Anti-ageing active ingredients from herbs and nutraceuticals used in traditional Chinese medicine: pharmacological mechanisms and implications for drug discovery

British Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 174, Issue 11, 2017, Pages 1395-1425

  Shen, Chun Yan ^a   Jiang, Jian Guo ^a   Yang, Li ^a   Wang, Da Wei ^b   Zhu, Wei ^b  

^a SOUTH CHINA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b GUANGZHOU UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE MEDICINE   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTEOSIDE; ALKALOID; BERBERINE; BUTEIN; CARNOSIC ACID; CATALPOL; CATECHIN; CHRYSOPHANIC ACID; CURCUMIN; EMODIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN; FERULIC ACID; FLAVONOID; GALLIC ACID; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE KINASE; ICARIIN; INSULIN; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; NUTRACEUTICAL; PHYCOCYANIN; POLYSACCHARIDE; QUERCETIN; ROSMARINIC ACID; SAPONIN; SIRTUIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; TELOMERASE; THEAFLAVIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; PLANT EXTRACT;

AGING; ANTIAGING ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHINESE MEDICINE; CISTANCHE; CISTANCHE TUBULOSA; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG ACTIVITY; ENZYME REGULATION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TELOMERE; ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; MEDICINAL PLANT; PHYTOTHERAPY; PROCEDURES;

AGING; ANIMALS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DRUG DISCOVERY; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; HUMANS; MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 85018883672     PISSN: 00071188     EISSN: 14765381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bph.13631     Document Type: Review

References (238)

1. Alexander SPH, Fabbro D, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE et al. (2015a). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 172: 6024–6109.
2. Alexander SPH, Kelly E, Marrion N, Peters JA, Benson HE, Faccenda E et al. (2015b). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: Transporters. Br J Pharmacol 172: 6110–6202.
3. Alexeyev MF (2009). Is there more to aging than mitochondrial DNA and reactive oxygen species? FEBS J 276: 5768–5787.
4. Alic N, Partridge L (2011). Death and dessert: nutrient signalling pathways and ageing. Curr Opin Cell Biol 23: 738–743.
5. Allsopp RC, Harley CB (1995). Evidence for a critical telomere length in senescent human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 219: 130–136.
6. Allsopp RC, Vaziri H, Patterson C, Goldstein S, Younglai EV, Futcher AB, et al. (1992). Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89: 10114-10118.
7. Amagase H, Nance DM (2008). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study of the general effects of a standardized Lycium barbarum (Goji) juice, GoChi TM. J Altern Complement Med 14: 403–412.
8. Apfeld J, O'Connor G, McDonagh T, DiStefano PS, Curtis R (2004). The AMP-activated protein kinase AAK-2 links energy levels and insulin-like signals to lifespan in C-elegans. Genes Dev 18: 3004–3009.
9. Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis A-L (2013). Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep 30: 1412–1437.
10. Bai X, Yang J, Liu CF, Song YL, Hao XY (2008). The anti-aging effect of Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang on aging mice induced by D-galactose. Guizhou Med J 5: 399–401.
11. Bass TM, Weinkove D, Houthoofd K, Gems D, Partridge L (2007). Effects of resveratrol on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech Ageing Dev 128: 546–552.
12. Bauer JH, Goupil S, Garber GB, Helfand SL (2004). An accelerated assay for the identification of lifespan-extending interventions in Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 12980-12985.
13. Baum L, Lam CWK, Cheung SK-K, Kwok T, Lui V, Tsoh J et al. (2008). Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28: 110–113.
14. Baur JA, Pearson KJ, Price NL, Jamieson HA, Lerin C, Kalra A et al. (2006). Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature 444: 337–342.
15. Berger A, Milgram E, Mitchell M, Lawton K, Hanson R, Kalhan S et al. (2007). The metabolomics of aging. FASEB J 21: A1040–A1040.
16. Blackburn EH (1991). Structure and function of telomeres. Nature 350: 569–573.
17. Blackburn EH (2001). Switching and signaling at the telomere. Cell 106: 661–673.
18. Bonafe M, Barbieri M, Marchegiani F, Olivieri F, Ragno E, Giampieri C et al. (2003). Polymorphic variants of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor and phosphoinositide 3-kinase genes affect IGF-I plasma levels and human longevity: cues for an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of life span control. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology. Metabolism 88: 3299–3304.
19. Brunet A, Sweeney LB, Sturgill JF, Chua KF, Greer PL, Lin YX et al. (2004). Stress-dependent regulation of FOXO transcription factors by the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science 303: 2011–2015.
20. Cai EP, Lin JK (2009). Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and rutin suppress the glucotoxicity through activating IRS2 and AMPK signaling in rat pancreatic beta cells. J Agric Food Chem 57: 9817–9827.
21. Cai WJ, Huang JH, Zhang SQ, Wu B, Kapahi P, Zhang XM et al. (2011). Icariin and its derivative icariside ii extend healthspan via insulin/IGF-1 pathway in C. elegans. plos one 6.
22. Cao RZ, Wei YC, Zhang GW, Sun LJ (2011). Effect of total flavonoids of herba euphorbiae humifusae on the expression of telomerase activity in aged mice. West China. J Pharm Sci 2: 189–190.
23. Cao YL, Li WL, Wei LY, Liu XY, Li ZH, He WG et al. (2012). Anti-aging function of cycloastragenol in aging mice induced by D-galactose. Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae 19: 208–211.
24. Cao H, Zhang A, Zhang H, Sun H, Wang X (2015). The application of metabolomics in traditional Chinese medicine opens up a dialogue between Chinese and Western medicine. Phytother Res 29: 159–166.
25. Chan TYK (2015). Incidence and causes of aconitum alkaloid poisoning in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2010. Phytother Res 29: 1107–1111.
26. Chan S, Blackburn EH (2004). Telomeres and telomerase. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B-Biol Sci 359: 109–121.
27. Chen JX (2004). Research progress of the relationship between free radical and aging. J North Sichuan Med College 1: 207–209.
28. Chen S (2012). The extraction, separation of piceid from cultivated Polygonum cuspidatum and preliminary study on its anti-aging, Ji Shou University.
29. Chen BT, Lin YP, Chen YC (2001). Study on the molecular biological mechanism of delaying aging by tea polyphenols-the influence on the activity of DNA methylation enzyme in the liver of mouse. Food Sci 11: 56–57.
30. Chen G, Tang Y, Yang L, Wang XK, Diao B, Zhu YL (2009). Antioxidative effects of LSPC in brain tissue of senile mice induced by D-galactose. China Pharmacist 8: 1023–1025.
31. Chen Y, Ping J, Zhang J, Huang JH, Xia SJ, Shen ZY (2012). Study of Icariin on raising SIRT6 activity and inhibiting NF-kB inflammation signal pathway of mouse. Gerontol Health Care 18: 338–341.
32. Chen LW, Zhang YX, Yu M, Wang SC (2013). Anti-aging mechanism of polysaccharide from rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 4: 449–453.
33. Cheng CL, Gao TQ, Li DD (2004). Insulin /insulin-like growth factor − 1 signaling pathway and aging. Foreign Med Sci Geriatr : 145–148.
34. Collins JJ, Evason K, Kornfeld K (2006). Pharmacology of delayed aging and extended lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 41: 1032–1039.
35. Cong J, Guo L, Ding XH, Wu JD, Gong Q (2014). Effect of gypenosides on antioxidative enzymes of human aged skin fibroblasts. Chin Med Herald 2: 32–34.
36. Cui YF, Zhang BY, Zhang R, Li C, Zhao Y, Ren YH et al. (2013). Effects of resveratrol on morphology and oxidative stress of brain tissues in aging mice. Journal of Hygiene Research 6: 995–998.+1003
37. Dang H, Wang Q, Wang H, Yan M, Liu X (2016). The integration of Chinese material medica into the Chinese health care delivery system, an update. Phytother Res 30: 292–297.
38. D'Aquila P, Rose G, Panno ML, Passarino G, Bellizzi D (2012). SIRT3 gene expression: a link between inherited mitochondrial DNA variants and oxidative stress. Gene 497: 323–329.
39. Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Davis B (2009). Quercetin increases brain and muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and exercise tolerance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296: R1071–R1077.
40. Deng YM, Zhang HQ, Xing SH, Sun Y (2001). The influence of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis on human embryo lung diploid fibroblastic DNA damage and repair after UV irradiation. Chin J Marine Drugs 7: 27–31.
41. Espinosa C, Perez-Llamas F, Guardiola FA, Esteban MA, Arnao MB, Zamora S et al. (2014). Molecular mechanisms by which white tea prevents oxidative stress. J Physiol Biochem 70: 891–900.
42. Feng QS, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Liu JL, Huang GJ, Jin SR (2005). Effect of Bushen synergist on ~(60)Coγ radial-induced mice splenic lymphocyte DNA damage. Sichuan J Tradit Chin Med 3: 25–26.
43. Finkel T, Serrano M, Blasco MA (2007). The common biology of cancer and ageing. Nature 448: 767–774.
44. Flores I, Cayuela ML, Blasco MA (2005). Effects of telomerase and telomere length on epidermal stem cell behavior. Science 309: 1253–1256.
45. Flores I, Canela A, Vera E, Tejera A, Cotsarelis G, Blasco MA (2008). The longest telomeres: a general signature of adult stem cell compartments. Genes Dev 22: 654–667.
46. Friedman DB, Johnson TE (1988). A mutation in the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces hermaphrodite fertility. Genetics 118: 75–86.
47. Fu Y, Zu Y, Chen L, Shi X, Wang Z, Sun S et al. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination. Phytother Res 21: 989–994.
48. Fu LQ, Li XY, Yang CX (2012). Galangin attenuates cognitive impairment in senescent mice. Herald Med 7: 863–866.
49. Gao H, He L, Li CY, Lv JM (2009). Effects and mechanisms of salvianolic acid B on learning capability and memory in aging mice. Food Sci 19: 294–296.
50. Gao F, Sun RJ, Ji Y, Yang BF (2015). Cardiovascular research is thriving in China. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5430–5434.
51. Geng FH, Zhang P, Dong L, Gao F (2014). New findings in AMPK-activated protein kinase. Chin Heart J 1: 97–100.
52. Geng YN, Yu B, Kong WJ (2015). Gastrodin ameliorates oleic acid-induced fat accumulation through activation of AMPK pathway in HL-7702 cells. Chin Pharm Bull 1: 39–44.
53. Gim GT, Kim H-M, Kim J, Kim J, Whang W-W, Cho S-H (2009). Antioxidant effect of Tianwang Buxin pills, a traditional Chinese medicine formula: double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Chin Med 37: 227–239.
54. Greer EL, Dowlatshahi D, Banko MR, Villen J, Hoang K, Blanchard D et al. (2007). An AMPK-FOXO pathway mediates longevity induced by a novel method of dietary restriction in C-elegans. Curr Biol 17: 1646–1656.
55. Grivicich I, Ferraz A, Faria DH, Regner A, Schwartsmann G, Henriques AT et al. (2008). Synergistic effect of three benzopyrans isolated from hypericum polyanthemum in U-373 MG glioblastoma cell line. Phytother Res 22: 1577–1580.
56. Guo YB, Zhang KC, Xu GX, Zeng YF, Liu QL, Yang LZ et al. (1997). Effect of Kangshuai Yanshou compound on DNA damage and repair capacity of old rats. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med S1: 68–70.
57. Guo HY, Zhang PX, Ou Q, Wei XD, Xu H (2005). Effect of cornel on protein non-enzymatic glycosylation and DNA damage in aging rats. Chin J Clin Rehab 19: 136–137.
58. Guo L, Wei XD, Ou Q, Wang S, Zhu GM (2010). Effect of astragaloside on the expression of telomerase activity and klotho gene in aged HELF cells. Chin J Gerontol 13: 1819–1822.
59. Guo HL, Liao LZ, Chen YL, Wu WK (2012). Resveratrol reverses D-galactose-induced senescence in cardiomyocytes. Chin J Pathophysiol 12: 2141–2146.
60. Guo JJ, Pan YR, Zhao YL (2013). Experiment research about effects of Yiqi Huazhuo capsule on IR through AMPK signal channel. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med 12: 2685–2688.
61. Han W, Li XY, Zhou LL, Wu HP, Li SP, Lu Q (2009). Effect of emodin on lipid-lowering and anti-aging. Med Innov Chin 29: 14–16.
62. Han HJ, Wang CL, Chen MH, Li FJ, Wang YR, Han XM et al. (2011). Study on the mechanisms of quercetin on extending lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Amino Acids Biotic Resources 2: 35–38.
63. Hansen M, Taubert S, Crawford D, Libina N, Lee S-J, Kenyon C (2007). Lifespan extension by conditions that inhibit translation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 6: 95–110.
64. Hao QH, Chen GH, Feng YQ, Guo YX, Lei BS (2009). Antioxidative effect of honokiol in D-galactose-induced aging model mice. China J Chin Mat Med 6: 798–800.
65. Hao L, Ren XH, Zhao Y, Xia CY, Guo CX, Wang YC et al. (2013). The effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on anti oxidantive DNA damage and delaying telomere shortening in prefrontal cortex of natural aging rats and its mechanisms. Pharmacol Clin Chin Mat Med 6: 38–42.
66. Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW (1990). Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature 345: 458–460.
67. Hasani-Ranjbar S, Khosravi S, Nayebi N, Larijani B, Abdollahi M (2012). A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of anti-aging herbs in animals and human. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 7: 621–640.
68. Helliwell RM, ShioukHuey CO, Dhuna K, Molero JC, Ye JM, Xue CC et al. (2015). Selected ginsenosides of the protopanaxdiol series are novel positive allosteric modulators of P2X7 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 172: 3326–3340.
69. Ho L, Bloom PA, Vega JG, Yemul S, Zhao W, Ward L et al. (2016). Biomarkers of resilience in stress reduction for caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Neuromolecular Med 18: 177–189.
70. Howitz KT, Bitterman KJ, Cohen HY, Lamming DW, Lavu S, Wood JG et al. (2003). Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature 425: 191–196.
71. Hu ZW, Shen ZY, Huang JH (2004). Experimental study on effect of Epimedium brevicornu flavonoids in protecting telomere length of senescence cells. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med 12: 1094–1097.
72. Hu XQ, Li XH, Zheng YF, Long Y, Cao P, Zhang J (2010). Effect of allicin on learning and memory ability and antioxidative capability of brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease mice. Chin J Gerontol 7: 944–945.
73. Huang YL (2007). Progress in studies of the anti-aging traditional Chinese drugs. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res 3: 691–693.
74. Huang H, Yu NC, Liu Q, Yi YD, Ma W (2007). Effects of water extract of purslane herb on protecting telomere length of senile mouse. Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther 7: 804–807.
75. Ideker T, Thorsson V, Ranish JA, Christmas R, Buhler J, Eng JK et al. (2001). Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses of a systematically perturbed metabolic network. Science 292: 929–934.
76. Izzo AA (2012). Interactions between herbs and conventional drugs: overview of the clinical data. Med Princ Pract 21: 404–428.
77. Izzo AA, Hoon-Kim S, Radhakrishnan R, Williamson EM (2016). A critical approach to evaluating clinical efficacy, adverse events and drug interactions of herbal remedies. Phytother Res 30: 691–700.
78. Jafari M, Felgner JS, Bussel II, Hutchili T, Khodayari B, Rose MR et al. (2007). Rhodiola: a promising anti-aging Chinese herb. Rejuvenation Res 10: 587–602.
79. Jafari M, Zarban A, Pham S, Wang T (2008). Rosa damascena decreased mortality in adult Drosophila. J Med Food 11: 9–13.
80. Jia XY, Gao YH, Zhao XL, Luan HY (2007). Research situation of free radical and anti-aging. Heilongjiang Med Pharm 2: 75–76.
81. Jiang LH (2004). Study on anti-damage of DNA by traditional Chinese medicine. Herald Med 4: 250–252.
82. Jiang LH (2005). Advance on the effect of DNA damage by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its extractant. Pharm Biotechnol 1: 54–57.
83. Jiang YH, Li YL, Zhao Q, Huo Q (2011). Uncaria alkaloids' intervention on the aged endothelial cell induced by D-galactose. Chin J Arterioscler 6: 474–478.
84. Jiang M, Wang C, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Wang Y, Zhu Y (2014). Sparse partial-least-squares discriminant analysis for different geographical origins of Salvia miltiorrhiza by H-1-NMR-based metabolomics. Phytochem Anal 25: 50–58.
85. Jiang ZH, Ma S, Chen JW, Guo T, Li XJ, Fan MM et al. (2016). Resveratrol protects endothelial cells from senescence via inhibition of apoptosisi. Chin Heart J 6: 638–641.
86. Kaeberlein M, Powers RW, Steffen KK, Westman EA, Hu D, Dang N et al. (2005). Regulation of yeast replicative life span by TOR and Sch9 in response to nutrients. Science 310: 1193–1196.
87. Kapahi P, Zid BM, Harper T, Koslover D, Sapin V, Benzer S (2004). Regulation of lifespan in Drosophila by modulation of genes in the TOR signaling pathway. Curr Biol 14: 885–890.
88. Ke GA, You CH, Liu BL, Zhang H, Wang MM (2006). Study of mechanism of telomere and cell cycle in the proeess of allicin protection against senescence in fibroblast cells 1.
89. Kensler TW, Wakabayashi N (2010). Nrf2: friend or foe for chemoprevention? Carcinogenesis 31: 90–99.
90. Kenyon CJ (2010). The genetics of ageing. Nature 464: 504–512.
91. Kishido T, Unno K, Yoshida H, Choba D, Fukutomi R, Asahina S et al. (2007). Decline in glutathione peroxidase activity is a reason for brain senescence: consumption of green tea catechin prevents the decline in its activity and protein oxidative damage in ageing mouse brain. Biogerontology 8: 423–430.
92. Ko KM, Chiu PY, Leung HY, Siu AHL, Chen N, Leong EPK et al. (2010). Long-term dietary supplementation with a Yang-invigorating Chinese herbal formula increases lifespan and mitigates age-associated declines in mitochondrial antioxidant status and functional ability of various tissues in male and female C57BL/6 J mice. Rejuvenation Res 13: 168–171.
93. Kook D, Wolf AH, Yu AL, Neubauer AS, Priglinger SG, Kampik A et al. (2008). The protective effect of quercetin against oxidative stress in the human RPE in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49: 1712–1720.
94. Ksiezak-Reding H, Ho L, Santa-Maria I, Diaz-Ruiz C, Wang J, Pasinetti GM (2012). Ultrastructural alterations of Alzheimer's disease paired helical filaments by grape seed-derived polyphenols. Neurobiol Aging 33: 1427–1439.
95. Lagouge M, Argmann C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Meziane H, Lerin C, Daussin F et al. (2006). Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1 alpha. Cell 127: 1109–1122.
96. Lapointe J, Hekimi S (2010). When a theory of aging ages badly. Cell Mol Life Sci 67: 1–8.
97. Lawton KA, Berger A, Mitchell M, Milgram KE, Evans AM, Guo L et al. (2008). Analysis of the adult human plasma metabolome. Pharmacogenomics 9: 383–397.
98. Lee HC, Wei YH (2001). Mitochondrial alterations, cellular response to oxidative stress and defective degradation of proteins in aging. Biogerontology 2: 231–244.
99. Lee MK, Choi YJ, Sung SH, Shin DI, Kim JW, Kim YC (1995). Antihepatotoxic activity of icariin, a major constituent of Epimedium koreanum. Planta Med 61: 523–526.
100. Lee ST, Chu K, Sim JY, Heo JH, Kim M (2008). Ponax ginseng enhances cognitive performance in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 22: 222–226.
101. Lee KS, Lee BS, Semnani S, Avanesian A, Um C-Y, Jeon H-J et al. (2010). Curcumin extends life span, improves health span, and modulates the expression of age-associated aging genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Rejuvenation Res 13: 561–570.
102. Lee YH, Lee SJ, Jung JE, Kim JS, Lee NH, Yi HK (2015). Terrein reduces age-related inflammation induced by oxidative stress through Nrf2/ERK1/2/HO-1 signalling in aged HDF cells. Cell Biochem Funct 33: 479–486.
103. Li YY, Yang Y, Deng HB, Hu XQ, Chen LL (2002). Effect of ploygonatum sibiricum on telomerase activity in aging mice tissue. Cent China Med J 4: 225–226.+230
104. Li SJ, Zhang L, Zhang DS, Shen LX, Dong XH, Wu HX et al. (2005). Experimental study on antisenility effect of Chrysophanol. Chin J Gerontol 11: 78–80.
105. Li B, Fang WJ, Meng H (2009). Influences of Sijunzi decoction on the mtDNA damage and antioxidative ability in brain of aging mice induced by D-galactose. J Beihua Univ (Natural Science) 3: 218–222.
106. Li DZ, Wu JD, Wang P (2011a). Effect of Radices puerarire and puerarin on activities of GSH-Px of naturally sensile mice. Chinese Aesthet Med 12: 1921–1922.
107. Li CS, Deng HB, Li DD, Li ZH (2013a). Advances and challenges in screening traditional Chinese anti-aging materia medica. Chin J Integr Med 19: 243–252.
108. Li J, Chen LJ, Hu SS, Wang YF (2014). Effect of dogwood polysacchharide on the expression of SIRT1 gene in eye lens of the aging rats. Eval Anal Drug-Use Hosp China 10: 875–878.
109. Li Y, Yan H, Zhang Z, Zhang G, Sun Y, Yu P et al. (2015). Andrographolide derivative AL-1 improves insulin resistance through down-regulation of NF-B signalling pathway. Br J Pharmacol 172: 3151–3158.
110. Li X, Li J, Wang L, Li A, Qiu Z, Qi LW et al. (2016). The role of metformin and resveratrol in the prevention of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha accumulation and fibrosis in hypoxic adipose tissue. Br J Pharmacol 173: 2001–2015.
111. Lim GP, Chu T, Yang FS, Beech W, Frautschy SA, Cole GM (2001). The curry spice curcumin reduces oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse. J Neurosci 21: 8370–8377.
112. Lin CL, Huang HC, Lin JK (2007). Theaflavins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMPK in human HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res 48: 2334–2343.
113. Linda P, David G (2002). Mechanisms of ageing: public or private? Nat Rev Genet 3.
114. Ling LJ, Hu QL (2013). Progress in the study of molecular mechanism of SIRT1and aging. J Green Sci Technol 5: 292–295.
115. Liu XY (2013). Metabolism study in vivo and in vitro of astragaloside and cycloastragenol Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.
116. Liu H, Li MG, Han L (2011a). Effects of Hericium extract on antioxidative system in apolexis brain tissues in mice induced by D-galactose. Clin Misdiag Misther 7: 11–12.
117. Liu JF, Ma Y, Wang Y, Du ZY, Shen JK, Peng HL (2011b). Reduction of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by luteolin is associated with activation of AMPK and mitigation of oxidative stress. Phytother Res 25: 588–596.
118. Liu HP, Chang RF, Wu YS, Lin WY, Tsai FJ (2012). The Yang-tonifying herbal medicine cynomorium songaricum extends lifespan and delays aging in Drosophila. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
119. Liu XM, Wang Q, Song GQ, Zhang GP, Ye ZG, Williamson EM (2014). The classification and application of toxic Chinese materia medica. Phytother Res 28 (3): 334–347.
120. Longo VD, Finch CE (2003). Evolutionary medicine: from dwarf model systems to healthy centenarians? Science 299: 1342–1346.
121. Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (2013). The hallmarks of aging. Cell 153: 1194–1217.
122. Lu J, Wu DM, Zheng YL, Hu B, Zhang ZF, Shan Q et al. (2010). Quercetin activates AMP-activated protein kinase by reducing PP2C expression protecting old mouse brain against high cholesterol-induced neurotoxicity. J Pathol 222: 199–212.
123. Luo JY, Nikolaev AY, Imai S, Chen DL, Su F, Shiloh A et al. (2001). Negative control of p53 by Sir2 alpha promotes cell survival under stress. Cell 107: 137–148.
124. Lv JH, Tang DL, Fang WJ, Zhang SP (2007). Influences of huperzine A on the antioxidative ability and Ga2+ concentration in brain of senile mice induced by D-galactose. Chin J Hosp Pharm 10: 1403–1406.
125. Ma LJ, Chen GL, Jia HY, Xie J (2009). Anti-senescence effect of Cynomorium songaricum polysaccharide on D-galactose-induced aging mice. Chin J Hosp Pharm 14: 1186–1189.
126. Marfe G, Tafani M, Fiorito F, Pagnini U, Iovane G, De Martino L (2011). Involvement of FOXO transcription factors, TRAIL-FasL/Fas, and sirtuin proteins family in canine coronavirus type II-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 6.
127. Martin GM (2011). The biology of aging: 1985–2010 and beyond. FASEB J 25: 3756–3762.
128. Milic N, Milosevic N, Kon SG, Bozic T, Abenavoli L, Borrelli F (2014). Warfarin interactions with medicinal herbs. Nat Prod Commun 9: 1211–1216.
129. Morselli E, Maiuri MC, Markaki M, Megalou E, Pasparaki A, Palikaras K et al. (2010). Caloric restriction and resveratrol promote longevity through the sirtuin-1-dependent induction of autophagy. Cell Death Dis 1, e10; DOI: 10.1038/cddis.
130. Mouchiroud L, Molin L, Dalliere N, Solari F (2010). Life span extension by resveratrol, rapamycin and metformin: the promise of dietary restriction mimetics for an healthy aging. Biofactors 36: 377–382.
131. Murase T, Misawa K, Haramizu S, Hase T (2009). Catechin-induced activation of the LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 78: 78–84.
132. Muteliefu G, Lei L, Tu PF, Guo DA, Lu JF (2004). Study on molecular mechanism of echinacoside for against aging. Acta Biophys Sin 3: 183–187.
133. Na LX, Zhang YL, Li Y, Liu LY, Li R, Kong T et al. (2011). Curcumin improves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of rats. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 21: 526–533.
134. Oberdoerffer P, Sinclair DA (2007). The role of nuclear architecture in genomic instability and ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8: 692–702.
135. Olovnikov AM (1973). A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon. J Theor Biol 41: 181–190.
136. Pan ZW, Lu YJ, Yang BF (2015). Advances in exploring the role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of cardiac diseases in China. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5435–5443.
137. Panchabhai TS, Ambarkhane SV, Joshi AS, Samant BD, Rege NN (2008). Protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia, Phyllanthus emblica and their combination against antitubercular drugs induced hepatic damage: an experimental study. Phytother Res 22: 646–650.
138. Panza F, D'Introno A, Capurso C, Colacicco AM, Seripa D, Pilotto A et al. (2007). Lipoproteins, vascular-related genetic factors, and human longevity. Rejuvenation Res 10: 441–458.
139. Peng SJ (2009). Experimental study on anti-aging effect of puerarin. Shandong Med J 20: 45–46.
140. Peng C, Zuo Y, Kwan KM, Liang Y, Ma KY, Chan HYE et al. (2012). Blueberry extract prolongs lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. Exp Gerontol 47: 170–178.
141. Peng CC, Jin HZ, Liu RH (2015). Summary of the pharmacokinetic methods of traditional Chinese medicine prescription. J Pharm Pract 1: 5–8.
142. Peng P, Song ZM, Yu SJ, Liu Y, Liu DH, Huang SY, et al. (2015). Ginsenoside Rb1 against natural aging of brain in mice and its influence on mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway 1. Monograph of the sixteenth international congress of cardiology south China. 1.
143. Pillarisetti S (2008). A review of SIRT1 and SIRT1 modulators in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 3: 156–164.
144. Qiao LL, Huang F, Yan XG, Gong H, Li Y (2010). Effect of Rhizoma Coptidis apozem on expression of AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle of metabolic syndrome rats. Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm 1: 145–148.
145. Qin W, Ho L, Wang J, Peskind E, Pasinetti GM (2009). s100 a7, a novel alzheimer's disease biomarker with non-amyloidogenic alpha-secretase activity acts via selective promotion of ADAM-10. PLoS One 4.
146. Rajapakse AG, Yepuri G, Carvas JM, Stein S, Matter CM, Scerri I et al. (2011). Hyperactive S6 K1 mediates oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in aging: inhibition by resveratrol. PLoS One 6.
147. Richardson A, Liu F, Adamo ML, Van Remmen H, Nelson JF (2004). The role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in mammalian ageing. Best practice research clinical endocrinology. Metabolism 18: 393–406.
148. Ringman JM, Frautschy SA, Cole GM, Masterman DL, Cummings JL (2005). A potential role of the curry spice curcumin in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2: 131–136.
149. Ristow M, Schmeisser S (2011). Extending life span by increasing oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 51: 327–336.
150. Rogina B, Helfand SL (2004). Sir2 mediates longevity in the fly through a pathway related to calorie restriction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 15998–16003.
151. Roth GS, Lane MA, Ingram DK, Mattison JA, Elahi D, Tobin JD et al. (2002). Biomarkers of caloric restriction may predict longevity in humans. Science 297: 811–811.
152. Ryazanov AG, Nefsky BS (2002). Protein turnover plays a key role in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 123: 207–213.
153. Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K (2012). Phytochemicals suppress nuclear factor-kappa B signaling: impact on health span and the aging process. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 15: 23–28.
154. Salvioli S, Sikora E, Cooper EL, Franceschi C (2007). Curcumin in cell death processes: a challenge for CAM of age-related pathologies. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 4: 181–190.
155. Schilling MM, Oeser JK, Boustead JN, Flemming BP, O'Brien RM (2006). Re-evaluating the FOXO1-PGC-1 alpha connection. Nature 443: E10–E11.
156. Schnackenberg LK, Sun J, Espandiari P, Holland RD, Hanig J, Beger RD (2007). Metabonomics evaluations of age-related changes in the urinary compositions of male Sprague Dawley rats and effects of data normalization methods on statistical and quantitative analysis. BMC Bioinformatics 8.
157. Sharma PR, Shanmugavel M, Saxena AK, Qazi GN (2008). Induction of apoptosis by a synergistic lignan composition from Cedrus deodara in human cancer cells. Phytother Res 22: 1587–1594.
158. Sharpless NE, Depinho RA (2007). How stem cells age and why this makes us grow old. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8: 703–713.
159. Shen LR, Xiao F, Yuan P, Chen Y, Gao QK, Parnell LD et al. (2013). Curcumin-supplemented diets increase superoxide dismutase activity and mean lifespan in Drosophila. Age 35: 1133–1142.
160. Sheridan H, Krenn L, Jiang R, Sutherland I, Ignatova S, Marmann A et al. (2012). The potential of metabolic fingerprinting as a tool for the modernisation of TCM preparations. J Ethnopharmacol 140: 482–491.
161. Shi X, Lu XG, Zhan LB, Qi X, Liang LN, Hu SY et al. (2011). The effects of the Chinese medicine ZiBu PiYin recipe on the hippocampus in a rat model of diabetes-associated cognitive decline: a proteomic analysis. Diabetologia 54: 1888–1899.
162. Shin SM, Cho IJ, Kim SG (2009). Resveratrol protects mitochondria against oxidative stress through AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibition downstream of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-LKB1 pathway. Mol Pharmacol 76: 884–895.
163. Sikora E, Scapagnini G, Barbagallo M (2010). Curcumin, inflammation, ageing and age-related diseases. Immun ageing: I A 7: 1–4.
164. Southan C, Sharman JL, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Alexander SP et al. (2016). The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. Nucleic Acids Res. 44 (D1): D1054–D1068.
165. Sugiyama S (2006). The health benefits of gambir. Yakushigaku Zasshi 41: 47–49.
166. Surh YJ, Kundu JK, Na HK (2008). Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some chemopreventive phytochemicals. Planta Med 74: 1526–1539.
167. Sykiotis GP, Bohmann D (2010). Stress-activated Cap'n'collar transcription factors in aging and human disease. Sci Signal 3.
168. Syntichaki P, Troulinaki K, Tavernarakis N (2007). eIF4E function in somatic cells modulates ageing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 445: 922–926.
169. Tao PH, Wen XL, Wang YZ, Mao GX (2014). The experimental study on effect of carnosic acid on delaying the aging process of human diploid 2BS fibroblasts. Acta Nutri Sin 3: 273–277.
170. Tian J, Du H, Yang H, Liu X, Li Z (1997). A clinical study on compound Da Huang (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei) preparations for improvement of senile persons' memory ability. J Tradit Chin Med = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan /sponsored by All-China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine 17: 168–173.
171. Vingtdeux V, Giliberto L, Zhao H, Chandakkar P, Wu Q, Simon JE et al. (2010). AMP-activated protein kinase signaling activation by resveratrol modulates amyloid-beta peptide metabolism. J Biol Chem 285: 9100–9113.
172. Viswanathan M, Kim SK, Berdichevsky A, Guarente L (2005). A role for SIR-2.1 regulation of ER stress response genes in determining C-elegans life span. Dev Cell 9: 605–615.
173. Wang HJ (1994). Clinical application of anti-aging capsule on 95 cases of middle aged and old peopleJiangsu. J Tradit Chin Med : 45–46.
174. Wang XY (2010). Study of the anti-aging effects of tcms that could promote Qi and activate blood or nourish kidney and lver on C.elegans and the underlying molecular mechanisms. China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.
175. Wang XM, Fu H, Liu GX (2001). Clinical and experimental study on effect of Wuzi Yanzong pill on oxidative damage of mitochondrial DNA in aging. Integr Tradit Chin West Med Pract Crit Care Med 6: 331–334.
176. Wang XM, Fu H, Liu GX (2002). Effect of Herba Epimedii and Fructus Lycii on mitochondrial DNA deletion, activity of respiratory chain en-zyme complexes and ATP synthesis in aged rats. J Beijing Med Univ 1: 68–71.
177. Wang SJ, Wang GJ, Li XT, Sun JG, Ma RL, Sheng LS (2005). Simultaneous determination of oxymatrine and its active metabolite matrine in dog plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 817: 319–325.
178. Wang ZY, Zhang XR, Lan FH (2006). Effect of Bushenjianpi Yangxuehuoxue formula on deletion mutation of kidney mitochondria DNA in senile mouse. Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm 11: 652–654.
179. Wang Y, Lawler D, Larson B, Ramadan Z, Kochhar S, Holmes E et al. (2007). Metabonomic investigations of aging and caloric restriction in a life-long dog study. J Proteome Res 6: 1846–1854.
180. Wang H, Liu M, Gu JX, Gu JY (2009b). Study of the antioxidant effect of Rosmarinic acid on aging mice induced by D-galactose. Chin J Gerontol 5: 549–551.
181. Wang S, Jiang H, Xi LQ, Chen GY, Zhang L, Ma CH (2013). Study on the anti-aging effect of flavonoid from Oxytropis glabra DC on mice. Chin Agric Sci Bull 5: 37–41.
182. Wang J, Bi WN, Cheng A, Freire D, Vempati P, Zhao W et al. (2014b). Targeting multiple pathogenic mechanisms with polyphenols for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease-experimental approach and therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci 6.
183. Wang X, Ji Y, Yang B (2015). Chinese innovation in cardiovascular drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5425–5429.
184. Warner HR (2005). Longevity genes: from primitive organisms to humans. Mech Ageing Dev 126: 235–242.
185. Watson JD (1972). Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Nat New Biol 239: 197–201.
186. Westphal CH, Dipp MA, Guarente L (2007). A therapeutic role for sirtuins in diseases of aging? Trends Biochem Sci 32: 555–560.
187. Wiegant FAC, Surinova S, Ytsma E, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Wikman G, Post JA (2009). Plant adaptogens increase lifespan and stress resistance in C-elegans. Biogerontology 10: 27–42.
188. Williams RE, Lenz EM, Lowden JS, Rantalainen M, Wilson ID (2005). The metabonomics of aging and development in the rat: an investigation into the effect of age on the profile of endogenous metabolites in the urine of male rats using H-1 NMR and HPLC-TOF MS. Mol Biosyst 1: 166–175.
189. Williams R, Lenz EM, Wilson AJ, Granger J, Wilson ID, Major H et al. (2006). A multi-analytical platform approach to the metabonomic analysis of plasma from normal and zucker (fa/fa) obese rats. Mol Biosyst 2: 174–183.
190. Wong KK, Maser RS, Bachoo RM, Menon J, Carrasco DR, Gu YS et al. (2003). Telomere dysfunction and Atm deficiency compromises organ homeostasis and accelerates ageing. Nature 421: 643–648.
191. Wood JG, Rogina B, Lavu S, Howitz K, Helfand SL, Tatar M et al. (2004a). Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans. Nature 430: 686–689.
192. Wood JG, Rogina B, Lavu S, Howitz K, Helfand SL, Tatar M et al. (2004b). Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans vol 430, pg 686, 2004. Nature 431: 107–107.
193. Wu Q, Dong C (2003). The anti-aging acion of Liuweidihuang decoction and its mechanism. Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Med 3: 6–7.+49
194. Wu JD, Wang P, Li DZ (2011). Effect of Radices puerarire and reducing mtRNA of naturally sensile mice. Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med 11: 2119–2120.
195. Wu BY, Liu XG, Chen WC (2015). Effects of rapamycin induced cellular autophagy in aging-related diseases. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin 1: 11–14.
196. Xia HY, Zhang JH, Xie YX, Yao LA, Li ZP, Xu YW (2012). Effects of Zuogui pill on blood anti-oxidative abilities and DNA damage of lymphocytes in aging rats induced by D-galactose. Chin J Tradit Chin Med Pharm 11: 2937–2939.
197. Xiao H, Tao T, Chen ML, Leng XX, Pan YM, Zhu KY et al. (2010). Changes of general physical signs and bone marrow DNA content of ageing model rat induced by D-galactose and interventional effect of traditional Chinese medicine. Chin J Comparat Med 5: 37–40.+49
198. Xiao G, Chen Z, Li WN (2014). The anti-aging effects of mogroside. Chin J Gerontol 15: 4263–4265.
199. Xu CZ, Zhang BS (1998). Clinical observation on anti-aging effects of Huatanquyu Chinese herbal medicine. Hebei Med 8: 38–39.
200. Xu AX, Zhang ZM, Ge B, Pu JF (2006). Study effect and its mechanism on resisting senility of PCPN. Chin J Mod Appl Pharm S2: 729–731.
201. Yan S, Wu B, Lin Z, Jin H, Huang J, Yang Y et al. (2009). Metabonomic characterization of aging and investigation on the anti-aging effects of total flavones of Epimedium. Mol Biosyst 5: 1204–1213.
202. Yang XH, Lu J, Yang BF, Rao YQ, Li SC, Wang CS (1995). DNA damage and repair in old mouses pleen lymphoeytes modified by Liu Wei Dan Kun decoction. Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Med 3: 4–6.
203. Yang SM, Yan JH, Zang SQ, Chen F, Zhang CG, Wang TJ et al. (2000). Influence of Li Yongkang Gaozi on mouse thymus telomerase activity and other immune function. J Tradit Chin Med 9: 556–558.
204. Yang J, Zhan XH, Sun Y, Li XC, Li HG (2005). Effect of Sijunzi decoction on malondialdehyde content and telomerase activity in heart, liver and brain tissues of D-galactose induced aging model mice. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med 6: 531–533.
205. Yang J, Lei Y, Fang SP, Cui W, Chen KY (2009). Study on acting mechanism of extracts from Ginseng, Notoginseng and Chuanxiong for delaying the aging of endothelial cells induced by angiotensin II. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med 6: 524–528.
206. Yang X, Zhang P, Wu J, Xiong S, Jin N, Huang Z (2012). The neuroprotective and lifespan-extension activities of Damnacanthus officinarum extracts in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Ethnopharmacol 141: 41–47.
207. Yin DZ, Chen KJ (2005). The essential mechanisms of aging: irreparable damage accumulation of biochemical side-reactions. Exp Gerontol 40: 455–465.
208. Yin J, Gao Z, Liu D, Liu Z, Ye J (2008). Berberine improves glucose metabolism through induction of glycolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294: E148–E156.
209. Yin Q, Lu H, Bai Y, Tian A, Yang Q, Wu J et al. (2015). A metabolite of Danshen formulae attenuates cardiac fibrosis induced by isoprenaline, via a NOX2/ROS/p38 pathway. Br J Pharmacol 172: 5573–5585.
210. Yonei Y, Takahashi Y, Hibino S, Watanabe M, Yoshioka T (2008). Effects on the human body of a dietary supplement containing L-carnitine and Garcinia cambogia extract: a study using double-blind tests. J Clin Biochem Nutr 42: 89–103.
211. Yu FR, Liu Y, Cui YZ, Chan EQ, Xie MR, McGuire PP et al. (2010). Effects of a flavonoid extract from Cynomorium songaricum on the swimming endurance of rats. Am J Chin Med 38: 65–73.
212. Zarse K, Bossecker A, Mueller-Kuhrt L, Siems K, Hernandez MA, Berendsohn WG et al. (2011). The phytochemical glaucarubinone promotes mitochondrial metabolism, reduces body fat, and extends lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Horm Metab Res 43: 241–243.
213. Zeng XY, Wang H, Bai F, Zhou X, Li SP, Ren LP et al. (2015). Identification of matrine as a promising novel drug for hepatic steatosis and glucose intolerance with HSP72 as an upstream target. Br J Pharmacol 172: 4303–4318.
214. Zhan LS, Zhang XS, Wu XH, Wang YL, Wang ZX (1999). The protective effect of the sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweed on lymphocyte DNA damage caused by oxygenradial. Chin J Mar Drugs : 4–7.
215. Zhang J (1993). Research situation on anti-aging effects of traditional Chinese medicine compound prescription “Huan Jing Jian”. J Gansu Coll Tradit Chin Med 4: 49–51.
216. Zhang XL, Liu XZ (2011). Effects of catalpol on memory and antioxidative enzyme activity in D-galactose induced sub-acute senescent mice. Chin J Biochem Pharm 2: 103–106.
217. Zhang XR, Du J, Lin YZ, Lin JP, Xu SF (1992). Clinical study on the treatment of aging with strong anti aging liquid – a report of 30 cases. J Fujian Coll Tradit Chin Med 3: 141–144.
218. Zhang SX, Li X, Yin JL, Chen LL, Zhang HQ (2007). Study on anti-aging effect of C21 steroidal glycoside from the root of Cynanchum auriculatum planted in Jiangsu. Pract Geriatr 2: 104–107.
219. Zhang HQ, Weng XJ, Chen LL, Li X (2008a). Effect of Cistanche tubulosa (Scheuk) Whight acteoside on telomerase activity and mimunity of aging mice. Chin J Pharmacol Toxicol 4: 270–273.
220. Zhang YJ, Wu T, Zhou XJ, Liu LM (2008b). Glucocorticoid-induced skin aging and the effects of salvia miltiorrhiza and salvianolic acid B in vivo. Chin J Hosp Pharm 20: 1767–1770.
221. Zhang ZF, Li Q, Liang J, Dai XQ, Ding Y, Wang JB et al. (2010). Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) protects the insulin sensitivity in rat L6 muscle cells exposed to dexamethasone condition. Phytomedicine 17: 14–18.
222. Zhang HQ, Li Y, Song YY (2011a). Effect of polysaccharides of Cistanche deserticola on immune cells and telomerase activity in aging mice. Chin Pharm J 14: 1081–1083.
223. Zhang MM, Jia XM, Wang C, Gao W, Peng KN, Zhao M et al. (2013a). Effects of Heshouwuyin on the expression of apoptosis-associated genes FOX, SIRT1 and c-Myc protein in the ovary of the aging rats. J Med Pest Control 12: 1368–1370.
224. Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X (2014a). Potentiating therapeutic effects by enhancing synergism based on active constituents from traditional medicine. Phytother Res 28: 526–533.
225. Zhang L, Han X, Li Z, Liu R, Xu W, Tang C et al. (2014b). Metabolomics research on time-selected combination of Liuwei Dihuang and Jinkui Shenqi pills in treating kidney deficiency and aging by chemometric methods. Chemom Intel Lab Syst 130: 50–57.
226. Zhao YJ, Tang YC (2012). Separation, purification and anti-aging activity of phycocyanin from Porphyra yezoensis. Food Sci 17: 94–97.
227. Zhao LX, Yu L (2004). Pine pollen delays cell senescence and its effects on telomerase activity. Sichuan J Tradit Chin Med 4: 11–13.
228. Zhao G, Cai DF, Fan J, Yuan ZJ (2002). Effect of Zuogui Wan on 8-hydroxy-2c-deoxyguanosine of neocortex of aging rats. J Shanghai Med (University) 3: 208–210.
229. Zhao CH, Chen XC, Zhu YG, Huang C, Shi GB, Ceng YQ et al. (2005). Roles of telomere and telomerase in the process of ginseno-side Rg1 protection against tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced senescence in W I-38 cells. Chin Pharm Bull 1: 61–66.
230. Zhao W, Wang J, Bi W, Ferruzzi M, Yemul S, Freire D et al. (2015). Novel application of brain-targeting polyphenol compounds in sleep deprivation-induced cognitive dysfunction. Neurochem Int 89: 191–197.
231. Zhou KF, Wang MY, Chen QL, Wu HT, Zhao MF, Zhang X (1998). Mechanism of Jinkui Shenqi pill in preventing aging. J Nanjing Univ Tradit Chin Med 6: 33–34.+68
232. Zhou B, Wu LJ, Li LH, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Uchiumi F et al. (2006). Silibinin protects against isoproterenol-induced rat cardiac myocyte injury through mitochondrial pathway after up-regulation of SIRT1. J Pharmacol Sci (Print Edition) 102: 387–395.
233. Zhou Y, Jiang R, Yang B, Yao X, Wang P, Liu DF et al. (2011). Changes of telomere and telomerase in effect of ginsenoside Rg1 to delay hematopoietic stem cell senescence. China J Chin Mater Med 22: 3172–3175.
234. Zhou YF, Zhang GH, Wang H (2014). A study on 6-gingerol attenuate vascular smooth muscle cells senescence through inhibition of mTOR pathway molecular. Chongqing Med 14: 1687–1689.
235. Zhu Z, Hu YZ, Qian ZG (2004). Studies of sodium terulate on anti-oxidation of ageing mice inducal by D-galactose. J Yunnan Coll Chin Med 1: 16–19.
236. Zhu GM, Jiang XD, Wang DD, Ou Q, Zhang L, Sun J et al. (2012). Effect of Astragalus membranaeus polysaccharide on chromosome terminal restriction fragment length of the aged HDF cell. Chin J Gerontol 8: 1635–1637.
237. Zi XH, Zhou W, Chen Q, Li M, Gu SL (2012). The effect of oxymatrine on aging mice caused by D(+)—galactose. J Chin Med Mater 9: 1455–1459.
238. Zygmunt K, Faubert B, MacNeil J, Tsiani E (2010). Naringenin, a citrus flavonoid, increases muscle cell glucose uptake via AMPK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 398: 178–183.