The role of chalcones in suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation and cancer

International Immunopharmacology

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 295-309

  Yadav, Vivek R ^a   Prasad, Sahdeo ^a   Sung, Bokyung ^a   Aggarwal, Bharat B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Chalcone; Inflammation; Invasion and angiogenesis; Nuclear factor B; Tumor cell proliferation

Indexed keywords

2' HYDROXY 3 BROMO 6 METHOXYCHALCONE; 2' HYDROXYCHALCONE; 2' METHOXY 3,4 DICHLOROCHALCONE; 2',4' DIHYDROXYCHALCONE; 2',4',6' TRIS(METHOXYMETHOXY)CHALCONE; 2',5' DIHYDROXY 4 CHLORODIHYDROCHALCONE; 3 HYDROXY 4,3',4',5' TETRAMETHOXYCHALCONE; 3',4',5',3,4,5 HEXAMETHOXYCHALCONE; 3,4,5 TRIMETHOXY 4' FLUOROCHALCONE; 4 HYDROXYDERRICIN; BETA CATENIN; BROUSSOCHALCONE A; BUTEIN; CARDAMONIN; CHALCONE DERIVATIVE; FLAVOKAWIN; HYDROXYSAFFLOR YELLOW A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; ISOLIQUIRITIGENIN; ISOSALIPURPOSIDE; LICOCHALCONE A; NARINGENIN CHALCONE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; STAT3 PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; WNT PROTEIN; XANTHOANGELOL; XANTHOHUMOL;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; CARCINOGENESIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIETARY INTAKE; DRUG MECHANISM; FOOD COMPOSITION; FRUIT; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPICE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; VEGETABLE;

EID: 79952104482     PISSN: 15675769     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.006     Document Type: Article

References (211)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin 2010;60: 277-300.
2. Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov JP, et al. Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 1999;286:531-7.
3. Bhattacharjee A, Richards WG, Staunton J, Li C, Monti S, Vasa P, et al. Classification of human lung carcinomas by mRNA expression profiling reveals distinct adenocarcinoma subclasses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:13790-5. (Pubitemid 33115977)
4. Garber ME, Troyanskaya OG, Schluens K, Petersen S, Thaesler Z, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, et al. Diversity of gene expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:13784-9. (Pubitemid 33115976)
5. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, Rees CA, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000;406:747-52.
6. Land H, Parada LF, Weinberg RA. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature 1983;304: 596-602. (Pubitemid 13035496)
7. Ruley HE. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature 1983;304:602-6. (Pubitemid 13035497)
8. Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, et al. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res 2008;25:2097-116.
9. Doll R, Peto R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981;66:1191-308. (Pubitemid 11063920)
10. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1625-38. (Pubitemid 36459468)
11. Parkin DM. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int J Cancer 2006;118:3030-44.
12. Belpomme D, Irigaray P, Hardell L, Clapp R, Montagnier L, Epstein S, et al. The multitude and diversity of environmental carcinogens. Environ Res 2007;105: 414-29. (Pubitemid 47554416)
13. Lin WW, Karin M. A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J Clin Invest 2007;117:1175-83. (Pubitemid 46718402)
14. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link? Biochem Pharmacol 2006;72:1605-21.
15. Aggarwal BB. Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals. Annu Rev Nutr 2010;30:173-99.
16. Bohm BA. Introduction to Flavonoids. Amesterdam: Harwood Academic Publisher; 1998.
17. Lopez SN, Castelli MV, Zacchino SA, Dominguez JN, Lobo G, Charris-Charris J, et al. In vitro antifungal evaluation and structure-activity relationships of a new series of chalcone derivatives and synthetic analogues, with inhibitory properties against polymers of the fungal cell wall. Bioorg Med Chem 2001;9:1999-2013.
18. Spribille R, Forkmann G. Chalcone synthesis and hydroxylation of flavonoids in 3′-position with enzyme preparations from flowers of Diantlms caryopkyllus L. (carnation). Planta 1982;155:176-82.
19. Kuhn B, Forkmann G, Seyffert W. Genetic control of chalcone-flavanone isomerase activity in Callistephus chinensis. Planta 1978;138:199-203.
20. Forkmann G, Kuhn B. Genetic control of chalcone isomerase activity in anthers of Petunia hybrida. Planta 1979;144:189-92.
21. Opletalova V, Sedivy D. Chalcones and their heterocyclic analogs as potential antifungal chemotherapeutic agents. Ceská Slov Farm 1999;48:252-5.
22. Herencia F, Ferrandiz ML, Ubeda A, Guillen I, Dominguez JN, Charris JE, et al. Novel anti-inflammatory chalcone derivatives inhibit the induction of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse peritoneal macrophages. FEBS Lett 1999;453:129-34. (Pubitemid 29335486)
23. Hsieh HK, Lee TH, Wang JP, Wang JJ, Lin CN. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory effect of chalcones and related compounds. Pharm Res 1998;15:39-46.
24. Makita H, Tanaka T, Fujitsuka H, Tatematsu N, Satoh K, Hara A, et al. Chemoprevention of 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced rat oral carcinogenesis by the dietary flavonoids chalcone, 2-hydroxychalcone, and quercetin. Cancer Res 1996;56:4904-9. (Pubitemid 26374427)
25. Ban HS, Suzuki K, Lim SS, Jung SH, Lee S, Ji J, et al. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by 2'-hydroxychalcone derivatives in RAW 264.7 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67:1549-57. (Pubitemid 38388217)
26. Mohamad H, Abas F, Permana D, Lajis NH, Ali AM, Sukari MA, et al. DPPH free radical scavenger components from the fruits of Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex. Bak. (Zingiberaceae). Z Naturforsch C 2004;59:811-5. (Pubitemid 40059820)
27. Jayasinghe L, Rupasinghe GK, Hara N, Fujimoto Y. Geranylated phenolic constituents from the fruits of Artocarpus nobilis. Phytochemistry 2006;67: 1353-8. (Pubitemid 44080263)
28. Yu X, Wang W, Yang M. Antioxidant activities of compounds isolated from Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen and their inhibition effects on the decrease of glutathione level of rat lens induced by UV irradiation. Food Chem 2007;104: 715-20.
29. Nishimura R, Tabata K, Arakawa M, Ito Y, Kimura Y, Akihisa T, et al. Isobavachalcone, a chalcone constituent of Angelica keiskei, induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2007;30:1878-83. (Pubitemid 47607775)
30. Motani K, Tabata K, Kimura Y, Okano S, Shibata Y, Abiko Y, et al. Proteomic analysis of apoptosis induced by xanthoangelol, a major constituent of Angelica keiskei, in neuroblastoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31:618-26. (Pubitemid 351500491)
31. Aoki N, Muko M, Ohta E, Ohta S. C-geranylated chalcones from the stems of Angelica keiskei with superoxide-scavenging activity. J Nat Prod 2008;71: 1308-10.
32. Vogel S, Heilmann J. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antioxidative activity of minor prenylated chalcones from Humulus lupulus. J Nat Prod 2008;71:1237-41.
33. Kim JY, Park SJ, Yun KJ, Cho YW, Park HJ, Lee KT. Isoliquiritigenin isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis inhibits LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression via the attenuation of NF-kappaB in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;584:175-84.
34. Agnihotri VK, Elsohly HN, Khan SI, Smillie TJ, Khan IA, Walker LA. Antioxidant constituents of Nymphaea caerulea flowers. Phytochemistry 2008;69:2061-6.
35. Kimura Y, Baba K. Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of Angelica keiskei roots, part 1: Isolation of an active substance, xanthoangelol. Int J Cancer 2003;106:429-37. (Pubitemid 36870408)
36. Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Lin CC. Isoliquiritigenin induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through p53-dependent pathway in Hep G2 cells. Life Sci 2005;77:279-92.
37. Folmer F, Blasius R, Morceau F, Tabudravu J, Dicato M, Jaspars M, et al. Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB by kava (Piper methysticum) derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;71:1206-18. (Pubitemid 43357901)
38. Delmulle L, Bellahcene A, Dhooge W, Comhaire F, Roelens F, Huvaere K, et al. Anti-proliferative properties of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in human prostate cancer cell lines. Phytomedicine 2006;13:732-4. (Pubitemid 44666399)
39. Amor EC, Villasenor IM, Antemano R, Perveen Z, Concepcion GP, Choudhary MI. Cytotoxic C-methylated chalcones from Syzygium samarangense. Pharm Biol 2007;45:777-83. (Pubitemid 350208822)
40. Israf DA, Khaizurin TA, Syahida A, Lajis NH, Khozirah S. Cardamonin inhibits COX and iNOS expression via inhibition of p65NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and Ikappa-B phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Mol Immunol 2007;44:673-9. (Pubitemid 44415023)
41. Pandey MK, Sandur SK, Sung B, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. Butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone, inhibits nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression through direct inhibition of IkappaBalpha kinase beta on cysteine 179 residue. J Biol Chem 2007;282:17340-50. (Pubitemid 47100316)
42. Li F, Awale S, Tezuka Y, Kadota S. Cytotoxic constituents from Brazilian red propolis and their structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem 2008;16: 5434-40. (Pubitemid 351694485)
43. Yagura T, Motomiya T, Ito M, Honda G, Iida A, Kiuchi F, et al. Anticarcinogenic compounds in the Uzbek medicinal plant, Helichrysum maracandicum. J Nat Med 2008;62:174-8.
44. Nozawa H. the chalcone from beer hops (Humulus lupulus L.), is the ligand for farnesoid X receptor and ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;336:754-61.
45. Ogawa H, Ohno M, Baba K. Hypotensive and lipid regulatory actions of 4-hydroxyderricin, a chalcone from Angelica keiskei, in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005;32:19-23. (Pubitemid 40314464)
46. Wright DC, Geiger PC, Han DH, Holloszy JO. Are tyrosine kinases involved in mediating contraction-stimulated muscle glucose transport? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290:E123-8.
47. Semwal DK, Rawat U, Semwal R, Singh R, Krishan P, Singh M, et al. Chemical constituents from the leaves of Boehmeria rugulosa with antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2009;11:1045-55.
48. Sen R, Baltimore D. Inducibility of kappa immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein Nf-kappa B by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell 1986;47:921-8. (Pubitemid 17005065)
49. Baeuerle PA, Baltimore D. Activation of DNA-binding activity in an apparently cytoplasmic precursor of the NF-kappa B transcription factor. Cell 1988;53: 211-7.
50. Finco TS, Baldwin AS. Mechanistic aspects of NF-kappa B regulation: the emerging role of phosphorylation and proteolysis. Immunity 1995;3:263-72.
51. Aggarwal BB. Nuclear factor-kappaB: the enemy within. Cancer Cell 2004;6: 203-8.
52. Shishodia S, Amin HM, Lai R, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive NF-kappaB activation, induces G1/S arrest, suppresses proliferation, and induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2005;70:700-13. (Pubitemid 41058705)
53. Sethi G, Ahn KS, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates nuclear factor-kappaB through IkappaBalpha kinase-independent but EGF receptor-kinase dependent tyrosine 42 phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. Oncogene 2007;26:7324-32. (Pubitemid 350115978)
54. Kato Jr T, Delhase M, Hoffmann A, Karin M. CK2 Is a C-Terminal IkappaB Kinase Responsible for NF-kappaB Activation during the UV Response. Mol Cell 2003;12: 829-39. (Pubitemid 37352777)
55. Bargou RC, Emmerich F, Krappmann D, Bommert K, Mapara MY, Arnold W, et al. Constitutive nuclear factor-kappaB-RelA activation is required for proliferation and survival of Hodgkin's disease tumor cells. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2961-9. (Pubitemid 28022832)
56. Shuai K, Stark GR, Kerr IM, Darnell Jr JE. A single phosphotyrosine residue of Stat91 required for gene activation by interferon-gamma. Science 1993;261: 1744-6. (Pubitemid 23332925)
57. Levy DE, Darnell Jr JE. Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002;3:651-62. (Pubitemid 34987786)
58. Yu CL, Meyer DJ, Campbell GS, Larner AC, Carter-Su C, Schwartz J, et al. Enhanced DNA-binding activity of a Stat3-related protein in cells transformed by the Src oncoprotein. Science 1995;269:81-3.
59. Bromberg JF, Horvath CM, Besser D, Lathem WW, Darnell Jr JE. Stat3 activation is required for cellular transformation by v-src. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:2553-8. (Pubitemid 28183425)
60. Grandis JR, Drenning SD, Chakraborty A, Zhou MY, Zeng Q, Pitt AS, et al. Requirement of Stat3 but not Stat1 activation for epidermal growth factor receptor- mediated cell growth In vitro. J Clin Invest 1998;102:1385-92. (Pubitemid 28467567)
61. Carlesso N, Frank DA, Griffin JD. Tyrosyl phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins in hematopoietic cell lines transformed by Bcr/Abl. J Exp Med 1996;183:811-20. (Pubitemid 26113953)
62. Weber-Nordt RM, Egen C, Wehinger J, Ludwig W, Gouilleux-Gruart V, Mertelsmann R, et al. Constitutive activation of STAT proteins in primary lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cells and in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphoma cell lines. Blood 1996;88:809-16. (Pubitemid 26333300)
63. Bharti AC, Donato N, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive and IL-6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in human multiple myeloma cells. J Immunol 2003;171:3863-71. (Pubitemid 37254592)
64. Kanda N, Seno H, Konda Y, Marusawa H, Kanai M, Nakajima T, et al. STAT3 is constitutively activated and supports cell survival in association with survivin expression in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene 2004;23:4921-9. (Pubitemid 38932164)
65. Haura EB, Zheng Z, Song L, Cantor A, Bepler G. Activated epidermal growth factor receptor-Stat-3 signaling promotes tumor survival in vivo in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:8288-94. (Pubitemid 41746939)
66. Liu B, Ren Z, Shi Y, Guan C, Pan Z, Zong Z. Activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 and overexpression of its target gene CyclinD1 in laryngeal carcinomas. Laryngoscope 2008;118:1976-80.
67. Pfitzner E, Kliem S, Baus D, Litterst CM. The role of STATs in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2004;10:2839-50. (Pubitemid 39162402)
68. Frank DA. STAT3 as a central mediator of neoplastic cellular transformation. Cancer Lett 2007;251:199-210. (Pubitemid 46680370)
69. Masuda M, Suzui M, Yasumatu R, Nakashima T, Kuratomi Y, Azuma K, et al. Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 correlates with cyclin D1 overexpression and may provide a novel prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2002;62: 3351-5. (Pubitemid 34651376)
70. Konnikova L, Kotecki M, Kruger MM, Cochran BH. Knockdown of STAT3 expression by RNAi induces apoptosis in astrocytoma cells. BMC Cancer 2003;3:23.
71. Xie TX, Wei D, Liu M, Gao AC, Ali-Osman F, Sawaya R, et al. Stat3 activation regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tumor invasion and metastasis. Oncogene 2004;23:3550-60. (Pubitemid 38658421)
72. Eferl R, Wagner EF. AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2003;3:859-68. (Pubitemid 37383716)
73. Adams J, Kelso R, Cooley L. The kelch repeat superfamily of proteins: propellers of cell function. Trends Cell Biol 2000;10:17-24. (Pubitemid 30017862)
74. Zipper LM, Mulcahy RT. The Keap1 BTB/POZ dimerization function is required to sequester Nrf2 in cytoplasm. J Biol Chem 2002;277:36544-52.
75. Li X, Zhang D, Hannink M, Beamer LJ. Crystal structure of the Kelch domain of human Keap1. J Biol Chem 2004;279:54750-8. (Pubitemid 40053220)
76. Dinkova-Kostova AT, Holtzclaw WD, Wakabayashi N. Keap1, the sensor for electrophiles and oxidants that regulates the phase 2 response, is a zinc metalloprotein. Biochemistry 2005;44:6889-99. (Pubitemid 40632407)
77. Li W, Jain MR, Chen C, Yue X, Hebbar V, Zhou R, et al. Nrf2 Possesses a redox-insensitive nuclear export signal overlapping with the leucine zipper motif. J Biol Chem 2005;280:28430-8. (Pubitemid 41105742)
78. Li W, Yu SW, Kong AN. Nrf2 possesses a redox-sensitive nuclear exporting signal in the Neh5 transactivation domain. J Biol Chem 2006;281:27251-63. (Pubitemid 44401754)
79. Jain AK, Bloom DA, Jaiswal AK. Nuclear import and export signals in control of Nrf2. J Biol Chem 2005;280:29158-68. (Pubitemid 41161367)
80. Theodore M, Kawai Y, Yang J, Kleshchenko Y, Reddy SP, Villalta F, et al. Multiple nuclear localization signals function in the nuclear import of the transcription factor Nrf2. J Biol Chem 2008;283:8984-94.
81. Belfiore A, Genua M, Malaguarnera R. PPAR-gamma Agonists and Their Effects on IGF-I Receptor Signaling: Implications for Cancer. PPAR Res 2009;2009:830501.
82. Glass CK, Rosenfeld MG. The coregulator exchange in transcriptional functions of nuclear receptors. Genes Dev 2000;14:121-41. (Pubitemid 30070977)
83. Diradourian C, Girard J, Pegorier JP. Phosphorylation of PPARs: from molecular characterization to physiological relevance. Biochimie 2005;87:33-8. (Pubitemid 40298763)
84. Pascual G, Fong AL, Ogawa S, Gamliel A, Li AC, Perissi V, et al. A SUMOylation-dependent pathway mediates transrepression of inflammatory response genes by PPAR-gamma. Nature 2005;437:759-63. (Pubitemid 41486547)
85. Peters JM, Hollingshead HE, Gonzalez FJ. Role of peroxisome-proliferator- activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) in gastrointestinal tract function and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008;115:107-27.
86. Morin PJ. beta-catenin signaling and cancer. Bioessays 1999;21:1021-30.
87. Hayashida Y, Honda K, Idogawa M, Ino Y, Ono M, Tsuchida A, et al. E-cadherin regulates the association between beta-catenin and actinin-4. Cancer Res 2005;65:8836-45. (Pubitemid 41377372)
88. Coluccia AM, Benati D, Dekhil H, De Filippo A, Lan C, Gambacorti-Passerini C. SKI-606 decreases growth and motility of colorectal cancer cells by preventing pp 60(c-Src)-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin and its nuclear signaling. Cancer Res 2006;66:2279-86.
89. Krishnan V, Bryant HU, Macdougald OA. Regulation of bone mass by Wnt signaling. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1202-9.
90. Wang X, Goode EL, Fredericksen ZS, Vierkant RA, Pankratz VS, Liu-Mares W, et al. Association of genetic variation in genes implicated in the beta-catenin destruction complex with risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2008;17:2101-8.
91. Dannenberg AJ, Lippman SM, Mann JR, Subbaramaiah K, DuBois RN. Cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor: pharmacologic targets for chemoprevention. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:254-66. (Pubitemid 46206877)
92. Jackson-Bernitsas DG, Ichikawa H, Takada Y, Myers JN, Lin XL, Darnay BG, et al. Evidence that TNF-TNFR1-TRADD-TRAF2-RIP-TAK1-IKK pathway mediates constitutive NF-kappaB activation and proliferation in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2007;26:1385-97. (Pubitemid 46340818)
93. Estrov Z, Kurzrock R, Pocsik E, Pathak S, Kantarjian HM, Zipf TF, et al. Lymphotoxin is an autocrine growth factor for Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cell lines. J Exp Med 1993;177:763-74. (Pubitemid 23104287)
94. Giri DK, Aggarwal BB. Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB causes resistance to apoptosis in human cutaneous T cell lymphoma HuT-78 cells. Autocrine role of tumor necrosis factor and reactive oxygen intermediates. J Biol Chem 1998;273: 14008-14. (Pubitemid 28268457)
95. Aggarwal BB, Schwarz L, Hogan ME, Rando RF. Triple helix-forming oligodeoxyribonucleotides targeted to the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene inhibit TNF production and block the TNF-dependent growth of human glioblastoma tumor cells. Cancer Res 1996;56:5156-64. (Pubitemid 26383030)
96. Akira S, Kishimoto T. The evidence for interleukin-6 as an autocrine growth factor in malignancy. Semin Cancer Biol 1992;3:17-26.
97. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammatory cells and cancer: think different! J Exp Med 2001;193:F23-6.
98. Harikumar KB, Kunnumakkara AB, Ahn KS, Anand P, Krishnan S, Guha S, et al. Modification of the cysteine residues in IkappaBalpha kinase and NF-kappaB (p65) by xanthohumol leads to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products and potentiation of apoptosis in leukemia cells. Blood 2009;113: 2003-13.
99. Cheng Z, Lin C, Hwang T, Teng C. Broussochalcone A, a potent antioxidant and effective suppressor of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2001;61:939-46. (Pubitemid 32247382)
100. Huang YC, Guh JH, Cheng ZJ, Chang YL, Hwang TL, Lin CN, et al. Inhibitory effect of DCDC on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthesis in RAW 264.7 cells. Life Sci 2001;68:2435-47.
101. Rojas J, Paya M, Devesa I, Dominguez JN, Ferrandiz ML. Therapeutic administration of 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-4′-fluorochalcone, a selective inhibitor of iNOS expression, attenuates the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003;368:225-33.
102. Alcaraz MJ, Vicente AM, Araico A, Dominguez JN, Terencio MC, Ferrandiz ML. Role of nuclear factor-kappaB and heme oxygenase-1 in the mechanism of action of an anti-inflammatory chalcone derivative in RAW 264.7 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2004;142:1191-9. (Pubitemid 39093016)
103. Sugii M, Ohkita M, Taniguchi M, Baba K, Kawai Y, Tahara C, et al. Xanthoangelol D isolated from the roots of Angelica keiskei inhibits endothelin-1 production through the suppression of nuclear factor-kappaB. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28: 607-10. (Pubitemid 40879923)
104. Lee MH, Kim JY, Ryu JH. Prenylflavones from Psoralea corylifolia inhibit nitric oxide synthase expression through the inhibition of I-kappaB-alpha degradation in activated microglial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:2253-7. (Pubitemid 41757415)
105. Abuarqoub H, Foresti R, Green CJ, Motterlini R. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of 2'-hydroxychalcone in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006;290:C1092-9.
106. Lee JH, Jung HS, Giang PM, Jin X, Lee S, Son PT, et al. Blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and anti-inflammatory activity of cardamomin, a chalcone analog from Alpinia conchigera. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:271-8. (Pubitemid 41832606)
107. Kumar S, Sharma A, Madan B, Singhal V, Ghosh B. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits IkappaB kinase activity and ROS generation to block TNF-alpha induced expression of cell adhesion molecules on human endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;73:1602-12. (Pubitemid 46533973)
108. Shen KH, Chang JK, Hsu YL, Kuo PL. Chalcone arrests cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis through induction of mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B signalling in human bladder cancer cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;101:254-61.
109. Kim YH, Kim J, Park H, Kim HP. Anti-inflammatory activity of the synthetic chalcone derivatives: inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007;30:1450-5. (Pubitemid 47282192)
110. Chen TT, Du YJ, Liu XL, Zhu HB. Inhibitory action of hydroxysafflor yellow A on inflammatory signal transduction pathway related factors in rats with cerebral cortex ischemia. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2008;43:570-5.
111. Kim SN, Kim MH, Min YK, Kim SH. Licochalcone A inhibits the formation and bone resorptive activity of osteoclasts. Cell Biol Int 2008;32:1064-72.
112. Lee SH, Kim JY, Seo GS, Kim YC, Sohn DH. Isoliquiritigenin, from Dalbergia odorifera, up-regulates anti-inflammatory heme oxygenase-1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Inflamm Res 2009;58:257-62.
113. Srinivasan B, Johnson TE, Lad R, Xing C. Structure-activity relationship studies of chalcone leading to 3-hydroxy-4, 3′, 4′, 5′-tetramethoxychalcone and its analogues as potent nuclear factor kappaB inhibitors and their anticancer activities. J Med Chem 2009;52:7228-35.
114. Lee YM, Jeong GS, Lim HD, An RB, Kim YC, Kim EC. Isoliquiritigenin 2′-methyl ether induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in oral cancer cells via heme oxygenase-1. Toxicol In Vitro 2010;24:776-82.
115. Cho YC, Kim HJ, Kim YJ, Lee KY, Choi HJ, Lee IS, et al. Differential antiinflammatory pathway by xanthohumol in IFN-gamma and LPS-activated macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2008;8:567-73.
116. Dimmock JR, Elias DW, Beazely MA, Kandepu NM. Bioactivities of chalcones. Curr Med Chem 1999;6:1125-49.
117. Liu X, Kim CN, Yang J, Jemmerson R, Wang X. Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: requirement for dATP and cytochrome c. Cell 1996;86:147-57. (Pubitemid 26256586)
118. Fulda S, Debatin KM. Signaling through death receptors in cancer therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004;4:327-32. (Pubitemid 38987057)
119. Debatin KM, Krammer PH. Death receptors in chemotherapy and cancer. Oncogene 2004;23:2950-66. (Pubitemid 38638855)
120. Zhu XF, Xie BF, Zhou JM, Feng GK, Liu ZC, Wei XY, et al. Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signal pathway and antitumor activity of ON-III (2′, 4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′, 5′-dimethylchalcone), a component from Chinese herbal medicine. Mol Pharmacol 2005;67:1444-50.
121. Ye CL, Qian F, Wei DZ, Lu YH, Liu JW. Induction of apoptosis in K562 human leukemia cells by 2′, 4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′, 5′-dimethylchalcone. Leuk Res 2005;29:887-92. (Pubitemid 40840716)
122. Kim YJ, Ko H, Park JS, Han IH, Amor EC, Lee JW, et al. Dimethyl cardamonin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory factors through blocking NF-kappaB p65 activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2010;10:1127-34.
123. Ngameni B, Touaibia M, Patnam R, Belkaid A, Sonna P, Ngadjui BT, et al. Inhibition of MMP-2 secretion from brain tumor cells suggests chemopreventive properties of a furanocoumarin glycoside and of chalcones isolated from the twigs of Dorstenia turbinata. Phytochemistry 2006;67:2573-9. (Pubitemid 44711963)
124. Wang JP, Tsao LT, Raung SL, Lin CN. Investigation of the inhibitory effect of broussochalcone A on respiratory burst in neutrophils. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;320:201-8.
125. Kim N. Butein sensitizes human leukemia cells to apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). Arch Pharm Res 2008;31:1179-86.
126. Hayashi K, Nagamatsu T, Honda S, Suzuki Y. Butein (3, 4, 2′, 4′-tetrahydroxychalcone) ameliorates experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-associated glomerulonephritis (3). Eur J Pharmacol 1996;316: 297-306.
127. Iwashita K, Kobori M, Yamaki K, Tsushida T. Flavonoids inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000;64:1813-20.
128. Kim NY, Pae HO, Oh GS, Kang TH, Kim YC, Rhew HY, et al. Butein, a plant polyphenol, induces apoptosis concomitant with increased caspase-3 activity, decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased Bax expression in HL-60 cells. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;88:261-6.
129. Yang EB, Guo YJ, Zhang K, Chen YZ, Mack P. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase by chalcone derivatives. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001;1550:144-52. (Pubitemid 34038000)
130. Lee SH, Nan JX, Zhao YZ, Woo SW, Park EJ, Kang TH, et al. The chalcone butein from Rhus verniciflua shows antifibrogenic activity. Planta Med 2003;69:990-4. (Pubitemid 38064686)
131. Takano-Ishikawa Y, Goto M, Yamaki K. Inhibitory effects of several flavonoids on E-selectin expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Phytother Res 2003;17:1224-7. (Pubitemid 38057185)
132. Lee SH, Seo GS, Sohn DH. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by butein in RAW 264.7 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;323:125-32. (Pubitemid 39200659)
133. Pandey MK, Sung B, Ahn KS, Aggarwal BB. Butein suppresses constitutive and inducible signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 activation and STAT3-regulated gene products through the induction of a protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Mol Pharmacol 2009;75:525-33.
134. Moon DO, Kim MO, Lee JD, Choi YH, Kim GY. Butein suppresses c-Myc-dependent transcription and Akt-dependent phosphorylation of hTERT in human leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 2009;286:172-9.
135. Moon DO, Kim MO, Choi YH, Kim GY. Butein sensitizes human hepatoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via extracellular signal-regulated kinase/Sp1-dependent DR5 upregulation and NF-kappaB inactivation. Mol Cancer Ther 2010;9:1583-95.
136. Moon DO, Choi YH, Moon SK, Kim WJ, Kim GY. Butein suppresses the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010;24: 1927-34.
137. Moon DO, Kim MO, Choi YH, Hyun JW, Chang WY, Kim GY. Butein induces G(2)/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma cancer cells through ROS generation. Cancer Lett 2010;288:204-13.
138. Ohtsuki T, Kikuchi H, Koyano T, Kowithayakorn T, Sakai T, Ishibashi M. Death receptor 5 promoter-enhancing compounds isolated from Catimbium speciosum and their enhancement effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2009;17:6748-54.
139. Zhou P, Gross S, Liu JH, Yu BY, Feng LL, Nolta J, et al. Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF-{kappa}B and MAPK signaling pathways. FASEB J 2010;24:4722-32.
140. Zi X, Simoneau AR. Flavokawain A, a novel chalcone from kava extract, induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by involvement of Bax protein-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Cancer Res 2005;65:3479-86. (Pubitemid 40524635)
141. Tang Y, Li X, Liu Z, Simoneau AR, Xie J, Zi X. Flavokawain B, a kava chalcone, induces apoptosis via up-regulation of death-receptor 5 and Bim expression in androgen receptor negative, hormonal refractory prostate cancer cell lines and reduces tumor growth. Int J Cancer 2010;127:1758-68.
142. Kuo YF, Su YZ, Tseng YH, Wang SY, Wang HM, Chueh PJ. Flavokawain B, a novel chalcone from Alpinia pricei Hayata with potent apoptotic activity: Involvement of ROS and GADD153 upstream of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010;49:214-26.
143. Lin CT, Senthil Kumar KJ, Tseng YH, Wang ZJ, Pan MY, Xiao JH, et al. Antiinflammatory activity of Flavokawain B from Alpinia pricei Hayata. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:6060-5.
144. Xi S, Zhang Q, Xie H, Liu L, Liu C, Gao X, et al. Effects of hydroxy safflor yellow A on blood vessel and mRNA expression with VEGF and bFGF of transplantation tumor with gastric adenocarcinoma cell line BGC-823 in nude mice. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009;34:605-10.
145. Ji DB, Zhu MC, Zhu B, Zhu YZ, Li CL, Ye J, et al. Hydroxysafflor yellow A enhances survival of vascular endothelial cells under hypoxia via upregulation of the HIF-1 alpha-VEGF pathway and regulation of Bcl-2/Bax. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008;52:191-202.
146. Lian ZQ, Zhao DL, Zhu HB. Hydroxysafflor yellow A up-regulates HIF-1alpha via inhibition of VHL and p53 in Eahy 926 cell line exposed to hypoxia. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2008;43:484-9.
147. Jing H, Zhou X, Dong X, Cao J, Zhu H, Lou J, et al. Abrogation of Akt signaling by Isobavachalcone contributes to its anti-proliferative effects towards human cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2010;294:167-77.
148. Yamamoto S, Aizu E, Jiang H, Nakadate T, Kiyoto I, Wang JC, et al. The potent antitumor-promoting agent isoliquiritigenin. Carcinogenesis 1991;12:317-23.
149. Chowdhury SA, Kishino K, Satoh R, Hashimoto K, Kikuchi H, Nishikawa H, et al. Tumor-specificity and apoptosis-inducing activity of stilbenes and flavonoids. Anticancer Res 2005;25:2055-63. (Pubitemid 40904604)
150. Hsu YL, Kuo PL, Lin LT, Lin CC. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Planta Med 2005;71:130-4.
151. Takahashi T, Takasuka N, Iigo M, Baba M, Nishino H, Tsuda H, et al. Isoliquiritigenin, a flavonoid from licorice, reduces prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, causes apoptosis, and suppresses aberrant crypt foci development. Cancer Sci 2004;95:448-53. (Pubitemid 38832690)
152. Kim SC, Byun SH, Yang CH, Kim CY, Kim JW, Kim SG. Cytoprotective effects of Glycyrrhizae radix extract and its active component liquiritigenin against cadmium-induced toxicity (effects on bad translocation and cytochrome c-mediated PARP cleavage). Toxicology 2004;197:239-51. (Pubitemid 38368117)
153. Jang DS, Park EJ, Hawthorne ME, Vigo JS, Graham JG, Cabieses F, et al. Potential cancer chemopreventive constituents of the seeds of Dipteryx odorata (tonka bean). J Nat Prod 2003;66:583-7. (Pubitemid 36617876)
154. Kanazawa M, Satomi Y, Mizutani Y, Ukimura O, Kawauchi A, Sakai T, et al. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2003;43:580-6. (Pubitemid 36528449)
155. Tanaka S, Sakata Y, Morimoto K, Tambe Y, Watanabe Y, Honda G, et al. Influence of natural and synthetic compounds on cell surface expression of cell adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Planta Med 2001;67:108-13. (Pubitemid 32234670)
156. Kang SW, Choi JS, Choi YJ, Bae JY, Li J, Kim DS, et al. Licorice isoliquiritigenin dampens angiogenic activity via inhibition of MAPK-responsive signaling pathways leading to induction of matrix metalloproteinases. J Nutr Biochem 2010;21:55-65.
157. Park I, Park KK, Park JH, Chung WY. Isoliquiritigenin induces G2 and M phase arrest by inducing DNA damage and by inhibiting the metaphase/anaphase transition. Cancer Lett 2009;277:174-81.
158. Lee YM, Lim do Y, Choi HJ, Jung JI, Chung WY, Park JH. Induction of cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells by the dietary compound isoliquiritigenin. J Med Food 2009;12:8-14.
159. Park SJ, Song HY, Youn HS. Suppression of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of toll-like receptors by isoliquiritigenin in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Cells 2009;28:365-8.
160. Sun ZJ, Chen G, Zhang W, Hu X, Huang CF, Wang YF, et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin pathway promotes tumor-induced angiogenesis in adenoid cystic carcinoma: its suppression by isoliquiritigenin through dual activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010;334:500-12.
161. Park SJ, Youn HS. Suppression of homodimerization of toll-like receptor 4 by isoliquiritigenin. Phytochemistry 2010;71:1736-40.
162. Kwon GT, Cho HJ, Chung WY, Park KK, Moon A, Park JH. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells: possible mediation by decreased JNK/AP-1 signaling. J Nutr Biochem 2009;20:663-76.
163. Furusawa J, Funakoshi-Tago M, Tago K, Mashino T, Inoue H, Sonoda Y, et al. Licochalcone A significantly suppresses LPS signaling pathway through the inhibition of NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation at serine 276. Cell Signal 2009;21:778-85.
164. Rafi MM, Rosen RT, Vassil A, Ho CT, Zhang H, Ghai G, et al. Modulation of bcl-2 and cytotoxicity by licochalcone-A, a novel estrogenic flavonoid. Anticancer Res 2000;20:2653-8. (Pubitemid 30614480)
165. Kim YH, Shin EK, Kim DH, Lee HH, Park JH, Kim JK. Antiangiogenic effect of licochalcone A. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;80:1152-9.
166. Kim JK, Shin EK, Park JH, Kim YH. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects of licochalcone A in mouse models. J Mol Med 2010;88:829-38.
167. Yo YT, Shieh GS, Hsu KF, Wu CL, Shiau AL. Licorice and licochalcone-A induce autophagy in LNCaP prostate cancer cells by suppression of Bcl-2 expression and the mTOR pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:8266-73.
168. Yoon G, Kang BY, Cheon SH. Topoisomerase I inhibition and cytotoxicity of licochalcones A and E from Glycyrrhiza inflata. Arch Pharm Res 2007;30:313-6.
169. Fu Y, Hsieh TC, Guo J, Kunicki J, Lee MY, Darzynkiewicz Z, et al. Licochalcone-A, a novel flavonoid isolated from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), causes G2 and late-G1 arrests in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;322:263-70. (Pubitemid 39093864)
170. Hirai S, Kim YI, Goto T, Kang MS, Yoshimura M, Obata A, et al. Inhibitory effect of naringenin chalcone on inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Life Sci 2007;81:1272-9. (Pubitemid 47539506)
171. Iwamura C, Shinoda K, Yoshimura M, Watanabe Y, Obata A, Nakayama T. Naringenin chalcone suppresses allergic asthma by inhibiting the type-2 function of CD4 T cells. Allergol Int 2010;59:67-73.
172. Fujita T, Sakuma S, Sumiya T, Nishida H, Fujimoto Y, Baba K, et al. The effects of xanthoangelol E on arachidonic acid metabolism in the gastric antral mucosa and platelet of the rabbit. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1992;77:227-40.
173. Tabata K, Motani K, Takayanagi N, Nishimura R, Asami S, Kimura Y, et al. Xanthoangelol, a major chalcone constituent of Angelica keiskei, induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma and leukemia cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:1404-7. (Pubitemid 41379689)
174. Dell'Eva R, Ambrosini C, Vannini N, Piaggio G, Albini A, Ferrari N. AKT/NF-kappaB inhibitor xanthohumol targets cell growth and angiogenesis in hematologic malignancies. Cancer 2007;110:2007-11. (Pubitemid 350036860)
175. Pan L, Becker H, Gerhauser C. Xanthohumol induces apoptosis in cultured 40-16 human colon cancer cells by activation of the death receptor- and mitochondrial pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005;49:837-43. (Pubitemid 41411567)
176. Liu G, Eggler AL, Dietz BM, Mesecar AD, Bolton JL, Pezzuto JM, et al. Screening method for the discovery of potential cancer chemoprevention agents based on mass spectrometric detection of alkylated Keap1. Anal Chem 2005;77:6407-14. (Pubitemid 41436981)
177. Vanhoecke B, Derycke L, Van Marck V, Depypere H, De Keukeleire D, Bracke M. Antiinvasive effect of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone present in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer. Int J Cancer 2005;117:889-95. (Pubitemid 41688562)
178. Monteghirfo S, Tosetti F, Ambrosini C, Stigliani S, Pozzi S, Frassoni F, et al. Antileukemia effects of xanthohumol in Bcr/Abl-transformed cells involve nuclear factor-kappaB and p53 modulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7:2692-702.
179. Gao X, Deeb D, Liu Y, Gautam S, Dulchavsky SA, Gautam SC. Immunomodulatory activity of xanthohumol: inhibition of T cell proliferation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine production through suppression of NF-kappaB. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2009;31:477-84.
180. Lupinacci E, Meijerink J, Vincken JP, Gabriele B, Gruppen H, Witkamp RF. Xanthohumol from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an efficient inhibitor of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and U937 human monocytes. J Agric Food Chem 2009;57:7274-81.
181. Dorn C, Weiss TS, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived fromhops, inhibits proliferation, migration and interleukin-8 expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2010;36:435-41.
182. Cho YC, You SK, Kim HJ, Cho CW, Lee IS, Kang BY. Xanthohumol inhibits IL-12 production and reduces chronic allergic contact dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2010;10:556-61.
183. Okuyama T, Takata M, Takayasu J, Hasegawa T, Tokuda H, Nishino A, et al. Antitumor-promotion by principles obtained from Angelica keiskei. Planta Med 1991;57:242-6.
184. Akihisa T, Tokuda H, Hasegawa D, Ukiya M, Kimura Y, Enjo F, et al. Chalcones and other compounds from the exudates of Angelica keiskei and their cancer chemopreventive effects. J Nat Prod 2006;69:38-42. (Pubitemid 43241751)
185. Tang Y, Simoneau AR, Xie J, Shahandeh B, Zi X. Effects of the kava chalcone flavokawain A differ in bladder cancer cells with wild-type versus mutant p53. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2008;1:439-51.
186. Yang EB, Zhang K, Cheng LY, Mack P. Butein, a specific protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;245:435-8. (Pubitemid 28418520)
187. Jung JI, Lim SS, Choi HJ, Cho HJ, Shin HK, Kim EJ, et al. Isoliquiritigenin induces apoptosis by depolarizing mitochondrial membranes in prostate cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2006;17:689-96. (Pubitemid 44380373)
188. Kim DC, Ramachandran S, Baek SH, Kwon SH, Kwon KY, Cha SD, et al. Induction of growth inhibition and apoptosis in human uterine leiomyoma cells by isoliquiritigenin. Reprod Sci 2008;15:552-8. (Pubitemid 351875956)
189. Yoshida T, Horinaka M, Takara M, Tsuchihashi M, Mukai N, Wakada M, et al. Combination of isoliquiritigenin and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces apoptosis in colon cancer HT29 cells. Environ Health Prev Med 2008;13:281-7.
190. Ji DB, Zhang LY, Li CL, Ye J, Zhu HB. Effect of Hydroxysafflor yellow A on human umbilical vein endothelial cells under hypoxia. Vasc Pharmacol 2009;50:137-45.
191. Jarvill-Taylor KJ, Anderson RA, Graves DJ. A hydroxychalcone derived from cinnamon functions as a mimetic for insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Am Coll Nutr 2001;20:327-36. (Pubitemid 32744208)
192. Noren NK, Liu BP, Burridge K, Kreft B. p120 catenin regulates the actin cytoskeleton via Rho family GTPases. J Cell Biol 2000;150:567-80.
193. Sahai E, Marshall CJ. RHO-GTPases and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:133-42.
194. Noujaim D, van Golen CM, van Golen KL, Grauman A, Feldman EL. N-Myc and Bcl-2 coexpression induces MMP-2 secretion and activation in human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene 2002;21:4549-57. (Pubitemid 34785731)
195. Van den Steen PE, Dubois B, Nelissen I, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Opdenakker G. Biochemistry and molecular biology of gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2002;37:375-536. (Pubitemid 36071972)
196. Giannelli G, Falk-Marzillier J, Schiraldi O, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Quaranta V. Induction of cell migration by matrix metalloprotease-2 cleavage of laminin-5. Science 1997;277:225-8. (Pubitemid 27446075)
197. Hipps DS, Hembry RM, Docherty AJ, Reynolds JJ, Murphy G. Purification and characterization of human 72-kDa gelatinase (type IV collagenase). Use of immunolocalisation to demonstrate the non-coordinate regulation of the 72-kDa and 95-kDa gelatinases by human fibroblasts. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1991;372: 287-96.
198. Vartio T, Vaheri A. A gelatin-binding 70, 000-dalton glycoprotein synthesized distinctly from fibronectin by normal and malignant adherent cells. J Biol Chem 1981;256:13085-90. (Pubitemid 12131974)
199. Murphy G, Bretz U, Baggiolini M, Reynolds JJ. The latent collagenase and gelatinase of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes. Biochem J 1980;192:517-25. (Pubitemid 11206824)
200. Sopata I, Wize J. A latent gelatin specific proteinase of human leucocytes and its activation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979;571:305-12. (Pubitemid 10211059)
201. Rosette C, Roth RB, Oeth P, Braun A, Kammerer S, Ekblom J, et al. Role of ICAM1 in invasion of human breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:943-50. (Pubitemid 41214323)
202. McMahon G. VEGF receptor signaling in tumor angiogenesis. Oncologist 2000;5 (Suppl 1):3-10. (Pubitemid 30225450)
203. Bertl E, Becker H, Eicher T, Herhaus C, Kapadia G, Bartsch H, et al. Inhibition of endothelial cell functions by novel potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;325:287-95. (Pubitemid 39441191)
204. Lee YS, Lim SS, Shin KH, Kim YS, Ohuchi K, Jung SH. Anti-angiogenic and antitumor activities of 2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxychalcone. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29: 1028-31.
205. Foresti R, Hoque M, Monti D, Green CJ, Motterlini R. Differential activation of heme oxygenase-1 by chalcones and rosolic acid in endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;312:686-93. (Pubitemid 40189567)
206. Shibata T, Yamada T, Ishii T, Kumazawa S, Nakamura H, Masutani H, et al. Thioredoxin as a molecular target of cyclopentenone prostaglandins. J Biol Chem 2003;278:26046-54. (Pubitemid 36835372)
207. Fenwick GR, Lutomski J, Nieman C. Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.: composition, uses and analysis. Food Chem 1990;38:119-43.
208. Wegener JW, Nawrath H. Cardiac effects of isoliquiritigenin. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;326:37-44. (Pubitemid 27205043)
209. Kang DG, Lee AS, Mun YJ, Woo WH, Kim YC, Sohn EJ, et al. Butein ameliorates renal concentrating ability in cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2004;27:366-70. (Pubitemid 41685481)
210. Isomoto H, Furusu H, Ohnita K, Wen CY, Inoue K, Kohno S. Sofalcone, a mucoprotective agent, increases the cure rate of Helicobacter pylori infection when combined with rabeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:1629-33. (Pubitemid 40520802)
211. Opletalova V, Jahodar L, Jun D, Opletal L. Chalcones (1, 3-diarylpropen-1-ones) and their analogs as potential therapeutic agents in cardiovascular system diseases. Ceská Slov Farm 2003;52:12-9.