Gender differences in self-estimates of general, mathematical, spatial and verbal intelligence: Four meta analyses

Learning and Individual Differences

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 493-504

  Syzmanowicz, Agata ^a   Furnham, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gender; Intelligence; Personality; Self estimates of intelligence

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052394948     PISSN: 10416080     EISSN: 18733425     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2011.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Ackerman P.L., Wolman S.D. Determinants and validity of self-estimates of abilities and self-concept measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 2007, 13:57-78.
2. Anastasi A. Differential psychology 1958, Macmillan, New York. 3rd ed.
3. Bandura A. Self efficacy: The exercise of control 1997, New York; Freeman.
4. Beloff H. Mother, father, and me: Our IQ. The Psychologist 1992, 5:309-311.
5. Bennet M. Men's and women's self-estimates of intelligence. Journal of Social Psychology 1996, 136:411-412.
6. Bennet M. Self-estimates of ability in men and women. Journal of Social Psychology 1997, 137:540-541.
7. Bennet M. Self-estimates and population estimates of ability in men and women. Australian Journal of Psychology 2000, 52:23-28.
8. Blanch D., Hall J., Roter D., Frankel R. Medical student gender and issues of confidence. Patient Education and Counselling 2008, 72:374-381.
9. Byrd M., Stacey B. Bias in IQ perception. The Psychologist 1993, 5:309-311.
10. Byrne J.P., Miller D.C., Schafer W.D. Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 125:367-383.
11. Caplan P.J., Caplan J.B. Thinking critically about research on sex and gender 1994, HarperCollins College Publishers, New York.
12. Chamorro-Premuzic T., Furnham A. Personality and intellectual competence 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah.
13. Chamorro-Premuzic T., Furnham A. Self-assessed intelligence and academic performance. Educational Psychology 2006, 26:769-779.
14. Chamorro-Premuzic T., Harlaar N., Greven C., Plomin R. More than just IQ: A longitudinal examination of self-perceived abilities as predictors of academic performance in a large sample of UK twins. Intelligence 2010, 38:385-392.
15. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences 1969, Academic Press, New York.
16. Colom R., Juan-Espinosa M., Abad F., Garcia L. Negligible sex differences in general intelligence. Intelligence 2000, 28:57-68.
17. Cruise S., Lewis C., McGuckin C. Test-retest reliability of self-estimated intelligence. Social Behavior and Personality 2006, 34:1179-1188.
18. Eagly A.H., Carli L.L. Sex of researcher and sex-typed communications as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: A meta-analysis of social influence studies. Psychological Bulletin 1981, 90:1-20.
19. Eccles (Parsons) J., Adler T.F., Futterman R., Goff S.B., Kaczala C.M., Meece J.L., et al. Expectancies, values, and academic behaviours. Achievement and achievement motives 1983, 75-146. Freeman, San Francisco. J.T. Spence (Ed.).
20. Else-Quest N., Hyde J., Linn M. Cross0national patterns of gender differences in mathematics. Psychological Bulletin 2010, 136:103-127.
21. Furnham A. Parent's estimates of their own and their children's multiple intelligences. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 2000, 18:583-594.
22. Furnham A. Self-estimates of intelligence: Culture and gender differences in self and other estimates of General (g) and Multiple Intelligences. Personality and Individual Differences 2001, 31:1381-1405.
23. Furnham A. Are lay people lumpers or splitters? The factor structure of, and sex differences related to, self-rated and other-rated abilities. Learning and Individual Differences 2004, 14:153-168.
24. Furnham A. Gender and personality differences in self- and other ratings of business intelligence. British Journal of Management 2005, 16:91-103.
25. Furnham A. Self-estimated intelligence psychometric intelligence and personality. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient 2005, 48:182-192.
26. Furnham A., Akande A. African parents' estimates of their own and their children's multiple intelligences. Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social 2004, 281-294.
27. Furnham A., Baguma P. Self-estimates of intelligence: A cross-cultural study from three continents. North American Journal of Psychology 1999, 1:69-78.
28. Furnham A., Buchanan T. Personality, gender and self-perceived intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences 2005, 39:543-555.
29. Furnham A., Budhani S. Sex differences in the estimated intelligence of school children. European Journal of Personality 2002, 16:201-220.
30. Furnham A., Bunclark K. Sex differences in parents' estimations of their own and their children's intelligence. Intelligence 2006, 34:1-14.
31. Furnham A., Callahan I., Akande D. Self-estimates of intelligence: A study in two African countries. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 2004, 138:265-285.
32. Furnham A., Chamorro-Premuzic T. Estimating one's own and one's relatives' multiple intelligence: A study from Argentina. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 2005, 8:12-20.
33. Furnham A., Clark K., Bailey K. Sex differences in estimates of multiple intelligences. European Journal of Personality 1999, 13:247-259.
34. Furnham A., Crawshaw J. School children's estimation of their own and their parents WISC scores. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient 2002, 45:54-67.
35. Furnham A., Crawshaw J., Rawles R. Sex differences in self-estimates on two validated IQ test subscale scores. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2006, 36:417-440.
36. Furnham A., Fong G. Self-estimated and psychometrically measured intelligence: A cross-cultural and sex differences study of British and Singaporean students. North American Journal of Psychology 2000, 2:191-200.
37. Furnham A., Fong G., Martin N. Sex and cross-cultural differences in the estimated multi-faceted intelligence quotient score for self, parents and siblings. Personality and Individual Differences 1999, 26:1024-1034.
38. Furnham A., Gasson L. Sex differences in parental estimates of their children's intelligence. Sex Roles 1998, 38. Nos. 1/2.
39. Furnham A., Hosoe T., Li-Ping Tang T. Male hubris and female humility? A cross-cultural study of ratings of self, parental, and sibling multiple intelligence in America, Britain, and Japan. Intelligence 2001, 30:101-115.
40. Furnham A., Kidwai A., Thomas C. Personality, psychometric intelligence, and self-estimated intelligence (A. IQ estimated). Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 2001, 16:97-114.
41. Furnham A., Li-Ping Tang T., Lester D., O'Connor R., Montgomery R. Estimates of ten multiple intelligences. Sex and national differences in the perception of oneself and famous people. European Psychologist 2002, 7:245-255.
42. Furnham A., Mkhize N., Mndaweni T. Indian and isiZulu-speaking South African parents' estimates of their own and their children's intelligence. South African. Journal of Psychology 2004, 34:364-385.
43. Furnham A., Moutafi J., Chamorro-Premuzic T. Personality and intelligence: Gender, the big five, self-estimated and psychometric intelligence. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 2005, 13(1):11-24.
44. Furnham A., Neto F. Gender differences in self-rated and partner-rated multiple intelligences. A Portuguese replication. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. 2006, 140:591-602.
45. Furnham A., Petrides K.V. Parental estimates of five types of intelligence. Australian Journal of Psychology 2004, 56:10-17.
46. Furnham A., Rakow T., Mak T. The determinants of parent's beliefs about the intelligence of their children. International Journal of Psychology 2002, 37:343-352.
47. Furnham A., Rakow T., Sarmany-Schuller I., De Fruyt F. European differences in self-perceived multiple intelligences. European Psychologist 1999, 4:131-140.
48. Furnham A., Rawles R. Sex differences in the estimation of intelligence. Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality 1995, 10:741-748.
49. Furnham A., Rawles R. Correlations between self-estimated and psychometrically measured IQ. Journal of Social Psychology 1999, 139:405-410.
50. Furnham A., Reeves E., Budhani S. Parents think their sons are brighter than their daughters: Sex differences in parental self-estimations and estimations of their children's multiple intelligences. Journal of Genetic Psychology 2002, 163:24-39.
51. Furnham A., Shagabutdinova K. Estimating multiple intelligence in self and others: A replication in Russia. International Journal of Psychology 2011.
52. Furnham A., Shahidi S., Baluch B. Sex and culture differences in perceptions of estimated multiple intelligence for self and family - A British-Iranian comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2002, 33:270-285.
53. Furnham A., Thomas C. Parents' gender and personality and estimates of their own and their children's intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences 2004, 37:887-903.
54. Furnham A., Ward C. Sex differences, test experience and the self-estimation of multiple intelligences. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 2001, 30:52-59.
55. Furnham A., Wytykowska A., Petrides K.V. Estimates of multiple intelligences: A study in Poland. European Psychologist 2005, 10:51-59.
56. Gentile B., Grabe S., Dolan-Pascoe B., Twenge J., Wells B., Maitino A. Gender differences in domain-specific self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Review of General Psychology 2009, 13:34-45.
57. Halpern D.F., LeMay M.L. The smarter sex: A critical review of sex differences in intelligence. Educational Psychology Review 2000, 12:229-246.
58. Hamid P.N., Lok D. Gender stereotyping in estimates of intelligence in Chinese students. The Journal of Social Psychology 1995, 135:407-409.
59. Hedges L.V., Becker B.J. Statistical methods in the meta-analysis of research on gender differences. The psychology of gender: Advances through meta-analysis 1986, 14-50. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. J. Hyde, M.C. Linn (Eds.).
60. Hogan H.W. IQ self-estimates of males and females. Journal of Social Psychology 1978, 106:137-138.
61. Hogan H.W. German and American authoritarianism, self-estimated intelligence and value priorities. Journal of Social Psychology 1980, 111:145-146.
62. Holling H., Preckel F. Self-estimates of intelligence - methodological approaches and gender differences. Personality and Individual Differences 2005, 38:503-517.
63. Hyde J.S. How large are cognitive gender differences? A meta-analysis using ?2 and d. American Psychologist 1981, 36:892-901.
64. Hyde J.S. Gender differences in aggression. The psychology of gender: Advances through meta-analysis 1986, 14-50. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. J. Hyde, M.C. Linn (Eds.).
65. Hyde J.S. Half the human experience 2004, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA.
66. Hyde J.S. The gender similarities hypothesis. American Psychologist 2005, 60:581-592.
67. Hyde J.S., Fennema E., Lamon S.J. Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107:139-155.
68. Hyde J.S., Linn M.C. Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1988, 104:53-69.
69. Kirkcaldy B., Noack P., Furnham A., Siefen G. Parental estimates of the intelligence of themselves and their children. European Psychologist 2007, 12:173-180.
70. Kling K., Hyde J., Showers C., Buswell B. Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1999, 125:470-500.
71. Kudrna L., Furnham A., Swami V. The influence of social class salience on self-assessed intelligence. Social Behaviour and Personality 2010, 38:859-864.
72. Lynn R. Sex differences in intelligence and brain size: A paradox resolved. Personality and Individual Differences 1994, 17:257-271.
73. Lynn R. Sex differences in intelligence: Data from a Scottish standardisation sample of the WAIS-R. Personality and Individual Differences 1998, 24:289-290.
74. Lynn R. Sex differences in intelligence and brain size: A developmental theory. Intelligence 1999, 27:1-12.
75. Lynn R., Irwing P. Sex differences in mental arithmetic, digit span, and g defined as working memory capacity. Intelligence 2008, 36:226-235.
76. Maccoby E.E., Jacklin C.N. The psychology of sex differences 1974, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
77. Mackintosh N. IQ and human intelligence 1998, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
78. Marsh H.W. Self-concept theory, measurement and research into practice: The role of self-concept in educational psychology 2007, British Psychological Society, Leicester, UK.
79. Nasser R., Singhal S. How youth in India and Lebanon rate their intelligence. Journal of Social Sciences 2006, 2:93-99.
80. Neto F., Furnham A., da Conceicao Pinto M. Estimating one's own and others' multiple intelligence: A cross-cultural study from East Timor and Portugal. Spanish. Journal of Psychology 2009, 2:518-527.
81. Neto F., Mullett E., Furnham A. Sex differences in self-estimations of lay view about intelligence among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences 2009, 46:541-546.
82. Pajares F., Miller M.D., Johnson M.J. Gender differences in writing self-efficacy beliefs of elementary school students. Journal of Educational Psychology 1999, 91:50-61.
83. Pajares F., Valiante G. Gender differences in writing motivation and achievement of middle school students: A function of gender orientation. Contemporary Educational Psychology 2001, 26:36-381.
84. Perez L., Gonsalez C., Beltran J. Parental estimates of their own and their relatives' intelligence. A Spanish replication. Learning and Individual Differences 2010, 20:669-676.
85. Peterson E.R., Whiteman M.C. "I think I can, I think I can. ": The interrelationships among self-assessed intelligence, self-concept, self-efficacy and the personality trait intellect in university students in Scotland and New Zealand. Personality and Individual Differences 2007, 43:959-968.
86. Petrides K.V., Furnham A., Martin N. Estimates of emotional and psychometric intelligence: Evidence for gender-based stereotypes. Journal of Social Psychology 2004, 144:149-162.
87. Rammstedt B., Rammsayer T. Sex differences in self-estimates of different aspects of intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences 2000, 29:869-880.
88. Rammstedt B., Rammsayer T. Gender differences in self-estimated intelligence in children and early adolescents. German Journal of Educational Psychology 2001, 15:207-217.
89. Rammstedt B., Rammsayer T. Gender differences in self-estimated intelligence and their relation to gender-role orientation. European Journal of Personality 2002, 16(5):369-382.
90. Rammstedt B., Rammsayer T. Self-estimated intelligence: Gender differences, relationship to psychometric intelligence and moderating effects of level of education. European Psychologist 2002, 7:275-284.
91. Reilly J., Mulhern G. Gender difference in self estimated IQ: The need for care in interpreting group data. Personality and Individual Differences 1995, 18:189-192.
92. Spelke E. Sex differences in intrinsic aptitude for mathematics and science?. American Psychologist 2005, 60:950-958.
93. Sternberg R., Conway B., Ketron J., Bernstein M. People's conceptions of intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1981, 41:37-55.
94. Stieger S., Kastner C., Vorachek M., von Stumm S., Chamorro-Premuzic T., Furnham A. Independent effects of personality and sex of self-estimated intelligence: evidence from Austria. Psychological Reports 2010, 107:553-563.
95. Swami V., Furnham A. Self-assessed intelligence: inter-ethnic, rural-urban, and sex differences in Malaysia. Learning and Individual Differences 2010, 20:51-55.
96. Swami V., Furnham A., Kannan K. Estimating self, parental, and partner multiple Intelligences: A replication in Malaysia. Journal of Social Psychology 2006, 146:645-655.
97. Visser B.A., Ashton M.C., Vernon P.A. Beyond g: Putting multiple intelligences theory to the test. Intelligence 2006, 34(5):487-502.
98. Von Stumm S., Chamorro-Premuzic T., Furnham A. Decomposing self-estimates of intelligence: Strcture and sex difference across 12 nations. British Journal of Psychology 2009, 100:429-442.
99. Voyer D., Voyer S., Bryden M.P. Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 117:250-270.
100. Wallentin M. Putative sex differences in verbal abilities and language cortex: A critical review. Brain and Language 2009, 108:175-183.
101. Wigfield A., Eccles J.S., Pintrich P. Development between the ages of 11 and 25. Handbook of Educational Psychology 1996, MacMillan, New York. D. Berliner, R. Calfee (Eds.).
102. Workman L. Self-perception of intelligence in male and female undergraduates in old and new Welsh universities. Psychology Learning and Teaching 2004, 4:22-26.
103. Yousefi F. Estimates of general and emotional intelligence for self and parents in Iran. Psychological Reports 2009, 105:57-68.
104. Yuen M., Furnham A. Sex differences in self-estimation of multiple intelligences among Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. High Ability Studies 2005, 16:187-199.
105. Zhang Y., Gong Y. Self-estimated intelligence and its related factors. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 2001, 9:193-195.