Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead

Journal of Consumer Psychology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 129-149

  Meyers Levy, Joan ^a   Loken, Barbara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender differences; Information processing; Sex differences

Indexed keywords

EID: 84920136692     PISSN: 10577408     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Aaker J.L., Lee A.Y. "I" seek pleasures and "we" avoid pains: The role of self-regulatory goals in information processing and persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research 2001, 28(1):33-49.
2. Ackerman J.M., Griskevicius V., Li N.P. Let's get serious: Communicating commitment in romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2011, 100(6):1079-1094.
3. Alexander M.G., Fisher T.D. Truth and consequences: Using the bogus pipeline to examine sex differences in self-reported sexuality. Journal of Sex Research 2003, 40(1):27-35.
4. Allen M., Emmers-Sommer T.M., D'Alessio D., Timmerman L., Hanzal A., Korus J. The connection between the physiological and psychological reactions to sexually explicit materials: A literature summary using meta-analysis. Communication Monographs 2007, 74(4):541-560.
5. Amanatullah E.T., Morris M.W. Negotiating gender roles: Gender differences in assertive negotiating are mediated by women's fear of backlash and attenuated when negotiating on behalf of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2010, 98(2):256-267.
6. Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology 2002, 53(1):27-51.
7. Auyeung B., Baron-Cohen S., Ashwin E., Knickmeyer R., Taylor K., Hackett G., et al. Fetal testosterone predicts sexually differentiated childhood behavior in girls and in boys. Psychological Science 2009, 20(2):144-148.
8. Barone M.J., Roy T. Does exclusivity always pay off? Exclusive price promotions and consumer response. Journal of Marketing 2010, 74(2):121-132.
9. Baumeister R.F. Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126(3):347-374.
10. Baumeister R.F., Catanese K.R., Vohs K.D. Is there a gender difference in strength of sex drive? Theoretical views, conceptual distinctions, and a review of relevant evidence. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2001, 5(3):242-273.
11. Baumeister R.F., Vohs K.D. Sexual economics: Sex as female resource for social exchange in heterosexual interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2004, 8(4):339-363.
12. Baxendale S., Cross D., Johnston R. A review of the evidence on the relationship between gender and adolescents' involvement in violent behavior. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2012, 17(4):297-310.
13. Beaudoin P., Lachance M.J. Determinants of adolescents' brand sensitivity to clothing. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 2006, 34(4):312-331.
14. Beck T., Behr P., Guettler A. Gender and banking: Are women better loan officers?. Review of Finance 2013, 17(4):1279-1321.
15. Bennett S., Farrington D.P., Huesmann L.R. Explaining gender differences in crime and violence: The importance of social cognitive skills. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2005, 10(3):263-288.
16. Berkout O.V., Young J.N., Gross A.M. Mean girls and bad boys: Recent research on gender differences in conduct disorder. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2011, 16(6):503-511.
17. Berney-Reddish I.A., Areni C.S. Sex differences in responses to probability markers in advertising claims. Journal of Advertising 2006, 35(2):7-16.
18. Bjorklund D.F., Kipp K. Parental investment theory and gender differences in the evolution of inhibition mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin 1996, 120(2):163-188.
19. Bosson J.K., Michniewicz K.S. Gender dichotomization at the level of ingroup identity: What it is, and why men use it more than women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2013, 105(3):425-442.
20. Bourne V.J. Lateralised processing of positive facial emotion: Sex differences in strength of hemispheric dominance. Neuropsychologia 2005, 43(6):953-956.
21. Brunel F.F., Nelson M.R. Explaining gendered responses to "help-self" and "help-others" charity ad appeals: The mediating role of world-views. Journal of Advertising 2000, 29(3):15-28.
22. Buchan N.R., Croson R.T., Solnick S. Trust and gender: An examination of behavior and beliefs in the Investment Game. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2008, 68(3):466-476.
23. Buss D.M., Schmitt D.P. Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review 1993, 100(2):204-232.
24. Card N.A., Stucky B.D., Sawalani G.M., Little T.D. Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development 2008, 79(5):1185-1229.
25. Carli L.L. Gender, interpersonal power, and social influence. Journal of Social Issues 1999, 55(1):81-99.
26. Chang C. The relative effectiveness of comparative and noncomparative advertising: Evidence for gender differences in information-processing strategies. Journal of Advertising 2007, 36(1):21-35.
27. Chaplin T.M., Cole P.M., Zahn-Waxler C. Parental socialization of emotion expression: Gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion 2005, 5(1):80-88.
28. Charness G., Gneezy U. Strong evidence for gender differences in risk taking. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2012, 83(1):50-58.
29. Chen T., Kalra A., Sun B. Why do consumers buy extended service contracts?. Journal of Consumer Research 2009, 36(4):611-623.
30. Childs J. Gender differences in lying. Economics Letters 2012, 114(2):147-149.
31. Cohen-Bendahan C.C., van de Beek C., Berenbaum S.A. Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: Methods and findings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2005, 29(2):353-384.
32. Croson R., Gneezy U. Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature 2009, 47(2):448-474.
33. Cross C.P., Copping L.T., Campbell A. Sex differences in impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2011, 137(1):97-130.
34. Dahl D.W., Sengupta J., Vohs K.D. Sex in advertising: Gender differences and the role of relationship commitment. Journal of Consumer Research 2009, 36(2):215-231.
35. Danaher P.J., Mullarkey G.W., Essegaier S. Factors affecting web site visit duration: A cross-domain analysis. Journal of Marketing Research 2006, 43(2):182-194.
36. Day A.L., Livingstone H.A. Gender differences in perceptions of stressors and utilization of social support among university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 2003, 35(2):73-83.
37. Diener E., Suh E.M., Lucas R.E., Smith H.L. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 125(2):276-302.
38. Dittmar H., Long K., Meek R. Buying on the Internet: Gender differences in on-line and conventional buying motivations. Sex Roles 2004, 50(5-6):423-444.
39. do Paço A.M.F., Reis R. Factors affecting skepticism toward green advertising. Journal of Advertising 2012, 41(4):147-155.
40. Dommer S.L., Swaminathan V. Explaining the endowment effect through ownership: The role of identity, gender, and self-threat. Journal of Consumer Research 2013, 39(5):1034-1050.
41. Doughty E.A., Leddick G.R. Gender differences in the supervisory relationship. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory, & Research 2007, 35(2):17-30.
42. Dreber A., Johannesson M. Gender differences in deception. Economics Letters 2008, 99(1):197-199.
43. Durante K.M., Griskevicius V., Hill S.E., Perilloux C., Li N.P. Ovulation, female competition, and product choice: Hormonal influences on consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research 2011, 37(6):921-934.
44. Eagly A.H., Chrvala C. Sex differences in conformity: Status and gender role interpretations. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1986, 10(3):203-220.
45. Eagly A.H., Wood W. The nature-nurture debates 25years of challenges in understanding the psychology of gender. Perspectives on Psychological Science 2013, 8(3):340-357.
46. Ellis L. Gender differences in smiling: An evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory. Physiology & Behavior 2006, 88(4):303-308.
47. Ellis B.J., Del Giudice M., Dishion T.J., Figueredo A.J., Gray P., Griskevicius V., et al. The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: Implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology 2012, 48(3):598-632.
48. Erat S., Gneezy U. White lies. Management Science 2012, 58(4):723-733.
49. Ertac S., Gurdal M.Y. Deciding to decide: Gender, leadership and risk-taking in groups. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2012, 83(1):24-30.
50. Fehr R., Gelfand M.J., Nag M. The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin 2010, 136(5):894-914.
51. Fehr-Duda H., De Gennaro M., Schubert R. Gender, financial risk, and probability weights. Theory and Decision 2006, 60(2-3):283-313.
52. Feingold A. Gender differences in variability in intellectual abilities: A cross-cultural perspective. Sex Roles 1994, 30(1-2):81-92.
53. Fischer A.H., Mosquera P.M.R. What concerns men? Women or other men?: A critical appraisal of the evolutionary theory of sex differences in aggression. Psychology, Evolution & Gender 2001, 3(1):5-25.
54. Fischer A.H., Rodriguez Mosquera P.M., van Vianen A.E., Manstead A.S. Gender and culture differences in emotion. Emotion 2004, 4(1):87-94.
55. Fisher R.J., Dubé L. Gender differences in responses to emotional advertising: A social desirability perspective. Journal of Consumer Research 2005, 31(4):850-858.
56. Ford N., Miller D., Moss N. The role of individual differences in Internet searching: An empirical study. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 2001, 52(12):1049-1066.
57. Garbarino E., Strahilevitz M. Gender differences in the perceived risk of buying online and the effects of receiving a site recommendation. Journal of Business Research 2004, 57(7):768-775.
58. Garside R.B., Klimes-Dougan B. Socialization of discrete negative emotions: Gender differences and links with psychological distress. Sex Roles 2002, 47(3-4):115-128.
59. Gentile B., Grabe S., Dolan-Pascoe B., Twenge J.M., Wells B.E., Maitino A. Gender differences in domain-specific self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology 2009, 13(1):34-45.
60. Glenberg A.M., Webster B.J., Mouilso E., Havas D., Lindeman L.M. Gender, emotion, and the embodiment of language comprehension. Emotion Review 2009, 1(2):151-161.
61. Glick P., Fiske S.T. An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist 2001, 56(2):109-118.
62. Gneezy U., Niederle M., Rustichini A. Performance in competitive environments: Gender differences. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2003, 118(3):1049-1074.
63. Gneezy U., Rustichini A. Gender differences in competition at a young age. American Economic Review 2004, 94(2):337-381.
64. Gong G., He Y., Evans A.C. Brain connectivity gender makes a difference. The Neuroscientist 2011, 17(5):575-591.
65. Graff S. Brain connectivity study reveals striking differences between men and women, Penn Medicine Retrieved February 5, 2014, from. http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/news/News_Releases/2013/12/verma/.
66. Griskevicius V., Cialdini R.B., Kenrick D.T. Peacocks, Picasso, and parental investment: The effects of romantic motives on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91(1):63-76.
67. Griskevicius V., Tybur J.M., Ackerman J.M., Delton A.W., Robertson T.E., White A.E. The financial consequences of too many men: Sex ratio effects on saving, borrowing, and spending. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 102(1):69-80.
68. Griskevicius V., Tybur J.M., Gangestad S.W., Perea E.F., Shapiro J.R., Kenrick D.T. Aggress to impress: Hostility as an evolved context-dependent strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2009, 96(5):980-994.
69. Grohmann B. Gender dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research 2009, 46(1):105-119.
70. Guimond S., Chatard A., Martinot D., Crisp R.J., Redersdorff S. Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 90(2):221-242.
71. Hall J.A., Matsumoto D. Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion 2004, 4(2):201-206.
72. Hampson E., van Anders S.M., Mullin L.I. A female advantage in the recognition of emotional facial expressions: Test of an evolutionary hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior 2006, 27(6):401-416.
73. Hargittai E., Shafer S. Differences in actual and perceived online skills: The role of gender. Social Science Quarterly 2006, 87(2):432-448.
74. Hays N.A. Fear and loving in social hierarchy: Sex differences in preferences for power versus status. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2013, 49(6):1130-1136.
75. He X., Inman J.J., Mittal V. Gender jeopardy in financial risk taking. Journal of Marketing Research 2008, 45(4):414-424.
76. Heisz J.J., Pottruff M.M., Shore D.I. Females scan more than males: A potential mechanism for sex differences in recognition memory. Psychological Science 2013, 24(7):1157-1163.
77. Helweg-Larsen M., Cunningham S.J., Carrico A., Pergram A.M. To nod or not to nod: An observational study of nonverbal communication and status in female and male college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly 2004, 28(4):358-361.
78. Hill S.E., Rodeheffer C.D., Griskevicius V., Durante K., White A.E. Boosting beauty in an economic decline: Mating, spending, and the lipstick effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 103(2):275-291.
79. Hines M. Brain gender 2004, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
80. Hines M. Prenatal testosterone and gender-related behaviour. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006, 155(1):115-121.
81. Hines M. Sex-related variation in human behavior and the brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2010, 14(10):448-456.
82. Hines M., Golombok S., Rust J., Johnston K.J., Golding J. Testosterone during pregnancy and gender role behavior of preschool children: A longitudinal, population study. Child Development 2002, 73(6):1678-1687.
83. Holt J.L., DeVore C.J. Culture, gender, organizational role, and styles of conflict resolution: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 2005, 29(2):165-196.
84. Hsieh Y.C., Chiu H.C., Lin C.C. Family communication and parental influence on children's brand attitudes. Journal of Business Research 2006, 59(10):1079-1086.
85. Hupfer M.E., Detlor B. Gender and web information seeking: A self-concept orientation model. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 2006, 57(8):1105-1115.
86. Jaffee S., Hyde J.S. Gender differences in moral orientation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126(5):703-726.
87. Judge T.A., Livingston B.A., Hurst C. Do nice guys-and gals-really finish last? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 102(2):390-407.
88. Kemp E., Kennett-Hensel P.A., Kees J. Pulling on the heartstrings: Examining the effects of emotions and gender in persuasive appeals. Journal of Advertising 2013, 42(1):69-79.
89. Kenrick D.T., Luce C.L. An evolutionary life-history model of gender differences and similarities. The developmental social psychology of gender 2000, 35-63. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. T. Eckes, H.M. Trautner (Eds.).
90. Kirkland R.A., Peterson E., Baker C.A., Miller S., Pulos S. Meta-analysis reveals adult female superiority in" reading the mind in the eyes test". North American Journal of Psychology 2013, 15(1):121-146.
91. Klein K.J., Hodges S.D. Gender differences, motivation, and empathic accuracy: When it pays to understand. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2001, 27(6):720-730.
92. Klink R.R. Creating brand names with meaning: The use of sound symbolism. Marketing Letters 2000, 11(1):5-20.
93. Klink R.R. Gender differences in new brand name response. Marketing Letters 2009, 20(3):313-326.
94. Knight G.P., Guthrie I.K., Page M.C., Fabes R.A. Emotional arousal and gender differences in aggression: A meta-analysis. Aggressive Behavior 2002, 28(5):366-393.
95. Koch K., Pauly K., Kellermann T., Seiferth N.Y., Reske M., Backes V., et al. Gender differences in the cognitive control of emotion: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45(12):2744-2754.
96. Koenig A.M., Eagly A.H., Mitchell A.A., Ristikari T. Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin 2011, 137(4):616-642.
97. Kosfeld M., Heinrichs M., Zak P.J., Fischbacher U., Fehr E. Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 2005, 435(7042):673-676.
98. Kotzé T., North E., Stols M., Venter L. Gender differences in sources of shopping enjoyment. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2012, 36(4):416-424.
99. Kring A.M. Gender and anger. Gender and emotions 2000, 211-231. Cambridge University Press. A.H. Fischer (Ed.).
100. Kühnen U., Hannover B., Schubert B. The semantic-procedural interface model of the self: The role of self-knowledge for context-dependent versus context-independent modes of thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2001, 80(3):397-409.
101. Kurt D., Inman J.J., Argo J.J. The influence of friends on consumer spending: The role of agency-communion orientation and self-monitoring. Journal of Marketing Research 2011, 48(4):741-754.
102. Kwak H., Fox R.J., Zinkhan G.M. What products can be successfully promoted and sold via the internet?. Journal of Advertising Research 2002, 42(1):23-38.
103. Kwang T., Crockett E.E., Sanchez D.T., Swann W.B. Men seek social standing, women seek companionship: Sex differences in deriving self-worth from relationships. Psychological Science 2013, 24(7):1142-1150.
104. Lanvers U. Gender in discourse behaviour in parent-child dyads: A literature review. Child: Care, Health and Development 2004, 30(5):481-493.
105. Large A., Beheshti J., Rahman T. Gender differences in collaborative web searching behavior: An elementary school study. Information Processing & Management 2002, 38(3):427-443.
106. Laroche M., Saad G., Cleveland M., Browne E. Gender differences in information search strategies for a Christmas gift. Journal of Consumer Marketing 2000, 17(6):500-522.
107. Laufer D., Gillespie K. Differences in consumer attributions of blame between men and women: The role of perceived vulnerability and empathic concern. Psychology & Marketing 2004, 21(2):141-157.
108. Lee T.M., Chan C.C., Leung A.W., Fox P.T., Gao J.H. Sex-related differences in neural activity during risk taking: An fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex 2009, 19(6):1303-1312.
109. Lee E.J., Schumann D.W. Proposing and testing the contextual gender influence theory: An examination of gender influence types on trust of computer agents. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2009, 19(3):440-450.
110. Li Y.J., Kenrick D.T., Griskevicius V., Neuberg S.L. Economic decision biases and fundamental motivations: How mating and self-protection alter loss aversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2012, 102(3):550-561.
111. Li H., Yuan J., Lin C. The neural mechanism underlying the female advantage in identifying negative emotions: An event-related potential study. NeuroImage 2008, 40(4):1921-1929.
112. Lin Y.C., Raghubir P. Gender differences in unrealistic optimism about marriage and divorce: Are men more optimistic and women more realistic?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2005, 31(2):198-207.
113. Lindenmeier J., Schleer C., Pricl D. Consumer outrage: Emotional reactions to unethical corporate behavior. Journal of Business Research 2012, 65(9):1364-1373.
114. Maddux W.W., Brewer M.B. Gender differences in the relational and collective bases for trust. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2005, 8(2):159-171.
115. Manson J.E. Prenatal exposure to sex steroid hormones and behavioral/cognitive outcomes. Metabolism 2008, 57(2):S16-S21.
116. Martin B.A. The influence of gender on mood effects in advertising. Psychology & Marketing 2003, 20(3):249-273.
117. Mathews G.A., Fane B.A., Conway G.S., Brook C.G., Hines M. Personality and congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Possible effects of prenatal androgen exposure. Hormones and Behavior 2009, 55(2):285-291.
118. Matud M.P. Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences 2004, 37(7):1401-1415.
119. McClure E.B. A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126(3):424-453.
120. McClure E.B., Monk C.S., Nelson E.E., Zarahn E., Leibenluft E., Bilder R.M., et al. A developmental examination of gender differences in brain engagement during evaluation of threat. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 55(11):1047-1055.
121. McKay-Nesbitt J., Bhatnagar N., Smith M.C. Regulatory fit effects of gender and marketing message content. Journal of Business Research 2013, 66(11):2245-2251.
122. McLean C.P., Anderson E.R. Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review 2009, 29(6):496-505.
123. McRae K., Ochsner K.N., Mauss I.B., Gabrieli J.J., Gross J.J. Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2008, 11(2):143-162.
124. McShane B.B., Bradlow E.T., Berger J. Visual influence and social groups. Journal of Marketing Research 2012, 49(6):854-871.
125. Melnyk V., van Osselaer S.M. Make me special: Gender differences in consumers' responses to loyalty programs. Marketing Letters 2012, 23(3):545-559.
126. Melnyk V., van Osselaer S.M., Bijmolt T.H. Are women more loyal customers than men? Gender differences in loyalty to firms and individual service providers. Journal of Marketing 2009, 73(4):82-96.
127. Meyers-Levy J. Gender differences in information processing: A selectivity interpretation. Cognitive and affective responses to advertising 1989, 219-260. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA. P. Cafferata, A. Tybout (Eds.).
128. Meyers-Levy J. Gender differences in cortical organization: Social and biochemical antecedents and advertising consequences. Attention, attitude, and affect in response to advertising 1994, 107-122. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. E.M. Clark, T.C. Brock, D.W. Stewart (Eds.).
129. Meyers-Levy J., Maheswaran D. Exploring differences in males' and females' processing strategies. Journal of Consumer Research 1991, 18(1):63-70.
130. Meyers-Levy J., Sternthal B. Gender differences in the use of message cues and judgments. Journal of Marketing Research 1991, 27(1):84-96.
131. Meyers-Levy J., Zhu R. Gender differences in the meanings consumers infer from music and other aesthetic stimuli. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2010, 20(4):495-507.
132. Midha V. Impact of consumer empowerment on online trust: An examination across genders. Decision Support Systems 2012, 54(1):198-205.
133. Miller A.J., Worthington E.L., McDaniel M.A. Gender and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review and research agenda. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2008, 27(8):843-876.
134. Monga A.B., Gürhan-Canli Z. The influence of mating mind-sets on brand extension evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research 2012, 49(4):581-593.
135. Montagne B., Kessels R.P., Frigerio E., de Haan E.H., Perrett D.I. Sex differences in the perception of affective facial expressions: Do men really lack emotional sensitivity?. Cognitive Processing 2005, 6(2):136-141.
136. Mueller S.C., Temple V., Oh E., VanRyzin C., Williams A., Cornwell B., et al. Early androgen exposure modulates spatial cognition in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33(7):973-980.
137. Nekby L., Thoursie P.S., Vahtrik L. Gender and self-selection into a competitive environment: Are women more overconfident than men?. Economics Letters 2008, 100(3):405-407.
138. Ng S., Houston M.J. Exemplars or beliefs? The impact of self-view on the nature and relative influence of brand associations. Journal of Consumer Research 2006, 32(4):519-529.
139. Noble S.M., Griffith D.A., Adjei M.T. Drivers of local merchant loyalty: Understanding the influence of gender and shopping motives. Journal of Retailing 2006, 82(3):177-188.
140. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2012, 8:161-187.
141. Noseworthy T.J., Cotte J., Lee S.H.M. The effects of ad context and gender on the identification of visually incongruent products. Journal of Consumer Research 2011, 38(2):358-375.
142. Ono H., Zavodny M. Gender and the Internet. Social Science Quarterly 2003, 84(1):111-121.
143. Pasterski V.L., Geffner M.E., Brain C., Hindmarsh P., Brook C., Hines M. Prenatal hormones and postnatal socialization by parents as determinants of male-typical toy play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Child Development 2005, 76(1):264-278.
144. Petersen J.L., Hyde J.S. A meta-analytic review of research on gender differences in sexuality, 1993-2007. Psychological Bulletin 2010, 136(1):21-38.
145. Peterson C.K., Harmon-Jones E. Anger and testosterone: Evidence that situationally-induced anger relates to situationally-induced testosterone. Emotion 2012, 12(5):899-902.
146. Petty R.E., Cacioppo J.T., Schumann D. Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research 1983, 10(2):135-147.
147. Phillip M.V., Suri R. Impact of gender differences on the evaluation of promotional emails. Journal of Advertising Research 2004, 44(4):360-368.
148. Puccinelli N.M., Chandrashekaran R., Grewal D., Suri R. Are men seduced by red? The effect of red versus black prices on price perceptions. Journal of Retailing 2013, 89(2):115-126.
149. Puntoni S., Sweldens S., Tavassoli N.T. Gender identity salience and perceived vulnerability to breast cancer. Journal of Marketing Research 2011, 48(3):413-424.
150. Putrevu S. Communicating with the sexes: Male and female responses to print advertisements. Journal of Advertising 2004, 33(3):51-62.
151. Putrevu S. An examination of consumer responses toward attribute- and goal-framed messages. Journal of Advertising 2010, 39(3):5-24.
152. Richard M.O., Chebat J.C., Yang Z., Putrevu S. A proposed model of online consumer behavior: Assessing the role of gender. Journal of Business Research 2010, 63(9):926-934.
153. Riedl R., Hubert M., Kenning P. Are there neural gender differences in online trust? An fMRI study on the perceived trustworthiness of eBay offers. MIS Quarterly 2010, 34(2):397-428.
154. Roalf D., Lowery N., Turetsky B.I. Behavioral and physiological findings of gender differences in global-local visual processing. Brain and Cognition 2006, 60(1):32-42.
155. Robichaud M., Dugas M.J., Conway M. Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2003, 17(5):501-516.
156. Rodgers S., Harris M.A. Gender and e-commerce: An exploratory study. Journal of Advertising Research 2003, 43(3):322-329.
157. Roivainen E. Gender differences in processing speed: A review of recent research. Learning and Individual Differences 2011, 21(2):145-149.
158. Roothman B., Kirsten D.K., Wissing M.P. Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology 2003, 33(4):212-218.
159. Rosip J.C., Hall J.A. Knowledge of nonverbal cues, gender, and nonverbal decoding accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 2004, 28(4):267-286.
160. Roy M., Taylor R., Chi M.T. Searching for information on-line and off-line: Gender differences among middle school students. Journal of Educational Computing Research 2003, 29(2):229-252.
161. Rozin P., Hormes J.M., Faith M.S., Wansink B. Is meat male? A quantitative multimethod framework to establish metaphoric relationships. Journal of Consumer Research 2012, 39(3):629-643.
162. Rucker D.D., Galinsky A.D., Dubois D. Power and consumer behavior: How power shapes who and what consumers value. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2012, 22(3):352-368.
163. Schubert T.W. The power in your hand: Gender differences in bodily feedback from making a fist. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2004, 30(6):757-769.
164. Segal B., Podoshen J.S. An examination of materialism, conspicuous consumption and gender differences. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2012, 37(2):189-198.
165. Shao C.Y., Baker J.A., Wagner J. The effects of appropriateness of service contact personnel dress on customer expectations of service quality and purchase intention: The moderating influences of involvement and gender. Journal of Business Research 2004, 57(10):1164-1176.
166. Silverman I.W. Gender differences in delay of gratification: A meta-analysis. Sex Roles 2003, 49(9-10):451-463.
167. Silverman I.W. Gender differences in resistance to temptation: Theories and evidence. Developmental Review 2003, 23(2):219-259.
168. Silverman I.W., Choi J. Locating places. The handbook of evolutionary psychology 2005, 177-199. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. D.M. Buss (Ed.).
169. Small D.A., Gelfand M., Babcock L., Gettman H. Who goes to the bargaining table? The influence of gender and framing on the initiation of negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2007, 93(4):600-613.
170. Smiler A.P. Sexual strategies theory: Built for the short term or the long term?. Sex Roles 2011, 64(9-10):603-612.
171. Spassova G., Lee A.Y. Looking into the future: A match between self-view and temporal distance. Journal of Consumer Research 2013, 40(1):159-171.
172. Stokburger-Sauer N.E., Teichmann K. Is luxury just a female thing? The role of gender in luxury brand consumption. Journal of Business Research 2013, 66(7):889-896.
173. Stoyanova M., Hope D.A. Gender, gender roles, and anxiety: Perceived confirmability of self report, behavioral avoidance, and physiological reactivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2012, 26(1):206-214.
174. Street R.L. Gender differences in health care provider-patient communication: Are they due to style, stereotypes, or accommodation?. Patient Education and Counseling 2002, 48(3):201-206.
175. Suetens S., Tyran J.R. The gambler's fallacy and gender. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 2012, 83(1):118-124.
176. Sundie J.M., Kenrick D.T., Griskevicius V., Tybur J.M., Vohs K.D., Beal D.J. Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous consumption as a sexual signaling system. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2011, 100(4):664-680.
177. Syzmanowicz A., Furnham A. Gender differences in self-estimates of general, mathematical, spatial and verbal intelligence: Four meta analyses. Learning and Individual Differences 2011, 21(5):493-504.
178. Tamres L.K., Janicki D., Helgeson V.S. Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2002, 6(1):2-30.
179. Tenenbaum H.R., Leaper C. Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology 2002, 38(4):615-630.
180. Tian L., Wang J., Yan C., He Y. Hemisphere- and gender-related differences in small-world brain networks: A resting-state functional MRI study. NeuroImage 2011, 54(1):191-202.
181. Tooby J., Cosmides L. Conceptual foundations of evolutionary psychology. The handbook of evolutionary psychology 2005, 5-67. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. D.M. Buss (Ed.).
182. Torelli C.J. Individuality or conformity? The effect of independent and interdependent self-concepts on public judgments. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2006, 16(3):240-248.
183. Toufexis D.J., Myers K.M., Davis M. The effect of gonadal hormones and gender on anxiety and emotional learning. Hormones and Behavior 2006, 50(4):539-549.
184. Vallerand A.H., Polomano R.C. The relationship of gender to pain. Pain Management Nursing 2000, 1(3):8-15.
185. Van Slyke C., Comunale C.L., Belanger F. Gender differences in perceptions of web-based shopping. Communications of the ACM 2002, 45(8):82-86.
186. Voyer D., Postma A., Brake B., Imperato-McGinley J. Gender differences in object location memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2007, 14(1):23-38.
187. Walker L.J. Gender and morality. Handbook of moral psychology 2006, 93-115. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. M. Killen, J. Smetana (Eds.).
188. Wang L.C., Baker J., Wagner J.A., Wakefield K. Can a retail web site be social?. Journal of Marketing 2007, 71(3):143-157.
189. Wang C.L., Bristol T., Mowen J.C., Chakraborty G. Alternative modes of self-construal: Dimensions of connectedness-separateness and advertising appeals to the cultural and gender-specific self. Journal of Consumer Psychology 2000, 9(2):107-115.
190. Wang Y., Griskevicius V. Conspicuous consumption, relationships, and rivals: Women's luxury products as signals to other women. Journal of Consumer Research 2014, 40(5):834-854.
191. Weiser E.B. Gender differences in Internet use patterns and Internet application preferences: A two-sample comparison. CyberPsychology and Behavior 2000, 3(2):167-178.
192. Winterich K.P., Mittal V., Ross W.T. Donation behavior toward in-groups and out-groups: The role of gender and moral identity. Journal of Consumer Research 2009, 36(2):199-214.
193. Witt M.G., Wood W. Self-regulation of gendered behavior in everyday life. Sex Roles 2010, 62:635-646.
194. Wood W., Eagly A.H. Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. Advances in experimental social psychology 2012, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. M.P. Zanna, J.M. Olso (Eds.).
195. Workman J.E., Lee S.H. Relationships among consumer vanity, gender, brand sensitivity, brand consciousness and private self-consciousness. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2013, 37(2):206-213.
196. Wrase J., Klein S., Gruesser S.M., Hermann D., Flor H., Mann K., et al. Gender differences in the processing of standardized emotional visual stimuli in humans: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters 2003, 348(1):41-45.
197. Wu Shali, Keysar Boaz The effect of culture on perspective taking. Psychological Science 2007, 17(7):600-606.
198. Yorkston E., Menon G. A sound idea: Phonetic effects of brand names on consumer judgments. Journal of Consumer Research 2004, 31(1):43-51.
199. You D., Maeda Y., Bebeau M.J. Gender differences in moral sensitivity: A meta-analysis. Ethics and Behavior 2011, 21(4):263-282.
200. Zelezny L.C., Chua P.P., Aldrich C. New ways of thinking about environmentalism: Elaborating on gender differences in environmentalism. Journal of Social Issues 2000, 56(3):443-457.
201. Zhang Y., Shrum L.J. The influence of self-construal on impulsive consumption. Journal of Consumer Research 2009, 35(5):838-850.