Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction

Comprehensive Physiology

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 1841-1875

  Frangogiannis, Nikolaos G ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; APOPTOSIS; CELL RESPIRATION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HUMAN; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; CELL RESPIRATION; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC;

EID: 84962888031     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20404603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150006     Document Type: Article

References (415)

1. A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. I. Mortality results. JAMA 247: 1707-1714, 1982.
2. Abbate A, Kontos MC, Grizzard JD, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Van Tassell BW, Robati R, Roach LM, Arena RA, Roberts CS, Varma A, Gelwix CC, Salloum FN, Hastillo A, Dinarello CA, Vetrovec GW. Interleukin-1 blockade with anakinra to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (Virginia Commonwealth University Anakinra Remodeling Trial [VCU-ART] Pilot study). Am J Cardiol 105: 1371-1377 e1, 2010.
3. Adair-Kirk TL, Senior RM. Fragments of extracellular matrix as mediators of inflammation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40: 1101-1110, 2008.
4. Albelda SM, Smith CW, Ward PA. Adhesion molecules and inflammatory injury. Faseb J 8: 504-512, 1994.
5. Algranati D, Kassab GS, Lanir Y. Why is the subendocardium more vulnerable to ischemia? A new paradigm. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300: H1090-H1100, 2011.
6. Ali SR, Ranjbarvaziri S, Talkhabi M, Zhao P, Subat A, Hojjat A, Kamran P, Muller AM, Volz KS, Tang Z, Red-Horse K, Ardehali R. Developmental heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts does not predict pathological proliferation and activation. Circ Res 115: 625-635, 2014.
7. Ammann P, Straumann E, Naegeli B, Schuiki E, Frielingsdorf J, Gerber A, Bertel O. Long-term results after acute percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Int J Cardiol 82: 127-131, 2002.
8. Andersen DC, Ganesalingam S, Jensen CH, Sheikh SP. Do neonatal mouse hearts regenerate following heart apex resection? Stem Cell Reports 2: 406-413, 2014.
9. Andrassy M, Volz HC, Igwe JC, Funke B, Eichberger SN, Kaya Z, Buss S, Autschbach F, Pleger ST, Lukic IK, Bea F, Hardt SE, Humpert PM, Bianchi ME, Mairbaurl H, Nawroth PP, Remppis A, Katus HA, Bierhaus A. High-mobility group box-1 in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart. Circulation 117: 3216-3226, 2008.
10. Armstrong PW, Granger CB, Adams PX, Hamm C, Holmes D Jr, O'Neill WW, Todaro TG, Vahanian A, Van de Werf F. Pexelizumab for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297: 43-51, 2007.
11. Arslan F, de Kleijn DP, Pasterkamp G. Innate immune signaling in cardiac ischemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 8: 292-300, 2011.
12. Arslan F, Smeets MB, O'Neill LA, Keogh B, McGuirk P, Timmers L, Tersteeg C, Hoefer IE, Doevendans PA, Pasterkamp G, de Kleijn DP. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by leukocytic toll-like receptor-2 and reduced by systemic administration of a novel anti-toll-like receptor-2 antibody. Circulation 121: 80-90, 2010.
13. Aurora AB, Porrello ER, Tan W, Mahmoud AI, Hill JA, Bassel-Duby R, Sadek HA, Olson EN. Macrophages are required for neonatal heart regeneration. J Clin Invest 124: 1382-1392, 2014.
14. Aymong ED, Ramanathan K, Buller CE. Pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Med Clin North Am 91: 701-712; xii, 2007.
15. Bader M. Role of the local renin-angiotensin system in cardiac damage: A minireview focussing on transgenic animal models. J Mol Cell Cardiol 34: 1455-1462, 2002.
16. Baines CP, Kaiser RA, Purcell NH, Blair NS, Osinska H, Hambleton MA, Brunskill EW, Sayen MR, Gottlieb RA, Dorn GW, Robbins J, Molkentin JD. Loss of cyclophilin D reveals a critical role for mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death. Nature 434: 658-662, 2005.
17. Barber MJ, Mueller TM, Henry DP, Felten SY, Zipes DP. Transmural myocardial infarction in the dog produces sympathectomy in noninfarcted myocardium. Circulation 67: 787-796, 1983.
18. Becker RO, Chapin S, Sherry R. Regeneration of the ventricular myocardium in amphibians. Nature 248: 145-147, 1974.
19. Bentzon JF, Otsuka F, Virmani R, Falk E. Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture. Circ Res 114: 1852-1866, 2014.
20. Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, Zdunek S, Barnabe-Heider F, Walsh S, Zupicich J, Alkass K, Buchholz BA, Druid H, Jovinge S, Frisen J. Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 324: 98-102, 2009.
21. Bialik S, Geenen DL, Sasson IE, Cheng R, Horner JW, Evans SM, Lord EM, Koch CJ, Kitsis RN. Myocyte apoptosis during acute myocardial infarction in the mouse localizes to hypoxic regions but occurs independently of p53. J Clin Invest 100: 1363-1372, 1997.
22. Bianchi ME. DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: All we need to know about danger. JLeukocBiol 81: 1-5, 2007.
23. Biernacka A, Dobaczewski M, Frangogiannis NG. TGF-beta signaling in fibrosis. Growth Factors 29: 196-202, 2011.
24. Birdsall HH, Green DM, Trial J, Youker KA, Burns AR, MacKay CR, LaRosa GJ, Hawkins HK, Smith CW, Michael LH, Entman ML, Rossen RD. Complement C5a, TGF-beta 1, and MCP-1, in sequence, induce migration of monocytes into ischemic canine myocardium within the first one to five hours after reperfusion. Circulation 95: 684-692, 1997.
25. Biswas SK, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: Cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immunol 11: 889-896, 2010.
26. Blaufarb IS, Sonnenblick EH. The renin-angiotensin system in left ventricular remodeling. Am J Cardiol 77: 8C-16C, 1996.
27. Boatwright RB, Downey HF, Bashour FA, Crystal GJ. Transmural variation in autoregulation of coronary blood flow in hyperperfused canine myocardium. Circ Res 47: 599-609, 1980.
28. Bolli R, Chugh AR, D'Amario D, Loughran JH, Stoddard MF, Ikram S, Beache GM, Wagner SG, Leri A, Hosoda T, Sanada F, Elmore JB, Goichberg P, Cappetta D, Solankhi NK, Fahsah I, Rokosh DG, Slaughter MS, Kajstura J, Anversa P. Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet 378: 1847-1857, 2011.
29. Bolli R, Marban E. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial stunning. Physiol Rev 79: 609-634, 1999.
30. Bournazou I, Pound JD, Duffin R, Bournazos S, Melville LA, Brown SB, Rossi AG, Gregory CD. Apoptotic human cells inhibit migration of granulocytes via release of lactoferrin. J Clin Invest 119: 20-32, 2009.
31. Braasch W, Gudbjarnason S, Puri PS, Ravens KG, Bing RJ. Early changes in energy metabolism in the myocardium following acute coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized dogs. Circ Res 23: 429-438, 1968.
32. Braunwald E, Muller JE, Kloner RA, Maroko PR. Role of beta-adrenergic blockade in the therapy of patients with myocardial infarction. Am J Med 74: 113-123, 1983.
33. Briaud SA, Ding ZM, Michael LH, Entman ML, Daniel S, Ballantyne CM. Leukocyte trafficking and myocardial reperfusion injury in ICAM-1/P-selectin-knockout mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280: H60-H67, 2001.
34. Brocheriou V, Hagege AA, Oubenaissa A, Lambert M, Mallet VO, Duriez M, Wassef M, Kahn A, Menasche P, Gilgenkrantz H. Cardiac functional improvement by a human Bcl-2 transgene in a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Gene Med 2: 326-333, 2000.
35. Bronnum H, Eskildsen T, Andersen DC, Schneider M, Sheikh SP. IL-1beta suppresses TGF-beta-mediated myofibroblast differentiation in cardiac fibroblasts. Growth Factors 31: 81-89, 2013.
36. Bryant DM, O'Meara CC, Ho NN, Gannon J, Cai L, Lee RT. A systematic analysis of neonatal mouse heart regeneration after apical resection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 79C: 315-318, 2014.
37. Bucciarelli LG, Kaneko M, Ananthakrishnan R, Harja E, Lee LK, Hwang YC, Lerner S, Bakr S, Li Q, Lu Y, Song F, Qu W, Gomez T, Zou YS, Yan SF, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. Receptor for advanced-glycation end products: Key modulator of myocardial ischemic injury. Circulation 113: 1226-1234, 2006.
38. Buckberg GD, Fixler DE, Archie JP, Hoffman JI. Experimental subendocardial ischemia in dogs with normal coronary arteries. Circ Res 30: 67-81, 1972.
39. Buckley CD, Gilroy DW, Serhan CN. Proresolving lipid mediators and mechanisms in the resolution of acute inflammation. Immunity 40: 315-327, 2014.
40. Buerke M, Murohara T, Lefer AM. Cardioprotective effects of a C1 esterase inhibitor in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation 91: 393-402, 1995.
41. Buerke M, Prufer D, Dahm M, Oelert H, Meyer J, Darius H. Blocking of classical complement pathway inhibits endothelial adhesion molecule expression and preserves ischemic myocardium from reper-fusion injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286: 429-438, 1998.
42. Bujak M, Dobaczewski M, Chatila K, Mendoza LH, Li N, Reddy A, Frangogiannis NG. Interleukin-1 receptor type I signaling critically regulates infarct healing and cardiac remodeling. Am J Pathol 173: 57-67, 2008.
43. Bujak M, Dobaczewski M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Xia Y, Leucker T, Zymek P, Veeranna V, Tager AM, Luster AD, Frangogiannis NG. Induction of the CXC chemokine interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 regulates the reparative response following myocardial infarction. Circ Res 105: 973-983, 2009.
44. Bujak M, Frangogiannis NG. The role of IL-1 in the pathogenesis of heart disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 57: 165-176, 2009.
45. Bujak M, Kweon HJ, Chatila K, Li N, Taffet G, Frangogiannis NG. Aging-related defects are associated with adverse cardiac remodeling in a mouse model of reperfused myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 51: 1384-1392, 2008.
46. Bujak M, Ren G, Kweon HJ, Dobaczewski M, Reddy A, Taffet G, Wang XF, Frangogiannis NG. Essential role of Smad3 in infarct healing and in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling. Circulation 116: 2127-2138, 2007.
47. Burke AP, Virmani R. Pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction. Med Clin North Am 91: 553-572; ix, 2007.
48. Cairns JA, Walls AF. Mast cell tryptase stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen in human lung fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 99: 1313-1321, 1997.
49. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM, Pravastatin or Atorvastatin E, Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction I. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 350: 1495-1504, 2004.
50. Cannon ROIII, Butany JW, McManus BM, Speir E, Kravitz AB, Bolli R, Ferrans VJ. Early degradation of collagen after acute myocardial infarction in the rat. Am J Cardiol 52: 390-395, 1983.
51. Carmeliet E. Cardiac ionic currents and acute ischemia: From channels to arrhythmias. Physiol Rev 79: 917-1017, 1999.
52. Chan JK, Roth J, Oppenheim JJ, Tracey KJ, Vogl T, Feldmann M, Horwood N, Nanchahal J. Alarmins: Awaiting a clinical response. J Clin Invest 122: 2711-2719, 2012.
53. Chandrasekar B, Freeman GL. Induction of nuclear factor kappaB and activation protein 1 in postischemic myocardium. FEBS Lett 401: 30-34, 1997.
54. Chen C, Feng Y, Zou L, Wang L, Chen HH, Cai JY, Xu JM, Sosnovik DE, Chao W. Role of extracellular RNA and TLR3-Trif signaling in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Am Heart Assoc 3: e000683, 2014.
55. Chen J, Mehta JL. Angiotensin II-mediated oxidative stress and procollagen-1 expression in cardiac fibroblasts: Blockade by pravastatin and pioglitazone. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291: H1738-H1745, 2006.
56. Chen W, Saxena A, Li N, Sun J, Gupta A, Lee DW, Tian Q, Dobaczewski M, Frangogiannis NG. Endogenous IRAK-M attenuates postinfarction remodeling through effects on macrophages and fibrob-lasts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32: 2598-2608, 2012.
57. Chiang N, Gronert K, Clish CB, O'Brien JA, Freeman MW, Serhan CN. Leukotriene B4 receptor transgenic mice reveal novel protective roles for lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins in reperfusion. J Clin Invest 104: 309-316, 1999.
58. Chong JJ, Yang X, Don CW, Minami E, Liu YW, Weyers JJ, Mahoney WM, Van Biber B, Cook SM, Palpant NJ, Gantz JA, Fugate JA, Muskheli V, Gough GM, Vogel KW, Astley CA, Hotchkiss CE, Baldessari A, Pabon L, Reinecke H, Gill EA, Nelson V, Kiem HP, Laflamme MA, Murry CE. Human embryonic-stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes regenerate non-human primate hearts. Nature 510: 273-277, 2014.
59. Christia P, Bujak M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Chen W, Dobaczewski M, Reddy A, Frangogiannis NG. Systematic characterization of myocar-dial inflammation, repair, and remodeling in a mouse model of reper-fused myocardial infarction. J Histochem Cytochem 61: 555-570, 2013.
60. Christia P, Frangogiannis NG. Targeting inflammatory pathways in myocardial infarction. Eur J Clin Invest 43: 986-995, 2013.
61. Clark RA. Wound repair. Overview and general considerations. In: Clark RAF, editor. The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. New York: Plenum Press; 1995. pp. 3-50.
62. Cleutjens JP, Verluyten MJ, Smiths JF, Daemen MJ. Collagen remodeling after myocardial infarction in the rat heart. Am J Pathol 147: 325-338, 1995.
63. Cochain C, Auvynet C, Poupel L, Vilar J, Dumeau E, Richart A, Recalde A, Zouggari Y, Yin KY, Bruneval P, Renault G, Marchiol C, Bonnin P, Levy B, Bonecchi R, Locati M, Combadiere C, Silvestre JS. The chemokine decoy receptor D6 prevents excessive inflammation and adverse ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32: 2206-2213, 2012.
64. Coraboeuf E, Deroubaix E, Coulombe A. Acidosis-induced abnormal repolarization and repetitive activity in isolated dog Purkinje fibers. J Physiol 76: 97-106, 1980.
65. Corada M, Chimenti S, Cera MR, Vinci M, Salio M, Fiordaliso F, De Angelis N, Villa A, Bossi M, Staszewsky LI, Vecchi A, Parazzoli D, Motoike T, Latini R, Dejana E. Junctional adhesion molecule-A-deficient polymorphonuclear cells show reduced diapedesis in peritonitis and heart ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 10634-10639, 2005.
66. Corbett SA, Schwarzbauer JE. Fibronectin-fibrin cross-linking: A regulator of cell behavior. Trends Cardiovasc Med 8: 357-362, 1998.
67. Correale E, Maggioni AP, Romano S, Ricciardiello V, Battista R, Salvarola G, Santoro E, Tognoni G. Comparison of frequency, diagnostic and prognostic significance of pericardial involvement in acute myocar-dial infarction treated with and without thrombolytics. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Am J Cardiol 71: 1377-1381, 1993.
68. Corretti MC, Koretsune Y, Kusuoka H, Chacko VP, Zweier JL, Marban E. Glycolytic inhibition and calcium overload as consequences of exogenously generated free radicals in rabbit hearts. J Clin Invest 88: 1014-1025, 1991.
69. Curato C, Slavic S, Dong J, Skorska A, Altarche-Xifro W, Miteva K, Kaschina E, Thiel A, Imboden H, Wang J, Steckelings U, Steinhoff G, Unger T, Li J. Identification of noncytotoxic and IL-10-producing CD8+AT2R+ T cell population in response to ischemic heart injury. J Immunol 185: 6286-6293, 2010.
70. Czermak BJ, Lentsch AB, Bless NM, Schmal H, Friedl HP, Ward PA. Role of complement in in vitro and in vivo lung inflammatory reactions. J Leukoc Biol 64: 40-48, 1998.
71. Davis J, Burr AR, Davis GF, Birnbaumer L, Molkentin JD. A TRPC6-dependent pathway for myofibroblast transdifferentiation and wound healing in vivo. Dev Cell 23: 705-715, 2012.
72. Davis J, Molkentin JD. Myofibroblasts: Trust your heart and let fate decide. J Mol Cell Cardiol 70: 9-18, 2013.
73. De Hoog VC, Timmers L, Van Duijvenvoorde A, De Jager SC, Van Middelaar BJ, Smeets MB, Woodruff TM, Doevendans PA, Pasterkamp G, Hack CE, De Kleijn DP. Leucocyte expression of complement C5a receptors exacerbates infarct size after myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 103: 521-529, 2014.
74. Dean RG, Balding LC, Candido R, Burns WC, Cao Z, Twigg SM, Burrell LM. Connective tissue growth factor and cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction. J Histochem Cytochem 53: 1245-1256, 2005.
75. Debrunner M, Schuiki E, Minder E, Straumann E, Naegeli B, Mury R, Bertel O, Frielingsdorf J. Proinflammatory cytokines in acute myocar-dial infarction with and without cardiogenic shock. Clin Res Cardiol 97: 298-305, 2008.
76. Delcayre C, Swynghedauw B. Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. The role of aldosterone. J Mol Cell Cardiol 34: 1577-1584, 2002.
77. Dell'Italia LJ, Husain A. Dissecting the role of chymase in angiotensin II formation and heart and blood vessel diseases. Curr Opin Cardiol 17: 374-379, 2002.
78. Deten A, Volz HC, Holzl A, Briest W, Zimmer HG. Effect of propranolol on cardiac cytokine expression after myocardial infarction in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 251: 127-137, 2003.
79. Detillieux KA, Sheikh F, Kardami E, Cattini PA. Biological activities of fibroblast growth factor-2 in the adult myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 57: 8-19, 2003.
80. Deutsch MA, Sturzu A, Wu SM. At a crossroad: Cell therapy for cardiac repair. Circ Res 112: 884-890, 2013.
81. Dewald O, Ren G, Duerr GD, Zoerlein M, Klemm C, Gersch C, Tincey S, Michael LH, Entman ML, Frangogiannis NG. Of mice and dogs: Species-specific differences in the inflammatory response following myocardial infarction. Am J Pathol 164: 665-677, 2004.
82. Dewald O, Zymek P, Winkelmann K, Koerting A, Ren G, AbouKhamis T, Michael LH, Rollins BJ, Entman ML, Frangogiannis NG. CCL2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 regulates inflammatory responses critical to healing myocardial infarcts. Circ Res 96: 881-889, 2005.
83. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, Mouser LT, Burroughs R, Golden MS, Lang HT. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 303: 897-902, 1980.
84. Dobaczewski M, Akrivakis S, Nasser K, Michael LH, Entman ML, Frangogiannis NG. Vascular mural cells in healing canine myocardial infarcts. J Histochem Cytochem 52: 1019-1029, 2004.
85. Dobaczewski M, Bujak M, Li N, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Mendoza LH, Wang XF, Frangogiannis NG. Smad3 signaling critically regulates fibroblast phenotype and function in healing myocardial infarction. Circ Res 107: 418-428, 2010.
86. Dobaczewski M, Bujak M, Zymek P, Ren G, Entman ML, Frangogiannis NG. Extracellular matrix remodeling in canine and mouse myocar-dial infarcts. Cell Tissue Res 324: 475-488, 2006.
87. Dobaczewski M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Frangogiannis NG. The extra-cellular matrix as a modulator of the inflammatory and reparative response following myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 48: 504-511, 2010.
88. Dobaczewski M, de Haan JJ, Frangogiannis NG. The extracellular matrix modulates fibroblast phenotype and function in the infarcted myocardium. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 5: 837-847, 2012.
89. Dobaczewski M, Xia Y, Bujak M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Frangogiannis NG. CCR5 signaling suppresses inflammation and reduces adverse remodeling of the infarcted heart, mediating recruitment of regulatory T cells. Am J Pathol 176: 2177-2187, 2010.
90. Domanski MJ, Exner DV, Borkowf CB, Geller NL, Rosenberg Y, Pfeffer MA. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on sudden cardiac death in patients following acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 33: 598-604, 1999.
91. Dorfman TA, Aqel R. Regional pericarditis: A review of the pericardial manifestations of acute myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 32: 115-120, 2009.
92. Dorn GW, 2nd. Novel pharmacotherapies to abrogate postinfarction ventricular remodeling. Nat Rev Cardiol 6: 283-291, 2009.
93. Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Walsh HA, Gamble GD, Lopez-Sendon J, Sharpe N, Investigators CES. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: The CAPRICORN Echo Substudy. Circulation 109: 201-206, 2004.
94. Downey JM, Kirk ES. Inhibition of coronary blood flow by a vascular waterfall mechanism. Circ Res 36: 753-760, 1975.
95. Drew AF, Liu H, Davidson JM, Daugherty CC, Degen JL. Wound-healing defects in mice lacking fibrinogen. Blood 97: 3691-3698, 2001.
96. Dreyer WJ, Michael LH, Nguyen T, Smith CW, Anderson DC, Entman ML, Rossen RD. Kinetics of C5a release in cardiac lymph of dogs experiencing coronary artery ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circ Res 71: 1518-1524, 1992.
97. Duffield JS, Hong S, Vaidya VS, Lu Y, Fredman G, Serhan CN, Bonventre JV. Resolvin D series and protectin D1 mitigate acute kidney injury. J Immunol 177: 5902-5911, 2006.
98. Duncker DJ, Boontje NM, Merkus D, Versteilen A, Krysiak J, Mearini G, El-Armouche A, de Beer VJ, Lamers JM, Carrier L, Walker LA, Linke WA, Stienen GJ, van der Velden J. Prevention of myofilament dysfunction by beta-blocker therapy in postinfarct remodeling. Circ Heart Fail 2: 233-242, 2009.
99. Eaton LW, Weiss JL, Bulkley BH, Garrison JB, Weisfeldt ML. Regional cardiac dilatation after acute myocardial infarction: Recognition by two-dimensional echocardiography. N Engl J Med 300: 57-62, 1979.
100. Eichbaum FW. 'Wavy' myocardial fibers in spontaneous and experimental adrenergic cardiopathies. Cardiology 60: 358-365, 1975.
101. Elliott AC, Smith GL, Eisner DA, Allen DG. Metabolic changes during ischaemia and their role in contractile failure in isolated ferret hearts. J Physiol 454: 467-490, 1992.
102. Entman ML, Youker K, Shoji T, Kukielka G, Shappell SB, Taylor AA, Smith CW. Neutrophil induced oxidative injury of cardiac myocytes. A compartmented system requiring CD11b/CD18-ICAM-1 adherence. J Clin Invest 90: 1335-1345, 1992.
103. Epelman S, Lavine KJ, Beaudin AE, Sojka DK, Carrero JA, Calderon B, Brija T, Gautier EL, Ivanov S, Satpathy AT, Schilling JD, Schwendener R, Sergin I, Razani B, Forsberg EC, Yokoyama WM, Unanue ER, Colonna M, Randolph GJ, Mann DL. Embryonic and adult-derived resident cardiac macrophages are maintained through distinct mechanisms at steady state and during inflammation. Immunity 40: 91-104, 2014.
104. Etoh T, Joffs C, Deschamps AM, Davis J, Dowdy K, Hendrick J, Baicu S, Mukherjee R, Manhaini M, Spinale FG. Myocardial and interstitial matrix metalloproteinase activity after acute myocardial infarction in pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281: H987-H994, 2001.
105. Faxon DP, Gibbons RJ, Chronos NA, Gurbel PA, Sheehan F. The effect of blockade of the CD11/CD18 integrin receptor on infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty: The results of the HALT-MI study. J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 1199-1204, 2002.
106. Fischer P, Hilfiker-Kleiner D. Role of gp130-mediated signalling pathways in the heart and its impact on potential therapeutic aspects. Br J Pharmacol 153(Suppl 1): S414-S427, 2008.
107. Frangogiannis NG. The mechanistic basis of infarct healing. Antioxid Redox Signal 8: 1907-1939, 2006.
108. Frangogiannis NG. Chemokines in ischemia and reperfusion. Thromb Haemost 97: 738-747, 2007.
109. Frangogiannis NG. Matricellular proteins in cardiac adaptation and disease. Physiol Rev 92: 635-688, 2012.
110. Frangogiannis NG. Regulation of the inflammatory response in cardiac repair. Circ Res 110: 159-173, 2012.
111. Frangogiannis NG. Biomarkers: Hopes and challenges in the path from discovery to clinical practice. Transl Res 159: 197-204, 2012.
112. Frangogiannis NG. The immune system and the remodeling infarcted heart: Cell biological insights and therapeutic opportunities. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 63: 185-195, 2014.
113. Frangogiannis NG. The inflammatory response in myocardial injury, repair, and remodelling. Nat Rev Cardiol 11: 255-265, 2014.
114. Frangogiannis NG, Burns AR, Michael LH, Entman ML. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of canine cardiac mast cells. Histochem J 31: 221-229, 1999.
115. Frangogiannis NG, Lindsey ML, Michael LH, Youker KA, Bressler RB, Mendoza LH, Spengler RN, Smith CW, Entman ML. Resident cardiac mast cells degranulate and release preformed TNF-alpha, initiating the cytokine cascade in experimental canine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation 98: 699-710, 1998.
116. Frangogiannis NG, Mendoza LH, Lewallen M, Michael LH, Smith CW, Entman ML. Induction and suppression of interferon-inducible protein 10 in reperfused myocardial infarcts may regulate angiogenesis. FASEB J 15: 1428-1430, 2001.
117. Frangogiannis NG, Mendoza LH, Lindsey ML, Ballantyne CM, Michael LH, Smith CW, Entman ML. IL-10 is induced in the reper-fused myocardium and may modulate the reaction to injury. J Immunol 165: 2798-2808, 2000.
118. Frangogiannis NG, Mendoza LH, Ren G, Akrivakis S, Jackson PL, Michael LH, Smith CW, Entman ML. MCSF expression is induced in healing myocardial infarcts and may regulate monocyte and endothelial cell phenotype. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H483-H492, 2003.
119. Frangogiannis NG, Michael LH, Entman ML. Myofibroblasts in reper-fused myocardial infarcts express the embryonic form of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb). Cardiovasc Res 48: 89-100, 2000.
120. Frangogiannis NG, Ren G, Dewald O, Zymek P, Haudek S, Koerting A, Winkelmann K, Michael LH, Lawler J, Entman ML. The critical role of endogenous Thrombospondin (TSP)-1 in preventing expansion of healing myocardial infarcts. Circulation 111: 2935-2942, 2005.
121. Frangogiannis NG, Youker KA, Entman ML. The role of the neutrophil in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Exs 76: 263-284, 1996.
122. Frangogiannis NG, Youker KA, Rossen RD, Gwechenberger M, Lindsey MH, Mendoza LH, Michael LH, Ballantyne CM, Smith CW, Entman ML. Cytokines and the microcirculation in ischemia and reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30: 2567-2576, 1998.
123. Frantz S, Hu K, Bayer B, Gerondakis S, Strotmann J, Adamek A, Ertl G, Bauersachs J. Absence of NF-kappaB subunit p50 improves heart failure after myocardial infarction. Faseb J 20: 1918-1920, 2006.
124. Freed DH, Moon MC, Borowiec AM, Jones SC, Zahradka P, Dixon IM. Cardiotrophin-1: Expression in experimental myocardial infarction and potential role in post-MI wound healing. Mol Cell Biochem 254: 247-256, 2003.
125. Freixa X, Bellera N, Ortiz-Perez JT, Jimenez M, Pare C, Bosch X, De Caralt TM, Betriu A, Masotti M. Ischaemic postconditioning revisited: Lack of effects on infarct size following primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J 33: 103-112, 2012.
126. Fuchs M, Hilfiker A, Kaminski K, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Guener Z, Klein G, Podewski E, Schieffer B, Rose-John S, Drexler H. Role of interleukin-6 for LV remodeling and survival after experimental myocardial infarction. Faseb J 17: 2118-2120, 2003.
127. Fukuda K, Davies SS, Nakajima T, Ong BH, Kupershmidt S, Fessel J, Amarnath V, Anderson ME, Boyden PA, Viswanathan PC, Roberts LJ II, Balser JR. Oxidative mediated lipid peroxidation recapitulates proarrhythmic effects on cardiac sodium channels. Circ Res 97: 1262-1269, 2005.
128. Gabbiani G. The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases. J Pathol 200: 500-503, 2003.
129. Gaggar A, Jackson PL, Noerager BD, O'Reilly PJ, McQuaid DB, Rowe SM, Clancy JP, Blalock JE. A novel proteolytic cascade generates an extracellular matrix-derived chemoattractant in chronic neutrophilic inflammation. J Immunol 180: 5662-5669, 2008.
130. Gao WD, Atar D, Liu Y, Perez NG, Murphy AM, Marban E. Role of troponin I proteolysis in the pathogenesis of stunned myocardium. Circ Res 80: 393-399, 1997.
131. Gearing AJ, Beckett P, Christodoulou M, Churchill M, Clements JM, Crimmin M, Davidson AH, Drummond AH, Galloway WA, Gilbert R, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and processing of pro-TNF-alpha. JLeukocBiol 57: 774-777, 1995.
132. Geissmann F, Jung S, Littman DR. Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties. Immunity 19: 71-82, 2003.
133. Geppert A, Dorninger A, Delle-Karth G, Zorn G, Heinz G, Huber K. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, organ failure, vasopressor support, and successful coronary revascularization in predicting 30-day mortality of patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. Crit Care Med 34: 2035-2042, 2006.
134. Gersch C, Dewald O, Zoerlein M, Michael LH, Entman ML, Fran-gogiannis NG. Mast cells and macrophages in normal C57/BL/6 mice. Histochem Cell Biol 118: 41-49, 2002.
135. Ghigo A, Franco I, Morello F, Hirsch E. Myocyte signalling in leucocyte recruitment to the heart. Cardiovasc Res 102: 270-280, 2014.
136. Gonzalez-Quesada C, Cavalera M, Biernacka A, Kong P, Lee DW, Saxena A, Frunza O, Dobaczewski M, Shinde A, Frangogiannis NG. Thrombospondin-1 induction in the diabetic myocardium stabilizes the cardiac matrix in addition to promoting vascular rarefaction through angiopoietin-2 upregulation. Circ Res 113: 1331-1344, 2013.
137. Gordon JW, Shaw JA, Kirshenbaum LA. Multiple facets of NF-kappaB in the heart: To be or not to NF-kappaB. Circ Res 108: 1122-1132, 2011.
138. Gottlieb RA. Cell death pathways in acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 16: 233-238, 2011.
139. Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, Babior BM, Engler RL. Reper-fusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest 94: 1621-1628, 1994.
140. Granger CB, Mahaffey KW, Weaver WD, Theroux P, Hochman JS, Fil-loon TG, Rollins S, Todaro TG, Nicolau JC, Ruzyllo W, Armstrong PW. Pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: The COMplement inhibition in Myocardial infarction treated with Angioplasty (COMMA) trial. Circulation 108: 1184-1190, 2003.
141. Granger DN. Role of xanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemiareperfusion injury. Am J Physiol 255: H1269-H1275, 1988.
142. Gustafsson AB, Gottlieb RA. Eat your heart out: Role of autophagy in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Autophagy 4: 416-421, 2008.
143. Gwechenberger M, Mendoza LH, Youker KA, Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Michael LH, Entman ML. Cardiac myocytes produce interleukin-6 in culture and in viable border zone of reperfused infarctions. Circulation 99: 546-551, 1999.
144. Gwechenberger M, Moertl D, Pacher R, Huelsmann M. Oncostatin-M in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury may regulate tissue repair. Croat Med J 45: 149-157, 2004.
145. Hahn JY, Song YB, Kim EK, Yu CW, Bae JW, Chung WY, Choi SH, Choi JH, Bae JH, An KJ, Park JS, Oh JH, Kim SW, Hwang JY, Ryu JK, Park HS, Lim DS, Gwon HC. Ischemic postconditioning during primary percutaneous coronary intervention: The effects of postconditioning on myocardial reperfusion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocar-dial infarction (POST) randomized trial. Circulation 128: 1889-1896, 2013.
146. Hamid T, Gu Y, Ortines RV, Bhattacharya C, Wang G, Xuan YT, Prabhu SD. Divergent tumor necrosis factor receptor-related remodeling responses in heart failure: Role of nuclear factor-kappaB and inflammatory activation. Circulation 119: 1386-1397, 2009.
147. Hart DN, Fabre JW. Demonstration and characterization of Ia-positive dendritic cells in the interstitial connective tissues of rat heart and other tissues, but not brain. JExpMed 154: 347-361, 1981.
148. Hashimoto S, Suzuki T, Dong HY, Yamazaki N, Matsushima K. Serial analysis of gene expression in human monocytes and macrophages. Blood 94: 837-844, 1999.
149. Hassapoyannes CA, Stuck LM, Hornung CA, Berbin MC, Flowers NC. Effect of left ventricular aneurysm on risk of sudden and nonsudden cardiac death. Am J Cardiol 67: 454-459, 1991.
150. Haudek SB, Xia Y, Huebener P, Lee JM, Carlson S, Crawford JR, Pilling D, Gomer RH, Trial J, Frangogiannis NG, Entman ML. Bone marrow-derived fibroblast precursors mediate ischemic cardiomyopathy in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 18284-18289, 2006.
151. Hausenloy DJ, Boston-Griffiths EA, Yellon DM. Cyclosporin A and cardioprotection: From investigative tool to therapeutic agent. Br J Pharmacol 165: 1235-1245, 2012.
152. Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: A neglected therapeutic target. J Clin Invest 123: 92-100, 2013.
153. Hayashidani S, Tsutsui H, Ikeuchi M, Shiomi T, Matsusaka H, Kubota T, Imanaka-Yoshida K, Itoh T, Takeshita A. Targeted deletion of MMP-2 attenuates early LV rupture and late remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 285: H1229-H1235, 2003.
154. Hayashidani S, Tsutsui H, Shiomi T, Suematsu N, Kinugawa S, Ide T, Wen J, Takeshita A. Fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation 105: 868-873, 2002.
155. Heidt T, Courties G, Dutta P, Sager H, Sebas M, Iwamoto Y, Sun Y, Da Silva N, Panizzi P, van der Laan AM, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. Differential contribution of monocytes to heart macrophages in steady-state and after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 115: 284-295, 2014.
156. Hensley K, Robinson KA, Gabbita SP, Salsman S, Floyd RA. Reactive oxygen species, cell signaling, and cell injury. Free Radic Biol Med 28: 1456-1462, 2000.
157. Herskowitz A, Choi S, Ansari AA, Wesselingh S. Cytokine mRNA expression in postischemic/reperfused myocardium. Am J Pathol 146: 419-428, 1995.
158. Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Shukla P, Klein G, Schaefer A, Stapel B, Hoch M, Muller W, Scherr M, Theilmeier G, Ernst M, Hilfiker A, Drexler H. Continuous glycoprotein-130-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 activation promotes inflammation, left ventricular rupture, and adverse outcome in subacute myocardial infarction. Circulation 122: 145-155, 2010.
159. Hilgendorf I, Gerhardt LM, Tan TC, Winter C, Holderried TA, Chousterman BG, Iwamoto Y, Liao R, Zirlik A, Scherer-Crosbie M, Hedrick CC, Libby P, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Swirski FK. Ly-6Chigh monocytes depend on Nr4a1 to balance both inflammatory and reparative phases in the infarcted myocardium. Circ Res 114: 1611-1622, 2014.
160. Hill JH, Ward PA. The phlogistic role of C3 leukotactic fragments in myocardial infarcts of rats. JExpMed 133: 885-900, 1971.
161. Hinz B. Formation and function of the myofibroblast during tissue repair. J Invest Dermatol 127: 526-537, 2007.
162. Hinz B. The myofibroblast: Paradigm for a mechanically active cell. J Biomech 43: 146-155, 2010.
163. Hochhauser E, Cheporko Y, Yasovich N, Pinchas L, Offen D, Barhum Y, Pannet H, Tobar A, Vidne BA, Birk E. Bax deficiency reduces infarct size and improves long-term function after myocardial infarction. Cell Biochem Biophys 47: 11-20, 2007.
164. Hochhauser E, Kivity S, Offen D, Maulik N, Otani H, Barhum Y, Pannet H, Shneyvays V, Shainberg A, Goldshtaub V, Tobar A, Vidne BA. Bax ablation protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284: H2351-H2359, 2003.
165. Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, Buller CE, Jacobs AK, Slater JN, Col J, McKinlay SM, LeJemtel TH. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 341: 625-634, 1999.
166. Hori M, Kitakaze M. Adenosine, the heart, and coronary circulation. Hypertension 18: 565-574, 1991.
167. Horstick G, Heimann A, Gotze O, Hafner G, Berg O, Boehmer P, Becker P, Darius H, Rupprecht HJ, Loos M, Bhakdi S, Meyer J, Kemp-ski O. Intracoronary application of C1 esterase inhibitor improves cardiac function and reduces myocardial necrosis in an experimental model of ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation 95: 701-708, 1997.
168. Horstick G. C1-esterase inhibitor in ischemia and reperfusion. Immuno-biology 205: 552-562, 2002.
169. Horstick G, Kempf T, Lauterbach M, Bhakdi S, Kopacz L, Heimann A, Malzahn M, Horstick M, Meyer J, Kempski O. C1-esterase-inhibitor treatment at early reperfusion of hemorrhagic shock reduces mesentry leukocyte adhesion and rolling. Microcirculation 8: 427-433, 2001.
170. Huebener P, Abou-Khamis T, Zymek P, Bujak M, Ying X, Chatila K, Haudek S, Thakker G, Frangogiannis NG. CD44 is critically involved in infarct healing by regulating the inflammatory and fibrotic response. J Immunol 180: 2625-2633, 2008.
171. Huynh ML, Fadok VA, Henson PM. Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-beta1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation. J Clin Invest 109: 41-50, 2002.
172. Ikeuchi M, Tsutsui H, Shiomi T, Matsusaka H, Matsushima S, Wen J, Kubota T, Takeshita A. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling exacerbates early cardiac dysfunction but prevents late remodeling after infarction. Cardiovasc Res 64: 526-535, 2004.
173. Imanaka-Yoshida K, Hiroe M, Nishikawa T, Ishiyama S, Shimojo T, Ohta Y, Sakakura T, Yoshida T. Tenascin-C modulates adhesion of cardiomyocytes to extracellular matrix during tissue remodeling after myocardial infarction. Lab Invest 81: 1015-1024, 2001.
174. Imazio M, Negro A, Belli R, Beqaraj F, Forno D, Giammaria M, Trinchero R, Adler Y, Spodick D. Frequency and prognostic significance of pericarditis following acute myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 103: 1525-1529, 2009.
175. Ivey CL, Williams FM, Collins PD, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. Neutrophil chemoattractants generated in two phases during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in the rabbit. Evidence for a role for C5a and interleukin-8. J Clin Invest 95: 2720-2728, 1995.
176. Iyer RP, Patterson NL, Fields GB, Lindsey ML. The history of matrix metalloproteinases: Milestones, myths, and misperceptions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 303: H919-H930, 2012.
177. Jamieson T, Cook DN, Nibbs RJ, Rot A, Nixon C, McLean P, Alcami A, Lira SA, Wiekowski M, Graham GJ. The chemokine receptor D6 limits the inflammatory response in vivo. Nat Immunol 6: 403-411, 2005.
178. Jennings RB. Historical perspective on the pathology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circ Res 113: 428-438, 2013.
179. Jennings RB, Murry CE, Steenbergen C Jr., Reimer KA. Development of cell injury in sustained acute ischemia. Circulation 82: II2-II12, 1990.
180. Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Lethal myocardial ischemic injury. Am J Pathol 102: 241-255, 1981.
181. Jennings RB, Schaper J, Hill ML, Steenbergen C Jr., Reimer KA. Effect of reperfusion late in the phase of reversible ischemic injury. Changes in cell volume, electrolytes, metabolites, and ultrastructure. Circ Res 56: 262-278, 1985.
182. Jennings RB, Sommers HM, Smyth GA, Flack HA, Linn H. Myocardial necrosis induced by temporary occlusion of a coronary artery in the dog. Arch Pathol 70: 68-78, 1960.
183. Jennings RB, Steenbergen C Jr. Nucleotide metabolism and cellular damage in myocardial ischemia. Annu Rev Physiol 47: 727-749, 1985.
184. Jin C, Cleveland JC, Ao L, Li J, Zeng Q, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Human myocardium releases heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) after global ischemia: The proinflammatory effect of extracellular HSP27 through toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR4. Mol Med 20: 280-289, 2014.
185. Jones PH, Farmer JA. Adjunctive interventions in myocardial infarction: The role of statin therapy. Curr Atheroscler Rep 10: 142-148, 2008.
186. Jung K, Kim P, Leuschner F, Gorbatov R, Kim JK, Ueno T, Nahrendorf M, Yun SH. Endoscopic time-lapse imaging of immune cells in infarcted mouse hearts. Circ Res 112: 891-899, 2013.
187. Kajstura J, Cheng W, Reiss K, Clark WA, Sonnenblick EH, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Olivetti G, Anversa P. Apoptotic and necrotic myocyte cell deaths are independent contributing variables of infarct size in rats. Lab Invest 74: 86-107, 1996.
188. Kanamori H, Takemura G, Goto K, Maruyama R, Ono K, Nagao K, Tsujimoto A, Ogino A, Takeyama T, Kawaguchi T, Watanabe T, Kawasaki M, Fujiwara T, Fujiwara H, Seishima M, Minatoguchi S. Autophagy limits acute myocardial infarction induced by permanent coronary artery occlusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300: H2261-H2271, 2011.
189. Kandasamy AD, Chow AK, Ali MA, Schulz R. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and myocardial oxidative stress injury: Beyond the matrix. Cardiovasc Res 85: 413-423, 2010.
190. Karin M, Lin A. NF-kappaB at the crossroads of life and death. Nat Immunol 3: 221-227, 2002.
191. Kawaguchi M, Takahashi M, Hata T, Kashima Y, Usui F, Morimoto H, Izawa A, Takahashi Y, Masumoto J, Koyama J, Hongo M, Noda T, Nakayama J, Sagara J, Taniguchi S, Ikeda U. Inflammasome activation of cardiac fibroblasts is essential for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circulation 123: 594-604, 2011.
192. Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11: 373-384, 2010.
193. Kempf T, Zarbock A, Widera C, Butz S, Stadtmann A, Rossaint J, Bolomini-Vittori M, Korf-Klingebiel M, Napp LC, Hansen B, Kanwischer A, Bavendiek U, Beutel G, Hapke M, Sauer MG, Laudanna C, Hogg N, Vestweber D, Wollert KC. GDF-15 is an inhibitor of leukocyte integrin activation required for survival after myocardial infarction in mice. Nat Med 17: 581-588, 2011.
194. Kentish JC. The effects of inorganic phosphate and creatine phosphate on force production in skinned muscles from rat ventricle. J Physiol 370: 585-604, 1986.
195. Keyes KT, Ye Y, Lin Y, Zhang C, Perez-Polo JR, Gjorstrup P, Birnbaum Y. Resolvin E1 protects the rat heart against reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 299: H153-H164, 2010.
196. Kleber AG. Resting membrane potential, extracellular potassium activity, and intracellular sodium activity during acute global ischemia in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. Circ Res 52: 442-450, 1983.
197. Kloner RA. Current state of clinical translation of cardioprotective agents for acute myocardial infarction. Circ Res 113: 451-463, 2013.
198. Kobara M, Noda K, Kitamura M, Okamoto A, Shiraishi T, Toba H, Matsubara H, Nakata T. Antibody against interleukin-6 receptor attenuates left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction in mice. Cardiovasc Res 87: 424-430, 2010.
199. Kobayashi S, Tadokoro H, Ryden L, Sjoquist PO, Haendchen RV, Corday E. Local beta-adrenergic blockade does not reduce infarct size after coronary occlusion and reperfusion: A study of coronary venous retroinfusion of metoprolol. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 7: 159-167, 1993.
200. Kohno T, Anzai T, Naito K, Miyasho T, Okamoto M, Yokota H, Yamada S, Maekawa Y, Takahashi T, Yoshikawa T, Ishizaka A, Ogawa S. Role of high-mobility group box 1 protein in post-infarction healing process and left ventricular remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 81: 565-573, 2009.
201. Komatsubara I, Murakami T, Kusachi S, Nakamura K, Hirohata S, Hayashi J, Takemoto S, Suezawa C, Ninomiya Y, Shiratori Y. Spatially and temporally different expression of osteonectin and osteopontin in the infarct zone of experimentally induced myocardial infarction in rats. Cardiovasc Pathol 12: 186-194, 2003.
202. Kong P, Christia P, Saxena A, Su Y, Frangogiannis NG. Lack of specificity of fibroblast-specific protein 1 in cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 305: H1363-H1372, 2013.
203. Konstam MA. Role of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing left ventricular remodelling following myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 16(Suppl K): 42-48, 1995.
204. Konstantinidis K, Whelan RS, Kitsis RN. Mechanisms of cell death in heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32: 1552-1562, 2012.
205. Krause SW, Rehli M, Kreutz M, Schwarzfischer L, Paulauskis JD, Andreesen R. Differential screening identifies genetic markers of monocyte to macrophage maturation. J Leukoc Biol 60: 540-545, 1996.
206. Kubler W, Spieckermann PG. Regulation of glycolysis in the ischemic and the anoxic myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1: 351-377, 1970.
207. Kukielka GL, Smith CW, LaRosa GJ, Manning AM, Mendoza LH, Daly TJ, Hughes BJ, Youker KA, Hawkins HK, Michael LH, et al. Interleukin-8 gene induction in the myocardium after ischemia and reperfusion in vivo. J Clin Invest 95: 89-103, 1995.
208. Kupatt C, Habazettl H, Goedecke A, Wolf DA, Zahler S, Boekstegers P, Kelly RA, Becker BF. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to ischemia- and reperfusion-induced endothelial activation in isolated hearts. Circ Res 84: 392-400, 1999.
209. Kurrelmeyer KM, Michael LH, Baumgarten G, Taffet GE, Peschon JJ, Sivasubramanian N, Entman ML, Mann DL. Endogenous tumor necrosis factor protects the adult cardiac myocyte against ischemic-induced apoptosis in a murine model of acute myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 5456-5461, 2000.
210. Laflamme MA, Murry CE. Heart regeneration. Nature 473: 326-335, 2011.
211. Lafontant PJ, Burns AR, Donnachie E, Haudek SB, Smith CW, Entman ML. Oncostatin M differentially regulates CXC chemokines in mouse cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291: C18-C26, 2006.
212. Lalit PA, Hei DJ, Raval AN, Kamp TJ. Induced pluripotent stem cells for post-myocardial infarction repair: Remarkable opportunities and challenges. Circ Res 114: 1328-1345, 2014.
213. Landmesser U, Engberding N, Bahlmann FH, Schaefer A, Wiencke A, Heineke A, Spiekermann S, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Templin C, Kotlarz D, Mueller M, Fuchs M, Hornig B, Haller H, Drexler H. Statin-induced improvement of endothelial progenitor cell mobilization, myocardial neovascularization, left ventricular function, and survival after experimental myocardial infarction requires endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 110: 1933-1939, 2004.
214. Lavandero S, Troncoso R, Rothermel BA, Martinet W, Sadoshima J, Hill JA. Cardiovascular autophagy: Concepts, controversies, and perspectives. Autophagy 9: 1455-1466, 2013.
215. Leask A, Abraham DJ. TGF-beta signaling and the fibrotic response. FASEB J 18: 816-827, 2004.
216. Lee WW, Marinelli B, van der Laan AM, Sena BF, Gorbatov R, Leuschner F, Dutta P, Iwamoto Y, Ueno T, Begieneman MP, Niessen HW, Piek JJ, Vinegoni C, Pittet MJ, Swirski FK, Tawakol A, Di Carli M, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. PET/MRI of inflammation in myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 59: 153-163, 2012.
217. Leenen FH, Skarda V, Yuan B, White R. Changes in cardiac ANG II postmyocardial infarction in rats: Effects of nephrectomy and ACE inhibitors. Am J Physiol 276: H317-H325, 1999.
218. Lefer AM, Tsao P, Aoki N, Palladino MA Jr. Mediation of cardioprotection by transforming growth factor-beta. Science 249: 61-64, 1990.
219. Lemke G, Rothlin CV. Immunobiology of the TAM receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 327-336, 2008.
220. Lenardo MJ, Baltimore D. NF-kappa B: A pleiotropic mediator of inducible and tissue-specific gene control. Cell 58: 227-229, 1989.
221. Leri A, Fiordaliso F, Setoguchi M, Limana F, Bishopric NH, Kajstura J, Webster K, Anversa P. Inhibition of p53 function prevents reninangiotensin system activation and stretch-mediated myocyte apoptosis. Am J Pathol 157: 843-857, 2000.
222. Leshnower BG, Sakamoto H, Hamamoto H, Zeeshan A, Gorman JH, III, Gorman RC. Progression of myocardial injury during coronary occlusion in the collateral-deficient heart: A non-wavefront phenomenon. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H1799-H1804, 2007.
223. Letterio JJ, Roberts AB. Regulation of immune responses by TGF-beta. Annu Rev Immunol 16: 137-161, 1998.
224. Leuschner F, Panizzi P, Chico-Calero I, Lee WW, Ueno T, Cortez-Retamozo V, Waterman P, Gorbatov R, Marinelli B, Iwamoto Y, Chudnovskiy A, Figueiredo JL, Sosnovik DE, Pittet MJ, Swirski FK, Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents the release of monocytes from their splenic reservoir in mice with myocardial infarction. Circ Res 107: 1364-1373, 2010.
225. Lewis EF, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Sacks FM, Arnold JM, Warnica JW, Flaker GC, Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA. Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: The CARE study. J Am Coll Cardiol 42: 1446-1453, 2003.
226. Li J, Brown LF, Hibberd MG, Grossman JD, Morgan JP, Simons M. VEGF, flk-1, and flt-1 expression in a rat myocardial infarction model of angiogenesis. Am J Physiol 270: H1803-H1811, 1996.
227. Li MO, Flavell RA. Contextual regulation of inflammation: A duet by transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10. Immunity 28: 468-476, 2008.
228. Li P, Nijhawan D, Budihardjo I, Srinivasula SM, Ahmad M, Alnemri ES, Wang X. Cytochrome c and dATP-dependent formation of Apaf-1/caspase-9 complex initiates an apoptotic protease cascade. Cell 91: 479-489, 1997.
229. Li TS, Takahashi M, Suzuki R, Kobayashi T, Ito H, Mikamo A, Hamano K. Pravastatin improves remodeling and cardiac function after myocar-dial infarction by an antiinflammatory mechanism rather than by the induction of angiogenesis. Ann Thorac Surg 81: 2217-2225, 2006.
230. Limana F, Germani A, Zacheo A, Kajstura J, Di Carlo A, Borsellino G, Leoni O, Palumbo R, Battistini L, Rastaldo R, Muller S, Pompilio G, Anversa P, Bianchi ME, Capogrossi MC. Exogenous high-mobility group box 1 protein induces myocardial regeneration after infarction via enhanced cardiac C-kit+ cell proliferation and differentiation. Circ Res 97: e73-e83, 2005.
231. Lindsey ML, Gannon J, Aikawa M, Schoen FJ, Rabkin E, Lopresti-Morrow L, Crawford J, Black S, Libby P, Mitchell PG, Lee RT. Selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibition reduces left ventricular remodeling but does not inhibit angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 105: 753-758, 2002.
232. Liu YH, Yang XP, Sharov VG, Nass O, Sabbah HN, Peterson E, Carretero OA. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in rats with heart failure. Role of kinins and angiotensin II type 2 receptors. J Clin Invest 99: 1926-1935, 1997.
233. Lonborg J, Holmvang L, Kelbaek H, Vejlstrup N, Jorgensen E, Helqvist S, Saunamaki K, Clemmensen P, Treiman M, Jensen JS, Engstrom T. ST-Segment resolution and clinical outcome with ischemic postconditioning and comparison to magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 160: 1085-1091, 2010.
234. Lu C, Ren D, Wang X, Ha T, Liu L, Lee EJ, Hu J, Kalbfleisch J, Gao X, Kao R, Williams D, Li C. Toll-like receptor 3 plays a role in myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta 1842: 22-31, 2014.
235. Lucchesi BR, Kniffen FJ. Pharmacological modification of arrhythmias after experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction. Drugs acting on the nervous system. Circulation 52: III241-III247, 1975.
236. Lugrin J, Parapanov R, Rosenblatt-Velin N, Rignault-Clerc S, Feihl F, Waeber B, Muller O, Vergely C, Zeller M, Tardivel A, Schneider P, Pacher P, Liaudet L. Cutting edge: IL-1alpha is a crucial danger signal triggering acute myocardial inflammation during myocardial infarction. J Immunol 194: 499-503, 2015.
237. Ma FY, Sachchithananthan M, Flanc RS, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Mitogen activated protein kinases in renal fibrosis. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 1: 171-187, 2009.
238. Mahaffey KW, Puma JA, Barbagelata NA, DiCarli MF, Leesar MA, Browne KF, Eisenberg PR, Bolli R, Casas AC, Molina-Viamonte V, Orlandi C, Blevins R, Gibbons RJ, Califf RM, Granger CB. Adeno-sine as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: The Acute Myocardial Infarction STudy of ADenosine (AMISTAD) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 34: 1711-1720, 1999.
239. Mahaffey KW, Granger CB, Nicolau JC, Ruzyllo W, Weaver WD, Theroux P, Hochman JS, Filloon TG, Mojcik CF, Todaro TG, Armstrong PW. Effect of pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: The COMPlement inhibition in myocardial infarction treated with thromboLYtics (COMPLY) trial. Circulation 108: 1176-1183, 2003.
240. Makkar RR, Smith RR, Cheng K, Malliaras K, Thomson LE, Berman D, Czer LS, Marban L, Mendizabal A, Johnston PV, Russell SD, Schuleri KH, Lardo AC, Gerstenblith G, Marban E. Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells for heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (CADUCEUS): A prospective, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet 379: 895-904, 2012.
241. Makrides SC. Therapeutic inhibition of the complement system. Pharmacol Rev 50: 59-87, 1998.
242. Mallory GK, White PD, Salcedo-Salgar J. The speed of healing of myocardial infarction. A study of the pathologic anatomy in seventy-two cases. Am Heart J 18: 647, 1939.
243. Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P, Sica A. Macrophage polarization: Tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol 23: 549-555, 2002.
244. Maroko PR, Carpenter CB, Chiariello M, Fishbein MC, Radvany P, Knostman JD, Hale SL. Reduction by cobra venom factor of myocardial necrosis after coronary artery occlusion. J Clin Invest 61: 661-670, 1978.
245. Matsui Y, Takagi H, Qu X, Abdellatif M, Sakoda H, Asano T, Levine B, Sadoshima J. Distinct roles of autophagy in the heart during ischemia and reperfusion: Roles of AMP-activated protein kinase and Beclin 1 in mediating autophagy. Circ Res 100: 914-922, 2007.
246. McDonald KM, Rector T, Carlyle PF, Francis GS, Cohn JN. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and beta-adrenoceptor blockade regress established ventricular remodeling in a canine model of discrete myocardial damage. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 1762-1768, 1994.
247. Meizlish JL, Berger HJ, Plankey M, Errico D, Levy W, Zaret BL. Functional left ventricular aneurysm formation after acute anterior transmural myocardial infarction. Incidence, natural history, and prognostic implications. NEnglJMed 311: 1001-1006, 1984.
248. Menasche P, Alfieri O, Janssens S, McKenna W, Reichenspurner H, Trinquart L, Vilquin JT, Marolleau JP, Seymour B, Larghero J, Lake S, Chatellier G, Solomon S, Desnos M, Hagege AA. The Myoblast Autologous Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (MAGIC) trial: First randomized placebo-controlled study of myoblast transplantation. Circulation 117: 1189-1200, 2008.
249. Metzler B, Mair J, Lercher A, Schaber C, Hintringer F, Pachinger O, Xu Q. Mouse model of myocardial remodelling after ischemia: Role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Cardiovasc Res 49: 399-407, 2001.
250. Mewton N, Croisille P, Gahide G, Rioufol G, Bonnefoy E, Sanchez I, Cung TT, Sportouch C, Angoulvant D, Finet G, Andre-Fouet X, Derumeaux G, Piot C, Vernhet H, Revel D, Ovize M. Effect of cyclosporine on left ventricular remodeling after reperfused myocar-dial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 55: 1200-1205, 2010.
251. Meyer A, Wang W, Qu JX, Croft L, Degen JL, Coller BS, Ahamed J. Platelet TGF-beta 1 contributions to plasma TGF-beta 1, cardiac fibrosis, and systolic dysfunction in a mouse model of pressure overload. Blood 119: 1064-1074, 2012.
252. Meylan E, Burns K, Hofmann K, Blancheteau V, Martinon F, Kelliher M, Tschopp J. RIP1 is an essential mediator of Toll-like receptor 3-induced NF-kappa B activation. Nat Immunol 5: 503-507, 2004.
253. Mezzaroma E, Toldo S, Farkas D, Seropian IM, Van Tassell BW, Salloum FN, Kannan HR, Menna AC, Voelkel NF, Abbate A. The inflammasome promotes adverse cardiac remodeling following acute myocardial infarction in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 19725-19730, 2011.
254. Misra A, Haudek SB, Knuefermann P, Vallejo JG, Chen ZJ, Michael LH, Sivasubramanian N, Olson EN, Entman ML, Mann DL. Nuclear factor-kappaB protects the adult cardiac myocyte against ischemia-induced apoptosis in a murine model of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 108: 3075-3078, 2003.
255. Mollmann H, Nef HM, Kostin S, von Kalle C, Pilz I, Weber M, Schaper J, Hamm CW, Elsasser A. Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to infarct remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 71: 661-671, 2006.
256. Moore-Morris T, Guimaraes-Camboa N, Banerjee I, Zambon AC, Kisseleva T, Velayoudon A, Stallcup WB, Gu Y, Dalton ND, Cede-nilla M, Gomez-Amaro R, Zhou B, Brenner DA, Peterson KL, Chen J, Evans SM. Resident fibroblast lineages mediate pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. J Clin Invest 124: 2921-2934, 2014.
257. Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Flax-man A, Murray CJ, Naghavi M. The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Circulation 129: 1493-1501, 2014.
258. Morishita R, Sugimoto T, Aoki M, Kida I, Tomita N, Moriguchi A, Maeda K, Sawa Y, Kaneda Y, Higaki J, Ogihara T. In vivo transfection of cis element "decoy" against nuclear factor-kappaB binding site prevents myocardial infarction. Nat Med 3: 894-899, 1997.
259. Moss NC, Stansfield WE, Willis MS, Tang RH, Selzman CH. IKKbeta inhibition attenuates myocardial injury and dysfunction following acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293: H2248-H2253, 2007.
260. Mosser DM, Edwards JP. Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 958-969, 2008.
261. Mueller M, Herzog C, Larmann J, Schmitz M, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Gessner JE, Theilmeier G. The receptor for activated complement factor 5 (C5aR) conveys myocardial ischemic damage by mediating neutrophil transmigration. Immunobiology 218: 1131-1138, 2013.
262. Mukherjee R, Brinsa TA, Dowdy KB, Scott AA, Baskin JM, Deschamps AM, Lowry AS, Escobar GP, Lucas DG, Yarbrough WM, Zile MR, Spinale FG. Myocardial infarct expansion and matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Circulation 107: 618-625, 2003.
263. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Ackerman I, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Ali MK, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Bahalim AN, Barker-Collo S, Barrero LH, Bartels DH, Basanez MG, Baxter A, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bernabe E, Bhalla K, Bhandari B, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Black JA, Blencowe H, Blore JD, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Bonaventure A, Boufous S, Bourne R, Boussinesq M, Braithwaite T, Brayne C, Bridgett L, Brooker S, Brooks P, Brugha TS, Bryan-Hancock C, Bucello C, Buchbinder R, Buckle G, Budke CM, Burch M, Burney P, Burstein R, Calabria B, Campbell B, Canter CE, Carabin H, Carapetis J, Carmona L, Cella C, Charlson F, Chen H, Cheng AT, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahiya M, Dahodwala N, Damsere-Derry J, Danaei G, Davis A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Dellavalle R, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Derrett S, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dherani M, Diaz-Torne C, Dolk H, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Edmond K, Elbaz A, Ali SE, Erskine H, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ewoigbokhan SE, Farzadfar F, Feigin V, Felson DT, Ferrari A, Ferri CP, Fevre EM, Finucane MM, Flaxman S, Flood L, Foreman K, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabbe BJ, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Ganatra HA, Garcia B, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gmel G, Gonzalez-Medina D, Gosselin R, Grainger R, Grant B, Groeger J, Guillemin F, Gunnell D, Gupta R, Haagsma J, Hagan H, Halasa YA, Hall W, Haring D, Haro JM, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Higashi H, Hill C, Hoen B, Hoffman H, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Huang JJ, Ibeanusi SE, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jarvis D, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Jonas JB, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Kawakami N, Keren A, Khoo JP, King CH, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Laden F, Lalloo R, Laslett LL, Lathlean T, Leasher JL, Lee YY, Leigh J, Levinson D, Lim SS, Limb E, Lin JK, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Liu W, Loane M, Ohno SL, Lyons R, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Malekzadeh R, Mallinger L, Manivannan S, Marcenes W, March L, Margolis DJ, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGill N, McGrath J, Medina-Mora ME, Meltzer M, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Meyer AC, Miglioli V, Miller M, Miller TR, Mitchell PB, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Moffitt TE, Mokdad AA, Monasta L, Montico M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moran A, Morawska L, Mori R, Murdoch ME, Mwaniki MK, Naidoo K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nelson PK, Nelson RG, Nevitt MC, Newton CR, Nolte S, Norman P, Norman R, O'Donnell M, O'Hanlon S, Olives C, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Page A, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Patten SB, Pearce N, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Phillips D, Phillips MR, Pierce K, Pion S, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope CA III, Popova S, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Prince M, Pullan RL, Ramaiah KD, Ranganathan D, Razavi H, Regan M, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Richardson K, Rivara FP, Roberts T, Robinson C, De Leon FR, Ronfani L, Room R, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Saha S, Sampson U, Sanchez-Riera L, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Scott JG, Segui-Gomez M, Shahraz S, Shepard DS, Shin H, Shivakoti R, Singh D, Singh GM, Singh JA, Singleton J, Sleet DA, Sliwa K, Smith E, Smith JL, Stapelberg NJ, Steer A, Steiner T, Stolk WA, Stovner LJ, Sudfeld C, Syed S, Tamburlini G, Tavakkoli M, Taylor HR, Taylor JA, Taylor WJ, Thomas B, Thomson WM, Thurston GD, Tleyjeh IM, Tonelli M, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris MK, Ubeda C, Undurraga EA, van der Werf MJ, van Os J, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weatherall DJ, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Weisskopf MG, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiebe N, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380: 2197-2223, 2012.
264. Murry CE, Giachelli CM, Schwartz SM, Vracko R. Macrophages express osteopontin during repair of myocardial necrosis. Am J Pathol 145: 1450-1462, 1994.
265. Murry CE, Soonpaa MH, Reinecke H, Nakajima H, Nakajima HO, Rubart M, Pasumarthi KB, Ismail Virag J, Bartelmez SH, Poppa V, Bradford G, Dowell JD, Williams DA, Field LJ. Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature 428: 664-668, 2004.
266. Nahrendorf M, Hu K, Hiller KH, Galuppo P, Fraccarollo D, Schweizer G, Haase A, Ertl G, Bauer WR, Bauersachs J. Impact of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition on left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: An experimental serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 1695-1700, 2002.
267. Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity in the heart. Circ Res 112: 1624-1633, 2013.
268. Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK, Aikawa E, Stangenberg L, Wurdinger T, Figueiredo JL, Libby P, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. The healing myocardium sequentially mobilizes two monocyte subsets with divergent and complementary functions. J Exp Med 204: 3037-3047, 2007.
269. Nakamura F, Minamino T, Higashino Y, Ito H, Fujii K, Fujita T, Nagano M, Higaki J, Ogihara T. Cardiac free wall rupture in acute myocardial infarction: Ameliorative effect of coronary reperfusion. Clin Cardiol 15: 244-250, 1992.
270. Nakatsuchi Y, Minamino T, Fujii K, Negoro S. Clinicopathological characterization of cardiac free wall rupture in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Difference between early and late phase rupture. Int J Cardiol 47: S33-S38, 1994.
271. Nakaya R, Uzui H, Shimizu H, Nakano A, Mitsuke Y, Yamazaki T, Ueda T, Lee JD. Pravastatin suppresses the increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 levels after acute myocardial infarction. IntJCardiol 105: 67-73, 2005.
272. Nathan C, Ding A. Nonresolving inflammation. Cell 140: 871-882, 2010.
273. Neumann S, Huse K, Semrau R, Diegeler A, Gebhardt R, Buniatian GH, Scholz GH. Aldosterone and D-glucose stimulate the proliferation of human cardiac myofibroblasts in vitro. Hypertension 39: 756-760, 2002.
274. Nicotera P, Melino G. Regulation of the apoptosis-necrosis switch. Oncogene 23: 2757-2765, 2004.
275. O'Neill LA. When signaling pathways collide: Positive and negative regulation of toll-like receptor signal transduction. Immunity 29: 12-20, 2008.
276. Oka T, Xu J, Kaiser RA, Melendez J, Hambleton M, Sargent MA, Lorts A, Brunskill EW, Dorn GW II, Conway SJ, Aronow BJ, Robbins J, Molkentin JD. Genetic manipulation of periostin expression reveals a role in cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling. Circ Res 101: 313-321, 2007.
277. Ong SB, Gustafsson AB. New roles for mitochondria in cell death in the reperfused myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 94: 190-196, 2012.
278. Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Jakoniuk I, Anderson SM, Li B, Pickel J, McKay R, Nadal-Ginard B, Bodine DM, Leri A, Anversa P. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 410: 701-705, 2001.
279. Ouyang W, Rutz S, Crellin NK, Valdez PA, Hymowitz SG. Regulation and functions of the IL-10 family of cytokines in inflammation and disease. Annu Rev Immunol 29: 71-109, 2011.
280. Oyama J, Blais C Jr, Liu X, Pu M, Kobzik L, Kelly RA, Bourcier T. Reduced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in toll-like receptor 4-deficient mice. Circulation 109: 784-789, 2004.
281. Palmer JN, Hartogensis WE, Patten M, Fortuin FD, Long CS. Interleukin-1 beta induces cardiac myocyte growth but inhibits cardiac fibroblast proliferation in culture. J Clin Invest 95: 2555-2564, 1995.
282. Petzelbauer P, Zacharowski PA, Miyazaki Y, Friedl P, Wickenhauser G, Castellino FJ, Groger M, Wolff K, Zacharowski K. The fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta15-42 protects the myocardium against ischemiareperfusion injury. Nat Med 11: 298-304, 2005.
283. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E. Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation 81: 1161-1172, 1990.
284. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr., Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 327: 669-677, 1992.
285. Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM. Ventricular enlargement and reduced survival after myocardial infarction. Circulation 75: IV93-IV97, 1987.
286. Picard MH, Wilkins GT, Gillam LD, Thomas JD, Weyman AE. Immediate regional endocardial surface expansion following coronary occlusion in the canine left ventricle: Disproportionate effects of anterior versus inferior ischemia. Am Heart J 121: 753-762, 1991.
287. Pierard LA, Albert A, Gilis F, Sprynger M, Carlier J, Kulbertus HE. Hemodynamic profile of patients with acute myocardial infarction at risk of infarct expansion. Am J Cardiol 60: 5-9, 1987.
288. Pinto AR, Paolicelli R, Salimova E, Gospocic J, Slonimsky E, Bilbao-Cortes D, Godwin JW, Rosenthal NA. An abundant tissue macrophage population in the adult murine heart with a distinct alternatively-activated macrophage profile. PLoS One 7: e36814, 2012.
289. Piot C, Croisille P, Staat P, Thibault H, Rioufol G, Mewton N, Elbelghiti R, Cung TT, Bonnefoy E, Angoulvant D, Macia C, Raczka F, Sportouch C, Gahide G, Finet G, Andre-Fouet X, Revel D, Kirkorian G, Monassier JP, Derumeaux G, Ovize M. Effect of cyclosporine on reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 359: 473-481, 2008.
290. Ponta H, Sherman L, Herrlich PA. CD44: From adhesion molecules to signalling regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4: 33-45, 2003.
291. Porrello ER, Mahmoud AI, Simpson E, Hill JA, Richardson JA, Olson EN, Sadek HA. Transient regenerative potential of the neonatal mouse heart. Science 331: 1078-1080, 2011.
292. Porrello ER, Mahmoud AI, Simpson E, Johnson BA, Grinsfelder D, Canseco D, Mammen PP, Rothermel BA, Olson EN, Sadek HA. Regulation of neonatal and adult mammalian heart regeneration by the miR-15 family. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: 187-192, 2013.
293. Poss KD, Wilson LG, Keating MT. Heart regeneration in zebrafish. Science 298: 2188-2190, 2002.
294. Pouleur H. Diastolic dysfunction and myocardial energetics. Eur Heart J 11(Suppl C): 30-34, 1990.
295. Povsic TJ, O'Connor CM, Henry T, Taussig A, Kereiakes DJ, Fortuin FD, Niederman A, Schatz R, Spencer Rt, Owens D, Banks M, Joseph D, Roberts R, Alexander JH, Sherman W. A double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter study to assess the safety and cardiovascular effects of skeletal myoblast implantation by catheter delivery in patients with chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 162: 654-662e1, 2011.
296. Prabhu SD, Wang G, Luo J, Gu Y, Ping P, Chandrasekar B. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade modulates Bcl-X(S) expression and reduces apoptosis in failing myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 35: 483-493, 2003.
297. Pratt C, Lichstein E. Ventricular antiarrhythmic effects of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs: A review of mechanism and clinical studies. J Clin Pharmacol 22: 335-347, 1982.
298. Prondzinsky R, Unverzagt S, Lemm H, Wegener NA, Schlitt A, Hein-roth KM, Dietz S, Buerke U, Kellner P, Loppnow H, Fiedler MG, Thiery J, Werdan K, Buerke M. Interleukin-6,-7,-8 and -10 predict outcome in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Clin Res Cardiol 101: 375-384, 2012.
299. Proudfoot AE, Handel TM, Johnson Z, Lau EK, LiWang P, Clark-Lewis I, Borlat F, Wells TN, Kosco-Vilbois MH. Glycosaminoglycan binding and oligomerization are essential for the in vivo activity of certain chemokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 1885-1890, 2003.
300. Putinski C, Abdul-Ghani M, Stiles R, Brunette S, Dick SA, Fernando P, Megeney LA. Intrinsic-mediated caspase activation is essential for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: E4079-E4087, 2013.
301. Ravindranathan MP, Jenkins B, Haider B, Regan TJ. Effects of beta-adrenergic inhibition on scar formation after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 108: 25-30, 1984.
302. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 56: 786-794, 1977.
303. Reiter MJ. Beta-adrenergic blocking drug's as antifibrillatory agents. Curr Cardiol Rep 4: 426-433, 2002.
304. Ren G, Michael LH, Entman ML, Frangogiannis NG. Morphological characteristics of the microvasculature in healing myocardial infarcts. J Histochem Cytochem 50: 71-79, 2002.
305. Reynolds HR, Hochman JS. Cardiogenic shock: Current concepts and improving outcomes. Circulation 117: 686-697, 2008.
306. Reynolds HR, Srichai MB, Iqbal SN, Slater JN, Mancini GB, Feit F, Pena-Sing I, Axel L, Attubato MJ, Yatskar L, Kalhorn RT, Wood DA, Lobach IV, Hochman JS. Mechanisms of myocardial infarction in women without angiographically obstructive coronary artery disease. Circulation 124: 1414-1425, 2011.
307. Reynolds RD, Burmeister WE, Gorczynski RJ, Dickerson DD, Math-ews MP, Lee RJ. Effects of propranolol on myocardial infarct size with and without coronary artery reperfusion in the dog. Cardiovasc Res 15: 411-420, 1981.
308. Riley DJ, Berg RA, Soltys RA, Kerr JS, Guss HN, Curran SF, Laskin DL. Neutrophil response following intratracheal instillation of collagen peptides into rat lungs. Exp Lung Res 14: 549-563, 1988.
309. Robbins CS, Swirski FK. The multiple roles of monocyte subsets in steady state and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 67: 2685-2693, 2010.
310. Rombouts K, Wielant A, Hellemans K, Schuppan D, Geerts A. Influence of aldosterone on collagen synthesis and proliferation of rat cardiac fibroblasts. Br J Pharmacol 134: 224-232, 2001.
311. Ross AM, Gibbons RJ, Stone GW, Kloner RA, Alexander RW, Investigators A-I. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multi-center trial of adenosine as an adjunct to reperfusion in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMISTAD-II). J Am Coll Cardiol 45: 1775-1780, 2005.
312. Ruoss SJ, Hartmann T, Caughey GH. Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for cultured fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 88: 493-499, 1991.
313. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 335: 1001-1009, 1996.
314. Sam F, Sawyer DB, Chang DL, Eberli FR, Ngoy S, Jain M, Amin J, Apstein CS, Colucci WS. Progressive left ventricular remodeling and apoptosis late after myocardial infarction in mouse heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 279: H422-H428, 2000.
315. Sandanger O, Ranheim T, Vinge LE, Bliksoen M, Alfsnes K, Finsen AV, Dahl CP, Askevold ET, Florholmen G, Christensen G, Fitzgerald KA, Lien E, Valen G, Espevik T, Aukrust P, Yndestad A. The NLRP3 inflammasome is up-regulated in cardiac fibroblasts and mediates myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 99: 164-174, 2013.
316. Sanganalmath SK, Bolli R. Cell therapy for heart failure: A comprehensive overview of experimental and clinical studies, current challenges, and future directions. Circ Res 113: 810-834, 2013.
317. Sasaki K, Ueno A, Katori M, Kikawada R. Detection of leukotriene B4 in cardiac tissue and its role in infarct extension through leucocyte migration. Cardiovasc Res 22: 142-148, 1988.
318. Saxena A, Bujak M, Frunza O, Dobaczewski M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Lu B, Gerard C, Frangogiannis NG. CXCR3-independent actions of the CXC chemokine CXCL10 in the infarcted myocardium and in isolated cardiac fibroblasts are mediated through proteoglycans. Cardiovasc Res 103: 217-227, 2014.
319. Saxena A, Chen W, Su Y, Rai V, Uche OU, Li N, Frangogiannis NG. IL-1 induces proinflammatory leukocyte infiltration and regulates fibroblast phenotype in the infarcted myocardium. J Immunol 191: 4838-4848, 2013.
320. Saxena A, Dobaczewski M, Rai V, Haque Z, Chen W, Li N, Fran-gogiannis NG. Regulatory T cells are recruited in the infarcted mouse myocardium and may modulate fibroblast phenotype and function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 307: H1233-H1242, 2014.
321. Sayen JJ, Sheldon WF, Peirce G, Kuo PT. Polarographic oxygen, the epicardial electrocardiogram and muscle contraction in experimental acute regional ischemia of the left ventricle. Circ Res 6: 779-798, 1958.
322. Schaapherder AF, Schumacher CA, Coronel R, Fiolet JW. Transmural inhomogeneity of extracellular [K+] and pH and myocardial energy metabolism in the isolated rat heart during acute global ischemia; dependence on gaseous environment. Basic Res Cardiol 85: 33-44, 1990.
323. Schellings MW, Pinto YM, Heymans S. Matricellular proteins in the heart: Possible role during stress and remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 64: 24-31, 2004.
324. Schellings MW, Vanhoutte D, Swinnen M, Cleutjens JP, Debets J, van Leeuwen RE, d'Hooge J, Van de Werf F, Carmeliet P, Pinto YM, Sage EH, Heymans S. Absence of SPARC results in increased cardiac rupture and dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction. J Exp Med 206: 113-123, 2009.
325. Schieffer B, Wirger A, Meybrunn M, Seitz S, Holtz J, Riede UN, Drexler H. Comparative effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in the rat. Circulation 89: 2273-2282, 1994.
326. Schroder K, Tschopp J. The inflammasomes. Cell 140: 821-832, 2010.
327. Schwartz Longacre L, Kloner RA, Arai AE, Baines CP, Bolli R, Braun-wald E, Downey J, Gibbons RJ, Gottlieb RA, Heusch G, Jennings RB, Lefer DJ, Mentzer RM, Murphy E, Ovize M, Ping P, Przyklenk K, Sack MN, Vander Heide RS, Vinten-Johansen J, Yellon DM, National Heart L, Blood Institute NIoH. New horizons in cardioprotection: Recommendations from the 2010 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop. Circulation 124: 1172-1179, 2011.
328. Sekili S, McCay PB, Li XY, Zughaib M, Sun JZ, Tang L, Thornby JI, Bolli R. Direct evidence that the hydroxyl radical plays a pathogenetic role in myocardial "stunning" in the conscious dog and demonstration that stunning can be markedly attenuated without subsequent adverse effects. Circ Res 73: 705-723, 1993.
329. Senior RM, Griffin GL, Mecham RP. Chemotactic activity of elastin-derived peptides. J Clin Invest 66: 859-862, 1980.
330. Serhan CN. Novel lipid mediators and resolution mechanisms in acute inflammation: To resolve or not? Am J Pathol 177: 1576-1591, 2010.
331. Serini G, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Ropraz P, Geinoz A, Borsi L, Zardi L, Gabbiani G. The fibronectin domain ED-A is crucial for myofibroblastic phenotype induction by transforming growth factor-beta1. J Cell Biol 142: 873-881, 1998.
332. Seropian IM, Toldo S, Van Tassell BW, Abbate A. Anti-inflammatory strategies for ventricular remodeling following ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 63: 1593-1603, 2014.
333. Shimazaki M, Nakamura K, Kii I, Kashima T, Amizuka N, Li M, Saito M, Fukuda K, Nishiyama T, Kitajima S, Saga Y, Fukayama M, Sata M, Kudo A. Periostin is essential for cardiac healing after acute myocardial infarction. JExpMed 205: 295-303, 2008.
334. Shinde AV, Frangogiannis NG. Fibroblasts in myocardial infarction: A role in inflammation and repair. J Mol Cell Cardiol 70C: 74-82, 2014.
335. Singh MV, Swaminathan PD, Luczak ED, Kutschke W, Weiss RM, Anderson ME. MyD88 mediated inflammatory signaling leads to CaMKII oxidation, cardiac hypertrophy and death after myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 52: 1135-1144, 2012.
336. Sobirin MA, Kinugawa S, Takahashi M, Fukushima A, Homma T, Ono T, Hirabayashi K, Suga T, Azalia P, Takada S, Taniguchi M, Nakayama T, Ishimori N, Iwabuchi K, Tsutsui H. Activation of natural killer T cells ameliorates postinfarct cardiac remodeling and failure in mice. Circ Res 111: 1037-1047, 2012.
337. Soehnlein O, Lindbom L. Phagocyte partnership during the onset and resolution of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 10: 427-439, 2010.
338. Solaro RJ, Lee JA, Kentish JC, Allen DG. Effects of acidosis on ventricular muscle from adult and neonatal rats. Circ Res 63: 779-787, 1988.
339. Song K, Nam YJ, Luo X, Qi X, Tan W, Huang GN, Acharya A, Smith CL, Tallquist MD, Neilson EG, Hill JA, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Heart repair by reprogramming non-myocytes with cardiac transcription factors. Nature 485: 599-604, 2012.
340. Soonpaa MH, Field LJ. Assessment of cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis in normal and injured adult mouse hearts. Am J Physiol 272: H220-H226, 1997.
341. Souders CA, Bowers SL, Baudino TA. Cardiac fibroblast: The renaissance cell. Circ Res 105: 1164-1176, 2009.
342. Spaan JA, Breuls NP, Laird JD. Diastolic-systolic coronary flow differences are caused by intramyocardial pump action in the anesthetized dog. Circ Res 49: 584-593, 1981.
343. Spencer SC, Fabre JW. Characterization of the tissue macrophage and the interstitial dendritic cell as distinct leukocytes normally resident in the connective tissue of rat heart. J Exp Med 171: 1841-1851, 1990.
344. Spinale FG, Escobar GP, Hendrick JW, Clark LL, Camens SS, Mingoia JP, Squires CG, Stroud RE, Ikonomidis JS. Chronic matrix metalloproteinase inhibition following myocardial infarction in mice: Differential effects on short and long-term survival. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318: 966-973, 2006.
345. Sridhar S, Botbol Y, Macian F, Cuervo AM. Autophagy and disease: Always two sides to a problem. J Pathol 226: 255-273, 2012.
346. St John Sutton M, Lee D, Rouleau JL, Goldman S, Plappert T, Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA. Left ventricular remodeling and ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Circulation 107: 2577-2582, 2003.
347. St John Sutton M, Pfeffer MA, Moye L, Plappert T, Rouleau JL, Lamas G, Rouleau J, Parker JO, Arnold MO, Sussex B, Braunwald E. Cardiovascular death and left ventricular remodeling two years after myocar-dial infarction: Baseline predictors and impact of long-term use of captopril: Information from the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial. Circulation 96: 3294-3299, 1997.
348. Stancovski I, Baltimore D. NF-kappaB activation: The I kappaB kinase revealed? Cell 91: 299-302, 1997.
349. Steenbergen C, Deleeuw G, Rich T, Williamson JR. Effects of acidosis and ischemia on contractility and intracellular pH of rat heart. Circ Res 41: 849-858, 1977.
350. Steenbergen C, Hill ML, Jennings RB. Volume regulation and plasma membrane injury in aerobic, anaerobic, and ischemic myocardium in vitro. Effects of osmotic cell swelling on plasma membrane integrity. Circ Res 57: 864-875, 1985.
351. Sugimura Y, Toyama M, Katoh M, Kotani M, Kato Y, Hisamoto K. Successful surgical repair of a giant calcified left ventricular aneurysm: A report of a case. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 18: 352-354, 2012.
352. Sun Y, Weber KT. Angiotensin converting enzyme and myofibroblasts during tissue repair in the rat heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 28: 851-858, 1996.
353. Sun Y, Weber KT. Infarct scar: A dynamic tissue. Cardiovasc Res 46: 250-256, 2000.
354. Suzuki S, Kaneko M, Chapman DC, Dhalla NS. Alterations in cardiac contractile proteins due to oxygen free radicals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1074: 95-100, 1991.
355. Swirski FK, Nahrendorf M, Etzrodt M, Wildgruber M, Cortez-Retamozo V, Panizzi P, Figueiredo JL, Kohler RH, Chudnovskiy A, Waterman P, Aikawa E, Mempel TR, Libby P, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. Identification of splenic reservoir monocytes and their deployment to inflammatory sites. Science 325: 612-616, 2009.
356. Tak PP, Firestein GS. NF-kappaB: A key role in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Invest 107: 7-11, 2001.
357. Takahashi S, Barry AC, Factor SM. Collagen degradation in ischaemic rat hearts. Biochem J 265: 233-241, 1990.
358. Taneike M, Yamaguchi O, Nakai A, Hikoso S, Takeda T, Mizote I, Oka T, Tamai T, Oyabu J, Murakawa T, Nishida K, Shimizu T, Hori M, Komuro I, Takuji Shirasawa TS, Mizushima N, Otsu K. Inhibition of autophagy in the heart induces age-related cardiomyopathy. Autophagy 6: 600-606, 2010.
359. Tang XL, Sanganalmath SK, Sato H, Bi Q, Hunt G, Vincent RJ, Peng Y, Shirk G, Dawn B, Bolli R. Atorvastatin therapy during the peri-infarct period attenuates left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial infarction. PLoS One 6: e25320, 2011.
360. Taylor DA, Atkins BZ, Hungspreugs P, Jones TR, Reedy MC, Hutcheson KA, Glower DD, Kraus WE. Regenerating functional myocardium: Improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation. Nat Med 4: 929-933, 1998.
361. Taylor KR, Trowbridge JM, Rudisill JA, Termeer CC, Simon JC, Gallo RL. Hyaluronan fragments stimulate endothelial recognition of injury through TLR4. JBiolChem 279: 17079-17084, 2004.
362. Teder P, Vandivier RW, Jiang D, Liang J, Cohn L, Pure E, Henson PM, Noble PW. Resolution of lung inflammation by CD44. Science 296: 155-158, 2002.
363. Thompson NL, Bazoberry F, Speir EH, Casscells W, Ferrans VJ, Flanders KC, Kondaiah P, Geiser AG, Sporn MB. Transforming growth factor beta-1 in acute myocardial infarction in rats. Growth Factors 1: 91-99, 1988.
364. Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HD, Thygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Katus HA, Apple FS, Lindahl B, Morrow DA, Chaitman BR, Clemmensen PM, Johanson P, Hod H, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Bonow JJ, Pinto F, Gibbons RJ, Fox KA, Atar D, Newby LK, Galvani M, Hamm CW, Uretsky BF, Steg PG, Wijns W, Bassand JP, Menasche P, Ravkilde J, Ohman EM, Antman EM, Wallentin LC, Armstrong PW, Simoons ML, Januzzi JL, Nieminen MS, Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, Luepker RV, Fortmann SP, Rosamond WD, Levy D, Wood D, Smith SC, Hu D, Lopez-Sendon JL, Robertson RM, Weaver D, Tendera M, Bove AA, Parkhomenko AN, Vasilieva EJ, Mendis S, Bax JJ, Baumgartner H, Ceconi C, Dean V, Deaton C, Fagard R, Funck-Brentano C, Hasdai D, Hoes A, Kirchhof P, Knuuti J, Kolh P, McDonagh T, Moulin C, Popescu BA, Reiner Z, Sechtem U, Sirnes PA, Tendera M, Torbicki A, Vahanian A, Windecker S, Morais J, Aguiar C, Almahmeed W, Arnar DO, Barili F, Bloch KD, Bolger AF, Botker HE, Bozkurt B, Bugiardini R, Cannon C, de Lemos J, Eberli FR, Escobar E, Hlatky M, James S, Kern KB, Moliterno DJ, Mueller C, Neskovic AN, Pieske BM, Schulman SP, Storey RF, Taubert KA, Vranckx P, Wagner DR. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 60: 1581-1598, 2012.
365. Tian J, Guo X, Liu XM, Liu L, Weng QF, Dong SJ, Knowlton AA, Yuan WJ, Lin L. Extracellular HSP60 induces inflammation through activating and up-regulating TLRs in cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res 98: 391-401, 2013.
366. Timmers L, Pasterkamp G, de Hoog VC, Arslan F, Appelman Y, de Kleijn DP. The innate immune response in reperfused myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 94: 276-283, 2012.
367. Timmers L, Sluijter JP, van Keulen JK, Hoefer IE, Nederhoff MG, Goumans MJ, Doevendans PA, van Echteld CJ, Joles JA, Quax PH, Piek JJ, Pasterkamp G, de Kleijn DP. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates maladaptive left ventricular remodeling and impairs cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 102: 257-264, 2008.
368. Tomaselli GF, Zipes DP. What causes sudden death in heart failure? Circ Res 95: 754-763, 2004.
369. Trueblood NA, Xie Z, Communal C, Sam F, Ngoy S, Liaw L, Jenkins AW, Wang J, Sawyer DB, Bing OH, Apstein CS, Colucci WS, Singh K. Exaggerated left ventricular dilation and reduced collagen deposition after myocardial infarction in mice lacking osteopontin. Circ Res 88: 1080-1087, 2001.
370. Tsujioka H, Imanishi T, Ikejima H, Kuroi A, Takarada S, Tanimoto T, Kitabata H, Okochi K, Arita Y, Ishibashi K, Komukai K, Kataiwa H, Nakamura N, Hirata K, Tanaka A, Akasaka T. Impact of heterogeneity of human peripheral blood monocyte subsets on myocardial salvage in patients with primary acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 54: 130-138, 2009.
371. Turner NA, Das A, Warburton P, O'Regan DJ, Ball SG, Porter KE. Interleukin-1alpha stimulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in human cardiac myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 297: H1117-H1127, 2009.
372. Unsold B, Kaul A, Sbroggio M, Schubert C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Bran-caccio M, Damilano F, Hirsch E, Van Bilsen M, Munts C, Sipido K, Bito V, Detre E, Wagner NM, Schafer K, Seidler T, Vogt J, Neef S, Bleckmann A, Maier LS, Balligand JL, Bouzin C, Ventura-Clapier R, Garnier A, Eschenhagen T, El-Armouche A, Knoll R, Tarone G, Hasen-fuss G. Melusin protects from cardiac rupture and improves functional remodelling after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 101: 97-107, 2014.
373. Van Der Geld H. Anti-Heart Antibodies in the Postpericardiotomy and the Postmyocardial-Infarction Syndromes. Lancet 2: 617-621, 1964.
374. Van Eyk JE, Powers F, Law W, Larue C, Hodges RS, Solaro RJ. Breakdown and release of myofilament proteins during ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion in rat hearts: Identification of degradation products and effects on the pCa-force relation. Circ Res 82: 261-271, 1998.
375. Van Lint P, Libert C. Chemokine and cytokine processing by matrix metalloproteinases and its effect on leukocyte migration and inflammation. JLeukocBiol 82: 1375-1381, 2007.
376. Velagaleti RS, Vasan RS. Heart failure in the twenty-first century: Is it a coronary artery disease or hypertension problem? Cardiol Clin 25: 487-495; v, 2007.
377. Villarreal F, Omens J, Dillmann W, Risteli J, Nguyen J, Covell J. Early degradation and serum appearance of type I collagen fragments after myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 36: 597-601, 2004.
378. Vinten-Johansen J, Shi W. Perconditioning and postconditioning: Current knowledge, knowledge gaps, barriers to adoption, and future directions. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 16: 260-266, 2011.
379. Volz HC, Laohachewin D, Seidel C, Lasitschka F, Keilbach K, Wien-brandt AR, Andrassy J, Bierhaus A, Kaya Z, Katus HA, Andrassy M. S100A8/A9 aggravates post-ischemic heart failure through activation of RAGE-dependent NF-kappaB signaling. Basic Res Cardiol 107: 250, 2012.
380. von Hundelshausen P, Weber C. Platelets as immune cells: Bridging inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 100: 27-40, 2007.
381. Waagstein F, Hjalmarson AC. Effect of cardioselective beta-blockade on heart function and chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand Suppl 587: 193-200, 1976.
382. Wan E, Yeap XY, Dehn S, Terry R, Novak M, Zhang S, Iwata S, Han X, Homma S, Drosatos K, Lomasney J, Engman DM, Miller SD, Vaughan DE, Morrow JP, Kishore R, Thorp EB. Enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic cardiomyocytes through myeloid-epithelial-reproductive tyrosine kinase links acute inflammation resolution to cardiac repair after infarction. Circ Res 113: 1004-1012, 2013.
383. Wang S, Wilkes MC, Leof EB, Hirschberg R. Noncanonical TGF-beta pathways, mTORC1 and Abl, in renal interstitial fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 298: F142-F149, 2010.
384. Weathington NM, van Houwelingen AH, Noerager BD, Jackson PL, Kraneveld AD, Galin FS, Folkerts G, Nijkamp FP, Blalock JE. A novel peptide CXCR ligand derived from extracellular matrix degradation during airway inflammation. Nat Med 12: 317-323, 2006.
385. Weber KT, Sun Y, Tyagi SC, Cleutjens JP. Collagen network of the myocardium: Function, structural remodeling and regulatory mechanisms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 26: 279-292, 1994.
386. Wehrens XH, Doevendans PA. Cardiac rupture complicating myocar-dial infarction. Int J Cardiol 95: 285-292, 2004.
387. Weirather J, Hofmann UD, Beyersdorf N, Ramos GC, Vogel B, Frey A, Ertl G, Kerkau T, Frantz S. Foxp3 +CD4+ T cells improve healing after myocardial infarction by modulating monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Circ Res 115: 55-67, 2014.
388. Weisman HF, Bartow T, Leppo MK, Marsh HC Jr, Carson GR, Concino MF, Boyle MP, Roux KH, Weisfeldt ML, Fearon DT. Soluble human complement receptor type 1: In vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis. Science 249: 146-151, 1990.
389. Weisman HF, Bush DE, Mannisi JA, Weisfeldt ML, Healy B. Cellular mechanisms of myocardial infarct expansion. Circulation 78: 186-201, 1988.
390. Weiss J, Shine KI. Extracellular K+ accumulation during myocar-dial ischemia in isolated rabbit heart. Am J Physiol 242: H619-H628, 1982.
391. Wessman DE, Stafford CM. The postcardiac injury syndrome: Case report and review of the literature. South Med J 99: 309-314, 2006.
392. White HD. Pathobiology of troponin elevations: Do elevations occur with myocardial ischemia as well as necrosis? J Am Coll Cardiol 57: 2406-2408, 2011.
393. Whittaker P, Boughner DR, Kloner RA. Role of collagen in acute myocardial infarct expansion. Circulation 84: 2123-2134, 1991.
394. Widimsky P, Gregor P. Pericardial involvement during the course of myocardial infarction. A long-term clinical and echocardiographic study. Chest 108: 89-93, 1995.
395. Wilhide ME, Tranter M, Ren X, Chen J, Sartor MA, Medvedovic M, Jones WK. Identification of a NF-kappaB cardioprotective gene program: NF-kappaB regulation of Hsp70.1 contributes to cardioprotection after permanent coronary occlusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 51: 82-89, 2011.
396. Willems IE, Havenith MG, De Mey JG, Daemen MJ. The alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in healing human myocardial scars. Am J Pathol 145: 868-875, 1994.
397. Williams MR, Azcutia V, Newton G, Alcaide P, Luscinskas FW. Emerging mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment across endothelium. Trends Immunol 32: 461-469, 2011.
398. Woodfin A, Voisin MB, Beyrau M, Colom B, Caille D, Diapouli FM, Nash GB, Chavakis T, Albelda SM, Rainger GE, Meda P, Imhof BA, Nourshargh S. The junctional adhesion molecule JAM-C regulates polarized transendothelial migration of neutrophils in vivo. Nat Immunol 12: 761-769, 2011.
399. Xia Y, Dobaczewski M, Gonzalez-Quesada C, Chen W, Biernacka A, Li N, Lee DW, Frangogiannis NG. Endogenous thrombospondin 1 protects the pressure-overloaded myocardium by modulating fibroblast phenotype and matrix metabolism. Hypertension 58: 902-911, 2011.
400. Xie Y, Chen J, Han P, Yang P, Hou J, Kang YJ. Immunohistochemical detection of differentially localized up-regulation of lysyl oxidase and down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in rhesus monkey model of chronic myocardial infarction. Exp Biol Med 237: 853-859, 2012.
401. Yan X, Anzai A, Katsumata Y, Matsuhashi T, Ito K, Endo J, Yamamoto T, Takeshima A, Shinmura K, Shen W, Fukuda K, Sano M. Temporal dynamics of cardiac immune cell accumulation following acute myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 62: 24-35, 2013.
402. Yang Z, Klionsky DJ. Eaten alive: A history of macroautophagy. Nat Cell Biol 12: 814-822, 2010.
403. Yang Z, Zingarelli B, Szabo C. Crucial role of endogenous interleukin-10 production in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Circulation 101: 1019-1026, 2000.
404. Yasojima K, Schwab C, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Human heart generates complement proteins that are upregulated and activated after myocardial infarction. Circ Res 83: 860-869, 1998.
405. Zak R. Development and proliferative capacity of cardiac muscle cells. Circ Res 35(suppl II): 17-26, 1974.
406. Zeisberg EM, Tarnavski O, Zeisberg M, Dorfman AL, McMullen JR, Gustafsson E, Chandraker A, Yuan X, Pu WT, Roberts AB, Neilson EG, Sayegh MH, Izumo S, Kalluri R. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. Nat Med 13: 952-961, 2007.
407. Zhang D, Gaussin V, Taffet GE, Belaguli NS, Yamada M, Schwartz RJ, Michael LH, Overbeek PA, Schneider MD. TAK1 is activated in the myocardium after pressure overload and is sufficient to provoke heart failure in transgenic mice. Nat Med 6: 556-563, 2000.
408. Zhang XQ, Tang R, Li L, Szucsik A, Javan H, Saegusa N, Spitzer KW, Selzman CH. Cardiomyocyte-specific p65 NF-kappaB deletion protects the injured heart by preservation of calcium handling. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 305: H1089-H1097, 2013.
409. Zhao XY, Zhao LY, Zheng QS, Su JL, Guan H, Shang FJ, Niu XL, He YP, Lu XL. Chymase induces profibrotic response via transforming growth factor-beta 1/Smad activation in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 310: 159-166, 2008.
410. Zhao ZQ, Vinten-Johansen J. Postconditioning: Reduction of reperfusion-induced injury. Cardiovasc Res 70: 200-211, 2006.
411. Zimmerman SD, Thomas DP, Velleman SG, Li X, Hansen TR, McCormick RJ. Time course of collagen and decorin changes in rat cardiac and skeletal muscle post-MI. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281: H1816-H1822, 2001.
412. Zou Y, Takano H, Mizukami M, Akazawa H, Qin Y, Toko H, Sakamoto M, Minamino T, Nagai T, Komuro I. Leukemia inhibitory factor enhances survival of cardiomyocytes and induces regeneration of myocardium after myocardial infarction. Circulation 108: 748-753, 2003.
413. Zouggari Y, Ait-Oufella H, Bonnin P, Simon T, Sage AP, Guerin C, Vilar J, Caligiuri G, Tsiantoulas D, Laurans L, Dumeau E, Kotti S, Bruneval P, Charo IF, Binder CJ, Danchin N, Tedgui A, Tedder TF, Silvestre JS, Mallat Z. B lymphocytes trigger monocyte mobilization and impair heart function after acute myocardial infarction. Nat Med 19: 1273-1280, 2013.
414. Zymek P, Bujak M, Chatila K, Cieslak A, Thakker G, Entman ML, Frangogiannis NG. The role of platelet-derived growth factor signaling in healing myocardial infarcts. J Am Coll Cardiol 48: 2315-2323, 2006.
415. Zymek P, Nah DY, Bujak M, Ren G, Koerting A, Leucker T, Huebener P, Taffet G, Entman M, Frangogiannis NG. Interleukin-10 is not a critical regulator of infarct healing and left ventricular remodeling. Cardiovasc Res 74: 313-322, 2007.