PAT proteins, an ancient family of lipid droplet proteins that regulate cellular lipid stores

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids

Volumn 1791, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 419-440

  Bickel, Perry E ^a   Tansey, John T ^b   Welte, Michael A ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b OTTERBEIN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adipocyte; Lipid droplet; Lipogenesis; Lipolysis; PAT proteins; Perilipin

Indexed keywords

ADIPOPHILIN; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; FAT DROPLET; LIPOPROTEIN; LYSERGIDE; PERILIPIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PHOSPHORYLASE; RNA; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ADIPOGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOGENESIS; CELL METABOLISM; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DISEASE MARKER; DROSOPHILA; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENE EXPRESSION; HEALTH; HUMAN; INSECT; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID STORAGE; METARHIZIUM; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN DEFICIENCY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LIPID INTERACTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SKELETAL MUSCLE; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

ACYLTRANSFERASES; ANIMALS; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; HUMANS; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPIDS; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; ORGANELLE SIZE; ORGANELLES; PEPTIDES; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; PREGNANCY PROTEINS; PROTEINS;

FUNGI; HEXAPODA; MAMMALIA; MYXOGASTRIA;

EID: 66349128492     PISSN: 13881981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (217)

1. Murphy D.J. The biogenesis and functions of lipid bodies in animals, plants and microorganisms. Prog. Lipid Res. 40 (2001) 325-438
2. Bartz R., Zehmer J.K., Zhu M., Chen Y., Serrero G., Zhao Y., and Liu P. Dynamic activity of lipid droplets: protein phosphorylation and GTP-mediated protein translocation. J. Proteome Res. 6 (2007) 3256-3265
3. Beller M., Riedel D., Jansch L., Dieterich G., Wehland J., Jackle H., and Kuhnlein R.P. Characterization of the Drosophila lipid droplet subproteome. Mol. Cell Proteomics 5 (2006) 1082-1094
4. Brasaemle D.L., Dolios G., Shapiro L., and Wang R. Proteomic analysis of proteins associated with lipid droplets of basal and lipolytically stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 46835-46842
5. Liu P., Ying Y., Zhao Y., Mundy D.I., Zhu M., and Anderson R.G.W. Chinese hamster ovary K2 cell lipid droplets appear to be metabolic organelles involved in membrane traffic. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 3787-3792
6. Sato S., Fukasawa M., Yamakawa Y., Natsume T., Suzuki T., Shoji I., Aizaki H., Miyamura T., and Nishijima M. Proteomic profiling of lipid droplet proteins in hepatoma cell lines expressing hepatitis C virus core protein. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 139 (2006) 921-930
7. Wan H.C., Melo R.C., Jin Z., Dvorak A.M., and Weller P.F. Roles and origins of leukocyte lipid bodies: proteomic and ultrastructural studies. FASEB J. 21 (2007) 167-178
8. Ducharme N.A., and Bickel P.E. Minireview: lipid droplets in lipogenesis and lipolysis. Endocrinology 149 (2008) 942-949
9. Fujimoto T., Ohsaki Y., Cheng J., Suzuki M., and Shinohara Y. Lipid droplets: a classic organelle with new outfits. Histochem. Cell Biol. 130 (2008) 263-279
10. Listenberger L.L., and Brown D.A. Lipid droplets. Curr. Biol. 18 (2008) R237-R238
11. Martin S., and Parton R.G. Lipid droplets: a unified view of a dynamic organelle. Nat Rev Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (2006) 373-378
12. Granneman J.G., and Moore H.P. Location, location: protein trafficking and lipolysis in adipocytes. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 19 (2008) 3-9
13. Olofsson S.O., Bostrom P., Andersson L., Rutberg M., Levin M., Perman J., and Boren J. Triglyceride containing lipid droplets and lipid droplet-associated proteins. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 19 (2008) 441-447
14. Thiele C., and Spandl J. Cell biology of lipid droplets. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 20 (2008) 378-385
15. Egan J.J., Greenberg A.S., Chang M.K., and Londos C. Control of endogenous phosphorylation of the major cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrate in adipocytes by insulin and beta-adrenergic stimulation. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) 18769-18775
16. Greenberg A.S., Egan J.J., Wek S.A., Garty N.B., Blanchette-Mackie E.J., and Londos C. Perilipin, a major hormonally regulated adipocyte-specific phosphoprotein associated with the periphery of lipid storage droplets. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 11341-11346
17. Greenberg A.S., Egan J.J., Wek S.A., Moos Jr. M.C., Londos C., and Kimmel A.R. Isolation of cDNAs for perilipins A and B: sequence and expression of lipid droplet-associated proteins of adipocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90 (1993) 12035-12039
18. Miura S., Gan J.W., Brzostowski J., Parisi M.J., Schultz C.J., Londos C., Oliver B., and Kimmel A.R. Functional conservation for lipid storage droplet association among perilipin-, ADRP-, and TIP 47-related proteins in mammals, Drosophila, and Dictylostelium. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 32253-32257
19. Scherer P.E., Bickel P.E., Kotler M., and Lodish H.F. Cloning of cell-specific secreted and surface proteins by subtractive antibody screening. Nat. Biotechnol. 16 (1998) 581-586
20. Wolins N.E., Skinner J.R., Schoenfish M.J., Tzekov A., Bensch K.G., and Bickel P.E. Adipocyte protein S3-12 coats nascent lipid droplets. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 37713-37721
21. Yamaguchi T., Matsushita S., Motojima K., Hirose F., and Osumi T. MLDP, a novel PAT family protein localized to lipid droplets and enriched in the heart, is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 14232-14240
22. Wolins N.E., Quaynor B.K., Skinner J.R., Tzekov A., Croce M.A., Gropler M.C., Varma V., Yao-Borengasser A., Rasouli N., Kern P.A., Finck B.N., and Bickel P.E. OXPAT/PAT-1 is a PPAR-induced lipid droplet protein that promotes fatty acid utilization. Diabetes 55 (2006) 3418-3428
23. Dalen K.T., Dahl T., Holter E., Arntsen B., Londos C., Sztalryd C., and Nebb H.I. LSDP5 is a PAT protein specifically expressed in fatty acid oxidizing tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1771 (2007) 210-227
24. Wolins N.E., Brasaemle D.L., and Bickel P.E. A proposed model of fat packaging by exchangeable lipid droplet proteins. FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 5484-5491
25. Brasaemle D.L. The perilipin family of structural lipid droplet proteins: stabilization of lipid droplets and control of lipolysis. J. Lipid Res. 48 (2007) 2547-2559
26. Londos C., Sztalryd C., Tansey J.T., and Kimmel A.R. Role of PAT proteins in lipid metabolism. Biochimie 87 (2005) 45-49
27. Chan A.P., Kloc M., and Etkin L.D. fatvg encodes a new localized RNA that uses a 25-nucleotide element (FVLE1) to localize to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes. Development 126 (1999) 4943-4953
28. Grönke S., Beller M., Fellert S., Ramakrishnan H., Jäckle H., and Kühnlein R.P. Control of fat storage by a Drosophila PAT domain protein. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) 603-606
29. Wang C., and St Leger R.J. The Metarhizium anisopliae perilipin homolog MPL1 regulates lipid metabolism, appressorial turgor pressure, and virulence. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 21110-21115
30. Lu X., Gruia-Gray J., Copeland N.G., Gilbert D.J., Jenkins N.A., Londos C., and Kimmel A.R. The murine perilipin gene: the lipid droplet-associated perilipins derive from tissue-specific, mRNA splice variants and define a gene family of ancient origin. Mamm. Genome 12 (2001) 741-749
31. Subramanian V., Garcia A., Sekowski A., and Brasaemle D.L. Hydrophobic sequences target and anchor perilipin A to lipid droplets. J. Lipid Res. 45 (2004) 1983-1991
32. Garcia A., Sekowski A., Subramanian V., and Brasaemle D.L. The central domain is required to target and anchor perilipin A to lipid droplets. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 625-635
33. Blanchette-Mackie E.J., Dwyer N.K., Barber T., Coxey R.A., Takeda T., Rondinone C.M., Theodorakis J.L., Greenberg A.S., and Londos C. Perilipin is located on the surface layer of intracellular lipid droplets in adipocytes. J. Lipid Res. 36 (1995) 1211-1226
34. Akter M.H., Yamaguchi T., Hirose F., and Osumi T. Perilipin, a critical regulator of fat storage and breakdown, is a target gene of estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha. Biochem. Biophys. Rese. Commun. 368 (2008) 563-568
35. Arimura N., Horiba T., Imagawa M., Shimizu M., and Sato R. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates expression of the perilipin gene in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 10070-10076
36. Dalen K.T., Schoonjans K., Ulven S.M., Weedon-Fekjaer M.S., Bentzen T.G., Koutnikova H., Auwerx J., and Nebb H.I. Adipose tissue expression of the lipid droplet-associating proteins S3-12 and perilipin is controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Diabetes 53 (2004) 1243-1252
37. Nagai S., Shimizu C., Umetsu M., Taniguchi S., Endo M., Miyoshi H., Yoshioka N., Kubo M., and Koike T. Identification of a functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor responsive element within the murine perilipin gene. Endocrinology 145 (2004) 2346-2356
38. Takahashi Y., Ohoka N., Hayashi H., and Sato R. TRB3 suppresses adipocyte differentiation by negatively regulating PPAR gamma transcriptional activity. J. Lipid Res. 49 (2008) 880-892
39. Li D.C., Kang Q.H., and Wang D.M. Constitutive coactivator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR gamma), a novel coactivator of PPAR gamma that promotes adipogenesis. Mol. Endocrinol. 21 (2007) 2320-2333
40. Prusty D., Park B.H., Davis K.E., and Farmer S.R. Activation of MEK/ERK signaling promotes adipogenesis by enhancing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma ) and C/EBPalpha gene expression during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 46226-46232
41. Zhang H.H., Halbleib M., Ahmad F., Manganiello V.C., and Greenberg A.S. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates lipolysis in differentiated human adipocytes through activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and elevation of intracellular cAMP. Diabetes 51 (2002) 2929-2935
42. Laurencikiene J., van Harmelen V., Arvidsson Nordstrom E., Dicker A., Blomqvist L., Naslund E., Langin D., Arner P., and Ryden M. NF-kappaB is important for TNF-alpha-induced lipolysis in human adipocytes. J. Lipid Res. 48 (2007) 1069-1077
43. Souza S.C., Palmer H.J., Kang Y.H., Yamamoto M.T., Muliro K.V., Paulson K.E., and Greenberg A.S. TNF-alpha induction of lipolysis is mediated through activation of the extracellular signal related kinase pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 89 (2003) 1077-1086
44. Brasaemle D.L., Barber T., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Post-translational regulation of perilipin expression - stabilization by stored intracellular neutral lipids. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 9378-9387
45. Xu G., Sztalryd C., and Londos C. Degradation of perilipin is mediated through ubiquitination-proteasome pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1761 (2006) 83-90
46. Gross D.N., Miyoshi H., Hosaka T., Zhang H.H., Pino E.C., Souza S., Obin M., Greenberg A.S., and Pilch P.F. Dynamics of lipid droplet-associated proteins during hormonally stimulated lipolysis in engineered adipocytes: stabilization and lipid droplet binding of adipocyte differentiation-related protein/adipophilin. Mol. Endocrinol. 20 (2006) 459-466
47. Kovsan J., Ben-Romano R., Souza S.C., Greenberg A.S., and Rudich A. Regulation of adipocyte lipolysis by degradation of the perilipin protein: nelfinavir enhances lysosome-mediated perilipin proteolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 21704-21711
48. Clifford G.M., McCormick D.K.T., Londos C., Vernon R.G., and Yeaman S.J. Dephosphorylation of perilipin by protein phosphatases present in rat adipocytes. FEBS Lett. 435 (1998) 125-129
49. Schweiger M., Schoiswohl G., Lass A., Radner F.P., Haemmerle G., Malli R., Graier W., Cornaciu I., Oberer M., Salvayre R., Fischer J., Zechner R., and Zimmermann R. The C-terminal region of human adipose triglyceride lipase affects enzyme activity and lipid droplet binding. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 17211-17220
50. Zimmermann R., Strauss J.G., Haemmerle G., Schoiswohl G., Birner-Gruenberger R., Riederer M., Lass A., Neuberger G., Eisenhaber F., Hermetter A., and Zechner R. Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase. Science 306 (2004) 1383-1386
51. Miyoshi H., Perfield II J.W., Souza S.C., Shen W.J., Zhang H.H., Stancheva Z.S., Kraemer F.B., Obin M.S., and Greenberg A.S. Control of adipose triglyceride lipase action by serine 517 of perilipin A globally regulates protein kinase A-stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 996-1002
52. Brasaemle D.L., Rubin B., Harten I.A., Gruia-Gray J., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Perilipin A increases triacylglycerol storage by decreasing the rate of triacylglycerol hydrolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 38486-38493
53. Souza S.C., de Vargas L.M., Yamamoto M.T., Lien P., Franciosa M.D., Moss L.G., and Greenberg A.S. Overexpression of perilipin A and B blocks the ability of tumor necrosis factor alpha to increase lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 24665-24669
54. Tansey J.T., Huml A.M., Vogt R., Davis K.E., Jones J.M., Fraser K.A., Brasaemle D.L., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Functional studies on native and mutated forms of perilipins. A role in protein kinase A-mediated lipolysis of triacylglycerols. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 8401-8406
55. Souza S.C., Muliro K.V., Liscum L., Lien P., Yamamoto M.T., Schaffer J.E., Dallal G.E., Wang X., Kraemer F.B., Obin M., and Greenberg A.S. Modulation of hormone-sensitive lipase and protein kinase A-mediated lipolysis by perilipin A in an adenoviral reconstituted system. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 8267-8272
56. Martinez-Botas J., Anderson J.B., Tessier D., Lapillonne A., Chang B.H., Quast M.J., Gorenstein D., Chen K.H., and Chan L. Absence of perilipin results in leanness and reverses obesity in Lepr(db/db) mice. Nat. Genet. 26 (2000) 474-479
57. Tansey J.T., Sztalryd C., Gruia-Gray J., Roush D.L., Zee J.V., Gavrilova O., Reitman M.L., Deng C.X., Li C., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Perilipin ablation results in a lean mouse with aberrant adipocyte lipolysis, enhanced leptin production, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 6494-6499
58. Sztalryd C., Xu G., Dorward H., Tansey J.T., Contreras J.A., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Perilipin A is essential for the translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase during lipolytic activation. J. Cell Biol. 161 (2003) 1093-1103
59. Miyoshi H., Souza S.C., Zhang H.H., Strissel K.J., Christoffolete M.A., Kovsan J., Rudich A., Kraemer F.B., Bianco A.C., Obin M.S., and Greenberg A.S. Perilipin promotes hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated adipocyte lipolysis via phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 15837-15844
60. Marcinkiewicz A., Gauthier D., Garcia A., and Brasaemle D.L. The phosphorylation of serine 492 of perilipin a directs lipid droplet fragmentation and dispersion. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 11901-11909
61. Lass A., Zimmermann R., Haemmerle G., Riederer M., Schoiswohl G., Schweiger M., Kienesberger P., Strauss J.G., Gorkiewicz G., and Zechner R. Adipose triglyceride lipase-mediated lipolysis of cellular fat stores is activated by CGI-58 and defective in Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. Cell Metab. 3 (2006) 309-319
62. Schweiger M., Schreiber R., Haemmerle G., Lass A., Fledelius C., Jacobsen P., Tornqvist H., Zechner R., and Zimmermann R. Adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase are the major enzymes in adipose tissue triacylglycerol catabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 40236-40241
63. Yamaguchi T., Omatsu N., Morimoto E., Nakashima H., Ueno K., Tanaka T., Satouchi K., Hirose F., and Osumi T. CGI-58 facilitates lipolysis on lipid droplets but is not involved in the vesiculation of lipid droplets caused by hormonal stimulation. J. Lipid Res. 48 (2007) 1078-1089
64. Subramanian V., Rothenberg A., Gomez C., Cohen A.W., Garcia A., Bhattacharyya S., Shapiro L., Dolios G., Wang R., Lisanti M.P., and Brasaemle D.L. Perilipin A mediates the reversible binding of CGI-58 to lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 42062-42071
65. Yamaguchi T., Omatsu N., Matsushita S., and Osumi T. CGI-58 interacts with perilipin and is localized to lipid droplets - possible involvement of CGI-58 mislocalization in Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 30490-30497
66. Granneman J.G., Moore H.P., Granneman R.L., Greenberg A.S., Obin M.S., and Zhu Z. Analysis of lipolytic protein trafficking and interactions in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 5726-5735
67. Ghosh A.K., Ramakrishnan G., Chandramohan C., and Rajasekharan R. CGI-58, the causative gene for Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, mediates acylation of lysophosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2008) 24525-24533
68. Simpson C.M., Itabe H., Reynolds C.N., King W.C., and Glomset J.A. Swiss 3T3 cells preferentially incorporate sn-2-arachidonoyl monoacylglycerol into sn-1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl phosphatidylinositol. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 15902-15909
69. Igal R.A., and Coleman R.A. Acylglycerol recycling from triacylglycerol to phospholipid, not lipase activity, is defective in neutral lipid storage disease fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 16644-16651
70. Igal R.A., and Coleman R.A. Neutral lipid storage disease: a genetic disorder with abnormalities in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism. J. Lipid Res. 39 (1998) 31-43
71. Smith A.J., Thompson B.R., Sanders M.A., and Bernlohr D.A. Interaction of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein with the hormone-sensitive lipase - regulation by fatty acids and phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 32424-32432
72. Wolins N.E., Quaynor B.K., Skinner J.R., Schoenfish M.J., Tzekov A., and Bickel P.E. S3-12, Adipophilin, and TIP47 package lipid in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 19146-19155
73. Chung S., Brown J.M., Sandberg M.B., and McIntosh M. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA increases adipocyte lipolysis and alters lipid droplet-associated proteins: role of mTOR and ERK signaling. J. Lipid Res. 46 (2005) 885-895
74. J.A. Mclean and G. Tobin, Animal and Human Calorimetry, 1987 ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988.
75. Moitra J., Mason M.M., Olive M., Krylov D., Gavrilova O., Marcus-Samuels B., Feigenbaum L., Lee E., Aoyama T., Eckhaus M., Reitman M.L., and Vinson C. Life without white fat: a transgenic mouse. Genes Dev. 12 (1998) 3168-3181
76. Shimomura I., Hammer R.E., Richardson J.A., Ikemoto S., Bashmakov Y., Goldstein J.L., and Brown M.S. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in transgenic mice expressing nuclear SREBP-1c in adipose tissue: model for congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Genes Dev. 12 (1998) 3182-3194
77. Ebihara K., Ogawa Y., Masuzaki H., Shintani M., Miyanaga F., Aizawa-Abe M., Hayashi T., Hosoda K., Inoue G., Yoshimasa Y., Gavrilova O., Reitman M.L., and Nakao K. Transgenic overexpression of leptin rescues insulin resistance and diabetes in a mouse model of lipoatrophic diabetes. Diabetes 50 (2001) 1440-1448
78. Shimomura I., Hammer R.E., Ikemoto S., Brown M.S., and Goldstein J.L. Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy. Nature 401 (1999) 73-76
79. Castro-Chavez F., Yechoor V.K., Saha P.K., Martinez-Botas J., Wooten E.C., Sharma S., O'Connell P., Taegtmeyer H., and Chan L. Coordinated upregulation of oxidative pathways and downregulation of lipid biosynthesis underlie obesity resistance in perilipin knockout mice: a microarray gene expression profile. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2666-2674
80. Saha P.K., Kojima H., Martinez-Botas J., Sunehag A.L., and Chan L. Metabolic adaptations in the absence of perilipin - increased beta-oxidation and decreased hepatic glucose production associated with peripheral insulin resistance but normal glucose tolerance in perilipin-null mice. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 35150-35158
81. Kern P.A., Di Gregorio G., Lu T., Rassouli N., and Ranganathan G. Perilipin expression in human adipose tissue is elevated with obesity. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (2004) 1352-1358
82. Wang Y.X., Sullivan S., Trujillo M., Lee M.J., Schneider S.H., Brolin R.E., Kang Y.H., Werber Y., Greenberg A.S., and Fried S.K. Perilipin expression in human adipose tissues: effects of severe obesity, gender, and depot. Obes. Res. 11 (2003) 930-936
83. Mottagui-Tabar S., Ryden M., Lofgren P., Faulds G., Hoffstedt J., Brookes A.J., Andersson I., and Arner P. Evidence for an important role of perilipin in the regulation of human adipocyte lipolysis. Diabetologia 46 (2003) 789-797
84. Ordovas J.M. Gender, a significant factor in the cross talk between genes, environment, and health. Gend. Med. 4 (2007) S111-S122
85. Tai E.S., and Ordovas J.M. The role of perilipin in human obesity and insulin resistance. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 18 (2007) 152-156
86. Kim H.J., Jung T.W., Kang E.S., Kim D.J., Ahn C.W., Lee K.W., Lee H.C., and Cha B.S. Depot-specific regulation of perilipin by rosiglitazone in a diabetic animal model. Metabolism 56 (2007) 676-685
87. Rosenbaum S.E., and Greenberg A.S. The short- and long-term effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and BRL 49653 on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma2 gene expression and other adipocyte genes. Mol. Endocrinol. 12 (1998) 1150-1160
88. Souza S.C., Yamamoto M.T., Franciosa M.D., Lien P., and Greenberg A.S. BRL 49653 blocks the lipolytic actions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a potential new insulin-sensitizing mechanism for thiazolidinediones. Diabetes 47 (1998) 691-695
89. Adler-Wailes D.C., Liu H.G., Ahmad F., Feng N.P., Londos C., Manganiello V., and Yanovski J.A. Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus-protease inhibitor, ritonavir, on basal and catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (2005) 3251-3261
90. Kennedy A., Chung S., LaPoint K., Fabiyi O., and McIntosh M.K. Trans-10, Cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid antagonizes ligand-dependent PPAR gamma activity in primary cultures of human adipocytes. J. Nutr. 138 (2008) 455-461
91. Park H.J., Della-Fera M.A., Hausman D.B., Rayalam S., Ambati S., and Baile C.A. Genistein inhibits differentiation of primary human adipocytes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 20 (2008) 140-148
92. Persson J., Degerman E., Nilsson J., and Lindholin M.W. Perilipin and adipophilin expression in lipid loaded macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Rese. Commun. 363 (2007) 1020-1026
93. Faber B.C., Cleutjens K.B., Niessen R.L., Aarts P.L., Boon W., Greenberg A.S., Kitslaar P.J., Tordoir J.H., and Daemen M.J. Identification of genes potentially involved in rupture of human atherosclerotic plaques. Circ. Res. 89 (2001) 547-554
94. Forcheron F., Legedz L., Chinetti G., Feugier P., Letexier D., Bricca G., and Beylot M. Genes of cholesterol metabolism in human atheroma: overexpression of perilipin and genes promoting cholesterol storage and repression of ABCA1 expression. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2005) 1711-1717
95. Larigauderie G., Bouhlel M.A., Furman C., Jaye M., Fruchart J.C., and Rouis M. Perilipin, a potential substitute for adipophilin in triglyceride storage in human macrophages. Atherosclerosis 189 (2006) 142-148
96. Wang X.K., Reape T.J., Li X., Rayner K., Webb C.L., Burnand K.G., and Lysko P.G. Induced expression of adipophilin mRNA in human macrophages stimulated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein and in atherosclerotic lesions. FEBS Lett. 462 (1999) 145-150
97. Chen J.S., Greenberg A.S., Tseng Y.Z., and Wang S.M. Possible involvement of protein kinase C in the induction of adipose differentiation-related protein by sterol ester in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J. Cell. Biochem. 83 (2001) 187-199
98. Larigauderie G., Furman C., Jaye M., Lasselin C., Copin C., Fruchart J.C., Castro G., and Rouis M. Adipophilin enhances lipid accumulation and prevents lipid efflux from THP-1 macrophages: potential role in atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24 (2004) 504-510
99. Robenek H., Lorkowski S., Schnoor M., and Troyer D. Spatial integration of TIP47 and adipophilin in macrophage lipid bodies. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 5789-5794
100. Shteyer E., Liao Y.J., Muglia L.J., Hruz P.W., and Rudnick D.A. Disruption of hepatic adipogenesis is associated with impaired liver regeneration in mice. Hepatology 40 (2004) 1322-1332
101. Turmelle Y.P., Shikapwashya O., Tu S., Hruz P.W., Yan Q.Y., and Rudnick D.A. Rosiglitazone inhibits mouse liver regeneration. FASEB J. 20 (2006) 2609-2611
102. Straub B.K., Stoeffel P., Heid H., Zimbelmann R., and Schirmacher P. Differential pattern of lipid droplet-associated proteins and de novo perilipin expression in hepatocyte steatogenesis. Hepatology 47 (2008) 1936-1946
103. Pinnick K.E., Collins S.C., Londos C., Gauguier D., Clark A., and Fielding B.A. Pancreatic ectopic fat is characterized by adipocyte infiltration and altered lipid composition. Obesity 16 (2008) 522-530
104. Muthusamy K., Halbert G., and Roberts F. Immunohistochemical staining for adipophilin, perilipin and TIP47. J. Clin. Pathol. 59 (2006) 1166-1170
105. Shinozaki A., Nagao T., Endo H., Kato N., Hirokawa M., Mizobuchi K., Komatsu M., Igarashi T., Yokoyama M., Masuda S., Sano K., Izumi M., Fukayama M., and Mukai K. Sebaceous epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary gland: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 6 cases of a new histologic variant. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 32A (2008) 913-923
106. Robenek H., Robenek M.J., Buers I., Lorkowski S., Hofnagel O., Troyer D., and Severs N.J. Lipid droplets gain PAT family proteins by interaction with specialized plasma membrane domains. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 26330-26338
107. Aboulaich N., Vener A.V., and Stralfors P. Hormonal control of reversible translocation of perilipin B to the plasma membrane in primary human adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 11446-11449
108. Robenek H., Robenek M.J., and Troyer D. PAT family proteins pervade lipid droplet cores. J. Lipid Res. 46 (2005) 1331-1338
109. Moore H.P., Silver R.B., Mottillo E.P., Bernlohr D.A., and Granneman J.G. Perilipin targets a novel pool of lipid droplets for lipolytic attack by hormone-sensitive lipase. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 43109-43120
110. DiDonato D., and Brasaemle D.L. Fixation methods for the study of lipid droplets by immunofluorescence microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 51 (2003) 773-780
111. L.L. Listenberger and D.A. Brown, Fluorescent detection of lipid droplets and associated proteins, Curr Protoc Cell Biol Chapter 24 (2007) Unit 24 2.
112. Jiang H.P., Harris S.E., and Serrero G. Molecular cloning of a differentiation-related mRNA in the adipogenic cell line 1246. Cell Growth Differ. 3 (1992) 21-30
113. Jiang H.P., and Serrero G. Isolation and characterization of a full-length cDNA coding for an adipose differentiation-related protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89 (1992) 7856-7860
114. Brasaemle D.L., Barber T., Wolins N.E., Serrero G., Blanchette-Mackie E.J., and Londos C. Adipose differentiation-related protein is an ubiquitously expressed lipid storage droplet-associated protein. J. Lipid Res. 38 (1997) 2249-2263
115. Xu G., Sztalryd C., Lu X., Tansey J.T., Gan J., Dorward H., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Post-translational regulation of adipose differentiation-related protein by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 42841-42847
116. Heid H.W., Moll R., Schwetlick I., Rackwitz H.R., and Keenan T.W. Adipophilin is a specific marker of lipid accumulation in diverse cell types and diseases. Cell Tissue Res. 294 (1998) 309-321
117. Yamaguchi T., Omatsu N., Omukae A., and Osumi T. Analysis of interaction partners for perilipin and ADRP on lipid droplets. Mol. Cell Biochem. 284 (2006) 167-173
118. Imamura M., Inoguchi T., Ikuyama S., Taniguchi S., Kobayashi K., Nakashima N., and Nawata H. ADRP stimulates lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation in murine fibroblasts. Am. J. Physiol: Endocrinol. Metab. 283 (2002) E775-E783
119. Listenberger L.L., Ostermeyer-Fay A.G., Goldberg E.B., Brown W.J., and Brown D.A. Adipocyte differentiation-related protein reduces lipid droplet association of adipose triglyceride lipase and slows triacylglycerol turnover. J. Lipid Res. 48 (2007) 2751-2761
120. Orlicky D.J., Degala G., Greenwood C., Bales E.S., Russell T.D., and McManaman J.L. Multiple functions encoded by the N-terminal PAT domain of adipophilin. J. Cell. Sci. 121 (2008) 2921-2929
121. Chang B.H., Li L., Paul A., Taniguchi S., Nannegari V., Heird W.C., and Chan L. Protection against fatty liver but normal adipogenesis in mice lacking adipose differentiation-related protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26 (2006) 1063-1076
122. Russell T.D., Palmer C.A., Orlicky D.J., Bales E.S., Chang B.H., Chan L., and McManaman J.L. Mammary glands of adipophilin-null mice produce an N-terminally truncated form of adipophilin that mediates milk lipid formation and secretion. J. Lipid Res. (2007) 206-216
123. Imai Y., Varela G.M., Jackson M.B., Graham M.J., Crooke R.M., and Ahima R.S. Reduction of hepatosteatosis and lipid levels by an adipose differentiation-related protein antisense oligonucleotide. Gastroenterology 132 (2007) 1947-1954
124. Phillips S.A., Choe C.C., Ciaraldi T.P., Greenberg A.S., Kong A.P., Baxi S.C., Christiansen L., Mudaliar S.R., and Henry R.R. Adipocyte differentiation-related protein in human skeletal muscle: relationship to insulin sensitivity. Obes. Res. 13 (2005) 1321-1329
125. Magnusson B., Asp L., Bostrom P., Ruiz M., Stillemark-Billton P., Linden D., Boren J., and Olofsson S.O. Adipocyte differentiation-related protein promotes fatty acid storage in cytosolic triglycerides and inhibits secretion of very low-density lipoproteins. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (2006) 1566-1571
126. Sztalryd C., Bell M., Lu X., Mertz P., Hickenbottom S., Chang B.H., Chan L., Kimmel A.R., and Londos C. Functional compensation for adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) by Tip47 in an ADFP null embryonic cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 34341-34348
127. Paul A., Chang B.H., Li L., Yechoor V.K., and Chan L. Deficiency of adipose differentiation-related protein impairs foam cell formation and protects against atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 102 (2008) 1492-1501
128. Shimizu M., Takeshita A., Tsukamoto T., Gonzalez F.J., and Osumi T. Tissue-selective, bidirectional regulation of PEX11 alpha and perilipin genes through a common peroxisome proliferator response element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (2004) 1313-1323
129. Edvardsson U., Ljungberg A., Linden D., William-Olsson L., Peilot-Sjogren H., Ahnmark A., and Oscarsson J. PPARalpha activation increases triglyceride mass and adipose differentiation-related protein in hepatocytes. J. Lipid Res. 47 (2006) 329-340
130. Schmuth M., Haqq C.M., Cairns W.J., Holder J.C., Dorsam S., Chang S., Lau P., Fowler A.J., Chuang G., Moser A.H., Brown B.E., Mao-Qiang M., Uchida Y., Schoonjans K., Auwerx J., Chambon P., Willson T.M., Elias P.M., and Feingold K.R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta/delta stimulates differentiation and lipid accumulation in keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 122 (2004) 971-983
131. Chawla A., Lee C.H., Barak Y., He W., Rosenfeld J., Liao D., Han J., Kang H., and Evans R.M. PPARdelta is a very low-density lipoprotein sensor in macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 1268-1273
132. Targett-Adams P., McElwee M.J., Ehrenborg E., Gustafsson M.C., Palmer C.N., and McLauchlan J. A PPAR response element regulates transcription of the gene for human adipose differentiation-related protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1728 (2005) 95-104
133. Gao J., Ye H., and Serrero G. Stimulation of adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) expression in adipocyte precursors by long-chain fatty acids. J. Cell. Physiol. 182 (2000) 297-302
134. Bildirici I., Roh C.R., Schaiff W.T., Lewkowski B.M., Nelson D.M., and Sadovsky Y. The lipid droplet-associated protein adipophilin is expressed in human trophoblasts and is regulated by peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma/retinoid X receptor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (2003) 6056-6062
135. Schadinger S.E., Bucher N.L., Schreiber B.M., and Farmer S.R. PPARgamma2 regulates lipogenesis and lipid accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes. Am. J. Physiol: Endocrinol. Metab. 288 (2005) E1195-E1205
136. Vosper H., Patel L., Graham T.L., Khoudoli G.A., Hill A., Macphee C.H., Pinto I., Smith S.A., Suckling K.E., Wolf C.R., and Palmer C.N. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta promotes lipid accumulation in human macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 44258-44265
137. Buechler C., Ritter M., Duong C.Q., Orso E., Kapinsky M., and Schmitz G. Adipophilin is a sensitive marker for lipid loading in human blood monocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1532 (2001) 97-104
138. Ye H., and Serrero G. Stimulation of adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) expression by ibuprofen and indomethacin in adipocyte precursors and in adipocytes. Biochem. J. 330 Pt 2 (1998) 803-809
139. Gao J., and Serrero G. Adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) expressed in transfected COS-7 cells selectively stimulates long chain fatty acid uptake. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 16825-16830
140. Heid H.W., Schnolzer M., and Keenan T.W. Adipocyte differentiation-related protein is secreted into milk as a constituent of milk lipid globule membrane. Biochem. J. 320 Pt 3 (1996) 1025-1030
141. McManaman J.L., Zabaronick W., Schaack J., and Orlicky D.J. Lipid droplet targeting domains of adipophilin. J. Lipid Res. 44 (2003) 668-673
142. Nakamura N., and Fujimoto T. Adipose differentiation-related protein has two independent domains for targeting to lipid droplets. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 306 (2003) 333-338
143. Targett-Adams P., Chambers D., Gledhill S., Hope R.G., Coy J.F., Girod A., and McLauchlan J. Live cell analysis and targeting of the lipid droplet-binding adipocyte differentiation-related protein. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 15998-16007
144. Nakamura N., Akashi T., Taneda T., Kogo H., Kikuchi A., and Fujimoto T. ADRP is dissociated from lipid droplets by ARF1-dependent mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 322 (2004) 957-965
145. Bostrom P., Andersson L., Rutberg M., Perman J., Lidberg U., Johansson B.R., Fernandez-Rodriguez J., Ericson J., Nilsson T., Boren J., and Olofsson S.O. SNARE proteins mediate fusion between cytosolic lipid droplets and are implicated in insulin sensitivity. Nat. Cell Biol. 9 (2007) 1286-1293
146. Andersson L., Boström P., Ericson J., Rutberg M., Magnusson B., Marchesan D., Ruiz M., Asp L., Huang P., Frohman M.A., Boren J., and Olofsson S.O. PLD1 and ERK2 regulate cytosolic lipid droplet formation. J. Cell. Sci. 119 (2006) 2246-2257
147. Wolins N.E., Rubin B., and Brasaemle D.L. TIP47 associates with lipid droplets. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 5101-5108
148. Barbero P., Buell E., Zulley S., and Pfeffer S.R. TIP47 is not a component of lipid droplets. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 24348-24351
149. Diaz E., and Pfeffer S.R. TIP47: a cargo selection device for mannose 6-phosphate receptor trafficking. Cell 93 (1998) 433-443
150. Lopez-Verges S., Camus G., Blot G., Beauvoir R., Benarous R., and Berlioz-Torrent C. Tail-interacting protein TIP47 is a connector between Gag and Env and is required for Env incorporation into HIV-1 virions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 14947-14952
151. Saito K., Williams S., Bulankina A., Honing S., and Mustelin T. Association of protein-tyrosine phosphatase MEG2 via its Sec14p homology domain with vesicle-trafficking proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 15170-15178
152. Gao J.G., and Simon M. Molecular screening for GS2 lipase regulators: inhibition of keratinocyte retinylester hydrolysis by TIP47. J. Invest. Dermatol. 126 (2006) 2087-2095
153. Tsuiki E., Fujita A., Ohsaki Y., Cheng J., Irie T., Yoshikawa K., Senoo H., Mishima K., Kitaoka T., and Fujimoto T. All-trans-retinol generated by rhodopsin photobleaching induces rapid recruitment of TIP47 to lipid droplets in the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (2007) 2858-2867
154. Bell M., Wang H., Chen H., McLenithan J.C., Gong D.W., Yang R.Z., Yu D., Fried S.K., Quon M.J., Londos C., and Sztalryd C. Consequences of lipid droplet coat protein downregulation in liver cells: abnormal lipid droplet metabolism and induction of insulin resistance. Diabetes 57 (2008) 2037-2045
155. Ohsaki Y., Maeda T., Maeda M., Tauchi-Sato K., and Fujimoto T. Recruitment of TIP47 to lipid droplets is controlled by the putative hydrophobic cleft. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 347 (2006) 279-287
156. Hickenbottom S.J., Kimmel A.R., Londos C., and Hurley J.H. Structure of a lipid droplet protein; the PAT family member TIP47. Structure 12 (2004) 1199-1207
157. Bussell Jr. R., and Eliezer D. A structural and functional role for 11-mer repeats in alpha-synuclein and other exchangeable lipid binding proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 329 (2003) 763-778
158. Granneman J.G., Moore H.P., Mottillo E.P., and Zhu Z. Functional interactions between Mldp (LSDP5) and Abhd5 in the control of intracellular lipid accumulation. J. Biol. Chem. 284 (2009) 3049-3057
159. Leopold P., and Perrimon N. Drosophila and the genetics of the internal milieu. Nature 450 (2007) 186-188
160. Schlegel A., and Stainier D.Y. Lessons from "lower" organisms: what worms, flies, and zebrafish can teach us about human energy metabolism. PLoS Genet. 3 (2007) e199
161. Gäde G., and Auerswald L. Mode of action of neuropeptides from the adipokinetic hormone family. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 132 (2003) 10-20
162. Gutierrez E., Wiggins D., Fielding B., and Gould A.P. Specialized hepatocyte-like cells regulate Drosophila lipid metabolism. Nature 445 (2007) 275-280
163. Grönke S., Müller G., Hirsch J., Fellert S., Andreou A., Haase T., Jäckle H., and Kühnlein R.P. Dual lipolytic control of body fat storage and mobilization in Drosophila. PLoS Biol. 5 (2007) e137
164. Guo Y., Walther T.C., Rao M., Stuurman N., Goshima G., Terayama K., Wong J.S., Vale R.D., Walter P., and Farese R.V. Functional genomic screen reveals genes involved in lipid-droplet formation and utilization. Nature 453 (2008) 657-661
165. Beller M., Sztalryd C., Southall N., Bell M., Jackle H., Auld D.S., and Oliver B. COPI complex is a regulator of lipid homeostasis. PLoS Biol. 6 (2008) e292
166. Cermelli S., Guo Y., Gross S.P., and Welte M.A. The lipid-droplet proteome reveals that droplets are a protein-storage depot. Curr. Biol. 16 (2006) 1783-1795
167. Wu C.C., Howell K.E., Neville M.C., Yates III J.R., and McManaman J.L. Proteomics reveal a link between the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid secretory mechanisms in mammary epithelial cells. Electrophoresis 21 (2000) 3470-3482
168. Fujimoto Y., Itabe H., Sakai J., Makita M., Noda J., Mori M., Higashi Y., Kojima S., and Takano T. Identification of major proteins in the lipid droplet-enriched fraction isolated from the human hepatocyte cell line HuH7. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1644 (2004) 47-59
169. Umlauf E., Csaszar E., Moertelmaier M., Schuetz G.J., Parton R.G., and Prohaska R. Association of stomatin with lipid bodies. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 23699-23709
170. Teixeira L., Rabouille C., Rorth P., Ephrussi A., and Vanzo N.F. Drosophila Perilipin/ADRP homologue Lsd2 regulates lipid metabolism. Mech. Dev. 120 (2003) 1071-1081
171. Welte M.A., Cermelli S., Griner J., Viera A., Guo Y., Kim D.-H., Gindhart J.G., and Gross S.P. Regulation of lipid-droplet transport by the perilipin homolog LSD2. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 1266-1275
172. Fauny J.D., Silber J., and Zider A. Drosophila lipid storage droplet 2 gene (Lsd-2) is expressed and controls lipid storage in wing imaginal discs. Dev. Dyn. 232 (2005) 725-732
173. Patel R.T., Soulages J.L., Hariharasundaram B., and Arrese E.L. Activation of the lipid droplet controls the rate of lipolysis of triglycerides in the insect fat body. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 22624-22631
174. Arrese E.L., Mirza S., Rivera L., Howard A.D., Chetty P.S., and Soulages J.L. Expression of lipid storage droplet protein-1 may define the role of AKH as a lipid mobilizing hormone in Manduca sexta. Insect. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38 (2008) 993-1000
175. Arrese E.L., Rivera L., Hamada M., Mirza S., Hartson S.D., Weintraub S., and Soulages J.L. Function and structure of lipid storage droplet protein 1 studied in lipoprotein complexes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 473 (2008) 42-47
176. Vereshchagina N., and Wilson C. Cytoplasmic activated protein kinase Akt regulates lipid-droplet accumulation in Drosophila nurse cells. Development 133 (2006) 4731-4735
177. Arrese E.L., Rivera L., Hamada M., and Soulages J.L. Purification and characterization of recombinant lipid storage protein-2 from Drosophila melanogaster. Protein Pept. Lett. 15 (2008) 1027-1032
178. Grönke S., Mildner A., Fellert S., Tennagels N., Petry S., Müller G., Jäckle H., and Kühnlein R.P. Brummer lipase is an evolutionary conserved fat storage regulator in Drosophila. Cell Metab. 1 (2005) 323-330
179. Arrese E.L., Patel R.T., and Soulages J.L. The main triglyceride-lipase from the insect fat body is an active phospholipase A(1): identification and characterization. J. Lipid Res. 47 (2006) 2656-2667
180. Arbeitman M.N., Furlong E.E., Imam F., Johnson E., Null B.H., Baker B.S., Krasnow M.A., Scott M.P., Davis R.W., and White K.P. Gene expression during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 297 (2002) 2270-2275
181. King R.C. Ovarian development in Drosophila melanogaster (1970), Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY
182. Welte M.A., Gross S.P., Postner M., Block S.M., and Wieschaus E.F. Developmental regulation of vesicle transport in Drosophila embryos: forces and kinetics. Cell 92 (1998) 547-557
183. Bostrom P., Rutberg M., Ericsson J., Holmdahl P., Andersson L., Frohman M.A., Boren J., and Olofsson S.O. Cytosolic lipid droplets increase in size by microtubule-dependent complex formation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25 (2005) 1945-1951
184. Welte M.A. Proteins under new management: lipid droplets deliver. Trends Cell Biol. 17 (2007) 363-369
185. Boulant S., Douglas M.W., Moody L., Budkowska A., Targett-Adams P., and McLauchlan J. Hepatitis C virus core protein induces lipid droplet redistribution in a microtubule- and dynein-dependent manner. Traffic 9 (2008) 1268-1282
186. Miyanari Y., Atsuzawa K., Usuda N., Watashi K., Hishiki T., Zayas M., Bartenschlager R., Wakita T., Hijikata M., and Shimotohno K. The lipid droplet is an important organelle for hepatitis C virus production. Nat. Cell Biol. 9 (2007) 1089-1097
187. Targett-Adams P., Boulant S., and McLauchlan J. Visualization of double-stranded RNA in cells supporting hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J. Virol. 82 (2008) 2182-2195
188. Chan A.P., Kloc M., Larabell C.A., LeGros M., and Etkin L.D. The maternally localized RNA fatvg is required for cortical rotation and germ cell formation. Mech. Dev. 124 (2007) 350-363
189. Welte M.A. Bidirectional transport along microtubules. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) R525-R537
190. Shubeita G.T., Tran S.L., Xu J., Vershinin M., Cermelli S., Cotton S.L., Welte M.A., and Gross S.P. Consequences of motor copy number on the intracellular transport of kinesin-1-driven lipid droplets. Cell 135 (2008) 1098-1107
191. Gross S.P., Welte M.A., Block S.M., and Wieschaus E.F. Dynein-mediated cargo transport in vivo: a switch controls travel distance. J. Cell Biol. 148 (2000) 945-956
192. Larsen K.S., Xu J., Cermelli S., Shu Z., and Gross S.P. BicaudalD actively regulates microtubule motor activity in lipid droplet transport. PLoS ONE 3 (2008) e3763
193. Guo Y., Jangi S., and Welte M.A. Organelle-specific control of intracellular transport: distinctly targeted isoforms of the regulator Klar. Mol. Biol. Cell 16 (2005) 1406-1416
194. Gross S.P., Welte M.A., Block S.M., and Wieschaus E.F. Coordination of opposite-polarity microtubule motors. J. Cell Biol. 156 (2002) 715-724
195. Gross S.P., Guo Y., Martinez J.E., and Welte M.A. A determinant for directionality of organelle transport in Drosophila embryos. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) 1660-1668
196. Valetti C., Wetzel D.M., Schrader M., Hasbani M.J., Gill S.R., Kreis T.E., and Schroer T.A. Role of dynactin in endocytic traffic: effects of dynamitin overexpression and colocalization with CLIP-170. Mol. Biol. Cell 10 (1999) 4107-4120
197. Chan A.P., Kloc M., Bilinski S., and Etkin L.D. The vegetally localized mRNA fatvg is associated with the germ plasm in the early embryo and is later expressed in the fat body. Mech. Dev. 100 (2001) 137-140
198. St Johnston D. Moving messages: the intracellular localization of mRNAs. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 (2005) 363-375
199. Zelazowska M., Kilarski W., Bilinski S.M., Podder D.D., and Kloc M. Balbiani cytoplasm in oocytes of a primitive fish, the sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, and its potential homology to the Balbiani body (mitochondrial cloud) of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Cell Tissue Res. 329 (2007) 137-145
200. Lecuyer E., Yoshida H., Parthasarathy N., Alm C., Babak T., Cerovina T., Hughes T.R., Tomancak P., and Krause H.M. Global analysis of mRNA localization reveals a prominent role in organizing cellular architecture and function. Cell 131 (2007) 174-187
201. Kingsley E.P., Chan X.Y., Duan Y., and Lambert J.D. Widespread RNA segregation in a spiralian embryo. Evol. Dev. 9 (2007) 527-539
202. Dvorak A.M., Morgan E.S., Lichtenstein L.M., Weller P.F., and Schleimer R.P. RNA is closely associated with human mast cell secretory granules, suggesting a role(s) for granules in synthetic processes. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48 (2000) 1-12
203. Dvorak A.M., Morgan E.S., and Weller P.F. RNA is closely associated with human mast cell lipid bodies. Histol. Histopathol. 18 (2003) 943-968
204. Athenstaedt K., Zweytick D., Jandrositz A., Kohlwein S.D., and Daum G. Identification and characterization of major lipid particle proteins of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 181 (1999) 6441-6448
205. Binns D., Januszewski T., Chen Y., Hill J., Markin V.S., Zhao Y., Gilpin C., Chapman K.D., Anderson R.G., and Goodman J.M. An intimate collaboration between peroxisomes and lipid bodies. J. Cell Biol. 173 (2006) 719-731
206. Wang Z.Y., Jenkinson J.M., Holcombe L.J., Soanes D.M., Veneault-Fourrey C., Bhambra G.K., and Talbot N.J. The molecular biology of appressorium turgor generation by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (2005) 384-388
207. Hwang C.S., Flaishman M.A., and Kolattukudy P.E. Cloning of a gene expressed during appressorium formation by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and a marked decrease in virulence by disruption of this gene. Plant Cell 7 (1995) 183-193
208. Than N.G., Sumegi B., Than G.N., Kispal G., and Bohn H. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding human placental tissue protein 17 (PP17) variants. Eur. J. Biochem. 258 (1998) 752-757
209. Maglott D., Ostell J., Pruitt K.D., and Tatusova T. Entrez Gene: gene-centered information at NCBI. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (2007) D26-D31
210. Yamada Y., Ando F., and Shimokata H. Association of polymorphisms in forkhead box C2 and perilipin genes with bone mineral density in community-dwelling Japanese individuals. Int. J. Mol. Med. 18 (2006) 119-127
211. Qi L., Corella D., Sorli J.V., Portoles O., Shen H., Coltell O., Godoy D., Greenberg A.S., and Ordovas J.M. Genetic variation at the perilipin (PLIN) locus is associated with obesity-related phenotypes in White women. Clin Genet 66 (2004) 299-310
212. Qi L., Zhang C.L., Greenberg A., and Hu F.B. Common variations in perilipin gene, central obesity, and risk of type 2 diabetes in US women. Obesity 16 (2008) 1061-1065
213. Corella D., Qi L., Sorli J.V., Godoy D., Portoles O., Coltell O., Greenberg A.S., and Ordovas J.M. Obese subjects carrying the 11482G > A polymorphism at the perilipin locus are resistant to weight loss after dietary energy restriction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90 (2005) 5121-5126
214. Kang E.S., Hur K.Y., Cha B.S., Lee H.J., Kim H.J., Shim W.S., Ahn C.W., Kim S.H., and Lee H.C. The 11482G > A polymorphism in the perilipin gene is associated with weight gain with rosiglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 1320-1324
215. Corella D., Qi L., Tai E.S., Deurenberg-Yap M., Tan C.E., Chew S.K., and Ordovas J.M. Perilipin gene variation determines higher susceptibility to insulin resistance in Asian women when consuming a high-saturated fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 1313-1319
216. Qi L., Shen H., Larson I., Schaefer E.J., Greenberg A.S., Tregouet D.A., Corella D., and Ordovas J.M. Gender-specific association of a perilipin gene haplotype with obesity risk in a white population. Obes. Res. 12 (2004) 1758-1765
217. Qi L., Tai E.S., Tan C.E., Shen H., Chew S.K., Greenberg A.S., Corella D., and Ordovas J.M. Intragenic linkage disequilibrium structure of the human perilipin gene (PLIN) and haplotype association with increased obesity risk in a multiethnic Asian population. J. Mol. Med. 83 (2005) 448-456