Recent developments in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 21, Issue 25, 2015, Pages 7621-7636

  El Salhy, Magdy ^a,b,c  

^a Stord Helse Fonna Hospital   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^c HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Diet; Endocrine cells; Genetic factors; Low grade inflammation; Microbiota; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

CAFFEINE; CARBOHYDRATE; FRUCTOSE; LACTOSE; MONOSACCHARIDE; NEUROGENIN 3; NEUROPEPTIDE; PLACEBO; POLYOL; SEROTONIN; SUGAR; GENETIC MARKER;

ARTICLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CLONOGENESIS; COMORBIDITY; DIETARY INTAKE; ENTEROENDOCRINE CELL; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FIBER; FOOD ALLERGY; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY DISORDER; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GLUTEN FREE DIET; HEREDITY; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINAL STEM CELL; INTESTINE; INTESTINE FLORA; IRRITABLE COLON; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL LEARNING; TWINS; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANIMAL; DIET; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; METABOLISM; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; PATHOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL;

ANIMALS; COMORBIDITY; DIET; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENETIC MARKERS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; INTESTINES; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; MICROBIOTA; PHENOTYPE; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELLS;

EID: 84936755103     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7621     Document Type: Article

References (302)

1. El-Salhy M. Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis and pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:5151-5163 [PMID: 23066308 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i37.5151]
2. Drossman DA, Camilleri M, Mayer EA, Whitehead WE. AGA technical review on irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002;123:2108-2131 [PMID: 12454866 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.37095]
3. Rey E, Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome: novel views on the epidemiology and potential risk factors. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:772-780 [PMID: 19665952 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.07.005]
4. Dean BB, Aguilar D, Barghout V, Kahler KH, Frech F, Groves D, Ofman JJ. Impairment in work productivity and health-related quality of life in patients with IBS. Am J Manag Care 2005;11:S17-S26 [PMID: 15926760]
5. Di Bonaventura M, Sun SX, Bolge SC, Wagner JS, Mody R. Health-related quality of life, work productivity and health care resource use associated with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:2213-2222 [PMID: 21951105 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2011.623157]
6. Talley NJ, Gabriel SE, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Evans RW. Medical costs in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1736-1741 [PMID: 7498636]
7. Harvey RF, Salih SY, Read AE. Organic and functional disorders in 2000 gastroenterology outpatients. Lancet 1983;1:632-634 [PMID: 6131308]
8. Sandler RS, Everhart JE, Donowitz M, Adams E, Cronin K, Goodman C, Gemmen E, Shah S, Avdic A, Rubin R. The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1500-1511 [PMID: 11984534]
9. Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, Crockett SD, McGowan CE, Bulsiewicz WJ, Gangarosa LM, Thiny MT, Stizenberg K, Morgan DR, Ringel Y, Kim HP, Dibonaventura MD, Carroll CF, Allen JK, Cook SF, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD, Shaheen NJ. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology 2012;143:1179-1187.e1-3 [PMID: 22885331 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.002]
10. Spanier JA, Howden CW, Jones MP. A systematic review of alternative therapies in the irritable bowel syndrome. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:265-274 [PMID: 12578506]
11. Boivin M. Socioeconomic impact of irritable bowel syndrome in Canada. Can J Gastroenterol 2001;15 Suppl B: 8B-11B [PMID: 11694908]
12. Gaburri M, Bassotti G, Bacci G, Cinti A, Bosso R, Ceccarelli P, Paolocci N, Pelli MA, Morelli A. Functional gut disorders and health care seeking behavior in an Italian non-patient population. Recenti Prog Med 1989;80:241-244 [PMID: 2762661]
13. Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1480-1491 [PMID: 16678561 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061]
14. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Irritable bowel syndrome: diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment options. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2012
15. El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Gilja OH, Hausken T. Irritable bowel syndrome: recent developments in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;8:435-443 [PMID: 24580043 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.888952]
16. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Is irritable bowel syndrome an organic disorder? World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:384-400 [PMID: 24574708 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.384]
17. Lee YJ, Park KS. Irritable bowel syndrome: emerging paradigm in pathophysiology. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:2456-2469 [PMID: 24627583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2456]
18. Ohman L, Simrén M. Pathogenesis of IBS: role of inflammation, immunity and neuroimmune interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7:163-173 [PMID: 20101257 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.4]
19. Öhman L, Törnblom H, Simrén M. Crosstalk at the mucosal border: importance of the gut microenvironment in IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:36-49 [PMID: 25446728 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.200]
20. Soares RL. Irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:12144-12160 [PMID: 25232249 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i34.12144]
21. Whorwell PJ, McCallum M, Creed FH, Roberts CT. Non-colonic features of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1986;27:37-40 [PMID: 3949235]
22. Kanazawa M, Endo Y, Whitehead WE, Kano M, Hongo M, Fukudo S. Patients and nonconsulters with irritable bowel syndrome reporting a parental history of bowel problems have more impaired psychological distress. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:1046-1053 [PMID: 15309899]
23. Locke GR, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ, Fett SL, Melton LJ. Familial association in adults with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:907-912 [PMID: 10994826 DOI: 10.4065/75.9.907]
24. Kalantar JS, Locke GR, Zinsmeister AR, Beighley CM, Talley NJ. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Gut 2003;52:1703-1707 [PMID: 14633946]
25. Saito YA, Zimmerman JM, Harmsen WS, De Andrade M, Locke GR, Petersen GM, Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome aggregates strongly in families: a family-based case-control study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20:790-797 [PMID: 18221250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.1077.x]
26. Saito YA, Petersen GM, Larson JJ, Atkinson EJ, Fridley BL, De Andrade M, Locke GR, Zimmerman JM, Almazar-Elder AE, Talley NJ. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome: a family case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:833-841 [PMID: 20234344 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.116]
27. Waehrens R, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Zöller B. Risk of irritable bowel syndrome in first-degree, second-degree and third-degree relatives of affected individuals: a nationwide family study in Sweden. Gut 2015;64:215-221 [PMID: 24694578 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305705]
28. Morris-Yates A, Talley NJ, Boyce PM, Nandurkar S, Andrews G. Evidence of a genetic contribution to functional bowel disorder. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1311-1317 [PMID: 9707057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.440-j.x]
29. Levy RL, Jones KR, Whitehead WE, Feld SI, Talley NJ, Corey LA. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: heredity and social learning both contribute to etiology. Gastroenterology 2001;121:799-804 [PMID: 11606493]
30. Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Lacy BE, Lembo AJ, Saito YA, Schiller LR, Soffer EE, Spiegel BM, Quigley EM. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on the management of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109 Suppl 1:S2-26; quiz S27 [PMID: 25091148 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.187]
31. Bengtson MB, Rønning T, Vatn MH, Harris JR. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: genes and environment. Gut 2006;55:1754-1759 [PMID: 17008364 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.097287]
32. Mohammed I, Cherkas LF, Riley SA, Spector TD, Trudgill NJ. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1340-1344 [PMID: 15929767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41700.x]
33. Lembo A, Zaman M, Jones M, Talley NJ. Influence of genetics on irritable bowel syndrome, gastro-oesophageal reflux and dyspepsia: a twin study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:1343-1350 [PMID: 17509102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03326.x]
34. Camilleri M. Serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009;16:53-59 [PMID: 19115522]
35. Camilleri M, Lasch K, Zhou W. Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. The confluence of increased permeability, inflammation, and pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012;303:G775-G785 [PMID: 22837345 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00155.2012]
36. Saito YA. The role of genetics in IBS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2011;40:45-67 [PMID: 21333900 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2010.12.011]
37. Saito YA, Mitra N, Mayer EA. Genetic approaches to functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology 2010;138:1276-1285 [PMID: 20176021 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.02.037]
38. D'Amato M. Genes and functional GI disorders: from casual to causal relationship. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:638-649 [PMID: 23826979 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12173]
39. Camilleri M. Genetics of human gastrointestinal sensation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:458-466 [PMID: 23594334 DOI: 10.1111/nmo. 12132]
40. Van Kerkhoven LA, Laheij RJ, Jansen JB. Meta-analysis: a functional polymorphism in the gene encoding for activity of the serotonin transporter protein is not associated with the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:979-986 [PMID: 17877505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03453.x]
41. Jarrett ME, Kohen R, Cain KC, Burr RL, Poppe A, Navaja GP, Heitkemper MM. Relationship of SERT polymorphisms to depressive and anxiety symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Biol Res Nurs 2007;9:161-169 [PMID: 17909168 DOI: 10.1177/109980 0407307822]
42. Kohen R, Jarrett ME, Cain KC, Jun. SE, Navaja GP, Symonds S, Heitkemper MM. The serotonin transporter polymorphism rs25531 is associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:2663-2670 [PMID: 19125330 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0666-3]
43. Yuan J, Kang C, Wang M, Wang Q, Li P, Liu H, Hou Y, Su P, Yang F, Wei Y, Yang J. Association study of serotonin transporter SLC6A4 gene with Chinese Han irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2014;9:e84414 [PMID: 24392134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084414]
44. Zucchelli M, Camilleri M, Andreasson AN, Bresso F, Dlugosz A, Halfvarson J, Törkvist L, Schmidt PT, Karling P, Ohlsson B, Duerr RH, Simren M, Lindberg G, Agreus L, Carlson P, Zinsmeister AR, D'Amato M. Association of TNFSF15 polymorphism with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2011;60:1671-1677 [PMID: 21636646 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2011.241877]
45. Wouters MM, Lambrechts D, Knapp M, Cleynen I, Whorwell P, Agréus L, Dlugosz A, Schmidt PT, Halfvarson J, Simrén M, Ohlsson B, Karling P, Van Wanrooy S, Mondelaers S, Vermeire S, Lindberg G, Spiller R, Dukes G, D'Amato M, Boeckxstaens G. Genetic variants in CDC42 and NXPH1 as susceptibility factors for constipation and diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2014;63:1103-1111 [PMID: 24041540 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304570]
46. Swan C, Duroudier NP, Campbell E, Zaitoun A, Hastings M, Dukes GE, Cox J, Kelly FM, Wilde J, Lennon MG, Neal KR, Whorwell PJ, Hall IP, Spiller RC. Identifying and testing candidate genetic polymorphisms in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): association with TNFSF15 and TNFa. Gut 2013;62:985-994 [PMID: 22684480 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301213]
47. Ek WE, Reznichenko A, Ripke S, Niesler B, Zucchelli M, Rivera NV, Schmidt PT, Pedersen NL, Magnusson P, Talley NJ, Holliday EG, Houghton L, Gazouli M, Karamanolis G, Rappold G, Burwinkel B, Surowy H, Rafter J, Assadi G, Li L, Papadaki E, Gambaccini D, Marchi S, Colucci R, Blandizzi C, Barbaro R, Karling P, Walter S, Ohlsson B, Tornblom H, Bresso F, Andreasson A Dlugosz A, Simren M, Agreus L, Lindberg G, Boeckxstaens G, Bellini M, Stanghellini V Barbara G, Daly MJ, Camilleri M, Wouters MM, D'Amato M. Exploring the genetics of irritable bowel syndrome: a GWA study in the general population and replication in multinational case-control cohorts. Gut 2014; Epub ahead of print [PMID: 25248455 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307997]
48. Capitani M, Sallese M. The KDEL receptor: new functions for an old protein. FEBS Lett 2009;583:3863-3871 [PMID: 19854180 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.053]
49. Hsu VW, Shah N, Klausner RD. A brefeldin A-like phenotype is induced by the overexpression of a human ERD-2-like protein, ELP-1. Cell 1992;69:625-635 [PMID: 1316805]
50. Lewis MJ, Pelham HR. Ligand-induced redistribution of a human KDEL receptor from the Golgi complex to the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell 1992;68:353-364 [PMID: 1310258]
51. Lewis MJ, Pelham HR. Sequence of a second human KDEL receptor. J Mol Biol 1992;226:913-916 [PMID: 1325562]
52. Wilson DW, Lewis MJ, Pelham HR. pH-dependent binding of KDEL to its receptor in vitro. J Biol Chem 1993;268:7465-7468 [PMID: 8385108]
53. Matsuda K, Matsuda S, Gladding CM, Yuzaki M. Characterization of the delta2 glutamate receptor-binding protein delphilin: Splicing variants with differential palmitoylation and an additional PDZ domain. J Biol Chem 2006;281:25577-25587 [PMID: 16835239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc. M602044200]
54. Miyagi Y, Yamashita T, Fukaya M, Sonoda T, Okuno T, Yamada K, Watanabe M, Nagashima Y, Aoki I, Okuda K, Mishina M, Kawamoto S. Delphilin: a novel PDZ and formin homology domain-containing protein that synaptically colocalizes and interacts with glutamate receptor delta 2 subunit. J Neurosci 2002;22:803-814 [PMID: 11826110]
55. Napolioni V. The relevance of checking population allele frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in genetic association studies: the case of SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in a Chinese Han Irritable Bowel Syndrome association study. Immunol Lett 2014;162:276-278 [PMID: 25151208 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.009]
56. Levy RL, Whitehead WE, Von Korff MR, Feld AD. Intergenerational transmission of gastrointestinal illness behavior. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:451-456 [PMID: 10685749 DOI: 10.1111/j. 1572-0241.2000.01766.x]
57. Whitehead WE, Busch CM, Heller BR, Costa PT. Social learning influences on menstrual symptoms and illness behavior. Health Psychol 1986;5:13-23 [PMID: 3720717]
58. Walker LS, Garber J, Greene JW. Somatization symptoms in pediatric abdominal pain patients: relation to chronicity of abdominal pain and parent somatization. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991;19:379-394 [PMID: 1757708]
59. Lowman BC, Drossman DA, Cramer EM, McKee DC. Recollection of childhood events in adults with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 1987;9:324-330 [PMID: 3611687]
60. Surdea-Blaga T, Baban A, Dumitrascu DL. Psychosocial determinants of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:616-626 [PMID: 22363132 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i7.616]
61. Chapman S, Martin M. Attention to pain words in irritable bowel syndrome: increased orienting and speeded engagement. Br J Health Psychol 2011;16:47-60 [PMID: 21226783 DOI: 10.1348/13591071 0x505887]
62. Martin M, Chapman SC. Cognitive processing in putative functional gastrointestinal disorder: rumination yields orientation to social threat not pain. Eur J Pain 2010;14:207-213 [PMID: 19473856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain. 2009.04.008]
63. Simrén M, Månsson A Langkilde AM, Svedlund J, Abrahamsson H, Bengtsson U, Björnsson ES. Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 2001;63:108-115 [PMID: 11244249]
64. Bischoff S, Crowe SE. Gastrointestinal food allergy: new insights into pathophysiology and clinical perspectives. Gastroenterology 2005;128:1089-1113 [PMID: 15825090]
65. Young E, Stoneham MD, Petruckevitch A, Barton J, Rona R. A population study of food intolerance. Lancet 1994;343:1127-1130 [PMID: 7910231]
66. Locke GR, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ, Fett SL, Melton LJ. Risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: role of analgesics and food sensitivities. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:157-165 [PMID: 10638576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01678.x]
67. Bischoff SC, Herrmann A, Manns MP. Prevalence of adverse reactions to food in patients with gastrointestinal disease. Allergy 1996;51:811-818 [PMID: 8947339]
68. Nanda R, James R, Smith H, Dudley CR, Jewell DP. Food intolerance and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1989;30:1099-1104 [PMID: 2767507]
69. Jones VA, McLaughlan P, Shorthouse M, Workman E, Hunter JO. Food intolerance: a major factor in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 1982;2:1115-1117 [PMID: 6128447]
70. Bhat K, Harper A, Gorard DA. Perceived food and drug allergies in functional and organic gastrointestinal disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:969-973 [PMID: 11966506]
71. Bijkerk CJ, De Wit NJ, Stalman WA, Knottnerus JA, Hoes AW, Muris JW. Irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: the patients' and doctors' views on symptoms, etiology and management. Can J Gastroenterol 2003;17:363-368; quiz 405-406 [PMID: 12813601]
72. Böhn L, Störsrud S, Simrén M. Nutrient intake in patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared with the general population. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013;25:23-30.e1 [PMID: 22937900 DOI: 10.1111/nmo. 12001]
73. Ostgaard H, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M. Diet and effects of diet management on quality of life and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2012;5:1382-1390 [PMID: 22446969 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.843]
74. Jarrett M, Heitkemper MM, Bond EF, Georges J. Comparison of diet composition in women with and without functional bowel disorder. Gastroenterol Nurs 1994;16:253-258 [PMID: 8075160]
75. Saito YA, Locke GR, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ. Diet and functional gastrointestinal disorders: a population-based case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2743-2748 [PMID: 16393229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00288.x]
76. Williams EA, Nai X, Corfe BM. Dietary intakes in people with irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol 2011;11:9 [PMID: 21291551 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-11-9]
77. Ligaarden SC, Lydersen S, Farup PG. Diet in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome: a cross-sectional study in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:61 [PMID: 22676475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230X-12-61]
78. El-Salhy M, Ostgaard H, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. The role of diet in the pathogenesis and management of irritable bowel syndrome (Review). Int J Mol Med 2012;29:723-731 [PMID: 22366773 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.926]
79. Böhn L, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, Bengtsson U, Simrén M. Self-reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS are common and associated with more severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:634-641 [PMID: 23644955 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.105]
80. Asare F, Störsrud S, Simrén M. Meditation over medication for irritable bowel syndrome? On exercise and alternative treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2012;14:283-289 [PMID: 22661301 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-012-0268-2]
81. Gibson PR. Food intolerance in functional bowel disorders. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;26 Suppl 3:128-131 [PMID: 21443725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06650.x]
82. Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Food choice as a key management strategy for functional gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:657-666; quiz 667 [PMID: 22488077 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.49]
83. El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Interaction between ingested nutrients and gut endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (review). Int J Mol Med 2014;34:363-371 [PMID: 24939595 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1811]
84. Marcason W. What is the FODMAP diet? J Acad Nutr Diet 2012;112:1696 [PMID: 23017576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.005]
85. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Nutritional inadequacies of the gluten-free diet in both recently-diagnosed and long-term patients with coeliac disease. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013;26:349-358 [PMID: 23198728 DOI: 10.1111/jhn. 12018]
86. Biesiekierski JR, Rosella O, Rose R, Liels K, Barrett JS, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. Quantification of fructans, galacto-oligosacharides and other short-chain carbohydrates in processed grains and cereals. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011;24:154-176 [PMID: 21332832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2010.01139.x]
87. Muir JG, Rose R, Rosella O, Liels K, Barrett JS, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Measurement of short-chain carbohydrates in common Australian vegetables and fruits by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:554-565 [PMID: 19123815 DOI: 10.1021/jf802700e]
88. Shepherd SJ, Lomer MC, Gibson PR. Short-chain carbohydrates and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:707-717 [PMID: 23588241 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.96]
89. Barrett JS, Gearry RB, Muir JG, Irving PM, Rose R, Rosella O, Haines ML, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Dietary poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates increase delivery of water and fermentable substrates to the proximal colon. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:874-882 [PMID: 20102355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04237.x]
90. Mazzawi T, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M. Effects of dietary guidance on the symptoms, quality of life and habitual dietary intake of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2013;8:845-852 [PMID: 23820783 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1565]
91. Halmos EP, Power VA, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. A diet low in FODMAPs reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2014;146:67-75.e5 [PMID: 24076059 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.046]
92. Barrett JS, Gibson PR. Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) and nonallergic food intolerance: FODMAPs or food chemicals? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2012;5:261-268 [PMID: 22778791 DOI: 10.117 7/1756283x11436241]
93. Ong DK, Mitchell SB, Barrett JS, Shepherd SJ, Irving PM, Biesiekierski JR, Smith S, Gibson PR, Muir JG. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:1366-1373 [PMID: 20659225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06370.x]
94. Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:252-258 [PMID: 20136989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06149.x]
95. Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Personal view: food for thought-western lifestyle and susceptibility to Crohn's disease. The FODMAP hypothesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:1399-1409 [PMID: 15948806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02506.x]
96. Halmos EP, Christophersen CT, Bird AR, Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR, Muir JG. Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. Gut 2015;64:93-100 [PMID: 25016597 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307264]
97. Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, Hausken T, El-Salhy M. Increased gastric chromogranin A cell density following changes to diets of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2014;10:2322-2326 [PMID: 25174455 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2498]
98. Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, Hausken T, El-Salhy M. Increased chromogranin a cell density in the large intestine of patients with irritable bowel syndrome after receiving dietary guidance. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015;2015:823897 [PMID: 25918524]
99. Mazzawi T, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M. Normalization of large intestinal endocrine cells following dietary management in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; In press
100. Mazzawi T, Hausken T, Gundersen D, El-Salhy M. Effect of dietary management on the gastric endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015;69:519-524 [PMID: 25097003 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn. 2014.151]
101. El-Salhy M. Ghrelin in gastrointestinal diseases and disorders: a possible role in the pathophysiology and clinical implications (review). Int J Mol Med 2009;24:727-732 [PMID: 19885611]
102. El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Duodenal chromogranin a cell density as a biomarker for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014;2014:462856 [PMID: 25028588 DOI: 10.1155/2014/462856]
103. El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Endocrine cells in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:2383-2391 [PMID: 24605036 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i9.2383]
104. El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Gundersen D, Hausken T. Endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2014;6:176-185 [PMID: 24891930 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v6.i5.176]
105. El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Stomach antral endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Mol Med 2014;34:967-974 [PMID: 25110039 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1887]
106. El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Hausken T. Chromogranin A cells in the stomachs of patients with sporadic irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2014;10:1753-1757 [PMID: 25109259 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2472]
107. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Gilja OH, Hausken T. Abnormal rectal endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Regul Pept 2014;188:60-65 [PMID: 24316398 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep. 2013.11.005]
108. El-Salhy M, Norrgård O, Spinnell S. Abnormal colonic endocrine cells in patients with chronic idiopathic slow-transit constipation. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:1007-1011 [PMID: 10563671]
109. Dizdar V, Spiller R, Singh G, Hanevik K, Gilja OH, El-Salhy M, Hausken T. Relative importance of abnormalities of CCK and 5-HT (serotonin) in Giardia-induced post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:883-891 [PMID: 20132151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04251.x]
110. Wendelbo I, Mazzawi T, El-Salhy M. Increased serotonin transporter immunoreactivity intensity in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel disease. Mol Med Rep 2014;9:180-184 [PMID: 24213511 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1784]
111. Wang SH, Dong L, Luo J Y, Gong J, Li L, Lu XL, Han SP. Decreased expression of serotonin in the jejunum and increased numbers of mast cells in the terminal ileum in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:6041-6047 [PMID: 18023097]
112. Park JH, Rhee PL, Kim G, Lee JH, Kim YH, Kim JJ, Rhee JC, Song SY. Enteroendocrine cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18:539-546 [PMID: 16771769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00771.x]
113. Coates MD, Mahoney CR, Linden DR, Sampson JE, Chen J, Blaszyk H, Crowell MD, Sharkey KA, Gershon MD, Mawe GM, Moses PL. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1657-1664 [PMID: 15188158]
114. Wang LH, Fang XC, Pan GZ. Bacillary dysentery as a causative factor of irritable bowel syndrome and its pathogenesis. Gut 2004;53:1096-1101 [PMID: 15247174 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.021154]
115. Coleman NS, Foley S, Dunlop SP, Wheatcroft J, Blackshaw E, Perkins AC, Singh G, Marsden CA, Holmes GK, Spiller RC. Abnormalities of serotonin metabolism and their relation to symptoms in untreated celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4:874-881 [PMID: 16797248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.04.017]
116. Dunlop SP, Jenkins D, Neal KR, Spiller RC. Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1651-1659 [PMID: 14724817]
117. Dunlop SP, Coleman NS, Blackshaw E, Perkins AC, Singh G, Marsden CA, Spiller RC. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:349-357 [PMID: 15822040]
118. Lee KJ, Kim YB, Kim JH, Kwon HC, Kim DK, Cho SW. The alteration of enterochromaffin cell, mast cell, and lamina propria T lymphocyte numbers in irritable bowel syndrome and its relationship with psychological factors. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:1689-1694 [PMID: 19120860 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05574.x]
119. Kim HS, Lim JH, Park H, Lee SI. Increased immunoendocrine cells in intestinal mucosa of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome patients 3 years after acute Shigella infection-an observation in a small case control study. Yonsei Med J 2010;51:45-51 [PMID: 20046513 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.1.45]
120. Spiller RC, Jenkins D, Thornley JP, Hebden JM, Wright T, Skinner M, Neal KR. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2000;47:804-811 [PMID: 11076879]
121. Camilleri M. Physiological underpinnings of irritable bowel syndrome: neurohormonal mechanisms. J Physiol 2014;592:2967-2980 [PMID: 24665101 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.270892]
122. Whorwell PJ. The growing case for an immunological component to irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Exp Allergy 2007;37:805-807 [PMID: 17517093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02736.x]
123. Zar S, Benson MJ, Kumar D. Food-specific serum IgG4 and IgE titers to common food antigens in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1550-1557 [PMID: 15984980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41348.x]
124. Park MI, Camilleri M. Is there a role of food allergy in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia? A systematic review. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18:595-607 [PMID: 16918724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00745.x]
125. Uz E, Türkay C, Aytac S, Bavbek N. Risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome in Turkish population: role of food allergy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41:380-383 [PMID: 17413606 DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225589.70706.24]
126. Dainese R, Galliani EA, De Lazzari F, Di Leo V, Naccarato R. Discrepancies between reported food intolerance and sensitization test findings in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1892-1897 [PMID: 10406255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01226.x]
127. McKee AM, Prior A, Whorwell PJ. Exclusion diets in irritable bowel syndrome: are they worthwhile? J Clin Gastroenterol 1987;9:526-528 [PMID: 3680901]
128. Boettcher E, Crowe SE. Dietary proteins and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:728-736 [PMID: 23567359 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.97]
129. Pistón F, Gil-Humanes J, Barro F. Integration of promoters, inverted repeat sequences and proteomic data into a model for high silencing efficiency of coeliac disease related gliadins in bread wheat. BMC Plant Biol 2013;13:136 [PMID: 24044767 DOI: 10.1186/1471-222 9-13-136]
130. Mansueto P, Seidita A, D'Alcamo A, Carroccio A. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: literature review. J Am Coll Nutr 2014;33:39-54 [PMID: 24533607 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.869996]
131. Lundin KE. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity - why worry? BMC Med 2014;12:86 [PMID: 24885490 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-86]
132. Aziz I, Sanders DS. Emerging concepts: from coeliac disease to non-coeliac gluten sensitivity. Proc Nutr Soc 2012;71:576-580 [PMID: 22954208 DOI: 10.1017/s002966511200081x]
133. Volta U, De Giorgio R. New understanding of gluten sensitivity. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;9:295-299 [PMID: 22371218 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.15]
134. Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Rostami K, Sanders DS, Schumann M, Ullrich R, Villalta D, Volta U, Catassi C, Fasano A. Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification. BMC Med 2012;10:13 [PMID: 22313950 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-13]
135. Catassi C, Bai JC, Bonaz B, Bouma G, Calabrò A, Carroccio A, Castillejo G, Ciacci C, Cristofori F, Dolinsek J, Francavilla R, Elli L, Green P, Holtmeier W, Koehler P, Koletzko S, Meinhold C, Sanders D, Schumann M, Schuppan D, Ullrich R, Vécsei A, Volta U, Zevallos V, Sapone A, Fasano A. Non-Celiac Gluten sensitivity: the new frontier of gluten related disorders. Nutrients 2013;5:3839-3853 [PMID: 24077239 DOI: 10.3390/nu5103839]
136. Celiac and Non-Celiac Forms of Gluten Sensitivity: Shifting Paradigms of an Old Disease. Br Microbiol Res J 2013;3:585-589 [PMID: 25383340 DOI: 10.9734/bmrj/2013/6083]
137. Czaja-Bulsa G. Non coeliac gluten sensitivity - A new disease with gluten intolerance. Clin Nutr 2015;34:189-194 [PMID: 25245857 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.08.012]
138. Ellis A, Linaker BD. Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity? Lancet 1978;1:1358-1359 [PMID: 78118]
139. Cooper BT, Holmes GK, Ferguson R, Thompson RA, Allan RN, Cooke WT. "Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without evidence of celiac disease". Gastroenterology 1981;81:192-194 [PMID: 7239119]
140. Campanella J, Biagi F, Bianchi PI, Zanellati G, Marchese A, Corazza GR. Clinical response to gluten withdrawal is not an indicator of coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008;43:1311-1314 [PMID: 18609173 DOI: 10.1080/00365520802200036]
141. Vazquez-Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, Murray JA, Marietta E, O'Neill J, Carlson P, Lamsam J, Janzow D, Eckert D, Burton D, Zinsmeister AR. A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function. Gastroenterology 2013;144:903-911.e3 [PMID: 23357715 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.049]
142. Kaukinen K, Turjanmaa K, Mäki M, Partanen J, Venäläinen R, Reunala T, Collin P. Intolerance to cereals is not specific for coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35:942-946 [PMID: 11063153]
143. Carroccio A, Mansueto P, Iacono G, Soresi M, D'Alcamo A, Cavataio F, Brusca I, Florena AM, Ambrosiano G, Seidita A, Pirrone G, Rini GB. Non-celiac wheat sensitivity diagnosed by double-blind placebo-controlled challenge: exploring a new clinical entity. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1898-1906; quiz 1907 [PMID: 22825366 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.236]
144. Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Irving PM, Barrett JS, Haines M, Doecke JD, Shepherd SJ, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Gluten causes gastrointestinal symptoms in subjects without celiac disease: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:508-514; quiz 515 [PMID: 21224837 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.487]
145. Verdu EF, Armstrong D, Murray JA. Between celiac disease and irritable bowel syndrome: the "no man's land" of gluten sensitivity. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1587-1594 [PMID: 19455131 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.188]
146. Carroccio A, Brusca I, Mansueto P, Pirrone G, Barrale M, Di Prima L, Ambrosiano G, Iacono G, Lospalluti ML, La Chiusa SM, Di Fede G. A cytologic assay for diagnosis of food hypersensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:254-260 [PMID: 19932763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2009.11.010]
147. Carroccio A, Brusca I, Mansueto P, D'alcamo A, Barrale M, Soresi M, Seidita A, La Chiusa SM, Iacono G, Sprini D. A comparison between two different in vitro basophil activation tests for gluten- and cow's milk protein sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:1257-1263 [PMID: 23183757 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0609]
148. Bucci C, Zingone F, Russo I, Morra I, Tortora R, Pogna N, Scalia G, Iovino P, Ciacci C. Gliadin does not induce mucosal inflammation or basophil activation in patients with nonceliac gluten sensitivity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;11:1294-1299.e1 [PMID: 23639603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.022]
149. Sapone A, Lammers KM, Casolaro V, Cammarota M, Giuliano MT, De Rosa M, Stefanile R, Mazzarella G, Tolone C, Russo MI, Esposito P, Ferraraccio F, Cartenì M, Riegler G, De Magistris L, Fasano A. Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two gluten-associated conditions: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. BMC Med 2011;9:23 [PMID: 21392369 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-23]
150. Sapone A, Lammers KM, Mazzarella G, Mikhailenko I, Cartenì M, Casolaro V, Fasano A. Differential mucosal IL-17 expression in two gliadin-induced disorders: gluten sensitivity and the autoimmune enteropathy celiac disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2010;152:75-80 [PMID: 19940509 DOI: 10.1159/000260087]
151. Thomas KE, Sapone A, Fasano A, Vogel SN. Gliadin stimulation of murine macrophage inflammatory gene expression and intestinal permeability are MyD88-dependent: role of the innate immune response in Celiac disease. J Immunol 2006;176:2512-2521 [PMID: 16456012]
152. Nijeboer P, Bontkes HJ, Mulder CJ, Bouma G. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Is it in the gluten or the grain? J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2013;22:435-440 [PMID: 24369326]
153. Biesiekierski JR, Peters SL, Newnham ED, Rosella O, Muir JG, Gibson PR. No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates. Gastroenterology 2013;145:320-328.e1-3 [PMID: 23648697 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.051]
154. Biesiekierski JR, Newnham ED, Shepherd SJ, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Characterization of Adults With a Self-Diagnosis of Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity. Nutr Clin Pract 2014;29:504-509 [PMID: 24740495 DOI: 10.1177/0884533614529163]
155. Sanders DS, Carter MJ, Hurlstone DP, Pearce A, Ward AM, McAlindon ME, Lobo AJ. Association of adult coeliac disease with irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study in patients fulfilling ROME II criteria referred to secondary care. Lancet 2001;358:1504-1508 [PMID: 11705563 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736 (01) 06581-3]
156. Sanders DS, Patel D, Stephenson TJ, Ward AM, McCloskey EV, Hadjivassiliou M, Lobo AJ. A primary care cross-sectional study of undiagnosed adult coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;15:407-413 [PMID: 12655262 DOI: 10.1097/01. meg.0000050023.34359.20]
157. Elloumi H, El Assoued Y, Ghédira I, Ben Abdelaziz A, Yacoobi MT, Ajmi S. Immunological profile of coeliac disease in a subgroup of patients with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Tunis Med 2008;86:802-805 [PMID: 19472779]
158. Volta U, Tovoli F, Cicola R, Parisi C, Fabbri A, Piscaglia M, Fiorini E, Caio G. Serological tests in gluten sensitivity (nonceliac gluten intolerance). J Clin Gastroenterol 2012;46:680-685 [PMID: 22138844 DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182372541]
159. Ruuskanen A, Kaukinen K, Collin P, Huhtala H, Valve R, Mäki M, Luostarinen L. Positive serum antigliadin antibodies without celiac disease in the elderly population: does it matter? Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:1197-1202 [PMID: 20545470 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.496491]
160. Sanders DS. Celiac disease and IBS-type symptoms: the relationship exists in both directions. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:707-708 [PMID: 12650822]
161. Monsbakken KW, Vandvik PO, Farup PG. Perceived food intolerance in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome-etiology, prevalence and consequences. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60:667-672 [PMID: 16391571 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn. 1602367]
162. Kubo M, Fujiwara Y, Shiba M, Kohata Y, Yamagami H, Tanigawa T, Watanabe K, Watanabe T, Tominaga K, Arakawa T. Differences between risk factors among irritable bowel syndrome subtypes in Japanese adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;23:249-254 [PMID: 21122032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01640.x]
163. Pickett-Blakely O. Obesity and irritable bowel syndrome: a comprehensive review. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2014;10:411-416 [PMID: 25904828]
164. Chaudhri O, Small C, Bloom S. Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006;361:1187-1209 [PMID: 16815798 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1856]
165. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Diet and irritable bowel syndrome, with a focus on appetite-regulating hormones. In: Watson RR, editor Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of abdominal obesity. San Diego: Elsevier, 2014:5-16
166. Seim I, El-Salhy M, Hausken T, Gundersen D, Chopin L. Ghrelin and the brain-gut axis as a pharmacological target for appetite control. Curr Pharm Des 2012;18:768-775 [PMID: 22236122]
167. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Ostgaard H, Lomholt-Beck B, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Low densities of serotonin and peptide YY cells in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:873-878 [PMID: 22057239 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1948-8]
168. El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Gilja OH, Hausken T. Densities of rectal peptide YY and somatostatin cells as biomarkers for the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Peptides 2015;67:12-19 [PMID: 25765365]
169. El-Salhy M, Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. The role of peptide YY in gastrointestinal diseases and disorders (review). Int J Mol Med 2013;31:275-282 [PMID: 23292145 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1222]
170. El-Salhy M, Seim I, Chopin L, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Irritable bowel syndrome: the role of gut neuroendocrine peptides. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012;4:2783-2800 [PMID: 22652678]
171. El-Salhy M, Lillebø E, Reinemo A, Salmelid L. Ghrelin in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Mol Med 2009;23:703-707 [PMID: 19424595]
172. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999;402:656-660 [PMID: 10604470 DOI: 10.1038/45230]
173. Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin and the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Mol Interv 2002;2:494-503 [PMID: 14993401 DOI: 10.1124/mi.2.8.494]
174. Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N Engl J Med 2003;349:941-948 [PMID: 12954742 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa030204]
175. Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, Herzog H, Cohen MA, Dakin CL, Wren AM, Brynes AE, Low MJ, Ghatei MA, Cone RD, Bloom SR. Gut hormone PYY (3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 2002;418:650-654 [PMID: 12167864 DOI: 10.1038/nature02666]
176. Michel MC, Beck-Sickinger A, Cox H, Doods HN, Herzog H, Larhammar D, Quirion R, Schwartz T, Westfall T. XVI. International Union of Pharmacology recommendations for the nomenclature of neuropeptide Y, peptide Y Y, and pancreatic polypeptide receptors. Pharmacol Rev 1998;50:143-150 [PMID: 9549761]
177. Lin HC, Zhao XT, Wang L, Wong H. Fat-induced ileal brake in the dog depends on peptide YY. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1491-1495 [PMID: 8613054]
178. Lin HC, Zhao XT, Wang L. Intestinal transit is more potently inhibited by fat in the distal (ileal brake) than in the proximal (jejunal brake) gut. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:19-25 [PMID: 9009111]
179. Van Citters GW, Lin HC. Ileal brake: neuropeptidergic control of intestinal transit. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2006;8:367-373 [PMID: 16968603]
180. Van Citters GW, Lin HC. The ileal brake: a fifteen-year progress report. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999;1:404-409 [PMID: 10980979]
181. Ohtani N, Sasaki I, Naito H, Shibata C, Matsuno S. Mediators for fat-induced ileal brake are different between stomach and proximal small intestine in conscious dogs. J Gastrointest Surg 2001;5:377-382 [PMID: 11985978]
182. Pironi L, Stanghellini V, Miglioli M, Corinaldesi R, De Giorgio R, Ruggeri E, Tosetti C, Poggioli G, Morselli Labate AM, Monetti N. Fat-induced ileal brake in humans: a dose-dependent phenomenon correlated to the plasma levels of peptide YY. Gastroenterology 1993;105:733-739 [PMID: 8359644]
183. Maljaars J, Peters HP, Masclee AM. Review article: The gastrointestinal tract: neuroendocrine regulation of satiety and food intake. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26 Suppl 2:241-250 [PMID: 18081667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03550.x]
184. Maljaars PW, Peters HP, Mela DJ, Masclee AA. Ileal brake: a sensible food target for appetite control. A review. Physiol Behav 2008;95:271-281 [PMID: 18692080 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.07.018]
185. Maljaars PW, Symersky T, Kee BC, Haddeman E, Peters HP, Masclee AA. Effect of ileal fat perfusion on satiety and hormone release in healthy volunteers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:1633-1639 [PMID: 18794896 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.166]
186. Le Quellec A, Kervran A, Blache P, Ciurana AJ, Bataille D. Oxyntomodulin-like immunoreactivity: diurnal profile of a new potential enterogastrone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1405-1409 [PMID: 1592887]
187. Ghatei MA, Uttenthal LO, Christofides ND, Bryant MG, Bloom SR. Molecular forms of human enteroglucagon in tissue and plasma: plasma responses to nutrient stimuli in health and in disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:488-495 [PMID: 6874888]
188. Yu JH, Kim MS. Molecular mechanisms of appetite regulation. Diabetes Metab J 2012;36:391-398 [PMID: 23275931 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.391]
189. Fang XL, Shu G, Yu JJ, Wang LN, Yang J, Zeng QJ, Cheng X, Zhang ZQ, Wang SB, Gao P, Zhu XT, Xi QY, Zhang YL, Jiang QY. The anorexigenic effect of serotonin is mediated by the generation of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS. PLoS One 2013;8:e53142 [PMID: 23326391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053142]
190. Lee KN, Lee O Y. Intestinal microbiota in pathophysiology and management of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:8886-8897 [PMID: 25083061 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20. i27.8886]
191. Lee KJ, Tack J. Altered intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:493-498 [PMID: 20414959]
192. Simrén M. IBS with intestinal microbial dysbiosis: a new and clinically relevant subgroup? Gut 2014;63:1685-1686 [PMID: 24569059 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306434]
193. Doré J, Simrén M, Buttle L, Guarner F. Hot topics in gut microbiota. United European Gastroenterol J 2013;1:311-318 [PMID: 24917977 DOI: 10.1177/2050640613502477]
194. Ohman L, Simrén M. Intestinal microbiota and its role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2013;15:323 [PMID: 23580243 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-013-0323-7]
195. Sommer F, Bäckhed F. The gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013;11:227-238 [PMID: 23435359 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2974]
196. Quigley EM. Probiotics and digestive health. London: Health Point Press, 1908
197. Swidsinski A, Weber J, Loening-Baucke V, Hale LP, Lochs H. Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3380-3389 [PMID: 16000463 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.7.3380-3389.2005]
198. Othman M, Agüero R, Lin HC. Alterations in intestinal microbial flora and human disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2008;24:11-16 [PMID: 18043226 DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f2b0d7]
199. Gorbach SL. Intestinal microflora. Gastroenterology 1971;60:1110-1129 [PMID: 4933894]
200. Lin HC. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome. JAMA 2004;292:852-858 [PMID: 15316000 DOI: 10.1001/jama.292.7.852]
201. Power SE, O'Toole PW, Stanton C, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF. Intestinal microbiota, diet and health. Br J Nutr 2014;111:387-402 [PMID: 23931069 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002560]
202. Farrugia G, Simren M, Mawe G, Bradesi S, Bredenoord AJ. Gut microbiota and neurogastroenterology and motility: the good the bad and the ugly. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;26:295 [PMID: 24548255 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12322]
203. Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Keku TO, Chang YH, Packey CD, Sartor RB, Ringel Y. Molecular analysis of the luminal- and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;301:G799-G807 [PMID: 21737778 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00154.2011]
204. Malinen E, Rinttilä T, Kajander K, Mättö J, Kassinen A, Krogius L, Saarela M, Korpela R, Palva A. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:373-382 [PMID: 15667495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40312.x]
205. Mättö J, Maunuksela L, Kajander K, Palva A, Korpela R, Kassinen A, Saarela M. Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome- A longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005;43:213-222 [PMID: 15747442]
206. Maukonen J, Satokari R, Mättö J, Söderlund H, Mattila-Sandholm T, Saarela M. Prevalence and temporal stability of selected clostridial groups in irritable bowel syndrome in relation to predominant faecal bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2006;55:625-633 [PMID: 16585652 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46134-0]
207. Malinen E, Krogius-Kurikka L, Lyra A, Nikkilä J, Jääskeläinen A, Rinttilä T, Vilpponen-Salmela T, Von Wright AJ, Palva A. Association of symptoms with gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:4532-4540 [PMID: 20857523]
208. Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Biagi E, Heilig HG, Kajander K, Kekkonen RA, Tims S, De Vos WM. Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1792-1801 [PMID: 21820992 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.043]
209. Jeffery IB, O'Toole PW, Öhman L, Claesson MJ, Deane J, Quigley EM, Simrén M. An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota. Gut 2012;61:997-1006 [PMID: 22180058 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301501]
210. Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Siddle JP, Ringel Y. Alterations in composition and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24:521-530, e248 [PMID: 22339879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01891.x]
211. Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Siddle JP, Klaenhammer TR, Ringel Y. Characterization of the fecal microbiota using high-throughput sequencing reveals a stable microbial community during storage. PLoS One 2012;7:e46953 [PMID: 23071673 DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0046953]
212. Carroll IM, Chang YH, Park J, Sartor RB, Ringel Y. Luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Pathog 2010;2:19 [PMID: 21143915 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-2-19]
213. Codling C, O'Mahony L, Shanahan F, Quigley EM, Marchesi JR. A molecular analysis of fecal and mucosal bacterial communities in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:392-397 [PMID: 19693670 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0934-x]
214. Kassinen A, Krogius-Kurikka L, Mäkivuokko H, Rinttilä T, Paulin L, Corander J, Malinen E, Apajalahti J, Palva A. The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 2007;133:24-33 [PMID: 17631127 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.04.005]
215. Kerckhoffs AP, Ter Linde JJ, Akkermans LM, Samsom M. SERT and TPH-1 mRNA expression are reduced in irritable bowel syndrome patients regardless of visceral sensitivity state in large intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012;302:G1053-G1060 [PMID: 22323131 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00153.2011]
216. Krogius-Kurikka L, Lyra A, Malinen E, Aarnikunnas J, Tuimala J, Paulin L, Mäkivuokko H, Kajander K, Palva A. Microbial community analysis reveals high level phylogenetic alterations in the overall gastrointestinal microbiota of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome sufferers. BMC Gastroenterol 2009;9:95 [PMID: 20015409 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-95]
217. Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Kemsley EK, Lund EK, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Narbad A. Ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel patients exhibit distinct abnormalities of the gut microbiota. BMC Gastroenterol 2010;10:134 [PMID: 21073731 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-134]
218. Le Gall G, Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, Jamieson C, Johnson IT, Colquhoun IJ, Kemsley EK, Narbad A. Metabolomics of fecal extracts detects altered metabolic activity of gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. J Proteome Res 2011;10:4208-4218 [PMID: 21761941 DOI: 10.1021/pr2003598]
219. Saulnier DM, Riehle K, Mistretta TA, Diaz MA, Mandal D, Raza S, Weidler EM, Qin X, Coarfa C, Milosavljevic A, Petrosino JF, Highlander S, Gibbs R, Lynch S V, Shulman RJ, Versalovic J. Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1782-1791 [PMID: 21741921 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.072]
220. Tana C, Umesaki Y, Imaoka A, Handa T, Kanazawa M, Fukudo S. Altered profiles of intestinal microbiota and organic acids may be the origin of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:512-519, e114-115 [PMID: 19903265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01427.x]
221. Jalanka-Tuovinen J, Salojärvi J, Salonen A, Immonen O, Garsed K, Kelly FM, Zaitoun A, Palva A, Spiller RC, De Vos WM. Faecal microbiota composition and host-microbe cross-talk following gastroenteritis and in postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2014;63:1737-1745 [PMID: 24310267 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305994]
222. Rigsbee L, Agans R, Shankar V, Kenche H, Khamis HJ, Michail S, Paliy O. Quantitative profiling of gut microbiota of children with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:1740-1751 [PMID: 22986438 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.287]
223. Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J, Lee SY, Lee CH. Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol 2011;60:817-827 [PMID: 21330412 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.028126-0]
224. Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Ferrier L, Wu MC, Siddle JP, Bueno L, Ringel Y. Fecal protease activity is associated with compositional alterations in the intestinal microbiota. PLoS One 2013;8:e78017 [PMID: 24147109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078017]
225. Durbán A, Abellán JJ, Jiménez-Hernández N, Artacho A, Garrigues V, Ortiz V, Ponce J, Latorre A, Moya A. Instability of the faecal microbiota in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013;86:581-589 [PMID: 23889283 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12184]
226. Balsari A, Ceccarelli A, Dubini F, Fesce E, Poli G. The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiologica 1982;5:185-194 [PMID: 7121297]
227. Durbán A, Abellán JJ, Jiménez-Hernández N, Salgado P, Ponce M, Ponce J, Garrigues V, Latorre A, Moya A. Structural alterations of faecal and mucosa-associated bacterial communities in irritable bowel syndrome. Environ Microbiol Rep 2012;4:242-247 [PMID: 23757279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2012.00327.x]
228. Rinttilä T, Lyra A, Krogius-Kurikka L, Palva A. Real-time PCR analysis of enteric pathogens from fecal samples of irritable bowel syndrome subjects. Gut Pathog 2011;3:6 [PMID: 21518462 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-3-6]
229. Si JM, Yu YC, Fan YJ, Chen SJ. Intestinal microecology and quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:1802-1805 [PMID: 15188510]
230. Barbara G, De Giorgio R, Stanghellini V, Cremon C, Corinaldesi R. A role for inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome? Gut 2002;51 Suppl 1:i41-i44 [PMID: 12077063]
231. Schmulson M, Chey WD. Abnormal immune regulation and low-grade inflammation in IBS: does one size fit all? Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:273-275 [PMID: 22306945 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.427]
232. Gwee KA, Leong YL, Graham C, McKendrick MW, Collins SM, Walters SJ, Underwood JE, Read NW. The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut 1999;44:400-406 [PMID: 10026328]
233. Gwee KA, Collins SM, Read NW, Rajnakova A, Deng Y, Graham JC, McKendrick MW, Moochhala SM. Increased rectal mucosal expression of interleukin 1beta in recently acquired post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2003;52:523-526 [PMID: 12631663]
234. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Low-grade inflammation in the rectum of patients with sporadic irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2013;7:1081-1085 [PMID: 23417076 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1320]
235. Chadwick VS, Chen W, Shu D, Paulus B, Bethwaite P, Tie A, Wilson I. Activation of the mucosal immune system in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1778-1783 [PMID: 12055584]
236. Cremon C, Gargano L, Morselli-Labate AM, Santini D, Cogliandro RF, De Giorgio R, Stanghellini V, Corinaldesi R, Barbara G. Mucosal immune activation in irritable bowel syndrome: gender-dependence and association with digestive symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:392-400 [PMID: 19174797 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.94]
237. Akbar A, Yiangou Y, Facer P, Brydon WG, Walters JR, Anand P, Ghosh S. Expression of the TRPV1 receptor differs in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease with or without abdominal pain. Gut 2010;59:767-774 [PMID: 20551462 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.194449]
238. Cenac N, Andrews CN, Holzhausen M, Chapman K, Cottrell G, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Barbara G, Beck P, Bunnett NW, Sharkey KA, Ferraz JG, Shaffer E, Vergnolle N. Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Invest 2007;117:636-647 [PMID: 17304351 DOI: 10.1172/jci29255]
239. Klooker TK, Braak B, Koopman KE, Welting O, Wouters MM, Van Der Heide S, Schemann M, Bischoff SC, Van Den Wijngaard RM, Boeckxstaens GE. The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2010;59:1213-1221 [PMID: 20650926 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.213108]
240. Macsharry J, O'Mahony L, Fanning A, Bairead E, Sherlock G, Tiesman J, Fulmer A, Kiely B, Dinan TG, Shanahan F, Quigley EM. Mucosal cytokine imbalance in irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008;43:1467-1476 [PMID: 18752146 DOI: 10.108 0/00365520802276127]
241. Liebregts T, Adam B, Bredack C, Röth A, Heinzel S, Lester S, Downie-Doyle S, Smith E, Drew P, Talley NJ, Holtmann G. Immune activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:913-920 [PMID: 17383420 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.046]
242. Piche T, Barbara G, Aubert P, Bruley Des Varannes S, Dainese R, Nano JL, Cremon C, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, Galmiche JP, Neunlist M. Impaired intestinal barrier integrity in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: involvement of soluble mediators. Gut 2009;58:196-201 [PMID: 18824556 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2007.140806]
243. Chang L, Adeyemo M, Karagiannides I, Videlock EJ, Bowe C, Shih W, Presson AP, Yuan PQ, Cortina G, Gong H, Singh S, Licudine A, Mayer M, Tache Y, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA. Serum and colonic mucosal immune markers in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;107:262-272 [PMID: 22158028 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.423]
244. Spiller RC. Role of infection in irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol 2007;42 Suppl 17:41-47 [PMID: 17238025 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-006-1925-8]
245. Spiller R, Garsed K. Infection, inflammation, and the irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:844-849 [PMID: 19716778 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.07.007]
246. Spiller R, Campbell E. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006;22:13-17 [PMID: 16319671]
247. May CL, Kaestner KH. Gut endocrine cell development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;323:70-75 [PMID: 20025933 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.009]
248. Gunawardene AR, Corfe BM, Staton CA. Classification and functions of enteroendocrine cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Exp Pathol 2011;92:219-231 [PMID: 21518048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00767.x]
249. Tanaka-Shintani M, Watanabe M. Immunohistochemical study of enterochromaffin-like cell in human gastric mucosa. Pathol Int 2007;57:572-583 [PMID: 17685928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02141.x]
250. Lönroth H, Håkanson R, Lundell L, Sundler F. Histamine containing endocrine cells in the human stomach. Gut 1990;31:383-388 [PMID: 2186979]
251. Buffa R, Capella C, Fontana P, Usellini L, Solcia E. Types of endocrine cells in the human colon and rectum. Cell Tissue Res 1978;192:227-240 [PMID: 699014]
252. Schonhoff SE, Giel-Moloney M, Leiter AB. Minireview: Development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells. Endocrinology 2004;145:2639-2644 [PMID: 15044355 DOI: 10.1210/en. 2004-0051]
253. Sjölund K, Sandén G, Håkanson R, Sundler F. Endocrine cells in human intestine: an immunocytochemical study. Gastroenterology 1983;85:1120-1130 [PMID: 6194039]
254. Sandström O, El-Salhy M. Ageing and endocrine cells of human duodenum. Mech Ageing Dev 1999;108:39-48 [PMID: 10366038]
255. Tolhurst G, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Intestinal sensing of nutrients. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012;(209):309-335 [PMID: 22249821 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-24716-3-14]
256. Lee J, Cummings BP, Martin E, Sharp JW, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ, Raybould HE. Glucose sensing by gut endocrine cells and activation of the vagal afferent pathway is impaired in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012;302:R657-R666 [PMID: 22160540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00345.2011]
257. Parker HE, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient-stimulated incretin secretion. Expert Rev Mol Med 2010;12:e1 [PMID: 20047700 DOI: 10.1017/s146239940900132x]
258. Raybould HE. Nutrient sensing in the gastrointestinal tract: possible role for nutrient transporters. J Physiol Biochem 2008;64:349-356 [PMID: 19391461]
259. San Gabriel A, Nakamura E, Uneyama H, Torii K. Taste, visceral information and exocrine reflexes with glutamate through umami receptors. J Med Invest 2009;56 Suppl: 209-217 [PMID: 20224183]
260. Rudholm T, Wallin B, Theodorsson E, Näslund E, Hellström PM. Release of regulatory gut peptides somatostatin, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal peptide by acid and hyperosmolal solutions in the intestine in conscious rats. Regul Pept 2009;152:8-12 [PMID: 18992283 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep. 2008.10.002]
261. Sternini C, Anselmi L, Rozengurt E. Enteroendocrine cells: a site of 'taste' in gastrointestinal chemosensing. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008;15:73-78 [PMID: 18185066 DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f43a73]
262. Sternini C. Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. I V. Functional implications of bitter taste receptors in gastrointestinal chemosensing. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007;292:G457-G461 [PMID: 17095755 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00411.2006]
263. Buchan AM. Nutrient Tasting and Signaling Mechanisms in the Gut III. Endocrine cell recognition of luminal nutrients. Am J Physiol 1999;277:G1103-G1107 [PMID: 10600808]
264. Montero-Hadjadje M, Elias S, Chevalier L, Benard M, Tanguy Y, Turquier V, Galas L, Yon L, Malagon MM, Driouich A, Gasman S, Anouar Y. Chromogranin A promotes peptide hormone sorting to mobile granules in constitutively and regulated secreting cells: role of conserved N- and C-terminal peptides. J Biol Chem 2009;284:12420-12431 [PMID: 19179339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc. M805607200]
265. Shooshtarizadeh P, Zhang D, Chich JF, Gasnier C, Schneider F, Haïkel Y, Aunis D, Metz-Boutigue MH. The antimicrobial peptides derived from chromogranin/secretogranin family, new actors of innate immunity. Regul Pept 2010;165:102-110 [PMID: 19932135 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep. 2009.11.014]
266. Rindi G, Inzani F, Solcia E. Pathology of gastrointestinal disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010;39:713-727 [PMID: 21095540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.08.009]
267. Gershon MD. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2013;20:14-21 [PMID: 23222853 DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e32835bc703]
268. Wendelbo I, Mazzawi T, El-Salhy M. Increased serotonin transporter immunoreactivity intensity in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel disease. Mol Med Rep 2013; in press
269. El-Salhy M, Wendelbo IH, Gundersen D. Reduced chromogranin A cell density in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2013;7:1241-1244 [PMID: 23426642 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1325]
270. El-Salhy M, Vaali K, Dizdar V, Hausken T. Abnormal small-intestinal endocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:3508-3513 [PMID: 20300845 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1169-6]
271. El-Salhy M, Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, Hausken T. Chromogranin A cell density in the rectum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2012;6:1223-1225 [PMID: 22992886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1087]
272. El-Salhy M, Lomholt-Beck B, Hausken T. Chromogranin A as a possible tool in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:1435-1439 [PMID: 20602602 DOI: 10.310 9/00365521.2010.503965]
273. El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Gundersen D, Hausken T. Endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2014;6:176-185
274. El-Salhy M, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Chromogranin A cell density as a diagnostic marker for lymphocytic colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:3154-3159 [PMID: 22699394 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2249-6]
275. Sjölund K, Ekman R, Wierup N. Covariation of plasma ghrelin and motilin in irritable bowel syndrome. Peptides 2010;31:1109-1112 [PMID: 20338210 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.03.021]
276. El-Salhy M, Wendelbo I, Gundersen D. Serotonin and serotonin transporter in the rectum of patients with irritable bowel disease. Mol Med Rep 2013;8:451-455 [PMID: 23778763 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1525]
277. El-Salhy M, Danielsson A, Stenling R, Grimelius L. Colonic endocrine cells in inflammatory bowel disease. J Intern Med 1997;242:413-419 [PMID: 9408072]
278. Lee CS, Kaestner KH. Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Development of gut endocrine cells. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;18:453-462 [PMID: 15533769 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2004.08.008]
279. Cardoso WV, Lü J. Regulation of early lung morphogenesis: questions, facts and controversies. Development 2006;133:1611-1624 [PMID: 16613830 DOI: 10.1242/dev. 02310]
280. Darlington GJ. Molecular mechanisms of liver development and differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1999;11:678-682 [PMID: 10600708]
281. Fausto N, Campbell JS, Riehle KJ. Liver regeneration. Hepatology 2006;43:S45-S53 [PMID: 16447274 DOI: 10.1002/hep. 20969]
282. Rawlins EL, Hogan BL. Ciliated epithelial cell lifespan in the mouse trachea and lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008;295:L231-L234 [PMID: 18487354 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90209.2008]
283. Zaret KS. Regulatory phases of early liver development: paradigms of organogenesis. Nat Rev Genet 2002;3:499-512 [PMID: 12094228 DOI: 10.1038/nrg837]
284. Barker N, Van Es JH, Kuipers J, Kujala P, Van Den Born M, Cozijnsen M, Haegebarth A, Korving J, Begthel H, Peters PJ, Clevers H. Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature 2007;449:1003-1007 [PMID: 17934449 DOI: 10.1038/nature06196]
285. Barker N, Van De Wetering M, Clevers H. The intestinal stem cell. Genes Dev 2008;22:1856-1864 [PMID: 18628392 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1674008]
286. Barker N, Clevers H. Tracking down the stem cells of the intestine: strategies to identify adult stem cells. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1755-1760 [PMID: 18054544 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.029]
287. Cheng H, Leblond CP. Origin, differentiation and renewal of the four main epithelial cell types in the mouse small intestine. V. Unitarian Theory of the origin of the four epithelial cell types. Am J Anat 1974;141:537-561 [PMID: 4440635 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001410407]
288. Fontaine J, Le Lièvre C, Le Douarin NM. What is the developmental fate of the neural crest cells which migrate into the pancreas in the avian embryo? Gen Comp Endocrinol 1977;33:394-404 [PMID: 924129]
289. Le Douarin NM, Teillet MA. The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in avian embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1973;30:31-48 [PMID: 4729950]
290. Rawdon BB, Andrew A. Origin and differentiation of gut endocrine cells. Histol Histopathol 1993;8:567-580 [PMID: 8358166]
291. Hoffman J, Kuhnert F, Davis CR, Kuo CJ. Wnts as essential growth factors for the adult small intestine and colon. Cell Cycle 2004;3:554-557 [PMID: 15044853]
292. Korinek V, Barker N, Moerer P, Van Donselaar E, Huls G, Peters PJ, Clevers H. Depletion of epithelial stem-cell compartments in the small intestine of mice lacking Tcf-4. Nat Genet 1998;19:379-383 [PMID: 9697701 DOI: 10.1038/1270]
293. Montgomery RK, Breault DT. Small intestinal stem cell markers. J Anat 2008;213:52-58 [PMID: 18638070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00925.x]
294. Wang J, Cortina G, Wu SV, Tran R, Cho JH, Tsai MJ, Bailey TJ, Jamrich M, Ament ME, Treem WR, Hill ID, Vargas JH, Gershman G, Farmer DG, Reyen L, Martín MG. Mutant neurogenin-3 in congenital malabsorptive diarrhea. N Engl J Med 2006;355:270-280 [PMID: 16855267 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054288]
295. Fishbein TM, Novitskiy G, Lough DM, Matsumoto C, Kaufman SS, Shetty K, Zasloff M. Rejection reversibly alters enteroendocrine cell renewal in the transplanted small intestine. Am J Transplant 2009;9:1620-1628 [PMID: 19519821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02681.x]
296. El-Salhy M, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. The reduction in duodenal endocrine cells in IBS is associated with stem cell abnormalities. World J Gastroenterol 2015; in press
297. Camilleri M. Peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1626-1635 [PMID: 23094724 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1207068]
298. Gunnarsson J, Simrén M. Peripheral factors in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:788-793 [PMID: 19665956 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2009.07.006]
299. Delgado-Aros S, Camilleri M. Visceral hypersensitivity. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;39:S194-203; discussion S210 [PMID: 15798485]
300. Karantanos T, Markoutsaki T, Gazouli M, Anagnou NP, Karamanolis DG. Current insights in to the pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut Pathog 2010;2:3 [PMID: 20465787 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-2-3]
301. Lee OY. Asian motility studies in irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;16:120-130 [PMID: 20535342 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2010.16.2.120]
302. El-Salhy M, Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T. Changes in the symptom pattern and the densities of large-intestinal endocrine cells following Campylobacter infection in irritable bowel syndrome: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2013;6:391 [PMID: 24073715 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-391]