Neurotrophin-regulated signalling pathways

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 361, Issue 1473, 2006, Pages 1545-1564

  Reichardt, Louis F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Nerve growth factor; Neurotrophin; p75 neurotrophin receptor; Trk receptor

Indexed keywords

ADULT; APOPTOSIS; CYTOPLASM; DIFFERENTIATION; ENZYME; MAMMAL; MORPHOLOGY; NERVOUS SYSTEM; SIGNALING;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 33749010358     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1894     Document Type: Review

References (220)

1. Arevalo, J. C., Yano, H., Teng, K. K. & Chao, M. V. 2004 A unique pathway for sustained neurotrophin signaling through an ankyrin-rich membrane-spanning protein. EMBO J. 23, 2358-2368. (doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600253)
2. Arevalo, J. C., Pereira, D. B., Yano, H., Teng, K. K. & Chao, M. V. 2006a Identification of a switch in neurotrophin signaling by selective tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 1001-1007. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M504163200)
3. Arevalo, J. C., Waite, J., Rajagopal, R., Beyna, M., Chen, Z. Y., Lee, F. S. & Chao, M. V. 2006b Cell survival through Trk neurotrophin receptors is differentially regulated by ubiquitination. Neuron 50, 549-559. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.044)
4. Barde, Y. A., Edgar, D. & Thoenen, H. 1982 Purification of a new neurotrophic factor from mammalian brain. EMBO J. 1, 549-553.
5. Bazenet, C. E., Mota, M. A. & Rubin, L. L. 1998 The small GTP-binding protein Cdc42 is required for nerve growth factor withdrawal-induced neuronal death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3984-3989. (doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.3984)
6. Benedetti, M., Levi, A. & Chao, M. V. 1993 Differential expression of nerve growth factor receptors leads to altered binding affinity and neurotrophin responsiveness. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 90, 7859-7863. (doi:10.1073/pnas.90.16.7859)
7. Benito-Gutierrez, E., Nake, C., Llovera, M., Comella, J. X. & Garcia-Fernandez, J. 2005 The single AmphiTrk receptor highlights increased complexity of neurotrophin signalling in vertebrates and suggests an early role in developing sensory neuroepidermal cells. Development 132, 2191-2202. (doi:10.1242/dev.01803)
8. Benito-Gutierrez, E., Garcia-Fernandez, J. & Comella, J. X. 2006 Origin and evolution of the Trk family of neurotrophic receptors. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 31, 179-192.
9. Bentley, C. A. & Lee, K. F. 2000 p75 is important for axon growth and Schwann cell migration during development. J. Neurosci. 20, 7706-7715.
10. Bibel, M. & Barde, Y. A. 2000 Neurotrophins: key regulators of cell fate and cell shape in the vertebrate nervous system. Genes Dev. 14, 2919-2937. (doi:10.1101/gad.841400)
11. Bibel, M., Hoppe, E. & Barde, Y. A. 1999 Biochemical and functional interactions between the neurotrophin receptors Trk and p75NTR. EMBO J. 18, 616-622. (doi:10.1093/emboj/18.3.616)
12. Bilderback, T. R., Gazula, V. R., Lisanti, M. P. & Dobrowsky, R. T. 1999 Caveolin interacts with Trk A and p75 (NTR) and regulates neurotrophin signaling pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 257-263. (doi:10.1074/jbc.274.1.257)
13. Bishop, J. F., Mueller, G. P. & Mouradian, M. M. 1994 Alternate 5′ exons in the rat brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene: differential patterns of expression across brain regions. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 26, 225-232. (doi:10.1016/0169-328X(94)90094-9)
14. Brennan, C., Rivas-Plata, K. & Landis, S. C. 1999 The p75 neurotrophin receptor influences NT-3 responsiveness of sympathetic neurons in vivo. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 699-705. (doi:10.1038/11158)
15. Brunet, A., Datta, S. R. & Greenberg, M. E. 2001 Transcription- dependent and -independent control of neuronal survival by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 297-305. (doi:10.1016/S0959- 4388(00)00211-7)
16. Buchman, V. L., Sporn, M. & Davies, A. M. 1994 Role of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in regulating the expression of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA levels in embryonic cutaneous cells at different stages of development. Development 120, 1621-1629.
17. Butte, M. J., Hwang, P. K., Mobley, W. C. & Fletterick, R. J. 1998 Crystal structure of neurotrophin-3 homodimer shows distinct regions are used to bind its receptors. Biochemistry 37, 16 846-16 852. (doi:10.1021/bi981254o)
18. Campenot, R. B. 1977 Local control of neunte development by nerve growth factor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4516-4519. (doi:10.1073/pnas.74.10.4516)
19. Canossa, M., Gartner, A., Campana, G., Inagaki, N. & Thoenen, H. 2001 Regulated secretion of neurotrophins by metabotropic glutamate group I (mGluRI) and Trk receptor activation is mediated via phospholipase C signalling pathways. EMBO J. 20, 1640-1650. (doi:10.1093/emboj/20.7.1640)
20. Cantley, L. C. 2002 The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science 296, 1655-1657. (doi:10.1126/science.296.5573.1655)
21. Chang, Q., Khare, G., Dani, V., Nelson, S. & Jaenisch, R. 2006 The disease progression of MeCp2 mutant mice is affected by the level of BDNF expression. Neuron 49, 341-348. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.027)
22. Chao, M. V. 2003 Neurotrophins and their receptors: a convergence point for many signalling pathways. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 299-309. (doi:10.1038/nrn1078)
23. Chao, M. V. & Lee, F. S. 2004 Neurotrophin survival signaling mechanisms. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 6, S7-11.
24. Chen, J., Fujii, K., Zhang, L., Roberts, T. & Fu, H. 2001 Raf-1 promotes cell survival by antagonizing apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 through a MEK-ERK independent mechanism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 7783-7788. (doi:10.1073/pnas.141224398)
25. Chen, W. G., Chang, Q., Lin, Y., Meissner, A., West, A. E., Griffith, E. C., Jaenisch, R. & Greenberg, M. E. 2003a Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2. Science 302, 885-889. (doi:10.1126/science.1086446)
26. 2+-responsive transcription in neurons. J. Neurosci. 23, 2572-2581.
27. Chen, Z. Y., Ieraci, A., Teng, H., Dali, H., Meng, C. X., Herrera, D. G., Nykjaer, A., Hempstead, B. L. & Lee, F. S. 2005 Sortilin controls intracellular sorting of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to the regulated secretory pathway. J. Neurosci. 25, 6156-6166. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1017-05. 2005)
28. Chi, H., Sarkisian, M. R., Rakic, P. & Flavell, R. A. 2005 Loss of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MEKK4) results in enhanced apoptosis and defective neural tube development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 3846-3851. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0500026102)
29. Chin, P. C., Majdzadeh, N. & D'Mello, S. R. 2005 Inhibition of GSK3beta is a common event in neuroprotection by different survival factors. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 137, 193-201. (doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.03.004)
30. Chuang, H. H., Prescott, E. D., Kong, H., Shields, S., Jordt, S. E., Basbaum, A. I., Chao, M. V. & Julius, D. 2001 Bradykinin and nerve growth factor release the capsaicin receptor from PtdIns (4,5)P2-mediated inhibition. Nature 411, 957-962. (doi:10.1038/35082088)
31. Clary, D. O. & Reichardt, L. F. 1994 An alternatively spliced form of the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA confers an enhanced response to neurotrophin 3. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11 133-11 137. (doi:10.1073/pnas.91.23.11133)
32. Coppola, V., Kucera, J., Palko, M. E., Martinez-De Velasco, J., Lyons, W. E., Fritzsch, B. & Tessarollo, L. 2001 Dissection of NT3 functions in vivo by gene replacement strategy. Development 128, 4315-4327.
33. Coppola, V. et al. 2004 Ablation of TrkA function in the immune system causes B cell abnormalities. Development 131, 5185-5195. (doi:10.1242/dev.01383)
34. Corbit, K. C., Foster, D. A. & Rosner, M. R. 1999 Protein kinase Cdelta mediates neurogenic but not mitogenic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in neuronal cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 4209-4218.
35. Curtis, R. et al. 1995 Differential role of the low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) in retrograde axonal transport of the neurotrophins. Neuron 14, 1201-1211. (doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90267-8)
36. Davies, A. M., Bandtlow, C., Heumann, R., Korsching, S., Rohrer, H. & Thoenen, H. 1987 Timing and site of nerve growth factor synthesis in developing skin in relation to innervation and expression of the receptor. Nature 326, 353-358. (doi:10.1038/326353a0)
37. Davies, A. M., Lee, K. F. & Jaenisch, R. 1993 p75-deficient trigeminal sensory neurons have an altered response to NGF but not to other neurotrophins. Neuron 11, 565-574. (doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90069-4)
38. Dechant, G. & Barde, Y. A. 2002 The neurotrophin receptor p75 (NTR): novel functions and implications for diseases of the nervous system. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1131-1136. (doi:10.1038/nn1102-1131)
39. DeFreitas, M. F., McQuillen, P. S. & Shatz, C. J. 2001 A novel p75NTR signaling pathway promotes survival, not death, of immunopurified neocortical subplate neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 5121-5129.
40. Dehal, P. et al. 2002 The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins. Science 298, 2157-2167. (doi:10.1126/science.1080049)
41. Delcroix, J. D., Valletta, J. S., Wu, C., Hunt, S. J., Kowal, A. S. & Mobley, W. C. 2003 NGF signaling in sensory neurons: evidence that early endosomes carry NGF retrograde signals. Neuron 39, 69-84. (doi:10.1016/S0896- 6273(03)00397-0)
42. Dobrowsky, R. T., Werner, M. H., Castellino, A. M., Chao, M. V. & Hannun, Y. A. 1994 Activation of the sphingomyelin cycle through the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor. Science 265, 1596-1599.
43. Donovan, M. J. et al. 2000 Brain derived neurotrophic factor is an endothelial cell survival factor required for intramyocardial vessel stabilization. Development 127, 4531-4540.
44. Douville, E. & Downward, J. 1997 EGF induced SOS phosphorylation in PC12 cells involves P90 RSK-2. Oncogene 15, 373-383. (doi:10.1038/sj.onc. 1201214)
45. (2+)-dependent modulation of surface expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptors in hippocampal neurons. J. Cell Biol. 150, 1423-1434. (doi:10.1083/jcb.150.6.1423)
46. 2+ influx. J. Cell Biol. 163, 385-395. (doi:10.1083/jcb.200305134)
47. Egan, M. F. et al. 2003 The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell 112, 257-269. (doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00035-7)
48. Eide, F. F., Vining, E. R., Eide, B. L., Zang, K., Wang, X. Y. & Reichardt, L. F. 1996 Naturally occurring truncated TrkB receptors have dominant inhibitory effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. J. Neurosci. 16, 3123-3129.
49. English, J., Pearson, G., Wilsbacher, J., Swantek, J., Karandikar, M., Xu, S. & Cobb, M. H. 1999 New insights into the control of MAP kinase pathways. Exp. Cell Res. 253, 255-270. (doi:10.1006/excr.1999.4687)
50. Esposito, D., Patel, P., Stephens, R. M., Perez, P., Chao, M. V., Kaplan, D. R. & Hempstead, B. L. 2001 The cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the p75 and Trk A receptors regulate high affinity binding to nerve growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 32 687-32 695. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M011674200)
51. Esteban, P. F. et al. 2006 A kinase-deficient TrkC receptor isoform activates Arf6-Rac1 signaling through the scaffold protein tamalin. J. Cell Biol. 173, 291-299. (doi:10.1083/jcb.200512013)
52. Estrach, S., Schmidt, S., Diriong, S., Penna, A., Blangy, A., Fort, P. & Debant, A. 2002 The Human Rho-GEF trio and its target GTPase RhoG are involved in the NGF pathway, leading to neurite outgrowth. Curr. Biol. 12, 307-312. (doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00658-9)
53. Fahnestock, M., Michalski, B., Xu, B. & Coughlin, M. D. 2001 The precursor pro-nerve growth factor is the predominant form of nerve growth factor in brain and is increased in Alzheimer's disease. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 18, 210-220. (doi:10.1006/mcne.2001.1016)
54. Farhadi, H. F., Mowla, S. J., Petrecca, K., Morris, S. J., Seidah, N. G. & Murphy, R. A. 2000 Neurotrophin-3 sorts to the constitutive secretory pathway of hippocampal neurons and is diverted to the regulated secretory pathway by coexpression with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Neurosci. 20, 4059-4068.
55. Farinas, I., Yoshida, C. K., Backus, C. & Reichardt, L. F. 1996 Lack of neurotrophin-3 results in death of spinal sensory neurons and premature differentiation of their precursors. Neuron 17, 1065-1078. (doi:10.1016/S0896- 6273(00)80240-8)
56. Farinas, I., Wilkinson, G. A., Backus, C., Reichardt, L. F. & Patapoutian, A. 1998 Characterization of neurotrophin and Trk receptor functions in developing sensory ganglia: direct NT-3 activation of TrkB neurons in vivo. Neuron 21, 325-334. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80542-5)
57. Farinas, I. et al. 2001 Spatial shaping of cochlear innervation by temporally regulated neurotrophin expression. J. Neurosci. 21, 6170-6180.
58. Filipenko, N. R., Attwell, S., Roskelley, C. & Dedhar, S. 2005 Integrin-linked kinase activity regulates Rac- and Cdc42-mediated actin cytoskeleton reorganization via alpha-PIX. Oncogene 24, 5837-5849. (doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208737)
59. Frade, J. M. & Barde, Y. A. 1998 Nerve growth factor: two receptors, multiple functions. Bioessays 20, 137-145. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199802) 20:2〈137::AID-BIES6〉3.0.CO;2-Q)
60. Garner, A. S., Menegay, H. J., Boeshore, K. L., Xie, X. Y., Voci, J. M., Johnson, J. E. & Large, T. H. 1996 Expression of TrkB receptor isoforms in the developing avian visual system. J. Neurosci. 16, 1740-1752.
61. Geetha, T., Jiang, J. & Wooten, M. W. 2005a Lysine 63 polyubiquitination of the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA directs internalization and signaling. Mol. Cell 20, 301-312. (doi:10.1016/j.molcel. 2005.09.014)
62. Geetha, T., Kenchappa, R. S., Wooten, M. W. & Carter, B. D. 2005b TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination regulates nuclear translocation of NRIF, the p75 receptor interactor. EMBO J. 24, 3859-3868. (doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600845)
63. Guiton, M., Gunn-Moore, F. J., Glass, D. J., Geis, D. R., Yancopoulos, G. D. & Tavare, J. M. 1995 Naturally occurring tyrosine kinase inserts block high affinity binding of phospholipase C gamma and Shc to TrkC and neurotrophin-3 signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20 384-20 390. (doi:10.1074/jbc.270.35.20384)
64. Hallbook, F. 1999 Evolution of the vertebrate neurotrophin and Trk receptor gene families. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9, 616-621. (doi:10.1016/S0959- 4388(99)00011-2)
65. Hamanoue, M., Middleton, G., Wyatt, S., Jaffray, E., Hay, R. T. & Davies, A. M. 1999 p75-mediated NF-kappaB activation enhances the survival response of developing sensory neurons to nerve growth factor. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 14, 28-40. (doi:10.1006/mcne.1999.0770)
66. Hariri, A. R., Goldberg, T. E., Mattay, V. S., Kolachana, B. S., Callicott, J. H., Egan, M. F. & Weinberger, D. R. 2003 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism affects human memory-related hippocampal activity and predicts memory performance. J. Neurosci. 23, 6690-6694.
67. Harrington, A. W., Kim, J. Y. & Yoon, S. O. 2002 Activation of Rac GTPase by p75 is necessary for c-jun N-terminal kinase-mediated apoptosis. J. Neurosci. 22, 156-166.
68. Harrington, A. W. et al. 2004 Secreted proNGF is a pathophysiological death-inducing ligand after adult CNS injury. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 6226-6230. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0305755101)
69. Harrison, S. M., Jones, M. E., Uecker, S., Albers, K. M., Kudrycki, K. E. & Davis, B. M. 2000 Levels of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 are affected differentially by the presence of p75 in sympathetic neurons in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol. 424, 99-110. (doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20000814)424:1〈99:: AID-CNE8〉3.0.CO;2-J)
70. He, X. L. & Garcia, K. C. 2004 Structure of nerve growth factor complexed with the shared neurotrophin receptor p75. Science 304, 870-875. (doi:10.1126/science.1095190)
71. Heumann, R., Korsching, S., Scott, J. & Thoenen, H. 1984 Relationship between levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its messenger RNA in sympathetic ganglia and peripheral target tissues. EMBO J. 3, 3183-3189.
72. Heumann, R., Korsching, S., Bandtlow, C. & Thoenen, H. 1987 Changes of nerve growth factor synthesis in nonneuronal cells in response to sciatic nerve transection. J. Cell Biol. 104, 1623-1631. (doi:10.1083/jcb.104.6.1623)
73. Heymach Jr, J. V., Krüttgen, A., Suter, U. & Shooter, E. M. 1996 The regulated secretion and vectorial targeting of neurotrophins in neuroendocrine and epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 25 430-25 437. (doi:10.1074/jbc.271.41.25430)
74. Holgado-Madruga, M., Moscatello, D. K., Emlet, D. R., Dieterich, R. & Wong, A. J. 1997 Grb2-associated binder-1 mediates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation and the promotion of cell survival by nerve growth factor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 12 419-12 424. (doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12419)
75. Hoshino, M. & Nakamura, S. 2003 Small GTPase Rin induces neurite outgrowth through Rac/Cdc42 and calmodulin in PC12 cells. J. Cell Biol. 163, 1067-1076. (doi:10.1083/jcb.200308070)
76. Hoshino, M., Yoshimori, T. & Nakamura, S. 2005 Small GTPase proteins Rin and Rit Bind to PAR6 GTP-dependently and regulate cell transformation. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 22 868-22 874. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M411592200)
77. Huang, E. J. & Reichardt, L. F. 2001 Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 677-736. (doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.677)
78. Huang, E. J. & Reichardt, L. F. 2003 Trk receptors: roles in signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72, 609-642.
79. Huang, C. S., Zhou, J., Feng, A. K., Lynch, C. C., Klumperman, J., DeArmond, S. J. & Mobley, W. C. 1999 Nerve growth factor signaling in caveolae-like domains at the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36 707-36 714. (doi:10.1074/jbc.274.51.36707)
80. Huang, E. J., Liu, W., Fritzsch, B., Bianchi, L. M., Reichardt, L. F. & Xiang, M. 2001 Brn3a is a transcriptional regulator of soma size, target field innervation and axon pathfinding of inner ear sensory neurons. Development 128, 2421-2432.
81. Inagaki, N., Thoenen, H. & Lindholm, D. 1995 TrkA tyrosine residues involved in NGF-induced neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1125-1133. (doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01102.x)
82. Indo, Y. 2001 Molecular basis of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): mutations and polymorphisms in TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase for nerve growth factor. Hum. Mutat. 18, 462-471. (doi:10.1002/humu.1224)
83. Jacobson, M. D., Weil, M. & Raff, M. C. 1997 Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell 88, 347-354. (doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81873-5)
84. Kanamoto, T., Mota, M., Takeda, K., Rubin, L. L., Miyazono, K., Ichijo, H. & Bazenet, C. E. 2000 Role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase in regulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and apoptosis in sympathetic neurons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 196-204.
85. Kao, S., Jaiswal, R. K., Kolch, W. & Landreth, G. E. 2001 Identification of the mechanisms regulating the differential activation of the MAPK cascade by epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor in PC12 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 18 169-18 177. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M008870200)
86. Kaplan, D. R. & Miller, F. D. 2000 Neurotrophin signal transduction in the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10, 381-391. (doi:10.1016/S0959- 4388(00)00092-1)
87. Katoh, H. & Negishi, M. 2003 RhoG activates Rac1 by direct interaction with the Dock180-binding protein Elmo. Nature 424, 461-464. (doi:10.1038/nature01817)
88. Kenchappa, R. S., Zampieri, N., Chao, M. V., Barker, P. A., Teng, H. K., Hempstead, B. L. & Carter, B. D. 2006 Ligand-dependent cleavage of the p75 neurotrophin receptor is necessary for NRIF nuclear translocation and apoptosis in sympathetic neurons. Neuron 50, 219-232. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.011)
89. Kermani, P. et al. 2005 Neurotrophins promote revascularization by local recruitment of TrkB+ endothelial cells and systemic mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors. J. Clin. Invest. 115, 653-663. (doi:10.1172/ JCI200522655)
90. Khursigara, G., Orlinick, J. R. & Chao, M. V. 1999 Association of the p75 neurotrophin receptor with TRAF6. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 2597-2600. (doi:10.1074/jbc.274.5.2597)
91. Kim, A., Yano, H., Cho, H., Meyer, D., Monks, B., Margolis, B., Birnbaum, M. & Chao, M. 2002 Akt1 regulates a JNK scaffold during excitotoxic apoptosis. Neuron 35, 697. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00821-8)
92. Kim, A. H., Sasaki, T. & Chao, M. V. 2003 JNK-interacting protein 1 promotes Akt1 activation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 29 830-29 836. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M305349200)
93. Kimball, S. R., Farrell, P. A. & Jefferson, L. S. 2002 Invited review: role of insulin in translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by amino acids or exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 93, 1168-1180.
94. Klein, M., Hempstead, B. L. & Teng, K. K. 2005 Activation of STAT5-dependent transcription by the neurotrophin receptor Trk. J. Neurobiol. 63, 159-171. (doi:10.1002/neu.20124)
95. Koibuchi, N., Fukuda, H. & Chin, W. W. 1999 Promoter-specific regulation of the brain-derived neurotropic factor gene by thyroid hormone in the developing rat cerebellum. Endocrinology 140, 3955-3961. (doi:10.1210/en.140.9.3955)
96. Kong, H., Boulter, J., Weber, J. L., Lai, C. & Chao, M. V. 2001 An evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein that is a novel downstream target of neurotrophin and ephrin receptors. J. Neurosci. 21, 176-185.
97. Korsching, S. & Thoenen, H. 1983 Nerve growth factor in sympathetic ganglia and corresponding target organs of the rat: correlation with density of sympathetic innervation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 80, 3513-3516. (doi:10.1073/pnas.80.11.3513)
98. Kuan, C. Y., Yang, D. D., Samanta Roy, D. R., Davis, R. J., Rakic, P. & Flavell, R. A. 1999 The Jnk1 and Jnk2 protein kinases are required for regional specific apoptosis during early brain development. Neuron 22, 667-676. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80727-8)
99. Kuan, C. Y. et al. 2003 A critical role of neural-specific JNK3 for ischemic apoptosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 15 184-15 189. (doi:10.1073/pnas.2336254100)
100. Kuruvilla, R., Zweifel, L. S., Glebova, N. O., Lonze, B. E., Valdez, G., Ye, H. & Ginty, D. D. 2004 A neurotrophin signaling cascade coordinates sympathetic neuron development through differential control of TrkA trafficking and retrograde signaling. Cell 118, 243-255. (doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.06.021)
101. Lee, K. F., Li, E., Huber, L. J., Landis, S. C., Sharpe, A. H., Chao, M. V. & Jaenisch, R. 1992 Targeted mutation of the gene encoding the low affinity NGF receptor p75 leads to deficits in the peripheral sensory nervous system. Cell 69, 737-749. (doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90286-L)
102. Lee, K. F., Bachman, K., Landis, S. & Jaenisch, R. 1994 Dependence on p75 for innervation of some sympathetic targets. Science 263, 1447-1449.
103. Lee, R., Kermani, P., Teng, K. K. & Hempstead, B. L. 2001 Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins. Science 294, 1945-1948. (doi:10.1126/science.1065057)
104. Lei, L., Laub, F., Lush, M., Romero, M., Zhou, J., Luikart, B., Klesse, L., Ramirez, F. & Parada, L. F. 2005 The zinc finger transcription factor Klf7 is required for TrkA gene expression and development of nociceptive sensory neurons. Genes Dev. 19, 1354-1364. (doi:10.1101/gad.1227705)
105. Levi-Montalcini, R. 1987 The nerve growth factor 35 years later. Science 237, 1154-1162.
106. Lewin, G. R. & Barde, Y. A. 1996 Physiology of the neurotrophins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 19, 289-317. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.001445)
107. Li, H. S., Xu, X. Z. & Montell, C. 1999 Activation of a TRPC3-dependent cation current through the neurotrophin BDNF. Neuron 24, 261-273. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80838-7)
108. Liepinsh, E., Ilag, L. L., Otting, G. & Ibanez, C. F. 1997 NMR structure of the death domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. EMBO J. 16, 4999-5005. (doi:10.1093/emboj/16.16.4999)
109. Lin, M. I., Das, I., Schwartz, G. M., Tsoulfas, P., Mikawa, T. & Hempstead, B. L. 2000 Trk C receptor signaling regulates cardiac myocyte proliferation during early heart development in vivo. Dev. Biol 226, 180-191. (doi:10.1006/dbio.2000.9850)
110. Lindholm, D., Heumann, R., Meyer, M. & Thoenen, H. 1987 Interleukin-1 regulates synthesis of nerve growth factor in non-neuronal cells of rat sciatic nerve. Nature 330, 658-659. (doi:10.1038/330658a0)
111. Linggi, M. S., Burke, T. L., Williams, B. B., Harrington, A., Kraemer, R., Hempstead, B. L., Yoon, S. O. & Carter, B. D. 2005 Neurotrophin receptor interacting factor (NRIF) is an essential mediator of apoptotic signaling by the p75 neurotrophin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 13 801-13 808. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M410435200)
112. Lou, H., Kim, S. K., Zaitsev, E., Snell, C. R., Lu, B. & Loh, Y. P. 2005 Sorting and activity-dependent secretion of BDNF require interaction of a specific motif with the sorting receptor carboxypeptidase e. Neuron 45, 245-255. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.037)
113. Lu, B., Pang, P. T. & Woo, N. H. 2005 The yin and yang of neurotrophin action. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 603-614. (doi:10.1038/nrn1726)
114. Ma, X. M., Huang, J. P., Eipper, B. A. & Mains, R. E. 2005 Expression of Trio, a member of the Dbl family of Rho GEFs in the developing rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 482, 333-348. (doi:10.1002/cne.20404)
115. MacDonald, J. I., Gryz, E. A., Kubu, C. J., Verdi, J. M. & Meakin, S. O. 2000 Direct binding of the signaling adapter protein Grb2 to the activation loop tyrosines on the nerve growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 18 225-18 233. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M001862200)
116. MacPhee, I. J. & Barker, P. A. 1997 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding to the p75 neurotrophin receptor reduces TrkA signaling while increasing serine phosphorylation in the TrkA intracellular domain. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 23 547-23 551. (doi:10.1074/jbc.272.38.23547)
117. Mahadeo, D., Kaplan, L., Chao, M. V. & Hempstead, B. L. 1994 High affinity nerve growth factor binding displays a faster rate of association than p140trk binding. Implications for multi-subunit polypeptide receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6884-6891.
118. Majdan, M. et al. 1997 Transgenic mice expressing the intracellular domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor undergo neuronal apoptosis. J. Neurosci. 17, 6988-6998.
119. Makkerh, J. P., Ceni, C., Auld, D. S., Vaillancourt, F., Dorval, G. & Barker, P. A. 2005 p75 neurotrophin receptor reduces ligand-induced Trk receptor ubiquitination and delays Trk receptor internalization and degradation. EMBO Rep. 6, 936-941. (doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400503)
120. Mannion, R. J. et al. 1999 Neurotrophins: peripherally and centrally acting modulators of tactile stimulus-induced inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9385-9390. (doi:10.1073/pnas.96. 16.9385)
121. Mazzoni, I. E., Said, F. A., Aloyz, R., Miller, F. D. & Kaplan, D. 1999 Ras regulates sympathetic neuron survival by suppressing the p53-mediated cell death pathway. J. Neurosci. 19, 9716-9727.
122. McDonald, N. Q., Lapatto, R., Murray-Rust, J., Gunning, J., Wlodawer, A. & Blundell, T. L. 1991 New protein fold revealed by a 2.3-A resolution crystal structure of nerve growth factor. Nature 354, 411-414. (doi:10.1038/354411a0)
123. Meakin, S. O., Suter, U., Drinkwater, C. C., Welcher, A. A. & Shooter, E. M. 1992 The rat trk protooncogene product exhibits properties characteristic of the slow nerve growth factor receptor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 2374-2378. (doi:10.1073/pnas.89.6.2374)
124. Meakin, S. O., Gryz, E. A. & MacDonald, J. I. 1997 A kinase insert isoform of rat TrkA supports nerve growth factor-dependent cell survival but not neunte outgrowth. J. Neurochem. 69, 954-967.
125. Meakin, S. O., MacDonald, J. I., Gryz, E. A., Kubu, C. J. & Verdi, J. M. 1999 The signaling adapter FRS-2 competes with Shc for binding to the nerve growth factor receptor TrkA. A model for discriminating proliferation and differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 9861-9870. (doi:10.1074/jbc.274.14.9861)
126. Medina, D. L., Sciarretta, C., Calella, A. M., Von Bohlen Und Halbach, O., Unsicker, K. & Minichiello, L. 2004 TrkB regulates neocortex formation through the Shc/PLCgamma-mediated control of neuronal migration. EMBO J. 23, 3803-3814. (doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600399)
127. Meyer-Franke, A., Wilkinson, G. A., Kruttgen, A., Hu, M., Munro, E., Hanson Jr, M. G., Reichardt, L. F. & Barres, B. A. 1998 Depolarization and cAMP elevation rapidly recruit TrkB to the plasma membrane of CNS neurons. Neuron 21, 681-693. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80586-3)
128. Mi, S. et al. 2004 LINGO-1 is a component of the Nogo-66 receptor/p75 signaling complex. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 221-228. (doi:10.1038/nn1188)
129. Middleton, G., Hamanoue, M., Enokido, Y., Wyatt, S., Pennica, D., Jaffray, E., Hay, R. T. & Davies, A. M. 2000 Cytokine-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation promotes the survival of developing neurons. J. Cell Biol. 148, 325-332.
130. Mills, J., Digicaylioglu, M., Legg, A. T., Young, C. E., Young, S. S., Barr, A. M., Fletcher, L., O'Connor, T. P. & Dedhar, S. 2003 Role of integrin-linked kinase in nerve growth factor-stimulated neurite outgrowth. J. Neurosci. 23, 1638-1648.
131. Minichiello, L., Casagranda, F., Tatche, R. S., Stucky, C. L., Postigo, A., Lewin, G. R., Davies, A. M. & Klein, R. 1998 Point mutation in trkB causes loss of NT4-dependent neurons without major effects on diverse BDNF responses. Neuron 21, 335-345. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80543-7)
132. Minichiello, L. et al. 1999 Essential role for TrkB receptors in hippocampus-mediated learning. Neuron 24, 401-414. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00) 80853-3)
133. Minichiello, L., Calella, A. M., Medina, D. L., Bonhoeffer, T, Klein, R. & Korte, M. 2002 Mechanism of TrkB-mediated hippocampal long-term potentiation. Neuron 36, 121-137. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00942-X)
134. Mowla, S. J., Pareek, S., Farhadi, H. F., Petrecca, K., Fawcett, J. P., Seidah, N. G., Morris, S. J., Sossin, W. S. & Murphy, R. A. 1999 Differential sorting of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 19, 2069-2080.
135. Mowla, S. J., Farhadi, H. F., Pareek, S., Atwal, J. K., Morris, S. J., Seidah, N. G. & Murphy, R. A. 2001 Biosynthesis and post-translational processing of the precursor to brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12 660-12 666. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M008104200)
136. Muller, G., Storz, P., Bourteele, S., Doppler, H., Pfizenmaier, K., Mischak, H., Philipp, A., Kaiser, C. & Kolch, W. 1998 Regulation of Raf-1 kinase by TNF via its second messenger ceramide and cross-talk with mitogenic signalling. EMBO J. 17, 732-742. (doi:10.1093/emboj/17.3.732)
137. Murray, S. S., Perez, P., Lee, R., Hempstead, B. L. & Chao, M. V. 2004 A novel p75 neurotrophin receptor-related protein, NRH2, regulates nerve growth factor binding to the TrkA receptor. J. Neurosci. 24, 2742-2749. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3960-03.2004)
138. Nimnual, A. S., Yatsula, B. A. & Bar-Sagi, D. 1998 Coupling of Ras and Rac guanosine triphosphatases through the Ras exchanger Sos. Science 279, 560-563. (doi:10.1126/science.279.5350.560)
139. Nykjaer, A. et al. 2004 Sortilin is essential for proNGF-induced neuronal cell death. Nature 427, 843-848. (doi:10.1038/nature02319)
140. Ouwens, D. M. et al. 2002 Growth factors can activate ATF2 via a two-step mechanism: phosphorylation of Thr71 through the Ras-MEK-ERK pathway and of Thr69 through RalGDS-Src-p38. EMBO J. 21, 3782-3793. (doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf361)
141. Pang, P. T. et al. 2004 Cleavage of proBDNF by tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity. Science 306, 487-491. (doi:10.1126/ science.1100135)
142. Patapoutian, A. & Reichardt, L. F. 2001 Trk receptors: mediators of neurotrophin action. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 272-280. (doi:10.1016/S0959- 4388(00)00208-7)
143. Patapoutian, A., Backus, C., Kispert, A. & Reichardt, L. F. 1999 Regulation of neurotrophin-3 expression by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions: the role of Wnt factors. Science 283, 1180-1183. (doi:10.1126/science.283.5405. 1180)
144. Patel, T. D., Jackman, A., Rice, F. L., Kucera, J. & Snider, W. D. 2000 Development of sensory neurons in the absence of NGF/TrkA signaling in vivo. Neuron 25, 345-357. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80899-5)
145. Patterson, S. L., Abel, T., Deuel, T. A., Martin, K. C., Rose, J. C. & Kandel, E. R. 1996 Recombinant BDNF rescues deficits in basal synaptic transmission and hippocampal LTP in BDNF knockout mice. Neuron 16, 1137-1145. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80140-3)
146. Paul, C. E., Vereker, E., Dickson, K. M. & Barker, P. A. 2004 A pro-apoptotic fragment of the p75 neurotrophin receptor is expressed in p75NTRExonIV null mice. J. Neurosci. 24, 1917-1923. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5397- 03.2004)
147. Pearson, G., Robinson, F., Beers Gibson, T., Xu, B. E., Karandikar, M., Berman, K. & Cobb, M. H. 2001 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase
148. Pedraza, C. E., Podlesniy, P., Vidal, N., Arevalo, J. C., Lee, R., Hempstead, B., Ferrer, I., Iglesias, M. & Espinet, C. 2005 Pro-NGF isolated from the human brain affected by Alzheimer's disease induces neuronal apoptosis mediated by p75NTR. Am. J. Pathol. 166, 533-543.
149. Peterson, D. A., Dickinson-Anson, H. A., Leppert, J. T., Lee, K. F. & Gage, F. H. 1999 Central neuronal loss and behavioral impairment in mice lacking neurotrophin receptor p75. J. Comp. Neurol. 404, 1-20. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990201)404:1〈1::AID-CNE1〉3.0.CO;2-)
150. Poo, M. M. 2001 Neurotrophins as synaptic modulators. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 24-32. (doi:10.1038/35049004)
151. Prescott, E. D. & Julius, D. 2003 A modular PIP2 binding site as a determinant of capsaicin receptor sensitivity. Science 300, 1284-1288. (doi:10.1126/science.1083646)
152. Prieto-Sanchez, R. M. & Bustelo, X. R. 2003 Structural basis for the signaling specificity of RhoG and Rac1 GTPases. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 37 916-37 925. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M301437200)
153. Qian, X. & Ginty, D. D. 2001 SH2-B and APS are multimeric adapters that augment TrkA signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 1613-1620. (doi:10.1128/MCB.21.5.1613-1620.2001)
154. Qian, X., Riccio, A., Zhang, Y. & Ginty, D. D. 1998 Identification and characterization of novel substrates of Trk receptors in developing neurons. Neuron 21, 1017-1029. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80620-0)
155. Robinson, R. C., Radziejewski, C., Stuart, D. I. & Jones, E. Y. 1995 Structure of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor/neurotrophin 3 heterodimer. Biochemistry 34, 4139-4146. (doi:10.1021/bi00013a001)
156. Robinson, K. N., Manto, K., Buchsbaum, R. J., MacDonald, J. I. & Meakin, S. O. 2005 Neurotrophin-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Ras guanine-releasing factor 1 and associated neurite outgrowth is dependent on the HIKE domain of TrkA. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 225-235.
157. Rodriguez-Tebar, A., Dechant, G. & Barde, Y. A. 1990 Binding of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to the nerve growth factor receptor. Neuron 4, 487-492. (doi:10.1016/0896-6273(90)90107-Q)
158. Roosen, A. et al. 2001 Lack of neurotrophin-4 causes selective structural and chemical deficits in sympathetic ganglia and their preganglionic innervation. J. Neurosci. 21, 3073-3084.
159. Rose, C. R., Blum, R., Pichler, B., Lepier, A., Kafitz, K. W. & Konnerth, A. 2003 Truncated TrkB-T1 mediates neurotrophin-evoked calcium signalling in glia cells. Nature 426, 74-78. (doi:10.1038/nature01983)
160. Saragovi, H. U. et al. 1998 A TrkA-selective, fast internalizing nerve growth factor-antibody complex induces trophic but not neuritogenic signals. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 34 933-34 940. (doi:10.1074/jbc.273.52.34933)
161. Scapoli, L., Ramos-Nino, M. E., Martinelli, M. & Mossman, B. T. 2004 Src-dependent ERK5 and Src/EGFR-dependent ERK1/2 activation is required for cell proliferation by asbestos. Oncogene 23, 805-813. (doi:10.1038/sj.one.1207163)
162. Schober, A. et al. 1998 TrkB and neurotrophin-4 are important for development and maintenance of sympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the adrenal medulla. J. Neurosci. 18, 7272-7284.
163. Seidah, N. G. et al. 1996 Cellular processing of the nerve growth factor precursor by the mammalian pro-protein convertases. Biochem. J. 314, 951-960.
164. Selby, M. J., Edwards, R., Sharp, F. & Rutter, W. J. 1987 Mouse nerve growth factor gene: structure and expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7, 3057-3064.
165. Shao, Z. et al. 2005 TAJ/TROY, an orphan TNF receptor family member, binds Nogo-66 receptor 1 and regulates axonal regeneration. Neuron 45, 353-359. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.050)
166. Shelton, D. L., Sutherland, J., Gripp, J., Camerato, T., Armanini, M. P., Phillips, H. S., Carroll, K., Spencer, S. D. & Levinson, A. D. 1995 Human trks: molecular cloning, tissue distribution, expression of extracellular domain immunoadhesins. J. Neurosci. 15, 477-491.
167. Shi, G. X. & Andres, D. A. 2005 Rit contributes to nerve growth factor-induced neuronal differentiation via activation of B-Raf-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 830-846. (doi:10.1128/MCB.25.2.830-846.2005)
168. Shi, G. X., Han, J. & Andres, D. A. 2005 Rin GTPase couples nerve growth factor signaling to p38 and b-Raf/ERK pathways to promote neuronal differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 37 599-37 609. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M507364200)
169. Shooter, E. M. 2001 Early days of the nerve growth factor proteins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 601-629. (doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.601)
170. Sini, P., Cannas, A., Koleske, A. J., Di Fiore, P. P. & Scita, G. 2004 Abl-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Sos-1 mediates growth-factor-induced Rac activation. Nat. Cell. Biol. 6, 268-274. (doi:10.1038/ncb1096)
171. Sofroniew, M. V., Howe, C. L. & Mobley, W. C. 2001 Nerve growth factor signaling, neuroprotection, neural repair. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 1217-1281. (doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1217)
172. Song, M. S. & Posse de Chaves, E. I. 2003 Inhibition of rat sympathetic neuron apoptosis by ceramide. Role of p75NTR in ceramide generation. Neuropharmacology 45, 1130-1150. (doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00284-3)
173. Spencer, M. L., Shao, H., Tucker, H. M. & Andres, D. A. 2002 Nerve growth factor-dependent activation of the small GTPase Rin. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 17 605-17 615. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M111400200)
174. Strohmaier, C., Carter, B. D., Urfer, R., Barde, Y. A. & Dechant, G. 1996 A splice variant of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB with increased specificity for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. EMBO J. 15, 3332-3337.
175. Stucky, C. L. & Koltzenburg, M. 1997 The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 regulates the function but not the selective survival of specific subpopulations of sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 17, 4398-4405.
176. 2+ influx regulates BDNF transcription by a CREB family transcription factor-dependent mechanism. Neuron 20, 709-726. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81010-7)
177. Tao, X., West, A. E., Chen, W. G., Corfas, G. & Greenberg, M. E. 2002 A calcium-responsive transcription factor, CaRF, that regulates neuronal activity-dependent expression of BDNF. Neuron 33, 383-395. (doi:10.1016/S0896- 6273(01)00561-X)
178. Teng, H. K. et al. 2005 ProBDNF induces neuronal apoptosis via activation of a receptor complex of p75NTR and sortilin. J. Neurosci. 25, 5455-5463. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5123-04.2005)
179. Thoenen, H. & Barde, Y. A. 1980 Physiology of nerve growth factor. Physiol. Rev. 60, 1284-1335.
180. Toledo-Aral, J. J., Brehm, P., Halegoua, S. & Mandel, G. 1995 A single pulse of nerve growth factor triggers long-term neuronal excitability through sodium channel gene induction. Neuron 14, 607-611. (doi:10.1016/0896- 6273(95)90317-8)
181. Toran-Allerand, C. D. 1996 Mechanisms of estrogen action during neural development: mediation by interactions with the neurotrophins and their receptors? J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 56, 169-178. (doi:10.1016/0960- 0760(95)00234-0)
182. Ultsch, M. H., Wiesmann, C., Simmons, L. C., Henrich, J., Yang, M., Reilly, D., Bass, S. H. & de Vos, A. M. 1999 Crystal structures of the neurotrophin-binding domain of TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. J. Mol. Biol 290, 149-159. (doi:10.1006/jmbi.1999.2816)
183. Urfer, R., Tsoulfas, P., O'Connell, L., Kongo, J. A., Zhao, W. & Presta, L. G. 1998 High resolution mapping of the binding site of TrkA for nerve growth factor and TrkC for neurotrophin-3 on the second immunoglobulin-like domain of the Trk receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5829-5840. (doi:10.1074/jbc. 273.10.5829)
184. Vaillant, A. R., Mazzoni, I., Tudan, C., Boudreau, M., Kaplan, D. R. & Miller, F. D. 1999 Depolarization and neurotrophins converge on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway to synergistically regulate neuronal survival. J. Cell Biol. 146, 955-966. (doi:10.1083/jcb.146.5.955)
185. Valdez, G., Akmentin, W., Philippidou, P., Kuruvilla, R., Ginty, D. D. & Halegoua, S. 2005 Pincher-mediated macroendocytosis underlies retrograde signaling by neurotrophin receptors. J. Neurosci. 25, 5236-5247. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5104-04.2005)
186. Vandenplas, M. L., Mamidipudi, V., Lamar Seibenhener, M. & Wooten, M. W. 2002 Nerve growth factor activates kinases that phosphorylate atypical protein kinase C. Cell. Signal 14, 359-363. (doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00261-3)
187. Vanhaesebroeck, B., Leevers, S. J., Ahmadi, K., Timms, J., Katso, R., Driscoll, P. C., Woscholski, R., Parker, P. J. & Waterfield, M. D. 2001 Synthesis and function of 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70, 535-602. (doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.535)
188. von Schack, D., Casademunt, E., Schweigreiter, R., Meyer, M., Bibel, M. & Dechant, G. 2001 Complete ablation of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR causes defects both in the nervous and the vascular system. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 977-978. (doi:10.1038/nn730)
189. Wang, K. C., Kim, J. A., Sivasankaran, R., Segal, R. & He, Z. 2002 P75 interacts with the Nogo receptor as a co-receptor for Nogo, MAG and OMgp. Nature 420, 74-78. (doi:10.1038/nature01176)
190. Wang, X. et al. 2005 Targeted deletion of mek5 causes early embryonic death and defects in the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5/myocyte enhancer factor 2 cell survival pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25, 336-345. (doi:10.1128/MCB.25.1.336-345.2005)
191. Watson, F. L., Heerssen, H. M., Bhattacharyya, A., Klesse, L., Lin, M. Z. & Segal, R. A. 2001 Neurotrophins use the Erk5 pathway to mediate a retrograde survival response. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 981-988. (doi:10.1038/nn720)
192. Wiesmann, C. & de Vos, A. M. 2001 Nerve growth factor: structure and function. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 58, 748-759. (doi:10.1007/PL00000898)
193. Wiesmann, C., Ultsch, M. H., Bass, S. H. & de Vos, A. M. 1999 Crystal structure of nerve growth factor in complex with the ligand-binding domain of the TrkA receptor. Nature 401, 184-188. (doi:10.1038/43705)
194. Wong, S. T., Henley, J. R., Kanning, K. C., Huang, K. H., Bodiwell, M. & Poo, M. M. 2002 A p75 (NTR) and Nogo receptor complex mediates repulsive signaling by myelin-associated glycoprotein. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1302-1308. (doi:10.1038/nn975)
195. Woo, N. H., Teng, H. K., Siao, C. J., Chiaruttini, C., Pang, P. T., Milner, T. A., Hempstead, B. L. & Lu, B. 2005 Activation of p75NTR by proBDNF facilitates hippocampal long-term depression. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1069-1077. (doi:10.1038/nn1510)
196. Wooten, M. W., Seibenhener, M. L., Mamidipudi, V., Diaz-Meco, M. T., Barker, P. A. & Moscat, J. 2001 The atypical protein kinase C-interacting protein p62 is a scaffold for NF-kappaB activation by nerve growth factor. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 7709-7712. (doi:10.1074/jbc.C000869200)
197. Wu, C., Lai, C. F. & Mobley, W. C. 2001 Nerve growth factor activates persistent Rap1 signaling in endosomes. J. Neurosci. 21, 5406-5416.
198. Xing, J., Kornhauser, J. M., Xia, Z., Thiele, E. A. & Greenberg, M. E. 1998 Nerve growth factor activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to stimulate CREB serine 133 phosphorylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 1946-1955.
199. Xu, B. E., Stippec, S., Lenertz, L., Lee, B. H., Zhang, W., Lee, Y. K. & Cobb, M. H. 2004 WNK1 activates ERK5 by an MEKK2/3-dependent mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 7826-7831. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M313465200)
200. Yamada, M., Ohnishi, H., Sano, S., Nakatani, A., Ikeuchi, T. & Hatanaka, H. 1997 Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 are tyrosine-phosphorylated and associated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cultured cerebral cortical neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 30 334-30 339. (doi:10.1074/jbc.272.48.30334)
201. Yamashita, T. & Tohyama, M. 2003 The p75 receptor acts as a displacement factor that releases Rho from Rho-GDI. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 461-467.
202. Yamashita, T., Tucker, K. L. & Barde, Y. A. 1999 Neurotrophin binding to the p75 receptor modulates Rho activity and axonal outgrowth. Neuron 24, 585-593. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81114-9)
203. Yamashita, T., Fujitani, M., Hata, K., Mimura, F. & Yamagishi, S. 2005 Diverse functions of the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Anat. Sci. Int. 80, 37-41. (doi:10.1111/j.1447-073x.2005.00095.x)
204. Yamauchi, J., Chan, J. R., Miyamoto, Y., Tsujimoto, G. & Shooter, E. M. 2005a The neurotrophin-3 receptor TrkC directly phosphorylates and activates the nucleotide exchange factor Dbs to enhance Schwann cell migration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 5198-5203. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0501160102)
205. Yamauchi, J., Miyamoto, Y., Tanoue, A., Shooter, E. M. & Chan, J. R. 2005b Ras activation of a Rac1 exchange factor, Tiam1, mediates neurotrophin-3-induced Schwann cell migration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 14 889-14 894. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0507125102)
206. Yano, H., Cong, F., Birge, R. B., Goff, S. P. & Chao, M. V. 2000 Association of the Abl tyrosine kinase with the Trk nerve growth factor receptor. J. Neurosci. Res. 59, 356-364. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(20000201) 59:3〈356::AID-JNR9〉3.0.CO;2-G)
207. Ye, H., Kuruvilla, R., Zweifel, L. S. & Ginty, D. D. 2003 Evidence in support of signaling endosome-based retrograde survival of sympathetic neurons. Neuron 39, 57-68. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00266-6)
208. Yee, C. L., Jones, K. R. & Finger, T. E. 2003 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is present in adult mouse taste cells with synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 459, 15-24. (doi:10.1002/cne.10589)
209. Yeiser, E. C., Rutkoski, N. J., Naito, A., Inoue, J. & Carter, B. D. 2004 Neurotrophin signaling through the p75 receptor is deficient in traf6-/- mice. J. Neurosci. 24, 10 521-10 529. (doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1390-04.2004)
210. Yeo, G. S., Connie Hung, C. C., Rochford, J., Keogh, J., Gray, J., Sivaramakrishnan, S., O'Rahilly, S. & Farooqi, I. S. 2004 A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 1187-1189. (doi:10.1038/nn1336)
211. Yoon, S. O., Casaccia-Bonnefil, P., Carter, B. & Chao, M. V. 1998 Competitive signaling between TrkA and p75 nerve growth factor receptors determines cell survival. J. Neurosci. 18, 3273-3281.
212. York, R. D., Molliver, D. C., Grewal, S. S., Stenberg, P. E., McCleskey, E. W. & Stork, P. J. 2000 Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and endocytosis in nerve growth factor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation via Ras and Rap1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 8069-8083. (doi:10.1128/MCB.20.21.8069- 8083.2000)
213. Yuan, J. & Yankner, B. A. 2000 Apoptosis in the nervous system. Nature 407, 802-809. (doi:10.1038/35037739)
214. Yuan, J., Lipinski, M. & Degterev, A. 2003a Diversity in the mechanisms of neuronal cell death. Neuron 40, 401-413. (doi:10.1016/S0896- 6273(03)00601-9)
215. Yuan, X. B., Jin, M., Xu, X., Song, Y. Q., Wu, C. P., Poo, M. M. & Duan, S. 2003b Signalling and crosstalk of Rho GTPases in mediating axon guidance. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 38-45. (doi:10.1038/ncb895)
216. Zakharenko, S. S., Patterson, S. L., Dragatsis, I., Zeitlin, S. O., Siegelbaum, S. A., Kandel, E. R. & Morozov, A. 2003 Presynaptic BDNF required for a presynaptic but not postsynaptic component of LTP at hippocampal CA1-CA3 synapses. Neuron 39, 975-990. (doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00543-9)
217. Zhang, Y., Moheban, D. B., Conway, B. R., Bhattacharyya, A. & Segal, R. A. 2000 Cell surface Trk receptors mediate NGF-induced survival while internalized receptors regulate NGF-induced differentiation. J. Neurosci 20, 5671-5678.
218. Zhang, X., Huang, J. & McNaughton, P. A. 2005 NGF rapidly increases membrane expression of TRPV1 heat-gated ion channels. EMBO J. 24, 4211-4223. (doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600893)
219. Zhou, F. Q., Zhou, J., Dedhar, S., Wu, Y. H. & Snider, W. D. 2004 NGF-induced axon growth is mediated by localized inactivation of GSK-3beta and functions of the microtubule plus end binding protein APC. Neuron 42, 897-912. (doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.05.011)
220. Zundel, W., Swiersz, L. M. & Giaccia, A. 2000 Caveolin 1-mediated regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity by ceramide. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 1507-1514. (doi:10.1128/MCB.20.5. 1507-1514.2000)