Inactivation of O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase as a means to enhance chemotherapy

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 261-276

  Rabik, Cara A ^a   Njoku, Maria Chidiamara ^a   Dolan, M Eileen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Alkylation; Alkyltransferase; Chemotherapy; DNA repair; O6 benzylguanine; Platination

Indexed keywords

4 O BENZYLFOLATE; 6 O ALKYLGUANINE DNA ALKYLTRANSFERASE; 6 O ALKYLGUANINE DNA ALKYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; 6 O ALLYLGUANINE; 6 O BENZYL 2 DEOXYGUANOSINE; 6 O BENZYL 8 AZAGUANINE; 6 O BENZYL 8 BROMOGUANINE; 6 O BENZYL 8 OXOGUANINE; 6 O BENZYL 8 TRIFLUOROMETHYLGUANINE; 6 O BENZYLGUANINE; 6 O METHYLGUANINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; CARBOPLATIN; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CYTARABINE; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; GEMCITABINE; GUANINE DERIVATIVE; INTERLEUKIN 2; LOMEGUATRIB; MITOMYCIN C; OXALIPLATIN; PROCARBAZINE; STREPTOZOCIN; TEMOZOLOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; ALKYLATING AGENT; DRUG DERIVATIVE; ENZYME INHIBITOR; GUANINE; METHYLATED DNA PROTEIN CYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE; O(6) BENZYLGUANINE; O(6)-BENZYLGUANINE; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; POLYDEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHASE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RESISTANCE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOTOXICITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEVEL; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG SENSITIZATION; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME INACTIVATION; ENZYME STRUCTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; MELANOMA; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET CELL TUMOR; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG RESISTANCE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, ALKYLATING; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; DNA REPAIR ENZYMES; DRUG RESISTANCE; ENZYME INHIBITORS; GUANINE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS; HUMANS; O(6)-METHYLGUANINE-DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE; PLATINUM COMPOUNDS;

EID: 33746871832     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2006.03.004     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Drablos F., et al. Alkylation damage in DNA and RNA-repair mechanisms and medical significance. DNA Repair (Amst) 3 11 (2004) 1389-1407
2. 6-benzylguanine in humans: metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic findings. J Clin Oncol 16 5 (1998) 1803-1810
3. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase depletion enhance alkylator activity in the clinic?. Clin Cancer Res 6 8 (2000) 2967-2968
4. 6-benzylguanine followed by carmustine in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6 8 (2000) 3025-3031
5. 6-Benzylguanine: a clinical trial establishing the biochemical modulatory dose in tumor tissue for alkyltransferase-directed DNA repair. Cancer Res 59 10 (1999) 2402-2410
6. 6-benzylguanine. Mol Cancer Ther 2 7 (2003) 633-640
7. Prados M.D. Future directions in the treatment of malignant gliomas with temozolomide. Semin Oncol 27 3 Suppl. 6 (2000) 41-46
8. Kokkinakis D.M., et al. Synergy between methionine stress and chemotherapy in the treatment of brain tumor xenografts in athymic mice. Cancer Res 61 10 (2001) 4017-4023
9. Chapman P.B., et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 17 9 (1999) 2745-2751
10. Lens M.B., and Eisen T.G. Systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant melanoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 4 12 (2003) 2205-2211
11. Berger N.A. Alkylating agents. In: DeVita V.T., Hellman S., and Rosenberg S.A. (Eds). Cancer: Principles and practice of oncology (1993), J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia 400-409
12. Fuller L.M., and Hagemeister F.B. Diagnosis and management of Hodgkin's disease in the adult. Cancer 51 12 Suppl. (1983) 2469-2476
13. Weiss R.B. Streptozocin: a review of its pharmacology, efficacy, and toxicity. Cancer Treat Rep 66 3 (1982) 427-438
14. Tong W.P., Kirk M.C., and Ludlum D.B. Formation of the cross-link 1-[N3-deoxycytidyl],2-[N1-deoxyguanosinyl]ethane in DNA treated with N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea. Cancer Res 42 8 (1982) 3102-3105
15. 6-methylguanine residues. Biochemistry 33 31 (1994) 9169-9177
16. Caporali S., et al. DNA damage induced by temozolomide signals to both ATM and ATR: role of the mismatch repair system. Mol Pharmacol 66 3 (2004) 478-491
17. Mitra S., and Kaina B. Regulation of repair of alkylation damage in mammalian genomes. Prog Nucl Acid Res Mol Biol 44 (1993) 109-142
18. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea. Biochem Pharmacol 50 8 (1995) 1141-1148
19. 4-methylthymine lesion. Mutat Res 193 2 (1988) 131-137
20. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Carcinogenesis 24 4 (2003) 625-635
21. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity based on cellular DNA content in human, rat and mouse tissues. Carcinogenesis 7 5 (1986) 745-749
22. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase as potential indicators of constitutive drug resistance in human colorectal tumors. Cancer Res 51 8 (1991) 2092-2097
23. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase expression in normal and malignant human colon. Clin Cancer Res 2 3 (1996) 577-584
24. 6-alkylguanine DNA-alkyltransferase in human liver and melanoma. Br J Cancer 66 2 (1992) 355-360
25. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in human malignant melanoma. J Dermatol Sci 4 1 (1992) 6-10
26. 6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in pediatric primary brain tumors: relation to patient and tumor characteristics. Clin Cancer Res 7 3 (2001) 613-619
27. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels and clinical response induced by chloroethylnitrosourea therapy in glioma patients. Can J Neurol Sci 26 2 (1999) 104-109
28. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase-deficient phenotype in human gliomas: frequency and time to tumor progression after alkylating agent-based chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 5 4 (1999) 807-814
29. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in the resistance of pancreatic tumors to DNA alkylating agents. Cancer Res 57 23 (1997) 5360-5368
30. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in human normal and malignant lung tissues. Cancer Invest 11 3 (1993) 258-263
31. Gerson S.L. Clinical relevance of MGMT in the treatment of cancer. J Clin Oncol 20 9 (2002) 2388-2399
32. Belanich M., et al. Retrospective study of the correlation between the DNA repair protein alkyltransferase and survival of brain tumor patients treated with carmustine. Cancer Res 56 4 (1996) 783-788
33. Friedman H.S., et al. Enhancement of nitrosourea activity in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme. J Natl Cancer Inst 84 24 (1992) 1926-1931
34. Hegi M.E., et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352 10 (2005) 997-1003
35. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Effects of protein and DNA alkylation on complex stability. J Biol Chem 278 10 (2003) 7973-7980
36. 6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Mutat Res 460 3-4 (2000) 151-163
37. Kanugula S., and Pegg A.E. Novel DNA repair alkyltransferase from Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Mol Mutagen 38 2-3 (2001) 235-243
38. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase from E. coli. EMBO J 13 7 (1994) 1495-1501
39. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase from the hyperthermophiles Aquifex aeolicus and Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Biochem J 375 Pt. 2 (2003) 449-455
40. Daniels D.S., et al. Active and alkylated human AGT structures: a novel zinc site, inhibitor and extrahelical base binding. EMBO J 19 7 (2000) 1719-1730
41. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Nucl Acids Res 28 2 (2000) 393-401
42. Huffman J.L., Sundheim O., and Tainer J.A. DNA base damage recognition and removal: new twists and grooves. Mutat Res 577 1-2 (2005) 55-76
43. Daniels D.S., et al. DNA binding and nucleotide flipping by the human DNA repair protein AGT. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11 8 (2004) 714-720
44. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase: stoichiometry and effects of DNA base composition and secondary structure on complex stability. Biochemistry 35 48 (1996) 15295-152301
45. Verdine G.L., and Bruner S.D. How do DNA repair proteins locate damaged bases in the genome?. Chem Biol 4 5 (1997) 329-334
46. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferases. Chem Biol 10 9 (2003) 827-835
47. 6-benzylguanine provides a means to evaluate the role of this protein in protection against carcinogenic and therapeutic alkylating agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 14 (1990) 5368-5372
48. Esteller M., et al. Inactivation of the DNA-repair gene MGMT and the clinical response of gliomas to alkylating agents. N Engl J Med 343 19 (2000) 1350-1354
49. 6 methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase levels with survival of malignant astrocytoma patients treated with bis-chloroethylnitrosourea: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 16 10 (1998) 3310-3315
50. 6-benzylguanine for patients undergoing surgery for malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 16 11 (1998) 3570-3575
51. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in pretreatment tumour biopsies as a predictor of response to temozolomide in melanoma. Br J Cancer 78 9 (1998) 1199-1202
52. 6-alkylguanines increases sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 132 1 (1985) 178-185
53. 6-alkylguanines. Cancer Res 45 12 Pt. 1 (1985) 6413-6417
54. Karran P., and Possible depletion of a DNA repair enzyme in human lymphoma cells by subversive r. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 16 (1985) 5285-5289
55. Karran P., and Williams S.A. The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of alkylating agents on human lymphoid cells are caused by different DNA lesions. Carcinogenesis 6 5 (1985) 789-792
56. 6-methylguanine as a free base. Cancer Res 46 4 Pt 1 (1986) 1663-1668
57. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase by streptozotocin in vivo. Cancer Res 49 11 (1989) 3134-3138
58. 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase activity and mRNA levels in HT-29 cells in vitro. Cancer Res 51 6 (1991) 1581-1585
59. Zeller W.J., et al. More than additive toxicity of the combination of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea plus 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in the rat. Cancer Res 46 4 Pt. 1 (1986) 1714-1716
60. Gerson S.L., and Trey J.E. Modulation of nitrosourea resistance in myeloid leukemias. Blood 71 5 (1988) 1487-1494
61. 6-benzylguanine. J Clin Pharmacol 43 8 (2003) 881-893
62. 6-methylguanine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 25 2 (1989) 103-108
63. 6-benzylguanine, streptozotocin, and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 48 11 (1994) 2127-2134
64. 6-benzylguanine combined with streptozotocin treatment enhances 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 54 16 (1994) 4371-4375
65. 6-benzylguanine with or without streptozotocin enhances 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea sensitivity in vitro. Cancer Res 53 18 (1993) 4281-4286
66. 6-benzylguanine analogues on sensitivity of human tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Cancer Res 51 13 (1991) 3367-3372
67. 6-methylguanine. Carcinogenesis 12 12 (1991) 2305-2309
68. 6-benzylguanine and its effect on the sensitivity of a human glioma tumor to 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea. Cancer Commun 2 11 (1990) 371-377
69. Moschel R.C., Hudgins W.R., and Dipple A. Substituent-induced effects on the stability of benzylated guanosines: model systems for the factors influencing the stability of carcinogen-modified nucleic acids. J Org Chem 49 2 (1984) 363-372
70. Streitweiser A. Solvolytic displacement reactions (1962), McGraw-Hill, New York
71. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase correlates with potentiation of temozolomide and CCNU toxicity in human tumour cells. Br J Cancer 67 6 (1993) 1299-1302
72. Dolan M.E. Inhibition of DNA repair as a means of increasing the antitumor activity of DNA reactive agents. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 26 2-3 (1997) 105-118
73. 6-benzylguanine and its role in chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 3 6 (1997) 837-847
74. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 121 4 (1995) 225-229
75. 6-benzylguanine. Biochemistry 32 45 (1993) 11998-12006
76. 6-alkylguanine by alkyltransferases. Mutat Res 462 2-3 (2000) 83-100
77. 6- benzylguanine or N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Carcinogenesis 12 9 (1991) 1679-1683
78. 6-benzylguanine. Cancer Res 54 23 (1994) 6221-6227
79. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and its possible application for monitoring human exposure to alkylating carcinogens. Cancer Res 54 14 (1994) 3726-3731
80. N2 (direct-acting) alkylating agents: breaking a "salt-link". Biochemistry 35 38 (1996) 12259-12266
81. 6-benzylguanine or 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Biochemistry 35 4 (1996) 1328-1334
82. 6-benzylguanine using a transgenic model. Cancer Res 56 8 (1996) 1880-1885
83. 6-benzylguanine. Biochem J 298 Pt 1 (1994) 231-235
84. 6-benzylguanine. Cancer Res 53 20 (1993) 4750-4753
85. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. J Med Chem 37 3 (1994) 342-347
86. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. J Med Chem 38 2 (1995) 359-365
87. 6-(1-cyclopentenylmethyl)guanine. J Med Chem 43 22 (2000) 4071-4083
88. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. J Med Chem 35 23 (1992) 4486-4491
89. 6-benzylguanine analogs in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 47 1 (2001) 63-69
90. 6-benzyl-2′-deoxyguanosine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)1-nitrosourea. Clin Cancer Res 5 11 (1999) 3676-3681
91. 6-benzylguanines. Effect of metabolism. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 45 1 (2000) 69-77
92. 6-benzylguanine and analogues in nonhuman primates. Clin Cancer Res 6 9 (2000) 3662-3669
93. 6-Benzyl-2′-deoxyguanosine. Role of metabolism. In Vivo 10 3 (1996) 297-306
94. 6-benzyl-2′-deoxyguanosine and BCNU. Cancer Res 56 9 (1996) 2076-2081
95. 6-benzyl-2′-deoxyguanosine. Clin Cancer Res 9 10 Pt. 1 (2003) 3801-3807
96. 6-benzylguanine (BeG). American Association for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA, 1999.
97. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. J Med Chem 47 15 (2004) 3887-3891
98. de Nonancourt-Didion M., et al. Overexpression of folate binding protein alpha is one of the mechanism explaining the adaptation of HT29 cells to high concentration of methotrexate. Cancer Lett 171 2 (2001) 139-145
99. Ladino C.A., et al. Folate-maytansinoids: target-selective drugs of low molecular weight. Int J Cancer 73 6 (1997) 859-864
100. Ross J.F., Chaudhuri P.K., and Ratnam M. Differential regulation of folate receptor isoforms in normal and malignant tissues in vivo and in established cell lines. Physiologic and clinical implications. Cancer 73 9 (1994) 2432-2443
101. Wang S., et al. Design and synthesis of [111In]DTPA-folate for use as a tumor-targeted radiopharmaceutical. Bioconjug Chem 8 5 (1997) 673-679
102. 6 -(4-bromothenyl)guanine improves the therapeutic index of temozolomide against A375M melanoma xenografts. Int J Cancer 85 2 (2000) 248-252
103. 6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine on different temozolomide schedules in a human melanoma xenograft model. Int J Cancer 100 5 (2002) 615-617
104. Middleton M.R., and Margison G.P. Improvement of chemotherapy efficacy by inactivation of a DNA-repair pathway. Lancet Oncol 4 1 (2003) 37-44
105. Turriziani M. O6 -(4-Bromothenyl)guanine (PaTrin-2), a novel inhibitor of O6 -alkylguanine DNA alkyl-transferase, increases the inhibitory activity of temozolomide against human acute leukaemia cells in vitro. Pharmacol Res 53 4 (2006) 317-323
106. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Mol Cancer Ther 3 10 (2004) 1215-1220
107. Barvaux V.A., et al. Dual repair modulation reverses Temozolomide resistance in vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 3 2 (2004) 123-127
108. 6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine reverses temozolomide resistance in human breast tumour MCF-7 cells and xenografts. Br J Cancer 93 10 (2005) 1152-1156
109. 6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine. J Gene Med 8 1 (2006) 29-34
110. Futscher B.W., et al. Inhibition of a specific DNA repair system and nitrosourea cytotoxicity in resistant human cancer cells. Cancer Commun 1 1 (1989) 65-73
111. 6-benzylguanine in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291 3 (1999) 1269-1275
112. 6-benzylguanine on the response to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in the Dunning R3327G model of prostatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 32 3 (1993) 221-225
113. 6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 32 6 (1993) 471-476
114. 6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) in a human colon cancer xenograft completely resistant to BCNU alone. Biochem Pharmacol 45 2 (1993) 483-491
115. 6-benzylguanine on the sensitivity of human tumor xenografts to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and on DNA interstrand cross-link formation. Cancer Res 52 5 (1992) 1171-1175
116. 6-benzylguanine potentiates the antitumor effect of locally delivered carmustine against an intracranial rat glioma. Cancer Res 60 22 (2000) 6307-6310
117. 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) activity in vivo: development of a novel fluorometric oligonucleotide assay for measurement of MGMT activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297 2 (2001) 524-530
118. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity. Br J Cancer 74 7 (1996) 1030-1036
119. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity to temozolomide and BCNU. Br J Cancer 73 9 (1996) 1049-1052
120. 6-benzylguanine/temozolomide combination: an evaluation in a human melanoma xenograft model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 40 3 (1997) 266-272
121. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Carcinogenesis 26 8 (2005) 1473-1480
122. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase to O6-benzylguanine. Biochem Pharmacol 58 8 (1999) 1279-1285
123. 6-benzylguanine. Cancer Res 59 7 (1999) 1514-1519
124. 6-benzylguanine. Biochem J 347 Pt. 2 (2000) 519-526
125. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase gene in normal tissue and cancer. Clin Cancer Res 5 1 (1999) 209-213
126. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase variants. Chem Res Toxicol 17 3 (2004) 424-434
127. 6-benzylguanine. Cancer Res 58 9 (1998) 1936-1945
128. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase mutants: implications for drug resistance gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 10 17 (1999) 2769-2778
129. 6-benzylguanine plus BCNU. Blood 88 5 (1996) 1649-1655
130. Licht T., et al. In vivo drug-selectable genes: a new concept in gene therapy. Stem Cells 15 2 (1997) 104-111
131. 6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosourea or temozolomide. Hum Gene Ther 15 8 (2004) 758-769
132. 6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Cancer Res 57 22 (1997) 5093-5099
133. 6-benzylguanine and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and allows intensive therapy of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-resistant human colon cancer xenografts. Hum Gene Ther 10 6 (1999) 1021-1030
134. 6-benzylguanine plus 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 24 (1996) 14088-14093
135. 6-benzylguanine and temozolomide. Clin Cancer Res 5 1 (1999) 163-169
136. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Gene Ther 5 6 (1998) 842-847
137. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase inhibition in the nonhuman primate. Cancer Res 55 20 (1995) 4606-4610
138. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Cancer Res 54 19 (1994) 5123-5130
139. 6-benzylguanine in rats and its metabolism by rat liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 23 12 (1995) 1394-1399
140. 6-benzylguanine. Biochem Pharmacol 50 9 (1995) 1385-1389
141. 6-benzylguanine in pediatric patients with central nervous system tumors: a pediatric oncology group study. Clin Cancer Res 10 15 (2004) 5072-5075
142. 6-benzylguanine for patients with recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 18 20 (2000) 3522-3528
143. 6-benzylguanine and BCNU in advanced melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 11 21 (2005) 7861-7865
144. 6-benzylguanine (NSC-637037) and BCNU (Carmustine NSC-409962) in male and female beagle dogs. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35 (1994) 328
145. 6-benzylguanine (NSC-637037) in mice and dogs. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 35 (1994) 328
146. 6-benzylguanine in patients with surgically resectable tumors. Clin Cancer Res 8 8 (2002) 2519-2523
147. 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in anaplastic gliomas. Neurooncology 6 1 (2004) 28-32
148. Brem H., et al. Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. The Polymer-brain Tumor Treatment Group. Lancet 345 8956 (1995) 1008-1012
149. 6-benzylguanine in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: A new approaches to brain tumor therapy CNS Consortium Trial, 2006.
150. 6-BG in Glioma. J Clin Oncol 23 28 (2005) 7178-7187
151. Aoki T., et al. A first feasibility study of temozolomide for Japanese patients with recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Int J Clin Oncol 8 5 (2003) 301-304
152. Warren K.E., Aikin A.A., Libucha M., Widemann B.C., Fox E., and Packer R.J. Phase I O6 -BG/TMZ in children with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 23 30 (2005) 7646-7653
153. 6-benzylguanine for patients with nitrosourea-resistant recurrent or progressive malignant glioma. J Clin Oncol 20 9 (2002) 2277-2283
154. Kartalou M., and Essigmann J.M. Mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin. Mutat Res 478 1-2 (2001) 23-43
155. 6-benzylguanine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 55 4 (2005) 333-342
156. Zhang K., et al. Modulation of cisplatin cytotoxicity and cisplatin-induced DNA cross-links in HepG2 cells by regulation of glutathione-related mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 59 4 (2001) 837-843
157. Grant S., and Roberts J.D. The use of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors alone or in combination with established cytotoxic drugs in cancer chemotherapy. Drug Resist Update 6 1 (2003) 15-26
158. Kim M.S., et al. Inhibition of histone deacetylase increases cytotoxicity to anticancer drugs targeting DNA. Cancer Res 63 21 (2003) 7291-7300
159. Senderowicz A.M. Cell cycle modulators for the treatment of lung malignancies. Clin Lung Cancer 5 3 (2003) 158-168
160. Arris C.E., et al. Identification of novel purine and pyrimidine
161. Fishel M.L., et al. Effect of cell cycle inhibition on Cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 312 1 (2005) 206-213
162. Fishel M.L., Rabik C.A., Bleibel W.K., Li X., Moschel R.C., and Dolan M.E. Role of GADD34 in modulation of cisplatin cytotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 71 3 (2005) 239-247
163. Mandic A., et al. Cisplatin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and nucleus-independent apoptotic signaling. J Biol Chem 278 11 (2003) 9100-9106
164. Ryan CW, Dolan ME, Brockstein BB, et al. A phase II trial of O(6)-benzylguanine and carmustine in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. Available online 7 March 2006.