Photovoltaic cells technology: Principles and recent developments

Optical and Quantum Electronics

Volumn 45, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 161-197

  Bahrami, Ali ^a   Mohammadnejad, Shahram ^a   Soleimaninezhad, Saeede ^a  

^a IRAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Antireflection coating; Chalcogenide; III V multijunctions; Organic solar cells; Photovoltaics; Silicon

Indexed keywords

CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS; DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL; MULTI-JUNCTIONS; ORGANIC SOLAR CELL; PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS; PHOTOVOLTAICS; THIN-FILM TECHNOLOGY; UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES;

ANTIREFLECTION COATINGS; CHALCOGENIDES; PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES; SILICON; THIN FILMS;

SILICON SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 84875856504     PISSN: 03068919     EISSN: 1572817X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11082-012-9613-9     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. 4 solar cell. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 20, 6-11 (2012)
2. 2 nanowires made by the "oriented attachment" mechanism. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 14943-14950 (2004)
3. Ahn B.T., Yun J.H., Cha E.S., Park K.C.: Understanding the junction degradation mechanism in CdS/CdTe solar cells using a Cd-deficient CdTe layer. Curr. Appl. Phys. 12, 174-178 (2012)
4. Aiken D.J.: High performance anti-reflection coatings for broadband multi-junction solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 64, 393-404 (2000)
5. l-xAs-GaAs heterojunctions. Sov. Phys. Semicond. 4, 2047-2048 (1971)
6. Alivisatos A.P.: Perspectives on the physical chemistry of semiconductor nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. 100, 13226-13239 (1996)
7. Amano C., Ando K., Yamaguchi M.: The effect of oxygen on the properties of AlGaAs solar cells grown by molecular beam epitaxy. J. Appl. Phys. 63, 2853-2856 (1988)
8. x - Si substrates. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 52, 1055-1060 (2005)
9. Aramoto T., Kumazawa S., Higuchi H., Arita T., Shibutani S., Nishio T., Nakajima J., Tsuji M., Hanafusa A., Hibino T., Omura K., Ohyama H., Murozono M.: 16.0% efficient thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cells. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 (Regular Papers, Short Notes & Review Papers) 36, 6304-6305 (1997)
10. Asgari A., Khalili Kh.: Temperature dependence of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well based high efficiency solar cell. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 3124-3129 (2011)
11. Atwater H.A., Polman A.: Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices. Nat. Mater. 9, 205-213 (2010)
12. Avrutin V., Izyumskaya N., Morkoç H.: Semiconductor solar cells: recent progress in terrestrial applications. Superlattices Microstruct. 49, 337-364 (2011)
13. Aziz W.J., Ramizy A., Ibrahim K., Hassan Z., Oma K.: The effect of anti-reflection coating of porous silicon on solar cells efficiency. Optik 122, 1462-1465 (2011)
14. Basol, B.M., Kapur, V.K., Halani, A.: In: Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE PVSC 893 (1991)
15. Becquerel A.E.: Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumiere solaire au moyen des courants electriques. C. R. Acad. Sci. 9, 145-148 (1839)
16. Bhattacharya P.: Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices, 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, London (1996)
17. Bonnet, D., Rabenhorst, H.: In: Conference Rec. 9th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialist Conference, pp. 129-132, New York (1972)
18. Born M., Wolf E.: Principles of Optics, Chap. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1999)
19. Cabarrocas P.R.I.: Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of amorphous, polymorphous and microcrystalline silicon films. J. Non Cryst. Sol. 31, 266-269 (2000)
20. Cai W., Gong X., Cao Y.: Polymer solar cells: recent development and possible routes for improvement in the performance. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 114-127 (2010)
21. Cai, X., Zeng, S., Li, X., Zhang, J., Lin, S., Lin, A., Zhang, B.: Effect of light intensity and temperature on the performance of GaN-based p-i-n solar cells. In: Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE), pp. 1535-1537 (2011)
22. Campbell, P., Wenham, S.R., Green, M.A.: Light trapping and reflection control with tilted pyramids and grooves. In: Proceedings of the Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 713-716 (1988)
23. Campoy-Quiles M., Ferenczi T., Agostinelli T., Etchegoin P.G., Kim Y., Anthopoulos T.D., Stavrinou P.N., Bradley D.D.C., Nelson J.: Morphology evolution via self-organization and lateral and vertical diffusion in polymer: fullerene solar cell blends. Nat. Mater. 7, 158-164 (2008)
24. Carlson D.E., Wronski C.R.: Amorphous silicon solar cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 28, 671-673 (1976)
25. Chapin D.M., Fuller C.S., Pearson G.L.: A new silicon p-n junction photocell for converting solar radiation into electrical power. J. Appl. Phys. 25, 676-677 (1954)
26. Chattopadhyay S., Huang Y.F., Jen Y.J., Granguly A., Chen K.H., Chen L.C.: Anti-reflecting and photonic nanostructures. Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep. 69, 1-3 (2010)
27. Chen, C.Y., Wang, M., Li, J.Y., Pootrakulchote, N., Alibabaei, L., Ngoc-le, C.H., Decoppet, J.D., Tsai, J.H., Gratzel, C., Wu, C. G., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Gratzel, M.: Highly efficient light-harvesting ruthenium sensitizer for thin-film dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano. 3, 3103-3109 (2009)
28. Chiu M.Y., Jeng U.S., Su C.H., Liang K.S., Wer K.H.: Simultaneous use of small- and wide-angle X-ray techniques to analyze nanometerscale phase separation in polymer heterojunction solar cells. Adv. Mater. 20, 2573-2578 (2008)
29. Cho, J.S., Baek, S., Park, S.H., Park, J.H., Yoo, J., Yoon, K. H.: Effect of nanotextured back reflectors on light trapping in flexible silicon thin-film solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2012. 03.031
30. Chopra K.L., Das S.R.: Thin Film Solar Cells. Plenum Press, New York (1983)
31. Cotter J.E., Guo J.H., Cousins P.J., Abbott M.D., Chen F.W., Fisher K.C.: P-Type versus n-type silicon wafers: prospects for high-efficiency commercial silicon solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 53, 1893-1901 (2006)
32. Cuevas, A., Basore, P., Giroult-Matlakowski, G., Dubois, C.: Surface recombination velocity and energy bandgap narrowing of highly doped N-type silicon. In: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, pp. 337-342 (1995)
33. Cuevas, A., Matlakowski, G.G., Basore, P.A., Dubois, C., King, R. R.: Extraction of the surface recombination velocity of passivated phosphorus-doped silicon emitters. In: Proceedings of the 24th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 1446-1449 (1994)
34. Cuevas, A., Stuckings, M., Lay, J., Petravic, M.: Applications of the quasi-steady-state photoconductance technique. In: Proceedings opf the 14th European Conference Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, pp. 2416-2419 (1997)
35. Dabbousi B.O., Bawendi M.G., Onitsuka O., Rubner M.F.: Electroluminescence from CdSe quantum-dot/polymer composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1316-1318 (1995)
36. Dimroth F.: High-efficiency solar cells from III-V compound semiconductors. Phys. Stat. Sol. (c) 3, 373-379 (2006)
37. Donne A.L., Acciarri M., Gori G., Colletto R., Campesato R., Binetti S.: Optical and electrical characterization of AlGaInP solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 2002-2006 (2010)
38. Epstein L.I.: Design of optical filters. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 42, 806-810 (1952)
39. 2 solar cells. Thin Solid Films 515, 6051-6054 (2007)
40. Fan, J.C.C., Tsaur, B.Y., Palm, B.J.: Optimum design of high efficiency tandem solar cells. In: Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 692-701 (1982)
41. Feng N.N., Michel J., Zeng L., Liu J., Hong C.Y., Kimerling L.C., Duan X.: Design of highly efficient light-trapping structures for thin-film crystalline silicon solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 54, 1926-1933 (2007)
42. Feng Z.C., Lin H.C., Zhao J., Yang T.R., Ferguson I.: Surface and optical properties of AlGaInP films grown on GaAs by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 498, 167-173 (2006)
43. Flores I.C., Neide Freitas J., Longo C., De Paoli M.A., Winnischofer H., Nogueira A.F.: Dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 nanotubes and a solid-state electrolyte. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 189, 153-160 (2007)
44. Flückiger, R., Meier, J., Shah, A.: In: Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE PVSC, p. 839, Louisville, KY (1993)
45. Fonash S.J.: Solar Cell Device Physics, Chap. 7: Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, pp. 295-309. Elsevier, London (2010)
46. Fornari R.: Optimal growth conditions and main features of GaAs single crystals for solar cell technology: a review. Sol. Energy Mater. 11, 361-379 (1985)
47. Friedman D.J.: Progress and challenges for next-generation high-efficiency multijunction solar cells. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 14, 131-138 (2010)
48. Gall S., Becker C., Conrad E., Dogan P., Fenske F., Gorka B., Lee K.Y., Rau B., Ruske F., Rech B.: Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93, 1004-1008 (2009)
49. Gangopadhyay U., Kim K., Mangalaraj D., Yi J.: Low cost CBD ZnS antireflection coating on large area commercial mono-crystalline silicon solar cells. Appl. Surf. Sci. 230, 364-370 (2004)
50. Gilot, J.: Polymer Tandem Solar Cells. PhD Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology (2010)
51. Gorji N.E.: A theoretical approach on the strain-induced dislocation effects in the quantum dot solar cells. Sol. Energy 86, 935-940 (2012)
52. 1-xN/GaN quantum dot intermediate band solar cell. Phys. E 42, 2353-2357 (2010)
53. Gorji N.E., Zandi M.H., Houshmand M., Abrari M., Abaei B.: Concentration effects on the efficiency, thickness and J-V characteristics of the intermediate band solar cells. Phys. E 43, 989-993 (2011)
54. Gorji, N.E., Zandi, M.H., Houshmand, M., Shokri, M.: Transition and recombination rates in intermediate band solar cells. Sci. Iran. Trans. D Comput. Sci. Electr. Eng. (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.scient.2012.02.005
55. Green, M.A.: Clean electricity from photovoltaics. In: Archer, M.D., Hill, R. (eds.) chapter 4: Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Imperial College Press, United Kingdom (2001)
56. Green M.A.: Silicon Solar Cells. Advanced Principles and Practice, Chap. 6, Centre for Photovoltaic Devices and Systems. University of New South Wales, Sydney (1995)
57. Green M.A.: Silicon solar cells: evolution, high-efficiency design and efficiency enhancements. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 8, 1-12 (1993)
58. Green M.A., Blakers A.W., Shi J., Keller E.M., Wenham S.R.: 19.1% efficient silicon solar cell. Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 1163-1164 (1984)
59. Greenham N.C., Poeng X., Alivisatos A.P.: Charge separation and transport in conjugated-polymer/semiconductor-nanocrystal composites studied by photoluminescence quenching and photoconductivity. Phys. Rev. B 54, 17628-17637 (1996)
60. Greenham, N.C., Peng, X., Alivisatos, A.P.: In: McConnell, R. (ed.) Future Generation Photovoltaic Technologies: First NREL Conference. American Institute of Physics, p. 295 (1997)
61. Gudovskikh A.S., Kleider J.P., Kalyuzhnyy N.A., Lantratov V.M., Mintairov S.A.: Band structure at heterojunction interfaces of GaInP solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 1953-1958 (2010)
62. Guha S., Narasimhan K.L., Pietruszko S.M.: On light-induced effect in amorphous hydrogenated silicon. J. Appl. Phys. 52, 859-861 (1981)
63. Guha S., Yang J., Williamson D.L., Lubianiker Y., Cohen J.D., Mahan A.H.: Structural, defect, and device behavior of hydrogenated amorphous Si near and above the onset of microcrystallinity. Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1860-1862 (1999)
64. Guter W., Bett A.W.: I-V characterization of tunnel diodes and multijunction solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 53, 2216-2222 (2006)
65. Guter W., Schone J., Philipps S.P., Steiner M., Siefer G., Wekkeli A., Welser E., Oliva E., Bett A.W., Dimroth F.: Current-matched triple-junction solar cell reaching 41.1% conversion efficiency under concentrated sunlight. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 223504-223506 (2009)
66. Guyot-Sionnest P., Shim M., Matranga C., Hines M.: Intraband relaxation in CdSe quantum dots. Phys. Rev. B 60, R2181-R2184 (1999)
67. Halme J.: Dye-Sensitized Nanostructured and Organic Photovoltaic Cells: Technical Review and Preliminary Tests. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo (2002)
68. Hansel H., Zettl H., Krausch G., Kisselev R., Thelakkat M., Schmidt H.-W.: Optical and electronic contributions in double-heterojunction organic thin-film solar cells. Adv. Mater. 15, 2056-2060 (2003)
69. Harrison P.: Quantum Wells Wires and Dots. Wiley, New York (2000)
70. Hashimoto Y., Kohara N., Negami T., Nishitani N., Wada T.: Chemical bath deposition of Cds buffer layer for GIGS solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 50, 71-77 (1998)
71. Hermann A.M.: Polycrystalline thin-film solar cells - a review. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 55, 75-81 (1998)
72. Hoppe H., Sariciftci N.S.: Polymer solar cells. Adv. Polym. Sci. 214, 1-86 (2008)
73. Hou J., Chen H.Y., Zhang S., Li G., Yang Y.: Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of a low bandgap polymer based on silole-containing polythiophenes and 2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 16144-16145 (2008)
74. Hovel, H.J., Woodall, J.M.: In: Conference Rec. 10th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, p. 25 (1973)
75. 2 sensitized by PbS quantum dots. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 349-351 (1995)
76. Huang R., Ghandhi S.K., Borrego J.M.: Modeling of a GaAs-Ge monolithic tandem solar cell. Sol. Energy Mater. 13, 469-479 (1986)
77. Huynh W.U., Peng X., Alivisatos P.: CdSe nanocrystal rods/poly (3-hexylthiophene) composite photovoltaic devices. Adv. Mater. 11, 923-927 (1999)
78. 2 core-shell nanorod electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 58, 19-24 (2011)
79. 2 nanoparticles. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.mssp.2011.12.004
80. 2 thin-film solar cells beyond 20%. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 19, 894-897 (2011)
81. Jianmin H., Yiyong W., Jingdong X., Dezhuang Y., Zhongwei Z.: Degradation behaviors of electrical properties of GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells under < 200keV proton irradiation. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92, 1652-1656 (2008)
82. Jung S.-M., Kim Y.-H., Kim S.-I., Yoo S.-I.: Design and fabrication of multi-layer antireflection coating for III-V solar cell. Curr. Appl. Phys. 11, 538-541 (2011)
83. Kamei T., Wada T.: ygen impurity doping into ultrapure hydrogenated microcrystalline Si films. J. Appl. Phys. 96, 2087-2090 (2004)
84. Kang J., You J., Kang C., Pak J.J., Kim D.: Investigation of Cu metallization for Si solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 74, 91-96 (2002)
85. Keppner, H., Kroll, U., Torres, P., Meier, J., Fischer, D., Goetz, M., Tscharner, R., Shah, A.: Scope of VHF plasma deposition for thin-film silicon solar cells. In: Proceedings of the 25th IEEE Photovoltaics Specialist Conference, pp. 669-672, Washington, DC (1996)
86. Kessler F., Rudmann D.: Technological aspects of flexible CIGS solar cells and modules. Sol. Energy 77, 685-695 (2004)
87. Kim J.Y., Lee K., Coates N.E., Moses D., Nguyen T.Q., Dante M., Heeger A.J.: Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing. Science 317, 222-225 (2007)
88. King, R.R., Boca, A., Hong, W., Liu, X.Q., Bhusari, D., Larrabee, D., Edmondson, K., Law, D., Fetzer, C.M., Mesropian, S., Karam, N.: Band-gap-engineered architectures for high-efficiency multijunction concentrator solar cells. In: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (EU PVSEC), pp. 21-25, Hamburg, Germany (2009)
89. Klimov V.I., Mikhailovsky A.A., McBranch D.W., Leatherdale C.A., Bawendi M.G.: Mechanisms for intraband energy relaxation in semiconductor quantum dots: the role of electron-hole interactions. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 61, R13349-R13352 (2000)
90. Koo H.J., Park J., Yoo B., Yoo K., Kim K., Park N.G.: Size-dependent scattering efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cell. Inorg. Chim. Acta 361, 677-683 (2008)
91. Kosarian, A., Jelodarian, P.: Numerical evaluation and characterization of single junction solar cell based on thin-film a-Si:H/a-SiGe: H hetero-structure. In: 19th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tehran (2011)
92. Kosyachenko L.A., Grushko E.V., Mathew X.: Quantitative assessment of optical losses in thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 96, 231-237 (2012)
93. Krasnov I.A.: Light scattering by textured transparent electrodes forthin-film silicon solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 1648-1657 (2010)
94. Krebs F.C., Alstrup J., Spanggaard H., Larsen K., Kold E.: Production of large-area polymer solar cells by industrial silk screen printing, lifetime considerations and lamination with polyethyleneterephthalate. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 83, 293-300 (2004)
95. Kuang D., Klein C., Ito S., Moser J.E., Humphry-Baker R., Evans N., Duriaux F., Gratzel C., Zakeeruddin S.M., Gratzel M.: High-efficiency and stable mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells based on a high molar extinction coefficient ruthenium sensitizer and nonvolatile electrolyte. Adv. Mater. 19, 1133-1137 (2007)
96. Kurtz, S., Johnston, S.W., Geisz, J.F., Friedman, D.J., Ptak, A.J.: Effect of nitrogen concentration on the performance of GaInNAs solar cells. In: Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, p. 595. IEEE, New York, FL, USA (2005)
97. Lee D.Y., Lee H.H., Ahn J.Y., Park H.J., Kim J.H., Kwon H.J., Jeong J.W.: A new back surface passivation stack for thin crystalline silicon solar cells with screen-printed back contacts. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 26-29 (2011)
98. Lenzmann F.O., Kroon J.M.: Recent advances in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Optoelectron. 2007, 1-10 (2007)
99. Li G., Shrotriya V., Huang J.S., Yao Y., Moriarty T., Emery K., Yang Y.: High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat. Mater. 4, 864-868 (2005)
100. Lide D.R.: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2006)
101. Lin H., Irfan, Xia W., Wu H.N., Gao Y., Tang C.W.: MoOx back contact for CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells: preparation, device characteristics, and stability. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 99, 349-355 (2012)
102. 1-xN-GaN-Based solar cells with a multiple-quantum-well structure on SiCN-Si (111) substrates. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22, 2015-2017 (2010)
103. Liu D., Kamat P.V.: Photoelectrochemical behavior of thin cadmium selenide and coupled titania/cadmium selenide semiconductor films. J. Phys. Chem. 97, 10769-10773 (1993)
104. Liu, X.Q., Fetzer, C.M., Rehder, E., Cotal, H., Mesropian, S., Law, D., King, R.R.: Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy growth of upright metamorphic multijunction solar cells. J. Cryst. Growth (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro. 2011.10.024
105. Lobato, P.K.: PhD Thesis, University of Bath, October (2007)
106. Loehr J.P., Manasreh M.O.: Semiconductor Quantum Wells and Superlattices for Long-Wavelength Infrared Detectors. Artech House, Boston (1993)
107. Loferski J.: Theoretical considerations governing the choice of the optimum semiconductor for photovoltaic energy conversion. J. Appl. Phys. 27, 777-784 (1956)
108. Lund J., Roge R., Petersen R., Larsen T.: Polymer Solar Cells. The Report of the 4th Semester Project Period on the Nanotechnology Education. Aalborg University, Denmark (2006)
109. Luque A., Hegedus S.: Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering. Wiley, England (2003)
110. Luque A., Marti A.: Electron-phonon energy transfer in hot-carrier solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 287-296 (2010a)
111. Luque A., Marti A.: On the partial filling of the intermediate band in IB solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 57, 1201-1207 (2010b)
112. Mahan A.H., Williamson D.L., Furtak T.E.: Observation of improved structural ordering in low H content. Hot wire deposited a-Si:H. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 467, 657-662 (1997)
113. Marstein, E.S., Solheim, H.J., Wright, D.N., Holt, A.: Acidic texturing of multicrystalline silicon wafers. In: Proceedings of the thirty-first IEEE photovoltaic specialists conference, pp. 1309-1312 (2005)
114. Marti A., Cuadra L., Luque A.: Design constraints of the quantum-dot intermediate band solar cell. Phys. E 14, 150-157 (2002)
115. Marti A., Stanley C.R., Luque A.: Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion, Chap. 17: Intermediate Band Solar Cells (IBSC) Using Nanotechnology, pp. 539-566. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)
116. Martinson A.B.F., Elam J.W., Hupp J.T., Pellin M.J.: ZnO nanotube based dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett. 7, 2183-2187 (2007)
117. Maruyama, E., Terakawa, A., Taguchi, M., Yoshimine, Y., Ide, D., Baba, T., Shima, M., Sakata, H., Tanaka, M.: Sanyo's challenges to the development of high-efficiency hit solar cells and the expansion of hit business. In: Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, pp. 1455-1460. WCEP-4, Hawaii (2006)
118. Matsuda A.: Microcrystalline silicon, growth and device application. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1, 338-340 (2004)
119. Meier J., Flückiger R., Keppner H., Shah A.: Complete microcrystalline p-i-n solar cell - crystalline or amorphous cell behavior?. Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 860-862 (1994)
120. Meier J., Torres P., Platz R., Dubail S., Kroll U., Anna Selvan J.A., Pellaton Vaucher N., Hof Ch., Fischer D., Keppner H., Shah A., Ufert K.D., Giannoulès P., Koehler J.: On the way towards high efficiency thin film silicon solar cells by the "Micromorph" concept. Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Ser. 420, 3 (1996). doi: 10.1557/PROC-420-3
121. Meillaud F., Feltrin A., Despeisse M., Haug F.-J., Domine D., Python M., Soderstrom T., Cuony P., Boccard M., Nicolay S., Ballif C.: Realization of high efficiency micromorph tandem silicon solar cells on glass and plastic substrates: issues and potential. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 127-130 (2011)
122. Merten J., Asensi J.M., Voz C., Shah A.V., Platz R., Andreu J.: Improved equivalent circuit and analytical model for amorphous silicon solar cells and modules. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 45, 423-429 (1998)
123. Middya, A.R., Hamma, S., Hazra, S., Ray, S., Longeaud, C.: Stability and nanostructure of heterogeneous amorphous silicon thin films developed under high chamber pressure (500 to 1800 mTorr) regime of RF PECVD in amorphous and heterogeneous silicon-based films. Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. (2001). doi: 10.1557/PROC-664-A9.5
124. Mishima T., Taguchi M., Sakata H., Maruyama E.: Development status of high-efficiency HIT solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 18-21 (2011)
125. Muhlbacher D., Scharber M., Morana M., Zhu Z., Waller D., Gaudiana R., Brabec C.J.: High photovoltaic performance of a low-bandgap polymer. Adv. Mater. 18, 2884-2889 (2006)
126. Muthmann S., Gordijn A.: Amorphous silicon solar cells deposited with non-constant silane concentration. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 573-578 (2011)
127. 2 based thin film photovoltaics: present status and current developments. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 18, 411-433 (2010)
128. Naghavi N., Renou G., Bockelee V., Donsanti F., Genevee P., Jubault M., Guillemoles J.F., Lincot D.: Chemical deposition methods for Cd-free buffer layers in CI(G)S solar cells: role of windows layers. Thin Solid Films 519, 7600-7605 (2011)
129. Narasimha S., Rohatgi A., Weeber A.: An optimized rapid aluminum back surface field technique for silicon solar cells. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 46, 1363-1370 (1999)
130. Nelson J.: The Physics of Solar Cells (Properties of Semiconductor Materials). Imperial College Press, London (2003)
131. Noh J.H., Lee S.H., Lee S., Jung H.S.: Influence of ZnO seed layers on charge transport in ZnO nanorod-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Electron. Mater. Lett. 4, 71-74 (2008)
132. Nozik A.J.: Quantum dot solar cells. Phys. E 14, 115-120 (2002)
133. Nozik A.J.: Spectroscopy and hot electron relaxation dynamics in semiconductor quantum wells and quantum dots. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52, 193-231 (2001)
134. Ohtsuka H., Sakamoto M., Tsutsui K., Yazawa Y.: Bifacial silicon solar cellswith 21.3% front efficiency add 19.8% rear efficiency. Prog. Photovolt. 8, 385-390 (2000)
135. Olson, J.M., Gessert, T., Al-Jassim, M.: GaInP/GaAs, a current- and lattice-matched tandem cell with a high theoretical effciency. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 552-555, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA (1985)
136. 2 films. Nature 353, 737-740 (1991)
137. Parida B., Iniyan S., Goic R.: A review of solar photovoltaic technologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 1625-1636 (2011)
138. Park Y., Choong V., Gao Y., Hsieh B.R., Tand C.W.: Work function of indium tin oxide transparent conductor measured by photoelectron spectroscopy. Am. Inst. Phys. 68, 2699-2701 (1996)
139. x S/CdS determined from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. P. S. McLeod J. Appl. Phys. 57, 5056-5065 (1985)
140. Pysch D., Bivour M., Hermle M., Glunz S.W.: Amorphous silicon carbide heterojunction solar cells on p-type substrates. Thin Solid Films 519, 2550-2554 (2011)
141. Rancourt J.D.: Optical Thin Films. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Macmillan (1996)
142. Ranjan S., Balaji S., Panella R.A., Ydstie B.E.: Silicon solar cell production. Comput. Chem. Eng. 35, 1439-1453 (2011)
143. Rao T.N., Bahadur L.: Photoelectrochemical studies on dye-sensitized particulate ZnO thin-film photoelectrodes in nonaqueous media. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 179-185 (1997)
144. Romeo, N., Bosio, A., Canevari, V., Zanotti, L.: 7th EC PV Solar Energy Conference, pp. 656-661 (1986)
145. 2 solar cells deposited by spray pyrolysis method. Thin Solid Films 519, 7184-7188 (2011)
146. Saga T.: Advances in crystalline silicon solar cell technology for industrial mass production. NPG Asia Mater. 2, 96-102 (2010)
147. Salbeck, J.: In: Mauch, R.H., Gumlich, H.E. (eds.) Proceedings of the Symposium Inorganic and Organic Electroluminescence (EL 1996), p. 243. Wissenschaft und Technik, Berlin (1996)
148. 4 thin films for solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 101, 147-153 (2012)
149. Sao, C.N.: Dye-sensitized solar cells based on perylene derivatives. PhD Thesis, Uni Kassel (2009)
150. 2 electrode with merocyanine dyes containing a carboxyl group and a long alkyl chain. Chem. Commun. 13, 1173-1174 (2000)
151. Schmidt-Mende L., Bach U., Humphry-Baker R., Horiuchi T., Miura H., Ito S., Uchida S., Gratzel M.: Organic dye for highly efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Mater. 17, 813-815 (2005)
152. Schropp R.E.I.: Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion, Chap. 5: Amorphous (Protocrystalline) and Microcrystalline Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells, pp. 131-166. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)
153. Schropp R.E.I., Rath J.K.: Novel profiled thin-film polycrystalline silicon solar cells on stainless steel substrates. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 46, 2069-2071 (1999)
154. Schropp, R.E.I., Van Veen, M.K., Van der Werf, C.H.M., Williamson, D.L., Mahan, A.H.: Protocrystalline silicon at high rate from undiluted silane. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (2004). doi: 10.1557/PROC-808-A8.4
155. 2 nanostructures with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency. Inorg. Chem. 49, 5453-5459 (2010)
156. Shen Q., Kobayashi J., Diguna L.J., Toyoda T.: Effect of ZnS coating on the photovoltaic properties of CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 103, 084304-084308 (2008)
157. Shockley W., Queisser H.J.: Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p-n junction solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 32, 510-519 (1961)
158. 2S. pp. 167-190. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)
159. Soga T.: Nanostructured Materials for Solar Energy Conversion. Chap. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)
160. Sriprapha K., Piromjit C., Limmanee A., Sritharathikhun J.: Development of thin film amorphous silicon oxide/microcrystalline silicon double-junction solar cells and their temperature dependence. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 115-118 (2011)
161. Sritharathikhun J., Moollakorn A., Kittisontirak S., Limmanee A., Sriprapha K.: High quality hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide film and its application in thin film silicon solar cells. Curr. Appl. Phys. 11, S17-S20 (2011)
162. Staebler D.L., Wronski C.R.: Reversible conductivity changes in discharge-produced amorphous Si. Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 292-294 (1977)
163. -n structural AlGaAs solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 66, 517-524 (2001)
164. Takanezawa K., Tajima K., Hashimoto K.: Efficiency enhancement of polymer photovoltaic devices hybridized with ZnO nanorod arrays by the introduction of a vanadium oxide buffer layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 063308 (2008)
165. Tavakkoli M., Ajeian R., Badrabadi M.N., Ardestani S.S., Feiz S.M.H., Nasab K.E.: Progress in stability of organic solar cells exposed to air. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 1964-1969 (2011)
166. x stacked layers on crystalline silicon. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 100, 169-173 (2012)
167. Thibaut D., Sylvain D.V., Florent S., Djicknoum D., Delfina M., Marie G.F., Jean-Paul K., Pierre-Jean R.: Development of interdigitated back contact silicon heterojunction (IBC Si-HJ) solar cells. Energy Procedia 8, 294-300 (2011)
168. Tommila J., Polojarvi V., Aho A., Tukiainen A., Viheriala J., Salmi J., Schramm A., Kontio J.M., Turtiainen A., Niemi T., Guina M.: Nanostructured broadband antireflection coatings on AlInP fabricated by nanoimprint lithography. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 1845-1848 (2010)
169. Tseng M., Horng R., Tsai Y., Wuu D., Yu H.: Fabrication and characterization of GaAs solar cells on copper substrates. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 30, 940-942 (2009)
170. Tsunomura Y., Yoshimine Y., Taguchi M., Baba T., Kinoshita T., Kanno H., Sakata H., Maruyama E., Tanaka M.: Twenty-two percent efficiency HIT solar cell. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93, 670-673 (2009)
171. Turner G.W.: Detrimental optical properties of germanium intermediate layers in monolithic tandem solar cell structures. Solar Cells 14, 139-148 (1985)
172. Uchida S., Chiba R., Tomiha M., Masaka N., Shirai M.: Application of titania nanotubes to a dye-sensitized solar cell. Electrochemistry 70, 418-420 (2002)
173. Vallat-Sauvain E., Kroll U., Meier J., Shah A., Pohl J.: Evolution of the microstructure in microcrystalline silicon prepared by very high frequency glow-discharge using hydrogen dilution. J. Appl. Phys. 87, 3137-3142 (2000)
174. Veprek S., Marecek V.: The preparation of thin layers of Ge and Si by chemical hydrogen plasma transport. Solid-State Electron. 11, 683-684 (1968)
175. x layers on n-type silicon solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 85, 467-476 (2005)
176. 3 particles as sensitizers for various nanoporous wide-bandgap semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 3183-3188 (1994)
177. Vougioukalakis G.C., Philippopoulos A.I., Stergiopoulos T., Falaras P.: Contributions to the development of ruthenium-based sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Coord. Chem. Rev. 255, 2602-2621 (2011)
178. 2/CdS heterojunction photovoltaic detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 25, 434-435 (1974)
179. Wang, M.C., Chang, T.C., Tsao, S.W., Chen, Y.Z., Hsu, T.C., Jan, D.J., Ai, C.F., Chen, J.R.: Improvement of n+-doped-layer free amorphous silicon thin film solar cells fabricated with CuMg alloy as back contact metal. Solid State Electron (2012). doi: 10.1016/j.sse.2011.12.012
180. 2 photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 Dye-sensitized solar cell. Coord. Chem. Rev. 248, 1381-1389 (2004)
181. Waskasi M.M., Hashemianzadeh S.M., Sarhangi O.M.: Significant enhancement in efficiency of NKX-2807 Coumarin dye by applying external electric field in dye sensitizer solar cell: theoretical study. Comput. Theor. Chem. 978, 33-40 (2011)
182. Wei D.: Dye sensitized solar cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11, 1103-1113 (2010)
183. Weller H.: Quantum sized semiconductor particles in solution and in modified layers. Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 95, 1361-1365 (1991)
184. Wenham, S.R., Robinson, S.J., Dai, X., Zhao, J., Wang, A., Tang, Y.H., Ebong, A., Honsberg, C.B., Green, M.A.: Rear-surface effects in high efficiency silicon solar cells. In: Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 10, pp. 1278-1282. Waikoloa, IEEE Press, Piscataway (1994)
185. Wolf M.: Limitations and possibilities for improvement of photovoltaic solar energy converters. Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. 48, 1246-1263 (1960)
186. Wurfel P.: Physics of Solar Cells (From Principles to New Concepts). Wiley-VCH Verlag Gmbh & Co. KGaA, Weinheim (2005)
187. Xi J., Zhang Q., Park K., Sunb Y., Cao G.: Enhanced power conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells with TiO2 aggregates/nanocrystallites mixed photoelectrodes. Electrochimica Acta 56, 1960-1966 (2011)
188. Yamaguchi M.: Multi-junction solar cells and novel structures for solar cell applications. Phys. E 14, 84-90 (2002)
189. Yamaguchi M.: Radiation-resistant solar cells for space use. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 68, 31-53 (2001)
190. Yamaguchi M., Nishimura K., Sasaki T., Suzuki H., Arafune K., Kojima N., Ohsita Y., Okada Y., Yamamoto A., Takamoto T., Araki K.: Novel materials for high-efficiency III-V multi-junction solar cells. Sol. Energy 82, 173-180 (2008)
191. Yamaguchi M., Takamoto T., Araki K., Ekins-Daukes N.: Multi-junction III-V solar cells: current status and future potential. Sol. Energy 79, 78-85 (2005)
192. Yang J., Banerjee A., Guha S.: Amorphous silicon based photovoltaics - from earth to the "final frontier". Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 78, 597-612 (2003)
193. Yang J., Banerjee A., Guha S.: Triple-junction amorphous silicon alloy solar cell with 14.6% initial and 13.0% stable conversion efficiencies. Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 2975-2977 (1997)
194. 2 spheres. J. Power Sour. 182, 370-376 (2008a)
195. Yang S.M., Huang C.H., Zhai J., Wang Z.S., Jiang L., Mater J.: High photostability and quantum yield of nanoporous TiO2 thin film electrodes co-sensitized with capped sulfides. J. Mater. Chem. 12, 1459-1464 (2002)
196. Yang W.J., Ma Z.Q., Tang X., Feng C.B., Zhao W.G., Shi P.P.: Internal quantum efficiency for solar cells. Sol. Energy 82, 106-110 (2008b)
197. Yang Z., Chang H.T.: CdHgTe and CdTe quantum dot solar cells displaying an energy conversion efficiency exceeding 2%. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94, 2046-2051 (2010)
198. Yu G., Gao J., Hummelen J.C., Wudl F., Heeger A.J.: Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions. Science 270, 1789-1791 (1995)
199. 2 electrodes with InP quantum dots. Langmuir 14, 3153-3156 (1998)
200. Zdanowicz T., Rodziewicz T., Zabkowska-Waclawek M.: Theoretical analysis of the optimum energy band gap of semiconductors for fabrication of solar cells for applications in higher latitudes locations. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 87, 757-769 (2005)
201. Zhang Q., Chou T.P., Russo B., Jenekhe S.A., Cao G.: Polydisperse aggregates of ZnO nanocrystallites: a method for energy-conversion-efficiency enhancement in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 1654-1660 (2008a)
202. Zhang Q., Chou T.P., Russo B., Jenekhe S.A., Cao G.Z.: Aggregation of ZnO nanocrystallites for high conversion efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 2402-2406 (2008b)
203. Zhao J., Wang A., Altermatt P., Green M.A.: 24% efficient silicon solar cells with double layer antireflection coatings and reduced resistance loss. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 3636-3638 (1995)
204. Zhao J., Wang A., Green M.A.: High-efficiency PERL and PERT silicon solar cells on FZ and MCZ substrates. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 65, 429-435 (2001)
205. Zhao Y., Wang J., Hu Q., Li D.: Crystallization of sputtered amorphous silicon induced by silver-copper alloy with high crystalline volume ratio. J. Cryst. Growth 312, 3599-3602 (2010)
206. Zhou Q.M., Hou Q., Zheng L., Deng X., Yu D., Cao Y.: Fluorene-based low band-gap copolymers for high performance photovoltaic devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1653-1655 (2004)