Semiconductor solar cells: Recent progress in terrestrial applications

Superlattices and Microstructures

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 337-364

  Avrutin, V ^a   Izyumskaya, N ^a   Morko, H ^a  

^a Virginia Commonwealth University   (United States)

Author keywords

Amorphous Si; CdTe; Cu(InGa)Se; IIIVs; Photovoltaics; Semiconductors; Si; Solar cells

Indexed keywords

AMORPHOUS SI; CDTE; CU(INGA)SE; IIIVS; PHOTOVOLTAICS; SEMICONDUCTORS; SI;

AMORPHOUS FILMS; AMORPHOUS SILICON; CADMIUM; CADMIUM ALLOYS; CADMIUM COMPOUNDS; CADMIUM TELLURIDE; COMMERCE; COMPETITION; CONVERSION EFFICIENCY; COST REDUCTION; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ELECTRIC GENERATORS; ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLIES TO APPARATUS; ELECTRICITY; FOSSIL FUELS; INDIUM; MICROELECTRONICS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; POLYSILICON; SEMICONDUCTING SELENIUM COMPOUNDS; SEMICONDUCTING SILICON COMPOUNDS; SEMICONDUCTOR GROWTH; SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS; SILICON SOLAR CELLS; SOLAR CELLS; SOLAR POWER GENERATION; SPACE APPLICATIONS;

SILICON WAFERS;

EID: 79953243770     PISSN: 07496036     EISSN: 10963677     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.spmi.2010.12.011     Document Type: Review

References (167)

1. A.K. Hyder, R.L. Wiley, G. Halpert, D.J. Flood, and S. Sabripour Spacecraft Power Technologies 1st ed. 2000 Imperial College Press London
2. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solarprogrammypp2008-2012.pdf.
3. The First Solar, Inc. website: http://www.firstsolar.com/companyoverview. php.
4. The Solarbuzz website at: www.solarbuzz.com monitors up-to-date worldwide PV market.
5. M.A. Green Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology and Systems Applications 1992 Prentice-Hall
6. S.M. Sze Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology second ed. 2004 Wiley
7. L.L. Kazmerski J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 150 2006 105 135
8. J.J. Loferski J. Appl. Phys. 27 1956 777 784
9. L.D. Partain, Solar Cells and their Applications 1995 Wiley
10. W. Shockley, and H.J. Queisser J. Appl. Phys. 32 1961 510 519
11. R.W. Miles, G. Zoppi, and I. Forbes Mater. Today 10 2007 20 27
12. March 2009 Issue of Photon International.
13. S.W. Glunz Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 90 2006 3276 3284
14. M.A. Green, A.W. Blakers, S.R. Wenham, S. Narayanan, M.R. Willison, M. Taouk, T. Szpitalak, in: Conf. Record, 18th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., IEEE Publ. No. 85NC2208-7, Las Vegas, 1985, pp. 3942.
15. S.R. Wenham, M.A. Green, Buried contact solar cell, Australia Patent 570309, 1985.
16. S.R. Wenham, and M.A. Green Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 4 1995 3 33
17. T.M. Bruton, N.B. Mason, S. Roberts, O. Nast-Hartley, S. Gleidhill, J. Fernandez, R. Russell, G. Willeke, W. Warta, S.W. Glunz, in: Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, WCPEC'03, vol. 1, Osaka, Japan, May 2003, pp. 899902.
18. M.A. Green, S.R. Wehman, C.B. Honsberg, and D. Hogg Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 34 1994 83 89
19. K. Kawamoto, T. Nakai, T. Baba, M. Taguchi, H. Sakata, S. Tsuge, K. Uchihashi, M. Tanaka, S. Kiyama, in: Technical Digest of the International PVSEC-12, Jeju, Korea, 2001, p. 289.
20. E. Maruyama, A. Terakawa, M. Taguchi, Y. Yoshimine, D. Ide, T. Baba, M. Shima, H. Sakata, M. Tanaka, in: Proceedings of the 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, WCEP-4, Hawaii, May 2006, pp. 14551460.
21. D.L. Meier, M.R. Page, E. Iwaniczko, Y. Xu, Q. Wang, H.M. Branz, in: Proceedings of the 17th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules, Vail, CO, USA, 2007, pp. 214217.
22. J. Zhao, A. Wang, M.A. Green, and F. Ferrazza Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 1998 1991 1993
23. J.P. Kalejs, A.A. Menna, and R.W. Stormont J. Cryst. Growth 104 1990 14 19
24. J.I. Hanoka Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 65 2001 231 237
25. S. Binetti, J. Libal, M. Acciarri, M. Di Sabatino, H. Nordmark, E.J. Øvrelid, J.C. Walmsley, and R. Holmestad Mater. Sci. Eng. B 159160 2009 274 279
26. S. Pizzini Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 2010 1528 1533
27. M. Fathi, A. Mefoued, A. Messaoud, and Y. Boukennous Physics Procedia 2 2009 751 757
28. R.M. Margolis, Presented at NCPV Solar Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, 2003.
29. D. Ginley, M.A. Green, and R. Collins MRS Bull. 33 2008 355 364
30. M.A. Green Third Generation Photovoltaics 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin
31. G.F. Brown, and J.Q. Wu Laser Photon. Rev. 3 2009 394 405
32. Y. Hamakawa, Thin-Film Solar Cells: Next Generation Photovoltaics and its Applications 2004 Springer Berlin
33. C.R. Wronski, and D.E. Carlson M.D. Archer, R. Hill, Clean Electricity from Photovoltaics 2001 Imperial College Press 199 236
34. Y. Kuwano, T. Imai, M. Onishi, S. Nakano, and T. Fukatsu Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 19 1980 137 141
35. A.H. Mahan, J. Carapella, B.P. Nelson, R.S. Crandall, and I. Balberg J. Appl. Phys. 69 1991 6728 6730
36. K. Ishibashi Thin Solid Films 395 2001 55 60
37. R.I.E. Schropp Thin Solid Films 451452 2004 455 465
38. D.L. Staebler, and C.R. Wronski Appl. Phys. Lett. 31 1977 292 294
39. A. Matsuda J. Non-Cryst. Solids 338340 2004 1 12
40. S. Guha, K.L. Narasimhan, and S.M. Pietruszko J. Appl. Phys. 52 1981 859 861
41. R.J. Koval, J. Koh, Z. Lu, L. Jiao, R.W. Collins, and C.R. Wronski Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 1999 1553 1555
42. R.E.I. Schropp, R. Carius, and G. Beaucarne MRS Bull. 32 2007 219 224
43. C.R. Wronski, B. von Roedern, and A. Kolodziej Vacuum 82 2008 1145 1150
44. N.J. Podraza, J. Li, C.R. Wronski, E.C. Dickey, and R.W. Collins J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 27 2009 1255 1259
45. S. Mukhopadhyay, R. Goswami, and S. Ray Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 674 679
46. J.H. Kwak, S.W. Kwon, S. Il Park, and K.S. Lim Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 2008 1067 1070
47. S. Benagli, D. Borrello, E. Vallat-Sauvain, J. Meier, U. Kroll, J. Hoetzel, et al. High-efficiency amorphous silicon devices on LPCVD-ZNO TCO prepared in industrial KAI-M R & D reactor, in: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg, September 2009.
48. A.G. Aberle Thin Solid Films 517 2009 4706 4710
49. P. Lechner, and H. Schade Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 10 2002 85 97
50. Y. Tawada, H. Yamagishi, and K. Yamamoto Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 78 2003 647 662
51. K. Yamamoto, M. Yoshimi, Y. Tawada, S. Fukuda, T. Sawada, T. Meguro, H. Takata, T. Suezaki, Y. Koi, K. Hayashi, T. Suzuki, M. Ichikawa, and A. Nakajima Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 74 2002 449 455
52. Y. Hamakawa, Y. Tawada, K. Nishimura, K. Tsuge, M. Kondo, K. Fujimoto, S. Nonomura, H. Okamoto, in: Conference Record of the 16th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1982, pp. 679684.
53. J. Yang, A. Banerjee, and S. Guha Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 1997 2975 2977
54. B. Yan, G. Yue, J.M. Owens, J. Yang, S. Guha, in: Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, vol. 2, Waikoloa, HI, 2006, pp. 14811484.
55. H. Takakura Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 31 1992 2394 2399
56. S. Guha, J. Yang, A. Pawlikiewicz, T. Glatfelter, R. Ross, and S. Ovshinsky Appl. Phys. Lett. 54 1989 2330 2332
57. J. Zimmer, H. Stiebig, and H. Wagner J. Appl. Phys. 84 1998 611 617
58. M.A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, and W. Warta Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 17 2009 85 94
59. O. Vetterl, F. Finger, R. Carius, P. Hapke, L. Houben, O. Kluth, A. Lambertz, A. Mck, B. Rech, and H. Wagner Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 62 2000 97 108
60. G. Lucovsky, C. Wang, R.J. Nemanich, and M.J. Williams Sol. Cells 30 1991 419 434
61. M. Faraji, S. Gokhale, S.M. Choudhari, M.G. Takwale, and S.V. Ghaisas Appl. Phys. Lett. 60 1992 3289 3291
62. J. Meier, R. Flckiger, H. Keppner, and A. Shah Appl. Phys. Lett. 65 1994 860 862
63. B. Yan, G. Yue, J. Yang, S. Guha, D.L. Williamson, D. Han, and C.S. Jiang Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 2004 1955 1957
64. A. Gordijn, J.K. Rath, and R.E.I. Schropp Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 14 2006 305 311
65. O. Vetterl, F. Finger, R. Carius, P. Hapke, L. Houben, O. Kluth, A. Lambertz, A. Mck, B. Rech, and H. Wagner Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 62 2000 97 108
66. M. Kondo, and A. Matsuda Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 6 2002 445 453
67. B. Rech, T. Roschek, J. Mller, S. Wieder, and H. Wagner Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 66 2001 267 273
68. M. Fukawa, S. Suzuki, L. Guo, M. Kondo, and A. Matsuda Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 66 2001 217 223
69. Y. Mai, S. Klein, R. Carius, J. Wolff, A. Lambertz, F. Finger, and X. Geng J. Appl. Phys. 97 2005 114913
70. K. Saito, M. Sano, K. Ogawa, and I. Kajita J. Non-Cryst. Solids 164166 1993 689 692
71. S. Klein, F. Finger, R. Carius, and M. Stutzmann J. Appl. Phys. 98 2005 024905
72. Y. Mai, S. Klein, J. Wolff, A. Lambertz, X. Geng, F. Finger, in: Proceedings of the 19th EUPVSEC, Paris, France, 2004, p. 1399.
73. Y. Mai, S. Klein, R. Carius, H. Stiebig, X. Geng, and F. Finger Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 2005 073503
74. A. Shah, M. Vanecek, J. Meier, F. Meillaud, J. Guillet, D. Fischer, C. Droz, X. Niquille, S. Fay, E. Vallat-Sauvain, V. Terrazzoni-Daudrix, and J. Bailat J. Non-Cryst. Solids 338340 2004 639 645
75. J. Meier, S. Dubail, R. Flckiger, D. Fischer, H. Keppner, and A. Shah Proceedings of the 1st World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 1994 IEEE New York pp. 409412
76. F. Meillaud, A. Feltrin, D. Domine, P. Buehlmann, M. Python, G. Bugnon, A. Billet, G. Parascandolo, J. Bailat, S. Fay, N. Wyrsch, C. Ballif, and A. Shah Phil. Mag. 89 2009 2599 2621
77. D. Fischer, S. Dubail, J.A.A. Selvan, N. Pellaton Vaucher, R. Platz, Ch. Hof, U. Kroll, J. Meier, P. Torres, H. Keppner, N. Wyrsch, M. Goetz, A. Shah, K.D. Ufert, in: Proceedings of the 25th IEEE PVSEC, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 10531056.
78. S.Y. Myong, K. Sriprapha, S. Miyajima, and M. Konagai Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 2007 263509
79. K. Yamamoto, A. Nakajima, M. Yoshimi, T. Sawada, S. Fukuda, T. Suezaki, M. Ichikawa, Y. Koi, M. Goto, T. Meguro, T. Matsuda, M. Kondo, T. Sasaki, and Y. Tawada Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 13 2005 489 494
80. D. Domine', P. Buehlmann, J. Bailat, A. Billet, A. Feltrin, C. Ballif, in: Proceedings of the 23rd EUPVSEC, Valencia, Spain, 2008, pp. 13051310.
81. S. Fa, J. Steinhauser, S. Nicolay, and C. Ballif Thin Solid Films 518 2010 2961 2966
82. L. Castens, J. Bailat, S. Benagli, J. Htzel, D. Borello, J. Steinhauser, B. Dehbozorgi, J. Spitznagel, Y. Djeridane, P.-A. Madliger, G. Monteduro, M. Marmelo, G. Androutsopoulos, E. Vallat-Sauvain, U. Kroll, and J. Meier Energy Procedia 2 2010 35 39
83. http://www.oerlikon.com/ecomaXL/index.php?site=SOLARENpressreleases
84. T. Sderstrm, F.-J. Haug, V. Terrazzoni-Daudrix, and C. Ballif J. Appl. Phys. 107 2010 014507
85. http://www.pv.kaneka.co.jp/
86. http://www.pv.kaneka.co.jp/pressrelease/091201.html
87. A.K. Ghosh, C. Fishman, and T. Feng J. Appl. Phys. 50 1979 3454 3458
88. T. Matsuyama, N. Terada, T. Baba, T. Sawada, S. Tsuge, K. Wakisaka, and S. Tsuda J. Non-Cryst. Solids 198200 1996 940 944
89. J.J. Ji, Z. Shi, US Patent 6420647, 2002.
90. M.A. Green Appl. Phys. A 96 2009 153 159
91. M.J. Keevers, T.L. Young, U. Schubert, M.A. Green, in: Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Milan, 2007, WIP, Munich, 2007, pp. 17831790.
92. M.A. Green, P.A. Basore, N. Chang, D. Clugston, R. Egan, R. Evans, D. Hogg, S. Jarnason, M. Keevers, P. Lasswell, J. O'Sullivan, U. Schubert, A. Turner, S.R. Wenham, and T. Young Sol. Energy 77 2004 857 863
93. P.P. Altermatt, and G. Heiser J. Appl. Phys. 91 2002 4271 4274
94. J. Wong, J.L. Huang, B. Eggleston, M.A. Green, O. Kunz, R. Evans, M. Keevers, and R.J. Egan J. Appl. Phys. 107 2010 123705
95. L. Carnel, I. Gordon, D. Van Gestel, G. Beaucarne, J. Poortmans, and A. Stesmans J. Appl. Phys. 100 2006 063702
96. F. Liu, K.M. Jones, Y. Xu, W. Nemeth, J. Lohr, J. Neilson, M.J. Romero, M.M. Al-Jassim, and D.L. Young Adv. Mater. 21 2009 3002 3006
97. B. Rau, T. Weber, B. Gorka, P. Dogan, F. Fenske, K.Y. Lee, S. Gall, and B. Rech Mater. Sci. Eng. B 159160 2009 329 332
98. S. Gall, C. Becker, K.Y. Lee, T. Sontheimer, and B. Rech J. Cryst. Growth 312 2010 1277 1281
99. O. Nast, T. Puzzer, L.M. Koschier, A.B. Sproul, and S.R. Wenham Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 1998 3214 3216
100. C. Becker, E. Conrad, P. Dogan, F. Fenske, B. Gorka, T. Haenel, K.Y. Lee, B. Rau, F. Ruske, T. Weber, M. Berginski, J. Huepkes, S. Gall, and B. Rech Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 2009 855 858
101. P. Dogan, E. Rudigier, F. Fenske, K.Y. Lee, B. Gorka, B. Rau, E. Conrad, and S. Gall Thin Solid Films 516 2008 6989 6993
102. A. Luque, S. Hegedus, Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering 2003 Wiley UK
103. M.A. Green, K. Emery, D.L. King, Y. Hisikawa, and W. Warta Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 14 2006 45 51
104. X.Z. Wu Sol. Energy 77 2004 803 814
105. M. Powalla, and D. Bonnet Adv. Optoelectron. 2007 2007 10.1155/2007/97545 Article ID 97545, 6 pages
106. http://www.firstsolar.com/companyoverview.php
107. J.D. Beach, and B.E. McCandless MRS Bull. 32 2007 225 229
108. D. Bonnet, H. Rabenhorst, in: Proceedings of the 9th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Silver Springs, Florida, 1972, pp. 129131.
109. X. Wu, J.C. Keane, R.G. Dhere, C. DeHart, A. Duda, T.A. Gessert, S. Asher, D.H. Levi, in: Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, 2001, pp. 9951000.
110. G.C. Morris, and R. Vanderveen Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 26 1992 217 228
111. T.L. Chu, and S.S. Chu Solid-State Electron. 38 1995 533 549
112. H.R. Moutinho, M.M. Al-Jassim, D.H. Levi, P.C. Pippo, and L.L. Kazmerski J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 1998 1251 1257
113. G. Zoppi, K. Durose, S.J.C. Irvine, and V. Barrioz Semicond. Sci. Technol. 21 2006 763 770
114. D.G. Jensen, B.E. McCandless, and R.W. Birkmire Book Series: MRS Symposium Proceedings vol. 426 1996 pp. 325330
115. A. Romeo, S. Buecheler, M. Giarola, G. Mariotto, A.N. Tiwari, N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and S. Mazzamuto Thin Solid Films 517 2009 2132 2135
116. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and A. Romeo Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 2010 2 7
117. K.L. Chopra, P.D. Paulson, and V. Dutta Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 12 2004 69 92
118. X. Wu, J. Zhou, A. Duda, Y. Yan, G. Teeter, S. Asher, W.K. Metzger, S. Demtsu, S.H. Wie, and R. Noufi Thin Solid Films 515 2007 5798 5803
119. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, V. Canevari, and A. Podest Sol. Energy 77 2004 795 801
120. L.A. Kosyachenko, and E.V. Grushko Semiconductors 44 2010 1375 1382
121. J.E. Phillips, R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, P.V. Meyers, and W.N. Shafarman Phys. Status Solidi (B) 194 1996 31 39
122. M.A. Contreras, B. Egaas, K. Ramanathan, J. Hiltner, A. Swartzlander, F. Hasoon, and R. Noufi Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 7 1999 311 316
123. Q. Chen, G.G. Zeng, H.J. Song, J.G. Zheng, and L.H. Feng J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Electron. 20 2009 661 665
124. K. Ramanathan, M.A. Contreras, C.L. Perkins, S. Asher, F.S. Hasoon, J. Keane, D. Young, M. Romero, W. Metzger, R. Noufi, J. Ward, and A. Duda Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 11 2003 225 230
125. C. Persson, Y.-J. Zhao, S. Lany, and A. Zunger Phys. Rev. B 72 2005 035211
126. M.A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, and W. Warta Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 17 2009 85 94
127. M.E. Nell, and A.M. Barnett IEEE Trans. Electron Devices ED34 1987 257 266
128. http://www.miasole.com
129. http://www.avancis.de
130. D.W. Niles, K. Ramanathan, F. Hasoon, R. Noufi, B.J. Tielsch, and J.E. Fulghum J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 15 1997 3044 3049
131. J.E. Granata, J.R. Sites, in: Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion, Vienna, 1998, pp. 604607.
132. A. Romeo, M. Terheggen, D. Abou-Ras, D.L. Batzner, F.J. Haug, M. Kalin, D. Rudmann, and A.N. Tiwari Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 12 2004 93 111
133. D. Rudmann, D. Bremaud, A.F. da Gunha, G. Bilger, A. Strohm, M. Kaelin, H. Zogg, and A.N. Tiwari Thin Solid Films 481 2005 55 60
134. D. Rudmann, A.F. da Gunha, M. Kaelin, F. Kurdesau, H. Zogg, A.N. Tiwari, and G. Bilger Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 2004 1129 1131
135. S. Siebentritt Sol. Energy 77 2004 767 775
136. T. Minemoto, T. Negami, S. Nishiwaki, H. Takakura, and Y. Hamakawa Thin Solid Films 372 2000 173 176
137. C.J. Hibberd, E. Chassaing, W. Liu, D.B. Mitzi, D. Lincot, and A.N. Tiwari Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 18 2010 434 452
138. D. Lincot, J.F. Guillemoles, S. Taunier, D. Guimard, J. Siex-Kurdi, A. Chaumont, O. Roussel, O. Ramdani, C. Hubert, J.P. Fauvarque, N. Bodereau, L. Parissi, P. Panheleux, P. Fanouillere, N. Naghavi, P.P. Grand, M. Benfarah, P. Mogensen, and O. Kerrec Sol. Energy 77 2004 725 737
139. M. Kemell, M. Ritala, and M. Leskela Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 30 2005 1 31
140. E. Calixto, P.J. Sebastian, and A.M. Fernandez J. Cryst. Growth 169 1996 287 292
141. M. Basol, M. Pinarbasi, S. Aksu, J. Freitag, P. Gonzalez, T. Johnson, Y. Matus, B. Metin, M. Narasimhan, D. Nayak, G. Norsworthy, D. Soltz, J. Wang, T. Wang, H. Zolla, in: Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, New York, 2009, pp. 712.
142. M. Kaelin, H. Zogg, A.N. Tiwari, O. Wilhelm, S.E. Pratsinis, T. Meyer, and A. Meyer Thin Solid Films 457 2004 391 397
143. Q. Guo, S.J. Kim, M. Kar, W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, E.A. Stach, R. Agrawal, and H.W. Hillhouse Nano Lett. 8 2008 2982 2987
144. C. Camus, N.A. Allsop, S.E. Gledhill, W. Bohne, J. Roehrich, I. Lauermann, M.C. Lux-Stainer, and C.-H. Fischer Thin Solid Films 516 2008 7026 7030
145. D.B. Mitzi Adv. Mater. 21 2009 3141 3158
146. B.A. Andersson Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 13 2000 61 76
147. P. Wurfel Physica E 14 2002 18 26
148. R.M. Swanson Prog. Photovolt., Res. Appl. 8 2000 93 111
149. C. Algora A. Mart, A. Luque, Next Generation Photovoltaics, High Efficiency Through Full Spectrum Utilization 2003 Institute of Physics Bristol, Philadelphia 123
150. L.M. Fraas, J.E. Avery, V.S. Sundaram, V.T. Dinh, T.M. Davenport, J.W. Yerkes, J.M. Gee, and K.A. Emery Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference-Kissimmee 1990 IEEE New York pp. 190195
151. M.W. Wanlass, J.S. Ward, K.A. Emery, T.A. Gessert, C.R. Osterwa, and T.J. Coutts Sol. Cells 30 1991 363 371
152. T. Takamoto, T. Agui, K. Kamimura, M. Kaneiwa, in: Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Energy Conversion, vol. 1, Osaka, Japan, 2003, pp. 581586.
153. J.F. Geisz, D.J. Friedman, J.S. Ward, A. Duda, W.J. Olavarria, T.E. Moriarty, J.T. Kiehl, M.J. Romero, A.G. Norman, and K.M. Jones Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 2008 123505
154. R.R. King, D.C. Law, K.M. Edmondson, C.M. Fetzer, G.S. Kinsey, H. Yoon, R.A. Sherif, and N.H. Karam Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 2007 183516
155. W. Guter, J. Schone, S.P. Philipps, M. Steiner, G. Siefer, A. Wekkeli, E. Welser, E. Oliva, A.W. Bett, and F. Dimroth Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 2009 223504
156. P. Chiu, S. Wojtczuk, X. Zhang, D. Derkacs, C. Harris, D. Pulver, and M. Timmons Proceedings of the SPIEThe International Society for Optical Engineering vol. 7769 2010 776909 776917
157. F. Dimroth, and S. Kurtz MRS Bull. 32 2007 230 235
158. R.R. King, D.C. Law, C.M. Fetzer, R.A. Sherif, K.M. Edmondson, S. Kurtz, G.S. Kinsey, H.L. Cotal, D.D. Krut, J.H. Ermer, N.H. Karam, in: Proceedings of the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain, June 2005, pp. 118123.
159. R.R. King, A. Boca, W. Hong, X.-Q. Liu, D. Bhusari, D. Larrabee, K.M. Edmondson, D.C. Law, C.M. Fetzer, S. Mesropian, N.H. Karam, Band-gap-engineered architectures for high-efficiency multijunction concentrator solar cells, Presented at the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Hamburg, Germany, 2125 September 2009.
160. F. Dimroth Phys. Status Solidi (C) 3 2006 373 379
161. M. Kondow, K. Uomi, A. Niwa, T. Kitatani, S. Watahiki, and Y. Yazawa Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 35 1996 1273 1275
162. J.F. Geisz, D.J. Friedman, J.M. Olson, S.R. Kurtz, and B.M. Keyes J. Cryst. Growth 195 1998 401 408
163. S.R. Kurtz, A.A. Allerman, E.D. Jones, J.M. Gee, J.J. Banas, and B.E. Hammons Appl. Phys. Lett. 74 1999 729 731
164. J.F. Geisz, A.X. Levander, A.G. Norman, K.M. Jones, and M.J. Romero J. Cryst. Growth 310 2008 2339 2344
165. S.P. Ahrenkiel, M.W. Wanlass, J.J. Carapella, L.M. Gedvilas, B.M. Keyes, R.K. Ahrenkiel, and H.R. Moutinho J. Electron. Mater. 33 2004 185 193
166. J.F. Geisz, S. Kurtz, M.W. Wanlass, J.S. Ward, A. Duda, D.J. Friedman, J.M. Olson, W.E. McMahon, T.E. Moriarty, and J.T. Kiehl Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 2007 023502
167. T. Takamoto, K. Sasaki, T. Agui, H. Juso, A. Yoshida, and K. Nakaido SHARP Tech. J. 100 2010 1 21