proteins 2004;57:357-364.
88. Egnaczyk GF, Greis KD, Stimson ER, Maggio JE: Photoaffinity cross-linking of Alzheimer's disease amyloid fibrils reveals interstrand contact regions between assembled beta-amyloid peptide subunits. Biochemistry 2001;40:11706-11714.
89. Balbach JJ, Petkova AT, Oyler NA, Antzutkin ON, Gordon DJ, Meredith SC, Tycko R: Supramolecular structure in full-length Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils: evidence for a parallel beta-sheet organization from solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Biophys J 2002;83:1205-1216.
90. Antzutkin ON, Leapman RD, Balbach JJ, Tycko R: Supramolecular structural constraints on Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils from electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochemistry 2002;41:15436-15450.
91. Hou L, Zagorski MG: Sorting out the driving forces for parallel and antiparallel alignment in the abeta peptide fibril structure. Biophys J 2004;86:428-434.
92. Luhrs T, Ritter C, Adrian M, Riek-Loher D, Bohrmann B, Dobeli H, Schubert D, Riek R: 3D structure of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta(1-42) fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:17342-17347.
93. Sachse C, Xu C, Wieligmann K, Diekmann S, Grigorieff N, Fandrich M: Quaternary structure of a mature amyloid fibril from Alzheimer's Abeta(1-40) peptide. J Mol Biol 2006;362:347-354.
94. Petkova AT, Leapman RD, Guo Z, Yau WM, Mattson MP, Tycko R: Self-propagating, molecular-level polymorphism in Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils. Science 2005;307:262-265.
95. Weissmann C: The state of the prion. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004;2:861-871.
96. Muller-Hill B, Beyreuther K: Molecular biology of Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Biochem 1989;58:287-307.
97. Terry RD, Masliah E, Salmon DP, Butters N, DeTeresa R, Hill R, Hansen LA, Katzman R: Physical basis of cognitive alterations in-Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann Neurol 1991;30:572-580.
98. Teplow DB: Structural and kinetic features of amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis. Amyloid 1998;5:121-142.
99. Carrotta R, Manno M, Bulone D, Martorana V, San Biagio PL: Protofibril formation of amyloid beta-protein at low pH via a non-cooperative elongation mechanism. J Biol Chem 2005;280:30001-30008.
100. Mastrangelo IA, Ahmed M, Sato T, Liu W, Wang C, Hough P, Smith SO: High-resolution atomic force microscopy of soluble Abeta42 oligomers. J Mol Biol 2006;358:106-119.
101. Piccini A, Russo C, Gliozzi A, Relini A, Vitali A, Borghi R, Giliberto L, Armirotti A, D'Arrigo C, Bachi A, et al: Beta-amyloid is different in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2005;280:34186-34192.
102. Caughey B, Lansbury PT: Protofibrils, pores, fibrils, and neurodegeneration: separating the responsible protein aggregates from the innocent bystanders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2003;26:267-298.
103. Lomakin A, Chung DS, Benedek GB, Kirschner DA, Teplow DB: On the nucleation and growth of amyloid beta-protein fibrils: detection of nuclei and quantitation of rate constants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:1125-1129.
104. O'Nuallain B, Williams AD, Westermark P, Wetzel R: Seeding specificity in amyloid growth induced by heterologous fibrils. J Biol Chem 2004;279:17490-17499.
105. Sengupta P, Garai K, Sahoo B, Shi Y, Callaway DJ, Maiti S: The amyloid beta peptide (Abeta(1-40)) is thermodynamically soluble at physiological concentrations. Biochemistry 2003;42:10506-10513.
106. Fraser PE, Nguyen JT, Inouye H, Surewicz WK, Selkoe DJ, Podlisny MB, Kirschner DA: Fibril formation by primate, rodent, and Dutch-hemorrhagic analogues of Alzheimer amyloid beta-protein. Biochemistry 1992;31:10716-10723.
107. Pike CJ, Burdick D, Walencewicz AJ, Glabe CG, Cotman CW: Neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state. J Neurosci 1993;13:1676-1687.
108. Huang TH, Yang DS, Plaskos NP, Go S, Yip CM, Fraser PE, Chakrabartty A: Structural studies of soluble oligomers of the Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide. J Mol Biol 2000;297:73-87.
109. Lomakin A, Teplow DB, Kirschner DA, Benedek GB: Kinetic theory of fibrillogenesis of amyloid beta-protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:7942-7947.
110. O'Nuallain B, Shivaprasad S, Kheterpal I, Wetzel R: Thermodynamics of A beta(1-40) amyloid fibril elongation. Biochemistry 2005;44:12709-12718.
111. Pallitto MM, Murphy RM: A mathematical model of the kinetics of beta-amyloid fibril growth from the denatured state. Biophys J 2001;81:1805-1822.
112. Soto C, Castano EM, Kumar RA, Beavis RC, Frangione B: Fibrillogenesis of synthetic amyloid-beta peptides is dependent on their initial secondary structure. Neurosci Lett 1995;200:105-108.
113. Wood SJ, Wetzel R, Martin JD, Hurle MR: Prolines and amyloidogenicity in fragments of the Alzheimer's peptide beta/A4. Biochemistry 1995;34:724-730.
114. Kirkitadze MD, Condron MM, Teplow DB: Identification and characterization of key kinetic intermediates in amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis. J Mol Biol 2001;312:1103-1119.
115. Li L, Darden TA, Bartolotti L, Kominos D, Pedersen LG: An atomic model for the pleated beta-sheet structure of Abeta amyloid protofilaments. Biophys J 1999;76:2871-2878.
116. Ban T, Hoshino M, Takahashi S, Hamada D, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Goto Y: Direct observation of Abeta amyloid fibril growth and inhibition. J Mol Biol 2004;344:757-767.
117. Carulla N, Caddy GL, Hall DR, Zurdo J, Gairi M, Feliz M, Giralt E, Robinson CV, Dobson CM: Molecular recycling within amyloid fibrils. Nature 2005;436:554-558.
118. Cook DG, Forman MS, Sung JC, Leight S, Kolson DL, Iwatsubo T, Lee VM, Doms RW: Alzheimer's A beta(1-42) is generated in the endoplasmic reticulum/intermediate compartment of NT2N cells. Nat Med 1997;3:1021-1023.
119. Haass C, Hung AY, Schlossmacher MG, Oltersdorf T, Teplow DB, Selkoe DJ: Normal cellular processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein results in the secretion of the amyloid beta peptide and related molecules. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;695:109-116.
120. Haass C, Koo EH, Mellon A, Hung AY, Selkoe DJ: Targeting of cell-surface beta-amyloid precursor protein to lysosomes: alternative processing into amyloid-bearing fragments. Nature 1992;357:500-503.
121. Hartmann T, Bieger SC, Bruhl B, Tienari PJ, Ida N, Allsop D, Roberts GW, Masters CL, Dotti CG, Unsicker K, Beyreuther K: Distinct sites of intracellular production for Alzheimer's disease A beta40/42 amyloid peptides. Nat Med 1997;3:1016-1020.
122. Koo EH, Squazzo SL, Selkoe DJ, Koo CH: Trafficking of cell-surface amyloid beta-protein precursor. I. Secretion, endocytosis and recycling as detected by labeled monoclonal antibody. J Cell Sci 1996;109:991-998.
123. Soriano S, Chyung AS, Chen X, Stokin GB, Lee VM, Koo EH: Expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein-CD3gamma chimeras to demonstrate the selective generation of amyloid beta(1-40) and amyloid beta(1-42) peptides within secretory and endocytic compartments. J Biol Chem 1999;274:32295-32300.
124. Baker HF, Ridley RM, Duchen LW, Crow TJ, Bruton CJ: Experimental induction of beta-amyloid plaques and cerebral angiopathy in primates. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;695:228-231.
125. Buckig A, Tikkanen R, Herzog V, Schmitz A: Cytosolic and nuclear aggregation of the amyloid beta-peptide following its expression in the endoplasmic reticulum. Histochem Cell Biol 2002;118:353-360.
126. Skovronsky DM, Doms RW, Lee VM: Detection of a novel intraneuronal pool of insoluble amyloid beta protein that accumulates with time in culture. J Cell Biol 1998;141:1031-1039.
127. Gouras GK, Tsai J, Naslund J, Vincent B, Edgar M, Checler F, Greenfield JP, Haroutunian V, Buxbaum JD, Xu H, et al: Intraneuronal Abeta42 accumulation in human brain. Am J Pathol 2000;156:15-20.
128. Levy-Lahad E, Wijsman EM, Nemens E, Anderson L, Goddard KA, Weber JL, Bird TD, Schellenberg GD: A familial Alzheimer's disease locus on chromosome 1. Science 1995;269:970-973.
129. Sherrington R, Rogaev EI, Liang Y, Rogaeva EA, Levesque G, Ikeda M, Chi H, Lin C, Li G, Holman K, et al: Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1995;375:754-760.
130. Ancolio K, Dumanchin C, Barelli H, Warter JM, Brice A, Campion D, Frebourg T, Checler F: Unusual phenotypic alteration of beta amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) maturation by a new Val-715 → Met betaAPP-770 mutation responsible for probable early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:4119-4124.
131. Citron M, Oltersdorf T, Haass C, McConlogue L, Hung AY, Seubert P, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Lieberburg I, Selkoe DJ: Mutation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein in familial Alzheimer's disease increases beta-protein production. Nature 1992;360:672-674.
132. Mullan M, Crawford F, Axelman K, Houlden H, Lilius L, Winblad B, Lannfelt L: A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer's disease in the APP gene at the N-terminus of beta-amyloid. Nat Genet 1992;1:345-347.
133. Pangalos MN, Jacobsen SJ, Reinhart PH: Disease modifying strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease targeted at modulating levels of the beta-amyloid peptide. Biochem Soc Trans 2005;33:553-558.
134. Hardy J: Amyloid double trouble. Nat Genet 2006;38:11-12.
135. Mayeux R, Tang MX, Jacobs DM, Manly J, Bell K, Merchant C, Small SA, Stern Y, Wisniewski HM, Mehta PD: Plasma amyloid beta-peptide 1-42 and incipient Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1999;46:412-416.
136. Clements A, Walsh DM, Williams CH, Allsop D: Effects of the mutations Glu22 to Gln and Ala21 to Gly on the aggregation of a synthetic fragment of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta/A4 peptide. Neurosci Lett 1993;161:17-20.
137. Miravalle L, Tokuda T, Chiarle R, Giaccone G, Bugiani O, Tagliavini F, Frangione B, Ghiso J: Substitutions at codon 22 of Alzheimer's abeta peptide induce diverse conformational changes and apoptotic effects in human cerebral endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:27110-27116.
138. Nilsberth C, Westlind-Danielsson A, Eckman CB, Condron MM, Axelman K, Forsell C, Stenh C, Luthman J, Teplow DB, Younkin SG, et al: The 'Arctic' APP mutation (E693G) causes Alzheimer's disease by enhanced Abeta protofibril formation. Nat Neurosci 2001;4:887-893.
139. Van Nostrand WE, Melchor JP, Cho HS, Greenberg SM, Rebeck GW: Pathogenic effects of D23N Iowa mutant amyloid betaprotein. J Biol Chem 2001;276:32860-32866.
140. Kumar-Singh S, Julliams A, Nuydens R, Ceuterick C, Labeur C, Serneels S, Vennekens K, Van Osta P, Geerts H, De Strooper B, Van Broeckhoven C: In vitro studies of Flemish, Dutch, and wild-type beta-amyloid provide evidence for two-staged neurotoxicity. Neurobiol Dis 2002;11:330-340.
141. Lashuel HA, Hartley DM, Petre BM, Wall JS, Simon MN, Walz T, Lansbury PT Jr: Mixtures of wild-type and a pathogenic (E22G) form of Abeta40 in vitro accumulate protofibrils, including amyloid pores. J Mol Biol 2003;332:795-808.
142. Fung J, Frost D, Chakrabartty A, McLaurin J: Interaction of human and mouse Abeta peptides. J Neurochem 2004;91:1398-1403.
143. Kim W, Hecht MH: Sequence determinants of enhanced amyloidogenicity of Alzheimer A{beta}42 peptide relative to A{beta}40. J Biol Chem 2005;280:35069-35076.
144. Barnham KJ, Masters CL, Bush AI: Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004;3:205-214.
145. Bush AI: The metallobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:207-214.
146. Atwood CS, Obrenovich ME, Liu T, Chan H, Perry G, Smith MA, Martins RN: Amyloid-beta: a chameleon walking in two worlds: a review of the trophic and toxic properties of amyloid-beta. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2003;43:1-16.
147. Rogers JT, Randall JD, Cahill CM, Eder PS, Huang X, Gunshin H, Leiter L, McPhee J, Sarang SS, Utsuki T, et al: An iron-responsive element type II in the 5′-untranslated region of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein transcript. J Biol Chem 2002;277:45518-45528.
148. Curtain CC, Ali FE, Smith DG, Bush AI, Masters CL, Barnham KJ: Metal ions, pH, and cholesterol regulate the interactions of Alzheimer's disease amyloid-beta peptide with membrane lipid. J Biol Chem 2003;278:2977-2982.
149. Maynard CJ, Bush AI, Masters CL, Cappai R, Li QX: Metals and amyloid-beta in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Exp Pathol 2005;86:147-159.
150. Lovell MA, Robertson JD, Teesdale WJ, Campbell JL, Markesbery WR: Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. J Neurol Sci 1998;158:47-52.
151. Huang X, Atwood CS, Moir RD, Hartshorn MA, Vonsattel JP, Tanzi RE, Bush AI: Zinc-induced Alzheimer's Abeta1-40 aggregation is mediated by conformational factors. J Biol Chem 1997;272:26464-26470.
152. Atwood CS, Moir RD, Huang X, Scarpa RC, Bacarra NM, Romano DM, Hartshorn MA, Tanzi RE, Bush AI: Dramatic aggregation of Alzheimer abeta by Cu(II) is induced by conditions representing physiological acidosis. J Biol Chem 1998;273:12817-12826.
153. Lee JY, Cole TB, Palmiter RD, Suh SW, Koh JY: Contribution by synaptic zinc to the gender-disparate plaque formation in human Swedish mutant APP transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:7705-7710.
154. Cuajungco MP, Faget KY, Huang X, Tanzi RE, Bush AI: Metal chelation as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 2000;920:292-304.
155. Huang X, Atwood CS, Hartshorn MA, Multhaup G, Goldstein LE, Scarpa RC, Cuajungco MP, Gray DN, Lim J, Moir RD, et al: The A beta peptide of Alzheimer's disease directly produces hydrogen peroxide through metal ion reduction. Biochemistry 1999;38:7609-7616.
156. Opazo C, Huang X, Cherny RA, Moir RD, Roher AE, White AR, Cappai R, Masters CL, Tanzi RE, Inestrosa NC, Bush AI: Metalloenzyme-like activity of Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid: Cu-dependent catalytic conversion of dopamine, cholesterol, and biological reducing agents to neurotoxic H(2)O(2). J Biol Chem 2002;277:40302-40308.
157. Butterfield DA, Boyd-Kimball D: The critical role of methionine 35 in Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1703:149-156.
158. Schoneich C: Methionine oxidation by reactive oxygen species: reaction mechanisms and relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005;1703:111-119.
159. Hou L, Kang I, Marchant RE, Zagorski MG: Methionine 35 oxidation reduces fibril assembly of the amyloid abeta-(1-42) peptide of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2002;277:40173-40176.
160. Palmblad M, Westlind-Danielsson A, Bergquist J: Oxidation of methionine 35 attenuates formation of amyloid beta-peptide 1-40 oligomers. J Biol Chem 2002;277:19506-19510.
161. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, Roses AD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA: Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993;261:921-923.
162. LaDu MJ, Falduto MT, Manelli AM, Reardon CA, Getz GS, Frail DE: Isoform-specific binding of apolipoprotein E to beta-amyloid. J Biol Chem 1994;269:23403-23406.
163. Naslund J, Thyberg J, Tjernberg LO, Wernstedt C, Karlstrom AR, Bogdanovic N, Gandy SE, Lannfelt L, Terenius L, Nordstedt C: Characterization of stable complexes involving apolipoprotein E and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neuron 1995;15:219-228.
164. Morgan D, Diamond DM, Gottschall PE, Ugen KE, Dickey C, Hardy J, Duff K, Jantzen P, DiCarlo G, Wilcock D, et al: A beta peptide vaccination prevents memory loss in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2000;408:982-985.
165. Lendon C, Craddock N: Susceptibility gene(s) for Alzheimer's disease on chromosome 10. Trends Neurosci 2001;24:557-559.
166. Shen CL, Murphy RM: Solvent effects on self-assembly of beta-amyloid peptide. Biophys J 1995;69:640-651.
167. Yamamoto N, Igbabvoa U, Shimada Y, Ohno-Iwashita Y, Kobayashi M, Wood WG, Fujita SC, Yanagisawa K: Accelerated Abeta aggregation in the presence of GM1-ganglioside-accumulated synaptosomes of aged apoE4-knock-in mouse brain. FEBS Lett 2004;569:135-139.
168. Hilbich C, Kisters-Woike B, Reed J, Masters CL, Beyreuther K: Aggregation and secondary structure of synthetic amyloid beta A4 peptides of Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Biol 1991;218:149-163.
169. Barrow CJ, Yasuda A, Kenny PT, Zagorski MG: Solution conformations and aggregational properties of synthetic amyloid betapeptides of Alzheimer's disease: analysis of circular dichroism spectra. J Mol Biol 1992;225:1075-1093.
170. Burdick D, Soreghan B, Kwon M, Kosmoski J, Knauer M, Henschen A, Yates J, Cotman C, Glabe C: Assembly and aggregation properties of synthetic Alzheimer's
171. Fraser PE, Nguyen JT, Surewicz WK, Kirschner DA: pH-dependent structural transitions of Alzheimer amyloid peptides. Biophys J 1991;60:1190-1201.
172. Wood SJ, Maleeff B, Hart T, Wetzel R: Physical, morphological and functional differences between pH 5.8 and 7.4 aggregates of the Alzheimer's amyloid peptide Abeta. J Mol Biol 1996;256:870-877.
173. Howlett DR, Jennings KH, Lee DC, Clark MS, Brown F, Wetzel R, Wood SJ, Camilleri P, Roberts GW: Aggregation state and neurotoxic properties of Alzheimer beta-amyloid peptide. Neurodegeneration 1995;4:23-32.
174. Danielsson J, Jarvet J, Damberg P, Graslund A: The Alzheimer beta-peptide shows temperature-dependent transitions between left-handed 3-helix, beta-strand and random coil secondary structures. FEBS J 2005;272:3938-3949.
175. Kusumoto Y, Lomakin A, Teplow DB, Benedek GB: Temperature dependence of amyloid beta-protein fibrillization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:12277-12282.
176. Zagorski MG, Yang J, Shao H, Ma K, Zeng H, Hong A: Methodological and chemical factors affecting amyloid beta peptide amyloidogenicity. Methods Enzymol 1999;309:189-204.
177. Davis J, Van Nostrand WE: Enhanced pathologic properties of Dutch-type mutant amyloid beta-protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:2996-3000.
178. Iwatsubo T, Odaka A, Suzuki N, Mizusawa H, Nukina N, Ihara Y: Visualization of A beta 42(43) and A beta 40 in senile plaques with end-specific A beta monoclonals: evidence that an initially deposited species is A beta 42(43). Neuron 1994;13:45-53.
179. Roher AE, Lowenson JD, Clarke S, Woods AS, Cotter RJ, Gowing E, Ball MJ: beta-Amyloid-(1-42) is a major component of cerebrovascular amyloid deposits: implications for the pathology of Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:10836-10840.
180. Shapira R, Austin GE, Mirra SS: Neuritic plaque amyloid in Alzheimer's disease is highly racemized. J Neurochem 1988;50:69-74.
181. Tomiyama T, Asano S, Furiya Y, Shirasawa T, Endo N, Mori H: Racemization of Asp23 residue affects the aggregation properties of Alzheimer amyloid beta protein analogues. J Biol Chem 1994;269:10205-10208.
182. Kuo YM, Webster S, Emmerling MR, De Lima N, Roher AE: Irreversible dimerization/tetramerization and post-translational modifications inhibit proteolytic degradation of A beta peptides of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1406:291-298.
183. Szendrei GI, Prammer KV, Vasko M, Lee VM, Otvos L Jr: The effects of aspartic acid-bond isomerization on in vitro properties of the amyloid beta-peptide as modeled with N-terminal decapeptide fragments. Int J Pept Protein Res 1996;47:289-296.
184. Ohm TG, Muller H, Braak H, Bohl J: Close-meshed prevalence rates of different stages as a tool to uncover the rate of Alzheimer's disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Neuroscience 1995;64:209-217.
185. Solomon B: Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy: from in vitro amyloid immunomodulation to in vivo vaccination. J Alzheimers Dis 2006;9:433-438.
186. Solomon B: Towards Alzheimer's disease vaccination. Mini Rev Med Chem 2002;2:85-92.
187. Hock C, Konietzko U, Papassotiropoulos A, Wollmer A, Streffer J, von Rotz RC, Davey G, Moritz E, Nitsch RM: Generation of antibodies specific for beta-amyloid by vaccination of patients with Alzheimer disease. Nat Med 2002;8:1270-1275.
188. Hock C, Konietzko U, Streffer JR, Tracy J, Signorell A, Muller-Tillmanns B, Lemke U, Henke K, Moritz E, Garcia E, et al: Antibodies against beta-amyloid slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2003;38:547-554.
189. Maier M, Seabrook TJ, Lazo ND, Jiang L, Das P, Janus C, Lemere CA: Short amyloidbeta (Abeta) immunogens reduce cerebral Abeta load and learning deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model in the absence of an Abeta-specific cellular immune response. J Neurosci 2006;26:4717-4728.
190. Games D, Adams D, Alessandrini R, Barbour R, Berthelette P, Blackwell C, Carr T, Clemens J, Donaldson T, Gillespie F, et al: Alzheimer-type neuropathology in transgenic mice overexpressing V717F beta-amyloid precursor protein. Nature 1995;373:523-527.
191. Lewis J, Dickson DW, Lin WL, Chisholm L, Corral A, Jones G, Yen SH, Sahara N, Skipper L, Yager D, et al: Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APP. Science 2001;293:1487-1491.
192. Chen G, Chen KS, Knox J, Inglis J, Bernard A, Martin SJ, Justice A, McConlogue L, Games D, Freedman SB, Morris RG: A learning deficit related to age and beta-amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2000;408:975-979.
193. Sturchler-Pierrat C, Abramowski D, Duke M, Wiederhold KH, Mistl C, Rothacher S, Ledermann B, Burki K, Frey P, Paganetti PA, et al: Two amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse models with Alzheimer disease-like pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:13287-13292.
194. Van Dam D, De Deyn PP: Drug discovery in dementia: the role of rodent models. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5:956-970.
195. Geula C, Wu CK, Saroff D, Lorenzo A, Yuan M, Yankner BA: Aging renders the brain vulnerable to amyloid beta-protein neurotoxicity. Nat Med 1998;4:827-831.
196. Koistinaho M, Ort M, Cimadevilla JM, Vondrous R, Cordell B, Koistinaho J, Bures J, Higgins LS: Specific spatial learning deficits become severe with age in beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice that harbor diffuse beta-amyloid deposits but do not form plaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:14675-14680.
197. Mucke L, Masliah E, Yu GQ, Mallory M, Rockenstein EM, Tatsuno G, Hu K, Kholodenko D, Johnson-Wood K, McConlogue L: High-level neuronal expression of abeta 1-42 in wild-type human amyloid protein precursor transgenic mice: synaptotoxicity without plaque formation. J Neurosci 2000;20:4050-4058.
198. Dobeli H, Draeger N, Huber G, Jakob P, Schmidt D, Seilheimer B, Stuber D, Wipf B, Zulauf M: A biotechnological method provides access to aggregation competent monomeric Alzheimer's 1-42 residue amyloid peptide. Biotechnology (NY) 1995;13:988-993.
199. Nakabayashi J, Yoshimura M, Morishima-Kawashima M, Funato H, Miyakawa T, Yamazaki T, Ihara Y: Amyloid beta-protein (A beta) accumulation in the putamen and mammillary body during aging and in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998;57:343-352.
200. Le Y, Gong W, Tiffany HL, Tumanov A, Nedospasov S, Shen W, Dunlop NM, Gao JL, Murphy PM, Oppenheim JJ, Wang JM: Amyloid (beta)42 activates a G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor, FPR-like-1. J Neurosci 2001;21:RC123.
201. Gong Y, Chang L, Viola KL, Lacor PN, Lambert MP, Finch CE, Krafft GA, Klein WL: Alzheimer's disease-affected brain: presence of oligomeric A beta ligands (ADDLs) suggests a molecular basis for reversible memory loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:10417-10422.
202. Ward RV, Jennings KH, Jepras R, Neville W, Owen DE, Hawkins J, Christie G, Davis JB, George A, Karran EH, Howlett DR: Fractionation and characterization of oligomeric, protofibrillar and fibrillar forms of beta-amyloid peptide. Biochem J 2000;348:137-144.
203. Malinchik SB, Inouye H, Szumowski KE, Kirschner DA: Structural analysis of Alzheimer's beta(1-40) amyloid: protofilament assembly of tubular fibrils. Biophys J 1998;74:537-545.