Targeting chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases: An extensive review

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 133, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 1-18

  Koelink, Pim J ^a   Overbeek, Saskia A ^a   Braber, Saskia ^a   De Kruijf, Petra ^b   Folkerts, Gert ^a   Smit, Martine J ^b   Kraneveld, Aletta D ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Chemokine receptors; Chemokines; Immune cells; Inflammation; Migration

Indexed keywords

1,5 ANHYDRO 2,3 DIDEOXY 3 [[3 [[7,8 DIHYDRO 3 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL) 1,6 NAPHTHYRIDIN 6(5H) YL]CARBONYL] 3 ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTYL]AMINO] 4 O METHYLPENTITOL; 4 [(4 BROMOPHENYL)(ETHOXYIMINO)METHYL] 1' [(2,4 DIMETHYL 3 PYRIDINYL)CARBONYL] 4' METHYL 1,4' BIPIPERIDINE; AZD 5672; CHEMOKINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR1 ANTAGONIST; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR2 ANTAGONIST; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CCR5 ANTAGONIST; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2 ANTAGONIST; CP 481715; GSK 1325756; GSK 1344386B; METHOTREXATE; MLN 3897; N [2 [[1 [4 (1,3 BENZODIOXOL 5 YL) 4 HYDROXYCYCLOHEXYL] 4 ETHOXY 3 PYRROLIDINYL]AMINO] 2 OXOETHYL] 3 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZAMIDE; N [4 [[[6,7 DIHYDRO 2 (4 METHYLPHENYL) 5H BENZOCYCLOHEPTEN 8 YL]CARBONYL]AMINO]BENZYL] N,N DIMETHYL 2H TETRAHYDROPYRAN 4 AMINIUM CHLORIDE; P8A MCP 1; RITUXIMAB; SCH 331125; SCH 563705; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ARTHRITIS; ASTHMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG TARGETING; ENTERITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; RECEPTOR INTRINSIC ACTIVITY; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SINGLE DRUG DOSE;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CHEMOKINES; CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; LUNG DISEASES; PSORIASIS; RECEPTORS, CHEMOKINE;

EID: 83555164893     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: 1879016X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.008     Document Type: Review

References (289)

1. R.J. Aiello, B.D. Perry, P.A. Bourassa, A. Robertson, W. Weng, and D.R. Knight CCR2 receptor blockade alters blood monocyte subpopulations but does not affect atherosclerotic lesions in apoE(-/-) mice Atherosclerosis 208 2 2010 370 375
2. M.N. Ajuebor, and M.G. Swain Role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in the gastrointestinal tract Immunology 105 2 2002 137 143
3. S.J. Allen, S.E. Crown, and T.M. Handel Chemokine: receptor structure, interactions, and antagonism Annu Rev Immunol 25 2007 787 820
4. C. Alt, M. Laschinger, and B. Engelhardt Functional expression of the lymphoid chemokines CCL19 (ELC) and CCL 21 (SLC) at the blood-brain barrier suggests their involvement in G-protein-dependent lymphocyte recruitment into the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Eur J Immunol 32 8 2002 2133 2144
5. M.A. Alzoghaibi, I.A. Al-Mofleh, and A.M. Al-Jebreen Neutrophil chemokines GCP-2 and GRO-alpha in patients with inflammatory bowel disease J Dig Dis 9 3 2008 144 148
6. M. Amat, C.F. Benjamim, L.M. Williams, N. Prats, E. Terricabra, and J. Beleta Pharamacological blockade of CCR1 ameliorates murine arthritis and alters cytokine networks in vivo Br J Pharmacol 149 2006 666 675
7. E. Ambrosini, and F. Aloisi Chemokines and glial cells: a complex network in the central nervous system Neurochem Res 29 5 2004 1017 1038
8. P.G. Andres, P.L. Beck, E. Mizoguchi, A. Mizoguchi, A.K. Bhan, and T. Dawson Mice with a selective deletion of the CC chemokine receptors 5 or 2 are protected from dextran sodium sulfate-mediated colitis: lack of CC chemokine receptor 5 expression results in a NK1.1+ lymphocyte-associated Th2-type immune response in the intestine J Immunol 164 12 2000 6303 6312
9. J. Apostolopoulos, P. Davenport, and P.G. Tipping Interleukin-8 production by macrophages from atheromatous plaques Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16 8 1996 1007 1012
10. K.E. Balashov, J.B. Rottman, H.L. Weiner, and W.W. Hancock CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 12 1999 6873 6878
11. G. Bamias, K. Sugawara, C. Pagnini, and F. Cominelli The Th1 immune pathway as a therapeutic target in crohn's disease Curr Opin Investig Drugs 4 11 2003 1279 1286
12. C. Banks, A. Bateman, R. Payne, P. Johnson, and N. Sheron Chemokine expression in IBD. Mucosal chemokine expression is unselectively increased in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease J Pathol 199 1 2003 28 35
13. P.J. Barnes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Engl J Med 343 4 2000 269 280
14. P.J. Barnes Mechanisms in COPD: differences from asthma Chest 117 2 Suppl. 2000 10S 14S
15. P.J. Barnes Mediators of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pharmacol Rev 56 4 2004 515 548
16. P.J. Barnes Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nat Rev Immunol 8 3 2008 183 192
17. P.J. Barnes, S.D. Shapiro, and R.A. Pauwels Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: molecular and cellular mechanisms Eur Respir J 22 4 2003 672 688
18. H. Bartosik-Psujek, and Z. Stelmasiak The levels of chemokines CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL5 in multiple sclerosis patients are linked to the activity of the disease Eur J Neurol 12 1 2005 49 54
19. A.F. Bento, D.F. Leite, R.F. Claudino, D.B. Hara, P.C. Leal, and J.B. Calixto The selective nonpeptide CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 ameliorates acute experimental colitis in mice J Leukoc Biol 84 4 2008 1213 1221
20. B. Bielecki, A. Mazurek, P. Wolinski, and A. Glabinski Treatment of multiple sclerosis with methylprednisolone and mitoxantrone modulates the expression of CXC chemokine receptors in PBMC J Clin Immunol 28 2 2008 122 130
21. S.C. Bischoff, G. Sellge, A. Lorentz, W. Sebald, R. Raab, and M.P. Manns IL-4 enhances proliferation and mediator release in mature human mast cells Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 14 1999 8080 8085
22. C. Bizzarri, A.R. Beccari, R. Bertini, M.R. Cavicchia, S. Giorgini, and M. Allegretti ELR+ CXC chemokines and their receptors (CXC chemokine receptor 1 and CXC chemokine receptor 2) as new therapeutic targets Pharmacol Ther 112 1 2006 139 149
23. W.H. Boehncke, S. Wortmann, R. Kaufmann, V. Mielke, and W. Sterry A subset of macrophages located along the basement membrane ("lining cells") is a characteristic histopathological feature of psoriasis Am J Dermatopathol 17 2 1995 139 144
24. W.A. Boisvert, D.M. Rose, K.A. Johnson, M.E. Fuentes, S.A. Lira, and L.K. Curtiss Up-regulated expression of the CXCR2 ligand KC/GRO-alpha in atherosclerotic lesions plays a central role in macrophage accumulation and lesion progression Am J Pathol 168 4 2006 1385 1395
25. W.A. Boisvert, R. Santiago, L.K. Curtiss, and R.A. Terkeltaub A leukocyte homologue of the IL-8 receptor CXCR-2 mediates the accumulation of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions of LDL receptor-deficient mice J Clin Invest 101 2 1998 353 363
26. G. Booth, P. Newham, R. Barlow, S. Raines, B. Zheng, and S. Han Gene expression profiles at different stages of collagen-induced arthritis Autoimmunity 41 7 2008 512 521
27. L. Boring, J. Gosling, M. Cleary, and I.F. Charo Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis Nature 394 6696 1998 894 897
28. G. Bouma, and W. Strober The immunological and genetic basis of inflammatory bowel disease Nat Rev Immunol 3 7 2003 521 533
29. J. Bousquet, P.K. Jeffery, W.W. Busse, M. Johnson, and A.M. Vignola Asthma. From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 5 2000 1720 1745
30. L.A. Boven, L. Montagne, H.S. Nottet, and C.J. De Groot Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and RANTES mRNA semiquantification and protein expression in active demyelinating multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions Clin Exp Immunol 122 2 2000 257 263
31. S. Braber, P.J. Koelink, P.A. Henricks, P.L. Jackson, F.P. Nijkamp, and J. Garssen Cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema in mice is associated with prolyl endopeptidase, an enzyme involved in collagen breakdown Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 300 2 2011 L255 L265
32. Braber, S., Overbeek, S. A., Koelink, P. J., Henricks, P. A., Zaman, G. J., Garssen, J., et al. (in press). CXCR2 antagonists block the N-ac-PGP-induced neutrophil influx in the airways of mice, but not the production of the chemokine CXCL1. Eur J Pharmacol.
33. K.R. Bracke, A.I. D'hulst, T. Maes, I.K. Demedts, K.B. Moerloose, and W.A. Kuziel Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation, but not airway remodelliing is attenuated in chemokine receptor 5-deficient mice Clin Exp Allergy 37 2007 1467 1479
34. P. Bradding, A.F. Walls, and S.T. Holgate The role of the mast cell in the pathophysiology of asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 117 6 2006 1277 1284
35. V. Braunersreuther, F. Mach, and S. Steffens The specific role of chemokines in atherosclerosis Thromb Haemost 97 5 2007 714 721
36. V. Braunersreuther, A. Zernecke, C. Arnaud, E.A. Liehn, S. Steffens, and E. Shagdarsuren Ccr5 but not Ccr1 deficiency reduces development of diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 2 2007 373 379
37. U.M. Breland, A.E. Michelsen, M. Skjelland, L. Folkersen, K. Krohg-Sorensen, and D. Russell Raised MCP-4 levels in symptomatic carotid atherosclerosis: an inflammatory link between platelet and monocyte activation Cardiovasc Res 86 2 2010 265 273
38. J.L. Breslow Mouse models of atherosclerosis Science 272 5262 1996 685 688
39. C.E. Brightling, A.J. Ammit, D. Kaur, J.L. Black, A.J. Wardlaw, and J.M. Hughes The CXCL10/CXCR3 axis mediates human lung mast cell migration to asthmatic airway smooth muscle Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 10 2005 1103 1108
40. C.E. Brightling, D. Kaur, P. Berger, A.J. Morgan, A.J. Wardlaw, and P. Bradding Differential expression of CCR3 and CXCR3 by human lung and bone marrow-derived mast cells: implications for tissue mast cell migration J Leukoc Biol 77 5 2005 759 766
41. C.M. Brodmerkel, R. Huber, M. Covington, S. Diamond, L. Hall, and R. Collins Discovery and pharmacological characterization of a novel rodent-active CCR2 antagonist, INCB3344 J Immunol 175 8 2005 5370 5378
42. P. Buanne, E. Di Carlo, L. Caputi, L. Brandolini, M. Mosca, and F. Cattani Crucial pathophysiological role of CXCR2 in experimental ulcerative colitis in mice J Leukoc Biol 82 5 2007 1239 1246
43. C.D. Buckley Michael Mason Prize Essay 2003. Why do leucocytes accumulate within chronically inflamed joints? Rheumatology 42 12 2003 1433 1444
44. J.M. Burns, B.C. Summers, Y. Wang, A. Melikian, R. Berahovich, and Z. Miao A novel chemokine receptor for SDF-1 and I-TAC involved in cell survival, cell adhesion, and tumor development J Exp Med 203 9 2006 2201 2213
45. F.R. Byrne, A. Winters, D. Brankow, S. Hu, T. Juan, and S. Steavenson An antibody to IP-10 is a potent antagonist of cell migration in vitro and in vivo and does not affect disease in several animal models of inflammation Autoimmunity 42 3 2009 171 182
46. E.M. Campbell, I.F. Charo, S.L. Kunkel, R.M. Strieter, L. Boring, and J. Gosling Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mediates cockroach allergen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity in normal but not CCR2-/- mice: the role of mast cells J Immunol 163 4 1999 2160 2167
47. F. Chamian, and J.G. Krueger Psoriasis vulgaris: an interplay of T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and inflammatory cytokines in pathogenesis Curr Opin Rheumatol 16 4 2004 331 337
48. I.F. Charo, and R.M. Ransohoff The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation N Engl J Med 354 6 2006 610 621
49. S.C. Chen, M. de Groot, D. Kinsley, M. Laverty, T. McClanahan, and M. Arreaza Expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3 by lymphocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in human psoriatic lesions Arch Dermatol Res 302 2 2010 113 123
50. L. Chen, L. Guo, J. Tian, H. He, E. Marinova, and P. Zhang Overexpression of CXC chemokine ligand 14 exacerbates collagen-induced arthritis J Immunol 184 8 2010 4455 4459
51. S.W. Chensue, N.W. Lukacs, T.Y. Yang, X. Shang, K.A. Frait, and S.L. Kunkel Aberrant in vivo T helper type 2 cell response and impaired eosinophil recruitment in CC chemokine receptor 8 knockout mice J Exp Med 193 5 2001 573 584
52. S.H. Chung, K. Seki, B.I. Choi, K.B. Kimura, A. Ito, and N. Fujikado CXC chemokine receptor 4 expressed in T cells plays an important role in the development of collagen-induced arthritis Arthritis Res Ther 12 5 2010 R188
53. C. Combadiere, S. Potteaux, J.L. Gao, B. Esposito, S. Casanova, and E.J. Lee Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in CX3CR1/apolipoprotein E double knockout mice Circulation 107 7 2003 1009 1016
54. C. Costa, R. Rufino, S.L. Traves, E. Lapa, J.R. Silva, and P.J. Barnes CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokines in induced sputum from patients with COPD Chest 133 1 2008 26 33
55. C.M. Costantino, C. Baecher-Allan, and D.A. Hafler Multiple sclerosis and regulatory T cells J Clin Immunol 28 6 2008 697 706
56. S. Danese, and A. Gasbarrini Chemokines in inflammatory bowel disease J Clin Pathol 58 10 2005 1025 1027
57. W.I. de Boer, J.K. Sont, A. van Schadewijk, J. Stolk, J.H. van Krieken, and P.S. Hiemstra Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin 8, and chronic airways inflammation in COPD J Pathol 190 5 2000 619 626
58. M. de Groot, M.B. Teunissen, J.P. Ortonne, J.R. Lambert, J.M. Naeyaert, and D.I. Picavet Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in psoriasis and results of a randomized placebo controlled trial with a CCR5 inhibitor Arch Dermatol Res 299 7 2007 305 313
59. P. de Kruijf, J. van Heteren, H.D. Lim, P.G. Conti, M.M. van der Lee, and L. Bosch Nonpeptidergic allosteric antagonists differentially bind to the CXCR2 chemokine receptor J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329 2 2009 783 790
60. B. Deleuran, P. Lemche, M. Kristensen, C.Q. Chu, M. Field, and J. Jensen Localisation of interleukin 8 in the synovial membrane, cartilage-pannus junction and chondrocytes in rheumatoid arthritis Scand J Rheumatol 23 1 1994 2 7
61. M.C. Dieu, B. Vanbervliet, A. Vicari, J.M. Bridon, E. Oldham, and S. Ait-Yahia Selective recruitment of immature and mature dendritic cells by distinct chemokines expressed in different anatomic sites J Exp Med 188 2 1998 373 386
62. M.C. Dieu-Nosjean, C. Massacrier, B. Homey, B. Vanbervliet, J.J. Pin, and A. Vicari Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha is expressed at inflamed epithelial surfaces and is the most potent chemokine known in attracting langerhans cell precursors J Exp Med 192 5 2000 705 718
63. L.E. Donnelly, and P.J. Barnes Chemokine receptors as therapeutic targets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 10 2006 546 553
64. I. Dotan, L. Werner, S. Vigodman, S. Weiss, E. Brazowski, and N. Maharshak CXCL12 is a constitutive and inflammatory chemokine in the intestinal immune system Inflamm Bowel Dis 16 4 2010 583 592
65. H. Endo, T. Akahoshi, K. Takagishi, S. Kashiwazaki, and K. Matsushima Elevation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in joint fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the induction by IL-8 of leukocyte infiltration and synovitis in rabbit joints Lymphokine Cytokine Res 10 4 1991 245 252
66. S.M. Farooq, R. Stillie, M. Svensson, C. Svanborg, R.M. Strieter, and A.W. Stadnyk Therapeutic effect of blocking CXCR2 on neutrophil recruitment and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis J Pharmacol Exp Ther 329 1 2009 123 129
67. + T cell accumulation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J Immunol 166 12 2001 7617 7624
68. G. Folkerts, A.D. Kraneveld, and F.P. Nijkamp New endogenous CXC chemokine ligands as potential targets in lung emphysema Trends Pharmacol Sci 29 4 2008 181 185
69. R. Foronjy, and J. D'Armiento The role of collagenase in emphysema Respir Res 2 6 2001 348 352
70. K. Fujimoto, M. Yasuo, K. Urushibata, M. Hanaoka, T. Koizumi, and K. Kubo Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 25 4 2005 640 646
71. S.J. Galli, J. Kalesnikoff, M.A. Grimbaldeston, A.M. Piliponsky, C.M. Williams, and M. Tsai Mast cells as "tunable" effector and immunoregulatory cells: recent advances Annu Rev Immunol 23 2005 749 786
72. A.A. Gaspari Innate and adaptive immunity and the pathophysiology of psoriasis J Am Acad Dermatol 54 3 Suppl. 2 2006 S67 S80
73. D.M. Gerlag, S. Hollis, M. Layton, J. Vencovsky, Z. Szekanecz, and M. Braddock Preclinical and clinical investigation of a CCR5 antagonist, AZD5672, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate Arthritis Rheum 62 11 2010 3154 3160
74. J. Gilbert, J. Lekstrom-Himes, D. Donaldson, Y. Lee, M. Hu, and J. Xu Effect of CC chemokine receptor 2 CCR2 blockade on serum C-reactive protein in individuals at atherosclerotic risk and with a single nucleotide polymorphism of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promoter region Am J Cardiol 107 6 2011 906 911
75. M.L. Giustizieri, F. Mascia, A. Frezzolini, O. De Pita, L.M. Chinni, and A. Giannetti Keratinocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis show a distinct chemokine production profile in response to T cell-derived cytokines J Allergy Clin Immunol 107 5 2001 871 877
76. A.R. Glabinski, M. Tani, V.K. Tuohy, and R.M. Ransohoff Murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a model of immune-mediated inflammation and multiple sclerosis Methods Enzymol 288 1997 182 190
77. R.P. Gladue, S.H. Zwillich, A.T. Clucas, and M.F. Brown CCR1 antagonists for the treatment of autoimmune diseases Curr Opin Investig Drugs 5 5 2004 499 504
78. C.K. Glass, and J.L. Witztum Atherosclerosis. The road ahead Cell 104 4 2001 503 516
79. J.H. Gong, L.G. Ratkay, J.D. Waterfield, and I. Clark-Lewis An antagonist of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) inhibits arthritis in the MRL-lpr mouse model J Exp Med 186 1 1997 131 137
80. D.R. Greaves, T. Hakkinen, A.D. Lucas, K. Liddiard, E. Jones, and C.M. Quinn Linked chromosome 16q13 chemokines, macrophage-derived chemokine, fractalkine, and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 6 2001 923 929
81. L. Gu, Y. Okada, S.K. Clinton, C. Gerard, G.K. Sukhova, and P. Libby Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduces atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice Mol Cell 2 2 1998 275 281
82. S. Guerra Overlap of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Curr Opin Pulm Med 11 1 2005 7 13
83. T.M. Handel, Z. Johnson, D.H. Rodrigues, A.C. Dos Santos, R. Cirillo, and V. Muzio An engineered monomer of CCL2 has anti-inflammatory properties emphasizing the importance of oligomerization for chemokine activity in vivo J Leukoc Biol 84 4 2008 1101 1108
84. G.K. Hansson, and P. Libby The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword Nat Rev Immunol 6 7 2006 508 519
85. G.K. Hansson, A.K. Robertson, and C. Soderberg-Naucler Inflammation and atherosclerosis Annu Rev Pathol 1 2006 297 329
86. A. Harada, N. Sekido, T. Akahoshi, T. Wada, N. Mukaida, and K. Matsushima Essential involvement of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in acute inflammation J Leukoc Biol 56 5 1994 559 564
87. J.J. Haringman, D.M. Gerlag, T.J. Smeets, D. Baeten, F. van den Bosch, and B. Bresnihan A randomized controlled trial with an anti-CCL2 (anti-monocyte chemotactic protein 1) monoclonal antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 54 8 2006 2387 2392
88. J.J. Haringman, T.J. Smeets, P. Reinders-Blankert, and P.P. Tak Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and reactive arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 65 3 2006 294 300
89. E.G. Harper, C. Guo, H. Rizzo, J.V. Lillis, S.E. Kurtz, and I. Skorcheva Th17 cytokines stimulate CCL20 expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo: implications for psoriasis pathogenesis J Invest Dermatol 129 9 2009 2175 2183
90. D. Hartl, B. Koller, A.T. Mehlhorn, D. Reinhardt, T. Nicolai, and D.J. Schendel Quantitative and functional impairment of pulmonary CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells in pediatric asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 119 5 2007 1258 1266
91. D. Hartl, S. Krauss-Etschmann, B. Koller, P.L. Hordijk, T.W. Kuijpers, and F. Hoffmann Infiltrated neutrophils acquire novel chemokine receptor expression and chemokine responsiveness in chronic inflammatory lung diseases J Immunol 181 11 2008 8053 8067
92. M.N. Hedrick, A.S. Lonsdorf, A.K. Shirakawa, C.C. Richard Lee, F. Liao, and S.P. Singh CCR6 is required for IL-23-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice J Clin Invest 119 8 2009 2317 2329
93. C.M. Hogaboam, K.J. Carpenter, J.M. Schuh, A.A. Proudfoot, G. Bridger, and K.F. Buckland The therapeutic potential in targeting CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors in infectious and allergic pulmonary disease Pharmacol Ther 107 3 2005 314 328
94. O. Holz, S. Khalilieh, A. Ludwig-Sengpiel, H. Watz, P. Stryszak, and P. Soni SCH527123, a novel CXCR2 antagonist, inhibits ozone-induced neutrophilia in healthy subjects Eur Respir J 35 3 2010 564 570
95. B. Homey, H. Alenius, A. Muller, H. Soto, E.P. Bowman, and W. Yuan CCL27-CCR10 interactions regulate T cell-mediated skin inflammation Nat Med 8 2 2002 157 165
96. B. Homey, M.C. Dieu-Nosjean, A. Wiesenborn, C. Massacrier, J.J. Pin, and E. Oldham Up-regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha/CCL20 and CC chemokine receptor 6 in psoriasis J Immunol 164 12 2000 6621 6632
97. B. Homey, and S. Meller Chemokines and other mediators as therapeutic targets in psoriasis vulgaris Clin Dermatol 26 5 2008 539 545
98. R. Horuk Chemokine receptors Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 12 4 2001 313 335
99. R. Horuk Chemokine receptor antagonists: overcoming developmental hurdles Nat Rev Drug Discov 8 1 2009 23 33
100. D.R. Huang, J. Wang, P. Kivisakk, B.J. Rollins, and R.M. Ransohoff Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in mice leads to decreased local macrophage recruitment and antigen-specific T helper cell type 1 immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J Exp Med 193 6 2001 713 726
101. M. Humbert, G. Menz, S. Ying, C.J. Corrigan, D.S. Robinson, and S.R. Durham The immunopathology of extrinsic (atopic) and intrinsic (non-atopic) asthma: more similarities than differences Immunol Today 20 11 1999 528 533
102. IUIS/WHO Subcommittee on Chemokine Nomenclature Chemokine/chemokine receptor nomenclature Cytokine 21 1 2003 48 49
103. T. Iwamoto, H. Okamoto, Y. Toyama, and S. Momohara Molecular aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: chemokines in the joints of patients FEBS J 275 18 2008 4448 4455
104. L. Izikson, R.S. Klein, I.F. Charo, H.L. Weiner, and A.D. Luster Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice lacking the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2 J Exp Med 192 7 2000 1075 1080
105. R.S. Izzo, K. Witkon, A.I. Chen, C. Hadjiyane, M.I. Weinstein, and C. Pellecchia Neutrophil-activating peptide (interleukin-8) in colonic mucosa from patients with crohn's disease Scand J Gastroenterol 28 4 1993 296 300
106. J.P. Jacobs, A. Ortiz-Lopze, J.J. Campbel, C.J. Gerard, D. Mathis, and C. Benoist Deficiency of CXCR at, but not other chemoki9ne receptors, attenuates autoantibody-mediated arthritis in a murine model Arthritis Rheum 62 7 2010 1921 1932
107. C.P. Jones, S.C. Pitchford, C.M. Lloyd, and S.M. Rankin CXCR2 mediates the recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells during allergic airways remodeling Stem Cells 27 2009 3074 3081
108. M. Juremalm, M. Hjertson, N. Olsson, I. Harvima, K. Nilsson, and G. Nilsson The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is expressed within the mast cell lineage and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha acts as a mast cell chemotaxin Eur J Immunol 30 12 2000 3614 3622
109. W.J. Karpus, N.W. Lukacs, B.L. McRae, R.M. Strieter, S.L. Kunkel, and S.D. Miller An important role for the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in the pathogenesis of the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J Immunol 155 10 1995 5003 5010
110. A. Kaser, O. Ludwiczek, S. Holzmann, A.R. Moschen, G. Weiss, and B. Enrich Increased expression of CCL20 in human inflammatory bowel disease J Clin Immunol 24 1 2004 74 85
111. K. Katchar, C.P. Kelly, S. Keates, M.J. O'brien, and A.C. Keates MIP-3alpha neutralizing monoclonal antibody protects against TNBS-induced colonic injury and inflammation in mice Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292 5 2007 G1263 G1271
112. A.B. Kay Allergy and allergic diseases. first of two parts N Engl J Med 344 1 2001 30 37
113. V.M. Keatings, P.D. Collins, D.M. Scott, and P.J. Barnes Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 2 1996 530 534
114. S.G. Kelsen, M.O. Aksoy, Y. Yang, S. Shahabuddin, J. Litvin, and F. Safadi The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its splice variant are expressed in human airway epithelial cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287 3 2004 L584 L591
115. A.E. Kerstetter, D.A. Padovani-Claudio, L. Bai, and R.H. Miller Inhibition of CXCR2 signaling promotes recovery in models of multiple sclerosis Exp Neurol 220 1 2009 44 56
116. S. Keshav, D. Johnson, T. Schall, and P. Bekker Chemokine receptor Antagonist CCX282-B (Traficet-En™) Maintained Remission in Crohn's Disease in PROTECT-1 Study Digestive Disease Week, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, May 1-5 2010 Abstract #647 2010
117. C.H. Kim, L. Rott, E.J. Kunkel, M.C. Genovese, D.P. Andrew, and L. Wu Rules of chemokine receptor association with T cell polarization in vivo J Clin Invest 108 9 2001 1331 1339
118. K. Kitamura, J.M. Farber, and B.L. Kelsall CCR6 marks regulatory T cells as a colon-tropic, IL-10-producing phenotype J Immunol 185 6 2010 3295 3304
119. A. Kitani, and L. Xu Regulatory T cells and the induction of IL-17 Mucosal Immunol 1 Suppl. 1 2008 S43 S46
120. R.S. Klein, L. Izikson, T. Means, H.D. Gibson, E. Lin, and R.A. Sobel IFN-inducible protein 10/CXC chemokine ligand 10-independent induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J Immunol 172 1 2004 550 559
121. T. Kobayashi, S. Okamoto, Y. Iwakami, A. Nakazawa, T. Hisamatsu, and H. Chinen Exclusive increase of CX3CR1+CD28-CD4+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease and their recruitment as intraepithelial lymphocytes Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 7 2007 837 846
122. A.E. Koch Chemokines and their receptors in rheumatoid arthritis: future targets? Arthritis Rheum 52 3 2005 710 721
123. A.E. Koch, S.L. Kunkel, L.A. Harlow, B. Johnson, H.L. Evanoff, and G.K. Haines Enhanced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in rheumatoid arthritis J Clin Invest 90 3 1992 772 779
124. Y. Kochi, Y. Okada, A. Suzuki, K. Ikari, C. Terao, and A. Takahashi A regulatory variant in CCR6 is associated with rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility Nat Genet 42 6 2010 515 519
125. C. Koenecke, and R. Forster CCR9 and inflammatory bowel disease Expert Opin Ther Targets 13 3 2009 297 306
126. R.R. Koenen, P. von Hundelshausen, I.V. Nesmelova, A. Zernecke, E.A. Liehn, and A. Sarabi Disrupting functional interactions between platelet chemokines inhibits atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice Nat Med 15 1 2009 97 103
127. F.I. Kostadinova, T. Baba, Y. Ishida, T. Kondo, B.K. Popivanova, and N. Mukaida Crucial involvement of the CX3CR1-CX3CL1 axis in dextran sulfate sodium-mediated acute colitis in mice J Leukoc Biol 88 1 2010 133 143
128. M.C. Kraan, D.D. Patel, J.J. Haringman, M.D. Smith, H. Weedon, and M.J. Ahern The development of clinical signs of rheumatoid synovial inflammation is associated with increased synthesis of the chemokine CXCL8 (interleukin-8) Arthritis Res 3 1 2001 65 71
129. W.P. Kuan, L.S. Tam, C.K. Wong, F.W. Ko, T. Li, and T. Zhu CXCL 9 and CXCL 10 as sensitive markers of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 37 2 2010 257 264 (9)
130. R. Kulke, E. Bornscheuer, C. Schluter, J. Bartels, J. Rowert, and M. Sticherling The CXC receptor 2 is overexpressed in psoriatic epidermis J Invest Dermatol 110 1 1998 90 94
131. J.H. Kwon, S. Keates, L. Bassani, L.F. Mayer, and A.C. Keates Colonic epithelial cells are a major site of macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP-3alpha) production in normal colon and inflammatory bowel disease Gut 51 6 2002 818 826
132. L. Lakatos Immunology of inflammatory bowel diseases Acta Physiol Hung 87 4 2000 355 372
133. H. Lassmann Mechanisms of demyelination and tissue destruction in multiple sclerosis Clin Neurol Neurosurg 104 3 2002 168 171
134. P. Lesnik, C.A. Haskell, and I.F. Charo Decreased atherosclerosis in CX3CR1-/- mice reveals a role for fractalkine in atherogenesis J Clin Invest 111 3 2003 333 340
135. W. Lew, A.M. Bowcock, and J.G. Krueger Psoriasis vulgaris: cutaneous lymphoid tissue supports T-cell activation and "type 1" inflammatory gene expression Trends Immunol 25 6 2004 295 305
136. Y.Y. Li, T.M. Zollner, and M.P. Schon Targeting leukocyte recruitment in the treatment of psoriasis Clin Dermatol 26 5 2008 527 538
137. M. Liang, C. Mallari, M. Rosser, H.P. Ng, K. May, and S. Monahan Identification and characterization of a potent, selective, and orally active antagonist of the CC chemokine receptor-1 J Biol Chem 275 25 2000 19000 19008
138. F. Liao, R.L. Rabin, C.S. Smith, G. Sharma, T.B. Nutman, and J.M. Farber CC-chemokine receptor 6 is expressed on diverse memory subsets of T cells and determines responsiveness to macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha J Immunol 162 1 1999 186 194
139. P. Libby Inflammation in atherosclerosis Nature 420 6917 2002 868 874
140. P. Libby Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms Am J Clin Nutr 83 2 2006 456S 460S
141. G. Lisignoli, C. Manferdini, K. Codeluppi, A. Piacentini, F. Grassi, and L. Cattini CCL20/CCR6 chemokine/receptor expression in bone tissue from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis patients: different response of osteoblasts in the two groups J Cell Physiol 221 1 2009 154 160
142. L. Liu, A. Belkadi, L. Darnall, T. Hu, C. Drescher, and A.C. Cotleur CXCR2-positive neutrophils are essential for cuprizone-induced demyelination: relevance to multiple sclerosis Nat Neurosci 13 3 2010 319 326 10.1038/nn.2491
143. L. Liu, L. Darnall, T. Hu, K. Choi, T.E. Lane, and R.M. Ransohoff Myelin repair is accelerated by inactivating CXCR2 on nonhematopoietic cells J Neurosci 30 27 2010 9074 9083
144. L. Liu, D. Huang, M. Matsui, T.T. He, T. Hu, and J. Demartino Severe disease, unaltered leukocyte migration, and reduced IFN-gamma production in CXCR3-/- mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis J Immunol 176 7 2006 4399 4409
145. C.M. Lloyd, and S.M. Rankin Chemokines in allergic airway disease Curr Opin Pharmacol 3 4 2003 443 448
146. R.S. Lopez-Diego, and H.L. Weiner Novel therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis-a multifaceted adversary Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 11 2008 909 925
147. M.A. Lowes, A.M. Bowcock, and J.G. Krueger Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis Nature 445 7130 2007 866 873
148. D. Ludolph-Hauser, C. Schubert, and O. Wiedow Structural changes of human epidermis induced by human leukocyte-derived proteases Exp Dermatol 8 1 1999 46 52
149. N.W. Lukacs, A. Berlin, D. Schols, R.T. Skerlj, and G.J. Bridger AMD3100, a CxCR4 antagonist, attenuates allergic lung inflammation and airway hyperreactivity Am J Pathol 160 4 2002 1353 1360
150. A.D. Luster Chemokines-chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation N Engl J Med 338 7 1998 436 445
151. S.A. Luther, and J.G. Cyster Chemokines as regulators of T cell differentiation Nat Immunol 2 2 2001 102 107
152. F. Mach, A. Sauty, A.S. Iarossi, G.K. Sukhova, K. Neote, and P. Libby Differential expression of three T lymphocyte-activating CXC chemokines by human atheroma-associated cells J Clin Invest 104 8 1999 1041 1050 10.1172/JCI6993
153. D.J. Mahad, J. Lawry, S.J. Howell, and M.N. Woodroofe Longitudinal study of chemokine receptor expression on peripheral lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: CXCR3 upregulation is associated with relapse Mult Scler 9 2 2003 189 198
154. Y.R. Mahida, M. Ceska, F. Effenberger, L. Kurlak, I. Lindley, and C.J. Hawkey Enhanced synthesis of neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin-8 in active ulcerative colitis Clin Sci 82 3 1992 273 275
155. M. Matsui, J. Weaver, A.E. Proudfoot, J.R. Wujek, T. Wei, and E. Richer Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with the chemokine receptor antagonist met-RANTES J Neuroimmunol 128 1-2 2002 16 22
156. S. Matsuzawa, K. Sakashita, T. Kinoshita, S. Ito, T. Yamashita, and K. Koike IL-9 enhances the growth of human mast cell progenitors under stimulation with stem cell factor J Immunol 170 7 2003 3461 3467
157. C. Matute, and F. Perez-Cerda Multiple sclerosis: novel perspectives on newly forming lesions Trends Neurosci 28 4 2005 173 175
158. L. Mayere, W.J. Sandborn, Y. Stepanov, J. Maccarone, X. Tao, and L.A. Lu A randomized placebo-controlled trial of MDX-1100, an anti-IP-10 antibody, for moderately-to-severely active ulcerative colitis Digestive Disease Week, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, May 1-5 2010 Abstract #711a 2010
159. L. Mazzucchelli, C. Hauser, K. Zgraggen, H. Wagner, M. Hess, and J.A. Laissue Expression of interleukin-8 gene in inflammatory bowel disease is related to the histological grade of active inflammation Am J Pathol 144 5 1994 997 1007
160. C. McManus, J.W. Berman, F.M. Brett, H. Staunton, M. Farrell, and C.F. Brosnan MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study J Neuroimmunol 86 1 1998 20 29
161. Meyer Dos Santos, S., Klinkhardt, U., Scholich, K., Nelson, K., Monsefi, N., Deckmyn, H., et al. (in press). The CX3C chemokine fractalkine mediates platelet adhesion via the von Willebrand receptor glycoprotein ib (GPIb). Blood.
162. S. Mikami, H. Nakase, S. Yamamoto, Y. Takeda, T. Yoshino, and K. Kasahara Blockade of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis ameliorates murine experimental colitis J Pharmacol Exp Ther 327 2 2008 383 392
163. S.H. Min, Y. Wang, W. Gonsiorek, G. Anilkumar, J. Kozlowski, and D. Lundell Pharmacological targeting reveals distinct roles for CXCR2/CXCR1 and CCR2 in a mouse model of arthritis Biochem Biophys Res Commun 391 1 2010 1080 1086
164. K. Mitsuyama, A. Toyonaga, E. Sasaki, K. Watanabe, H. Tateishi, and T. Nishiyama IL-8 as an important chemoattractant for neutrophils in ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease Clin Exp Immunol 96 3 1994 432 436
165. K. Mohan, and T.B. Issekutz Blockade of chemokine receptor CXCR3 inhibits T cell recruitment to inflamed joints and decreases the severity of adjuvant arthritis J Immunol 179 2007 8463 8469
166. I. Monteleone, F. Pallone, and G. Monteleone Interleukin-23 and Th17
167. D. Morrison, R.M. Strieter, S.C. Donnelly, M.D. Burdick, S.L. Kunkel, and W. MacNee Neutrophil chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and leukocyte-conditioned medium from nonsmokers and smokers Eur Respir J 12 5 1998 1067 1072
168. B. Moser, M. Wolf, A. Walz, and P. Loetscher Chemokines: multiple levels of leukocyte migration control Trends Immunol 25 2 2004 75 84
169. P.M. Murphy, M. Baggiolini, I.F. Charo, C.A. Hebert, R. Horuk, and K. Matsushima International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors Pharmacol Rev 52 1 2000 145 176
170. S. Narumi, T. Kaburaki, H. Yoneyama, H. Iwamura, Y. Kobayashi, and K. Matsushima Neutralization of IFN-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 exacerbates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Eur J Immunol 32 6 2002 1784 1791
171. N.A. Nelken, S.R. Coughlin, D. Gordon, and J.N. Wilcox Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques J Clin Invest 88 4 1991 1121 1127
172. B. Ngo, C.P. Farrell, M. Barr, K. Wolov, R. Bailey, and J.M. Mullin Tumor necrosis factor blockade for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: efficacy and safety Curr Mol Pharmacol 3 3 2010 145 152
173. K.D. Nguyen, A. Fohner, J.D. Booker, C. Dong, A.M. Krensky, and K.C. Nadeau XCL1 enhances regulatory activities of CD4+ CD25(high) CD127(low/-) T cells in human allergic asthma J Immunol 181 8 2008 5386 5395
174. K.D. Nguyen, C. Vanichsarn, A. Fohner, and K.C. Nadeau Selective deregulation in chemokine signaling pathways of CD4+CD25(hi)CD127(lo)/(-) regulatory T cells in human allergic asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 4 2009 933 939
175. B.J. Nickoloff, and F.O. Nestle Recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities J Clin Invest 113 12 2004 1664 1675
176. B.J. Nickoloff, H. Xin, F.O. Nestle, and J.Z. Qin The cytokine and chemokine network in psoriasis Clin Dermatol 25 6 2007 568 573
177. L. Nie, R. Xiang, W. Zhou, B. Lu, D. Cheng, and J. Gao Attenuation of acute lung inflammation induced by cigarette smoke in CXCR3 knockout mice Respir Res 9 2008 82
178. M. Nishimura, Y. Kuboi, K. Muramoto, T. Kawano, and T. Imai Chemokines as novel therapeutic targets for inflammatory bowel disease Ann N Y Acad Sci 1173 2009 350 356 (6632)
179. I. Nomura, B. Gao, M. Boguniewicz, M.A. Darst, J.B. Travers, and D.Y. Leung Distinct patterns of gene expression in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: a gene microarray analysis J Allergy Clin Immunol 112 6 2003 1195 1202
180. J. Ockinger, P. Stridh, A.D. Beyeen, F. Lundmark, M. Seddighzadeh, and A. Oturai Genetic variants of CC chemokine genes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis Genes Immun 11 2 2010 142 154
181. H. Ogata, M. Takeya, T. Yoshimura, K. Takagi, and K. Takahashi The role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis in rats J Pathol 182 1 1997 106 114
182. M. Oki, H. Ohtani, Y. Kinouchi, E. Sato, S. Nakamura, and T. Matsumoto Accumulation of CCR5+ T cells around RANTES+ granulomas in crohn's disease: a pivotal site of Th1-shifted immune response? Lab Invest 85 1 2005 137 145
183. S.H. Oliveira, and N.W. Lukacs Stem cell factor: a hemopoietic cytokine with important targets in asthma Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 2 4 2003 313 318
184. A.R. Olzinski, G.H. Turner, R.E. Bernard, H. Karr, C.A. Cornejo, and K. Aravindhan Pharmacological inhibition of C-C chemokine receptor 2 decreases macrophage infiltration in the aortic root of the human C-C chemokine receptor 2/apolipoprotein E-/- mouse: magnetic resonance imaging assessment Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2 2010 253 259
185. K.M. Omari, G.R. John, S.C. Sealfon, and C.S. Raine CXC chemokine receptors on human oligodendrocytes: implications for multiple sclerosis Brain 128 Pt 5 2005 1003 1015
186. C.L. Ordonez, T.E. Shaughnessy, M.A. Matthay, and J.V. Fahy Increased neutrophil numbers and IL-8 levels in airway secretions in acute severe asthma: clinical and biologic significance Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 4 Pt 1 2000 1185 1190
187. P. O'Reilly, P.L. Jackson, B. Noerager, S. Parker, M. Dransfield, and A. Gaggar N-alpha-PGP and PGP, potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for COPD Respir Res 10 2009 38
188. W. Ouyang, J.K. Kolls, and Y. Zheng The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation Immunity 28 4 2008 454 467
189. Overbeek, S. A., Henricks, P. A., Srienc, A. I., Koelink, P. J., de Kruijf, P., Lim, H. D., et al. (in press). N-acetylated proline-glycine-proline induced G-protein dependent chemotaxis of neutrophils is independent of CXCL8 release. Eur J Pharmacol.
190. R.R. Packard, and P. Libby Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction Clin Chem 54 1 2008 24 38
191. C. Palmqvist, A.J. Wardlaw, and P. Bradding Chemokines and their receptors as potential targets for the treatment of asthma Br J Pharmacol 151 6 2007 725 736
192. P. Panina-Bordignon, A. Papi, M. Mariani, P. Di Lucia, G. Casoni, and C. Bellettato The C-C chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8 identify airway T cells of allergen-challenged atopic asthmatics J Clin Invest 107 11 2001 1357 1364
193. M. Pelletier, L. Maggi, A. Micheletti, E. Lazzeri, N. Tamassia, and C. Costantini Evidence for a cross-talk between human neutrophils and Th17 cells Blood 115 2 2010 335 343
194. C. Pilette, J.N. Francis, S.J. Till, and S.R. Durham CCR4 ligands are up-regulated in the airways of atopic asthmatics after segmental allergen challenge Eur Respir J 23 6 2004 876 884
195. D. Pohlers, J. Brenmoehl, I. Loffler, C.K. Muller, C. Leipner, and S. Schultze-Mosgau TGF-beta and fibrosis in different organs - molecular pathway imprints Biochim Biophys Acta 1792 8 2009 746 756
196. S. Potteaux, C. Combadiere, B. Esposito, C. Lecureuil, H. Ait-Oufella, and R. Merval Role of bone marrow-derived CC-chemokine receptor 5 in the development of atherosclerosis of low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 8 2006 1858 1863
197. F. Powrie, R.L. Coffman, and R. Correa-Oliveira Transfer of CD4+ T cells to C.B-17 SCID mice: a model to study Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation and regulation in vivo Res Immunol 145 5 1994 347 353
198. F. Powrie, R. Correa-Oliveira, S. Mauze, and R.L. Coffman Regulatory interactions between CD45RBhigh and CD45RBlow CD4+ T cells are important for the balance between protective and pathogenic cell-mediated immunity J Exp Med 179 2 1994 589 600
199. F. Powrie, M.W. Leach, S. Mauze, S. Menon, L.B. Caddle, and R.L. Coffman Inhibition of Th1 responses prevents inflammatory bowel disease in SCID mice reconstituted with CD45RBhi CD4+ T cells Immunity 1 7 1994 553 562
200. A.E. Proudfoot, A.L. de Souza, and V. Muzio The use of chemokine antagonists in EAE models J Neuroimmunol 198 1-2 2008 27 30
201. C. Prussin, and D.D. Metcalfe 4. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils J Allergy Clin Immunol 111 2 Suppl. 2003 S486 S494
202. J. Puleston, M. Cooper, S. Murch, K. Bid, S. Makh, and P. Ashwood A distinct subset of chemokines dominates the mucosal chemokine response in inflammatory bowel disease Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21 2 2005 109 120
203. Y. Qiu, J. Zhu, V. Bandi, R.L. Atmar, K. Hattotuwa, and K.K. Guntupalli Biopsy neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine and receptor gene expression in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 8 2003 968 975
204. M.P. Quinones, S.K. Ahuja, F. Jimenez, J. Schaefer, E. Garavito, and A. Rao Experimental arthritis in CC chemokine receptor 2-null mice closely mimics severe human rheumatoid arthritis J Clin Invest 113 6 2004 856 866
205. Y. Raab, B. Gerdin, S. Ahlstedt, and R. Hallgren Neutrophil mucosal involvement is accompanied by enhanced local production of interleukin-8 in ulcerative colitis Gut 34 9 1993 1203 1206
206. K.F. Rabe, S. Hurd, A. Anzueto, P.J. Barnes, S.A. Buist, and P. Calverley Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176 6 2007 532 555
207. S.P. Raychaudhuri, W.Y. Jiang, and E.M. Farber Cellular localization of fractalkine at sites of inflammation: antigen-presenting cells in psoriasis express high levels of fractalkine Br J Dermatol 144 6 2001 1105 1113
208. S.P. Raychaudhuri, W.Y. Jiang, E.M. Farber, T.J. Schall, M.R. Ruff, and C.B. Pert Upregulation of RANTES in psoriatic keratinocytes: a possible pathogenic mechanism for psoriasis Acta Derm Venereol 79 1 1999 9 11
209. D.M. Rennick, and M.M. Fort Lessons from genetically engineered animal models. XII. IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-) mice and intestinal inflammation Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278 6 2000 G829 G833
210. M. Rentzos, C. Nikolaou, A. Rombos, M.E. Evangelopoulos, A. Dimitrakopoulos, and E. Kararizou Circulating interleukin-15 and RANTES chemokine in MS patients: effect of treatment with methylprednisolone in patients with relapse Neurol Res 32 7 2010 684 689
211. S. Rosengren, N. Wei, K.C. Kalunian, A. Kavanaugh, and D.L. Boyle CXCL13: a novel biomarker of B-cell return following rituximab treatment and synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology 50 3 2011 603 610
212. J.B. Rottman, A.J. Slavin, R. Silva, H.L. Weiner, C.G. Gerard, and W.W. Hancock Leukocyte recruitment during onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is CCR1 dependent Eur J Immunol 30 8 2000 2372 2377
213. J.B. Rottman, T.L. Smith, K.G. Ganley, T. Kikuchi, and J.G. Krueger Potential role of the chemokine receptors CXCR3, CCR4, and the integrin alphaEbeta7 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis vulgaris Lab Invest 81 3 2001 335 347
214. M. Saetta, S. Baraldo, L. Corbino, G. Turato, F. Braccioni, and F. Rea CD8+ve cells in the lungs of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 2 1999 711 717
215. M. Saetta, A. Di Stefano, G. Turato, F.M. Facchini, L. Corbino, and C.E. Mapp CD8+ T-lymphocytes in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 3 Pt 1 1998 822 826
216. M. Saetta, M. Mariani, P. Panina-Bordignon, G. Turato, C. Buonsanti, and S. Baraldo Increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL10 in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 10 2002 1404 1409
217. J. Sainz, and M. Sata Open sesame! CXCR4 blockade recruits neutrophils into the plaque Circ Res 102 2 2008 154 156
218. W.J. Sandborn Strategies for targeting tumour necrosis factor in IBD Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17 1 2003 105 117
219. M. Sans, S. Danese, C. de la Motte, H.S. de Souza, B.M. Rivera-Reyes, and G.A. West Enhanced recruitment of CX3CR1+ T cells by mucosal endothelial cell-derived fractalkine in inflammatory bowel disease Gastroenterology 132 1 2007 139 153
220. C. Savarin-Vuaillat, and R.M. Ransohoff Chemokines and chemokine receptors in neurological disease: raise, retain, or reduce? Neurotherapeuticss 4 4 2007 590 601
221. M.A. Schneider, J.G. Meingassner, M. Lipp, H.D. Moore, and A. Rot CCR7 is required for the in vivo function of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells J Exp Med 204 4 2007 735 745
222. J.M. Schuh, C.A. Power, A.E. Proudfoot, S.L. Kunkel, N.W. Lukacs, and C.M. Hogaboam Airway hyperresponsiveness, but not airway remodeling, is attenuated during chronic pulmonary allergic responses to Aspergillus in CCR4-/- mice FASEB J 16 10 2002 1313 1315
223. C.M. Seroogy, and J.E. Gern The role of T regulatory cells in asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 116 5 2005 996 999
224. S. Shahrara, S.R. Pickens, A.M. Mandelin II, W.J. Karpus, Q. Huang, and J.K. Kolls IL-17-mediated monocyte migration occurs partially through CC chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction J Immunol 184 8 2010 4479 4487
225. S. Shahrara, A.E. Proudfoot, J.M. Woods, J.H. Ruth, M.A. Amin, and C.C. Park Amelioration of rat adjuvant-induced arthritis by met-RANTES Arthritis Rheum 52 6 2005 1907 1919
226. J.E. Simpson, J. Newcombe, M.L. Cuzner, and M.N. Woodroofe Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other beta-chemokines by resident glia and inflammatory cells in multiple sclerosis lesions J Neuroimmunol 84 2 1998 238 249
227. U.P. Singh, C. Venkataraman, R. Singh, and J.W. Lillard Jr. CXCR3 axis: role in inflammatory bowel disease and its therapeutic implication Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 7 2 2007 111 123
228. S.P. Singh, H.H. Zhang, J.F. Foley, M.N. Hedrick, and J.M. Farber Human T cells that are able to produce IL-17 express the chemokine receptor CCR6 J Immunol 180 1 2008 214 221
229. J.J. Smit, and N.W. Lukacs A closer look at chemokines and their role in asthmatic responses Eur J Pharmacol 533 1-3 2006 277 288
230. T.L. Sorensen, M. Tani, J. Jensen, V. Pierce, C. Lucchinetti, and V.A. Folcik Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients J Clin Invest 103 6 1999 807 815
231. V. Soumelis, P.A. Reche, H. Kanzler, W. Yuan, G. Edward, and B. Homey Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP Nat Immunol 3 7 2002 673 680
232. C.S. Stevenson, K. Coote, R. Webster, H. Johnston, H.C. Atherton, and A. Nicholls Characterization of cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory and mucus hypersecretory changes in rat lung and the role of CXCR2 ligands in mediating this effect Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288 3 2005 L514 L522
233. D.N. Streblow, C. Soderberg-Naucler, J. Vieira, P. Smith, E. Wakabayashi, and F. Ruchti The human cytomegalovirus chemokine receptor US28 mediates vascular smooth muscle cell migration Cell 99 5 1999 511 520
234. Y. Suzaki, K. Hamada, T. Nomi, T. Ito, M. Sho, and Y. Kai A small-molecule compound targeting CCR5 and CXCR3 prevents airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation Eur Respir J 31 4 2008 783 789
235. A. Szczucinski, and J. Losy Chemokines and chemokine receptors in multiple sclerosis. Potential targets for new therapies Acta Neurol Scand 115 3 2007 137 146
236. P.P. Tak Chemokine inhibition in inflammatory arthritis Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 20 5 2006 929 939
237. P.P. Tak, and B. Bresnihan The pathogenesis and prevention of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: advances from synovial biopsy and tissue analysis Arthritis Rheum 43 12 2000 2619 2633
238. H. Takizawa, M. Tanaka, K. Takami, T. Ohtoshi, K. Ito, and M. Satoh Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 in small airway epithelium from tobacco smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 6 2001 1476 1483
239. S. Tanida, H. Yoshitomi, K. Nishitani, M. Ishikawa, T. Kitaori, and H. Ito CCL20 produced in the cytokine network of rheumatoid arthritis recruits CCR6+ mononuclear cells and enhances the production of IL-6 Cytokine 47 2 2009 112 118
240. S.R. Targan, and L.C. Karp Defects in mucosal immunity leading to ulcerative colitis Immunol Rev 206 2005 296 305
241. R. Terkeltaub, C.L. Banka, J. Solan, D. Santoro, K. Brand, and L.K. Curtiss Oxidized LDL induces monocytic cell expression of interleukin-8, a chemokine with T-lymphocyte chemotactic activity Arterioscler Thromb 14 1 1994 47 53
242. T.H. Thatcher, N.A. McHugh, R.W. Egan, R.W. Chapman, J.A. Hey, and C.K. Turner Role of CXCR2 in cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289 2 2005 L322 L328
243. T. Thepen, A.J. van Vuuren, R.C. Kiekens, C.A. Damen, W.C. Vooijs, and J.G. van De Winkel Resolution of cutaneous inflammation after local elimination of macrophages Nat Biotechnol 18 1 2000 48 51
244. E. Tixier, J.P. Galmiche, and M. Neunlist Intestinal neuro-epithelial interactions modulate neuronal chemokines production Biochem Biophys Res Commun 344 2 2006 554 561
245. E. Tixier, F. Lalanne, I. Just, J.P. Galmiche, and M. Neunlist Human mucosa/submucosa interactions during intestinal inflammation: involvement of the enteric nervous system in interleukin-8 secretion Cell Microbiol 7 12 2005 1798 1810
246. H. Tokuyama, S. Ueha, M. Kurachi, K. Matsushima, F. Moriyasu, and R.S. Blumberg The simultaneous blockade of chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR5 and CXCR3 by a non-peptide chemokine receptor antagonist protects mice from dextran sodium sulfate-mediated colitis Int Immunol 17 8 2005
247. S.L. Traves, S.V. Culpitt, R.E. Russell, P.J. Barnes, and L.E. Donnelly Increased levels of the chemokines GROalpha and MCP-1 in sputum samples from patients with COPD Thorax 57 7 2002 590 595
248. S.L. Traves, S.J. Smith, P.J. Barnes, and L.E. Donnelly Specific CXC but not CC chemokines cause elevated monocyte migration in COPD: a role for CXCR2 J Leukoc Biol 76 2 2004 441 450
249. E.E. Ubogu, M.B. Cossoy, and R.M. Ransohoff The expression and function of chemokines involved in CNS inflammation Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 1 2006 48 55
250. D.T. Umetsu Understanding the immunological basis of asthma; immunotherapy and regulatory T cells Arb Paul Ehrlich Inst Bundesamt Sera Impfstoffe Frankf A M 95 95 2006 211 214 (discussion 215-6)
251. van de Veerdonk, F. L., Lauwerys, B., Marijnissen, R. J., Timmermans, K., Di Padova, F., Koenders, M. I., et al. (in press). The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab reduces the T helper 17 response. Arthritis Rheum.
252. P. Van Der Voorn, J. Tekstra, R.H. Beelen, C.P. Tensen, P. Van Der Valk, and C.J. De Groot Expression of MCP-1 by reactive astrocytes in demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions Am J Pathol 154 1 1999 45 51
253. A.W. van Kuijk, C.E. Vergunst, D.M. Gerlag, B. Bresnihan, J.J. Gomez-Reino, and R. Rouzier CCR5 blockade in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Ann Rheum Dis 69 11 2010 2013 2016
254. E.J. van Wanrooij, S.C. de Jager, T. van Es, P. de Vos, H.L. Birch, and D.A. Owen CXCR3 antagonist NBI-74330 attenuates atherosclerotic plaque formation in LDL receptor-deficient mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 2 2008 251 257
255. E.J. van Wanrooij, H. Happe, A.D. Hauer, P. de Vos, T. Imanishi, and H. Fujiwara HIV entry inhibitor TAK-779 attenuates atherogenesis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25 12 2005 2642 2647
256. N.R. Veillard, B. Kwak, G. Pelli, F. Mulhaupt, R.W. James, and A.E. Proudfoot Antagonism of RANTES receptors reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation in mice Circ Res 94 2 2004 253 261
257. N.R. Veillard, S. Steffens, G. Pelli, B. Lu, B.R. Kwak, and C. Gerard Differential influence of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CXCR3 in development of atherosclerosis in vivo Circulation 112 6 2005 870 878
258. C.E. Vergunst, D.M. Gerlag, L. Lopatinskaya, L. Klareskog, M.D. Smith, and F. van den Bosch Modulation of CCR2 in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Arthritis Rheum 58 7 2008 1931 1939
259. C.E. Vergunst, D.M. Gerlag, L. von Moltke, M. Karol, T. Wyant, and X. Chi MLN3897 plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of an oral CCR1 antagonist in a phase IIa, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, proof-of-concept study Arthritis Rheum 60 12 2009 3572 3581
260. D. Verzijl, S. Storelli, D.J. Scholten, L. Bosch, T.A. Reinhart, and D.N. Streblow Noncompetitive antagonism and inverse agonism as mechanism of action of nonpeptidergic antagonists at primate and rodent CXCR3 chemokine receptors J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325 2 2008 544 555
261. M.P. Vierboom, P.J. Zavodny, C.C. Chou, J.R. Tagat, C. Pugliese-Sivo, and J. Strizki Inhibition of the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rhesus monkeys by a small molecular weight antagonist of CCR5 Arthritis Rheum 52 2 2005 627 636
262. A. Viola, and A.D. Luster Chemokines and their receptors: drug targets in immunity and inflammation Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 48 2008 171 197
263. P. von Hundelshausen, R.R. Koenen, M. Sack, S.F. Mause, W. Adriaens, and A.E. Proudfoot Heterophilic interactions of platelet factor 4 and RANTES promote monocyte arrest on endothelium Blood 105 3 2005 924 930
264. P. von Hundelshausen, K.S. Weber, Y. Huo, A.E. Proudfoot, P.J. Nelson, and K. Ley RANTES deposition by platelets triggers monocyte arrest on inflamed and atherosclerotic endothelium Circulation 103 13 2001 1772 1777
265. N. Wang, I. Tabas, R. Winchester, S. Ravalli, L.E. Rabbani, and A. Tall Interleukin 8 is induced by cholesterol loading of macrophages and expressed by macrophage foam cells in human atheroma J Biol Chem 271 15 1996 8837 8842
266. N.M. Weathington, A.H. van Houwelingen, B.D. Noerager, P.L. Jackson, A.D. Kraneveld, and F.S. Galin A novel peptide CXCR ligand derived from extracellular matrix degradation during airway inflammation Nat Med 12 3 2006 317 323
267. C. Weber, A. Zernecke, and P. Libby The multifaceted contributions of leukocyte subsets to atherosclerosis: lessons from mouse models Nat Rev Immunol 8 10 2008 802 815
268. T.N. Wells, C.A. Power, J.P. Shaw, and A.E. Proudfoot Chemokine blockers-therapeutics in the making? Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 1 2006 41 47
269. Wermers, J. D., McNamee, E. N., Wurbel, M. A., Jedlicka, P., & Rivera-Nieves, J. (in press). The chemokine receptor CCR9 is required for the T-cell-mediated regulation of chronic ileitis in mice. Gastroenterology.
270. G.E. White, T.C. Tan, A.E. John, C. Whatling, W.L. McPheat, and D.R. Greaves Fractalkine has anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects on human vascular smooth muscle cells via epidermal growth factor receptor signalling Cardiovasc Res 85 4 2010 825 835
271. D.M. Wingerchuk, and C.F. Lucchinetti Comparative immunopathogenesis of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and multiple sclerosis Curr Opin Neurol 20 3 2007 343 350
272. B.W. Wong, D. Wong, and B.M. McManus Characterization of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and CX3CR1 in human coronary arteries with native atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and transplant vascular disease Cardiovasc Pathol 11 6 2002 332 338
273. T. Wrone-Smith, and B.J. Nickoloff Dermal injection of immunocytes induces psoriasis J Clin Invest 98 8 1996 1878 1887
274. M.A. Wurbel, M.G. McIntire, P. Dwyer, and E. Fiebiger CCL25/CCR9 interactions regulate large intestinal inflammation in a murine model of acute colitis PLoS One 6 1 2011 e16442
275. X.M. Xia, F.Y. Wang, W.A. Xu, Z.K. Wang, J. Liu, and Y.K. Lu CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 attenuates colonic damage in mice with experimental colitis World J Gastroenterol 16 23 2010 2873 2880
276. T. Yamagata, H. Sugiura, T. Yokoyama, S. Yanagisawa, T. Ichikawa, and K. Ueshima Overexpression of CD-11b and CXCR1 on circulating neutrophils: its possible role in COPD Chest 132 3 2007 890 899
277. C. Yamamoto, T. Yoneda, M. Yoshikawa, A. Fu, T. Tokuyama, and K. Tsukaguchi Airway inflammation in COPD assessed by sputum levels of interleukin-8 Chest 112 2 1997 505 510
278. X.D. Yang, J.R. Corvalan, P. Wang, C.M. Roy, and C.G. Davis Fully human anti-interleukin-8 monoclonal antibodies: potential therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory disease states J Leukoc Biol 66 3 1999 401 410
279. Y.F. Yang, T. Mukai, P. Gao, N. Yamaguchi, S. Ono, and H. Iwaki A non-peptide CCR5 antagonist inhibits collagen-induced arthritis by modulating T cell migration without affecting anti-collagen T cell responses Eur J Immunol 32 8 2002 2124 2132
280. S. Ying, Q. Meng, K. Zeibecoglou, D.S. Robinson, A. Macfarlane, and M. Humbert Eosinophil chemotactic chemokines (eotaxin, eotaxin-2, RANTES, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (MCP-3), and MCP-4), and C-C chemokine receptor 3 expression in bronchial biopsies from atopic and nonatopic (intrinsic) asthmatics J Immunol 163 11 1999 6321 6329
281. S. Ying, D.S. Robinson, Q. Meng, J. Rottman, R. Kennedy, and D.J. Ringler Enhanced expression of eotaxin and CCR3 mRNA and protein in atopic asthma. association with airway hyperresponsiveness and predominant co-localization of eotaxin mRNA to bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells Eur J Immunol 27 12 1997 3507 3516
282. S. Ying, G. Zhang, S. Gu, and J. Zhao How much do we know about atopic asthma: where are we now? Cell Mol Immunol 3 5 2006 321 332
283. S. Yla-Herttuala, B.A. Lipton, M.E. Rosenfeld, T. Sarkioja, T. Yoshimura, and E.J. Leonard Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88 12 1991 5252 5256
284. Q. Yuan, S.K. Bromley, T.K. Means, K.J. Jones, F. Hayashi, and A.K. Bhan CCR4-dependent regulatory T cell function in inflammatory bowel disease J Exp Med 204 6 2007 1327 1334
285. I. Zapico, E. Coto, A. Rodriguez, C. Alvarez, J.C. Torre, and V. Alvarez CCR5 (chemokine receptor-5) DNA-polymorphism influences the severity of rheumatoid arthritis Genes Immun 1 4 2000 288 289
286. A. Zernecke, I. Bot, Y. Djalali-Talab, E. Shagdarsuren, K. Bidzhekov, and S. Meiler Protective role of CXC receptor 4/CXC ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis Circ Res 102 2 2008 209 217
287. A. Zernecke, E. Shagdarsuren, and C. Weber Chemokines in atherosclerosis: an update Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 11 2008 1897 1908
288. K. Z'Graggen, A. Walz, L. Mazzucchelli, R.M. Strieter, and C. Mueller The C-X-C chemokine ENA-78 is preferentially expressed in intestinal epithelium in inflammatory bowel disease Gastroenterology 113 3 1997 808 816
289. R. Zhang, P. Sun, Y. Jiang, Z. Chen, C. Huang, and X. Zhang Genome-wide haplotype association analysis and gene prioritization identify CCL3 as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis Int J Immunogenet 37 4 2010 273 278