β-Amyloid degradation and Alzheimer's disease

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

Volumn 2006, Issue , 2006, Pages

  Wang, Deng Shun ^a   Dickson, Dennis W ^b   Malter, James S ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; ENDOTHELIN CONVERTING ENZYME; INSULINASE; MEMBRANE METALLOENDOPEPTIDASE; PLASMIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; UROKINASE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ENZYME DEGRADATION; GENE MUTATION; GLIOSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LIPID STORAGE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; REVIEW; SENILE PLAQUE; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; VASCULAR AMYLOIDOSIS;

EID: 33646360185     PISSN: 11107243     EISSN: 11107251     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/JBB/2006/58406     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. B V Zlokovic Clearing amyloid through the blood-brain barrier. Journal of Neurochemistry 89 2004 4 807 811 15140180
2. B V Zlokovic R Deane J Sallstrom N Chow J M Miano Neurovascular pathways and Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide. Brain Pathology 15 2005 1 78 83 15779240
3. B V Zlokovic Neurovascular mechanisms of Alzheimer's neurodegeneration. Trends in Neurosciences 28 2005 4 202 208 15808355
4. G G Glenner C W Wong Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 120 1984 3 885 890 6375662
5. J Hardy D J Selkoe The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 297 2002 5580 353 356 12130773
6. D Scheuner C Eckman M Jensen Secreted amyloid beta-protein similar to that in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease is increased in vivo by the presenilin 1 and 2 and APP mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature Medicine 2 1996 8 864 870 8705854
7. M P Mattson Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease. Nature 430 2004 7000 631 639 15295589
8. G Evin A Weidemann Biogenesis and metabolism of Alzheimer's disease Abeta amyloid peptides. Peptides 23 2002 7 1285 1297 12128085
9. T E Golde The Abeta hypothesis: leading us to rationally-designed therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer disease. Brain Pathology 15 2005 84 87
10. E A Eckman C B Eckman Abeta-degrading enzymes: modulators of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and targets for therapeutic intervention. Biochemical Society Transactions 33 2005 pt 5 1101 1105 16246055
11. D Schenk D Games P Seubert Potential treatment opportunities for Alzheimer's disease through inhibition of secretases and Abeta immunization. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 17 2001 259 267
12. D Schenk M Hagen P Seubert Current progress in beta-amyloid immunotherapy. Current Opinion in immunology 16 2004 599 606
13. D A Bennett D M Holtzman Immunization therapy for Alzheimer disease? Neurology 64 2005 10 12
14. S Howell J Nalbantoglu P Crine Neutral endopeptidase can hydrolyze beta-amyloid(1-40) but shows no effect on beta-amyloid precursor protein metabolism. Peptides 16 1995 647 652
15. N Iwata S Tsubuki Y Takaki Identification of the major Abeta1-42-degrading catabolic pathway in brain parenchyma: suppression leads to biochemical and pathological deposition. Nature Medicine 6 2000 143 150
16. N Iwata S Tsubuki Y Takaki Metabolic regulation of brain Abeta by neprilysin. Science 292 2001 1550 1552
17. E A Eckman D K Reed C B Eckman Degradation of the Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide by endothelin-converting enzyme. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 2001 24540 24548
18. I V Kurochkin S Goto Alzheimer's beta-amyloid peptide specifically interacts with and is degraded by insulin degrading enzyme. FEBS Letters 345 1994 33 37
19. J R McDermott A M Gibson Degradation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid protein by human and rat brain peptidases: involvement of insulin-degrading enzyme. Neurochemical Research 22 1997 49 56
20. W Q Qiu D M Walsh Z Ye Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates extracellular levels of amyloid beta-protein by degradation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 273 1998 32730 32738
21. J Hu A Igarashi M Kamata H Nakagawa Angiotensin-converting enzyme degrades Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide (A beta); retards A beta aggregation, deposition, fibril formation; and inhibits cytotoxicity. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 2001 47863 47868
22. H Sasaki Y Saito M Hayashi K Otsuka M Niwa Nucleotide sequence of the tissue-type plasminogen activator cDNA from human fetal lung cells. Nucleic Acids Research 16 1988 12 5692
23. P Verde S Boast A Franze F Robbiati F Blasi An upstream enhancer and a negative element in the 5′ flanking region of the human urokinase plasminogen activator gene. Nucleic Acids Research 16 1988 10699 10716
24. T Yamada B Kluve-Beckerman J J Liepnieks M D Benson In vitro degradation of serum amyloid A by cathepsin D and other acid proteases: possible protection against amyloid fibril formation. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 41 1995 570 574
25. H Hamazaki Cathepsin D is involved in the clearance of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid protein. FEBS Letters 396 1996 139 142
26. T Yamada K Miyazaki N Koshikawa M Takahashi H Akatsu T Yamamoto Selective localization of gelatinase A, an enzyme degrading beta-amyloid protein, in white matter microglia and in Schwann cells. Acta Neuropathologica (Berl) 89 1995 199 203
27. J R Backstrom G P Lim M J Cullen Z A Tokes Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is synthesized in neurons of the human hippocampus and is capable of degrading the amyloid-beta peptide (1-40). The Journal of Neuroscience 16 1996 7910 7919
28. K M Carvalho M S Franca G C Camarao A F Ruchon A new brain metalloendopeptidase which degrades the Alzheimer beta-amyloid 1-40 peptide producing soluble fragments without neurotoxic effects. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 30 1997 1153 1156
29. S M Saporito-Irwin W E Van Nostrand Coagulation factor XIa cleaves the RHDS sequence and abolishes the cell adhesive properties of the amyloid beta-protein. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 1995 26265 26269
30. S K Rangan R Liu D Brune S Planque S Paul M R Sierks Degradation of beta-amyloid by proteolytic antibody light chains. The Journal of Biochemistry 42 2003 14328 14334
31. W Q Qiu W Borth Z Ye C Haass D B Teplow D J Selkoe Degradation of amyloid beta-protein by a serine protease-alpha2-macroglobulin complex. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 1996 8443 8451
32. A J Turner K Tanzawa Mammalian membrane metallopeptidases: NEP, ECE, KELL, and PEX. The FASEB Journal 11 1997 355 364
33. R Matsas A J Kenny A J Turner An immunohistochemical study of endopeptidase-24.11 ("enkephalinase") in the pig nervous system. Neuroscience 18 1986 991 1012
34. A J Turner Neuropeptide signalling and cell-surface peptidases. Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research 24 1990 467 471
35. N Sales I Dutriez B Maziere M Ottaviani B P Roques Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 in rat peripheral tissues: comparative localization by 'ex vivo' and 'in vitro' autoradiography. Regulatory Peptides 33 1991 209 222
36. M Letarte S Vera R Tran Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen is identical to neutral endopeptidase. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 168 1988 1247 1253
37. T W LeBien R T McCormack The common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CD10) - emancipation from a functional enigma. Blood 73 1989 625 635
38. N Iwata M Higuchi T C Saido Metabolism of amyloid-beta peptide and Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2005 108 129 148
39. B P Roques F Noble V Dauge M C Fournie-Zaluski A Beaumont Neutral endopeptidase 24.11: structure, inhibition, and experimental and clinical pharmacology. Pharmacological Reviews 45 1993 1 87 146 8475170
40. P E Barker M A Shipp L D'Adamio E L Masteller E L Reinherz The common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen gene maps to chromosomal region 3 (q21-q27). Journal of Immunology 142 1989 283 287
41. B Malfroy W J Kuang P H Seeburg A J Mason P R Schofield Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of human enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase). FEBS Letters 229 1988 1 206 210 3162217
42. M H Lafrance C Vezina Q Wang G Boileau P Crine G Lemay Role of glycosylation in transport and enzymic activity of neutral endopeptidase-24.11. The Biochemical Journal 302 1994 pt 2 451 454 8092997
43. K Barnes S Doherty A J Turner Endopeptidase-24.11 is the integral membrane peptidase initiating degradation of somatostatin in the hippocampus. Journal of Neurochemistry 64 1995 1826 1832
44. A J Turner R E Isaac D Coates The neprilysin (NEP) family of zinc metalloendopeptidases: genomics and function. BioEssays 23 2001 261 269
45. E G Erdos R A Skidgel Human neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP, enkephalinase); function, distribution and release. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 240 1988 13 21
46. E G Erdos R A Skidgel Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase) and related regulators of peptide hormones. The FASEB Journal 3 1989 145 151
47. J C Connelly R A Skidgel W W Schulz A R Johnson E G Erdos Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 in human neutrophils: cleavage of chemotactic peptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1985 82 24 8737 8741 3909153
48. M E Pierart T Najdovski T E Appelboom M M Deschodt-Lanckman Effect of human endopeptidase 24.11 ("enkephalinase") on IL-1-induced thymocyte proliferation activity. Journal of Immunology 140 1988 3808 3811
49. H Akiyama H Kondo K Ikeda M Kato P L McGeer Immunohistochemical localization of neprilysin in the human cerebral cortex: inverse association with vulnerability to amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) deposition. Brain Research 902 2001 277 281
50. K Barnes A J Turner A J Kenny Membrane localization of endopeptidase-24.11 and peptidyl dipeptidase a (angiotensin converting enzyme) in the pig brain: a study using subcellular fractionation and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Journal of Neurochemistry 58 1992 2088 2096
51. S Fukami K Watanabe N Iwata Abeta-degrading endopeptidase, neprilysin, in mouse brain: synaptic and axonal localization inversely correlating with Abeta pathology. Neuroscience Research 43 2002 39 56
52. N Iwata Y Takaki S Fukami S Tsubuki T C Saido Region-specific reduction of a beta-degrading endopeptidase, neprilysin, in mouse hippocampus upon aging. Journal of Neuroscience Research 70 2002 493 500
53. Y Takaki N Iwata S Tsubuki Biochemical identification of the neutral endopeptidase family member responsible for the catabolism of amyloid beta peptide in the brain. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo) 128 2000 897 902
54. R A Marr H Guan E Rockenstein Neprilysin regulates amyloid Beta peptide levels. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 22 2004 5 11
55. Y Ji B Permanne E M Sigurdsson D M Holtzman T Wisniewski Amyloid beta40/42 clearance across the blood-brain barrier following intra-ventricular injections in wild-type, apoE knock-out and human apoE3 or E4 expressing transgenic mice. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 3 2001 23 30
56. H Kanemitsu T Tomiyama H Mori Human neprilysin is capable of degrading amyloid beta peptide not only in the monomeric form but also the pathological oligomeric form. Neuroscience Letters 350 2003 113 116
57. E Hama K Shirotani N Iwata T C Saido Effects of neprilysin chimeric proteins targeted to subcellular compartments on amyloid beta peptide clearance in primary neurons. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 2004 30259 30264
58. M A Leissring W Farris A Y Chang Enhanced proteolysis of beta-amyloid in APP transgenic mice prevents plaque formation, secondary pathology, and premature death. Neuron 40 2003 1087 1093
59. M H Mohajeri K Kuehnle H Li R Poirier J Tracy R M Nitsch Anti-amyloid activity of neprilysin in plaque-bearing mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. FEBS Letters 562 2004 16 21
60. R A Marr E Rockenstein A Mukherjee Neprilysin gene transfer reduces human amyloid pathology in transgenic mice. The Journal of Neuroscience 23 2003 1992 1996
61. A Ott M M Breteler F van Harskamp Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: association with education. The Rotterdam study. British Medical Journal 310 1995 970 973
62. H Funato M Yoshimura K Kusui Quantitation of amyloid beta-protein (A beta) in the cortex during aging and in Alzheimer's disease. The American Journal of Bathology 152 1998 1633 1640
63. D W Dickson H A Crystal L A Mattiace Identification of normal and pathological aging in prospectively studied nondemented elderly humans. Neurobiology of Aging 13 1992 179 189
64. J Apelt K Ach R Schliebs Aging-related down-regulation of neprilysin, a putative beta-amyloid-degrading enzyme, in transgenic Tg2576 Alzheimer-like mouse brain is accompanied by an astroglial upregulation in the vicinity of beta-amyloid plaques. Neuroscience Letters 339 2003 183 186
65. A Caccamo S Oddo M C Sugarman Y Akbari F M LaFerla Age- and region dependent alterations in Abeta-degrading enzymes: implications for Abeta-induced disorders. Neurobiology of Aging 26 2005 645 654
66. K Yasojima H Akiyama E G McGeer P L McGeer Reduced neprilysin in high plaque areas of Alzheimer brain: a possible relationship to deficient degradation of beta-amyloid peptide. Neuroscience Letters 297 2001 97 100
67. K Yasojima E G McGeer P L McGeer Relationship between beta amyloid peptide generating molecules and neprilysin in Alzheimer disease and normal brain. Brain Research 919 2001 115 121
68. D-S Wang N Iwata E Hama T C Saido D W Dickson Oxidized neprilysin in aging and Alzheimer's disease brains. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 310 2003 236 241
69. M Maruyama M Higuchi Y Takaki Cerebrospinal fluid neprilysin is reduced in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology 57 2005 6 832 842 15929037
70. M Carpentier Y Robitaille L DesGroseillers G Boileau M Marcinkiewicz Declining expression of neprilysin in Alzheimer disease vasculature: possible involvement in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 61 2002 849 856
71. S Tsubuki Y Takaki T C Saido Dutch, Flemish, Italian, and Arctic mutations of APP and resistance of Abeta to physiologically relevant proteolytic degradation. Lancet 361 2003 9373 1957 1958 12801742
72. D-S Wang R B Lipton M J Katz Decreased neprilysin immunoreactivity in Alzheimer disease, but not in pathological aging. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 64 2005 378 385
73. N Macours J Poels K Hens C Francis R. Huybrechts Structure, evolutionary conservation, and functions of angiotensin- and endothelin-converting enzymes. International Review of Cytology 239 2004 47 97 15464852
74. T Masaki Historical review: endothelin. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 25 2004 219 224
75. D Xu N Emoto A Giaid ECE-1: a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1. Cell 78 1994 473 485
76. A J Turner L J Murphy Molecular pharmacology of endothelin converting enzymes. Biochemical Pharmacology 51 1996 91 102
77. M N Lorenzo R Y Khan Y Wang Human endothelin converting enzyme-2 (ECE2): characterization of mRNA species and chromosomal localization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1522 2001 46 52
78. N Emoto M Yanagisawa Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 is a membrane-bound, phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease with acidic pH optimum. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 1995 15262 15268
79. K Shimada Y Matsushita K Wakabayashi Cloning and functional expression of human endothelin-converting enzyme cDNA. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 207 1995 807 812
80. A P Davenport R E Kuc Cellular expression of isoforms of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1c, ECE-1b and ECE-1a) and endothelin-converting enzyme-2. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 36 2000 S12 S14
81. P Korth R M Bohle P Corvol F Pinet Cellular distribution of endothelin converting enzyme-1 in human tissues. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 47 1999 447 462
82. C Pupilli P Romagnani L Lasagni Localization of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in human kidney. The American Journal of Physiology 273 1997 F749 F756
83. K Barnes L J Murphy M Takahashi K Tanzawa A J Turner Localization and biochemical characterization of endothelin-converting enzyme. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology suppl 3 26 1995 S37 S39
84. V Naidoo S Naidoo D M Raidoo Immunolocalisation of endothelin-1 in human brain. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 27 2004 193 200
85. B Funalot T Ouimet A Claperon Endothelinconverting enzyme-1 is expressed in human cerebral cortex and protects against Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Psychiatry 9 2004 1122 1128, 1059
86. O Valdenaire E Rohrbacher M G Mattei Organization of the gene encoding the human endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1). The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 1995 29794 29798
87. O Valdenaire D Lepailleur-Enouf G Egidy A fourth isoform of endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1) is generated from an additional promoter molecular cloning and characterization. European Journal of Biochemistry 264 1999 341 349
88. K Shimada M Takahashi M Ikeda K Tanzawa Identification and characterization of two isoforms of an endothelin-converting enzyme-1. FEBS Letters 371 1995 2 140 144 7672114
89. M Schmidt B Kroger E Jacob Molecular characterization of human and bovine endothelin converting enzyme (ECE-1). FEBS Letters 356 1994 2-3 238 243 7805846
90. A Schweizer O Valdenaire P Nelbock Human endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1): three isoforms with distinct subcellular localizations. The Biochemical Journal 328 1997 pt 3 871 877 9396733
91. F Cailler J P Zappulla G Boileau P Crine The N-terminal segment of endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)-1b contains a di-leucine motif that can redirect neprilysin to an intracellular compartment in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The Biochemical Journal 341 1999 pt 1 119 126 10377252
92. A Azarani G Boileau P Crine Recombinant human endothelin-converting enzyme ECE-1b is located in an intracellular compartment when expressed in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The Biochemical Journal 333 1998 pt 2 439 448 9657986
93. D C Fahnoe J Knapp G D Johnson K Ahn Inhibitor potencies and substrate preference for endothelin-converting enzyme-1 are dramatically affected by pH. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 36 2000 5 suppl 1 S22 S25 11078325
94. E A Eckman M Watson L Marlow K Sambamurti C B Eckman Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid peptide is increased in mice deficient in endothelin-converting enzyme. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2003 4 2081 2084 12464614
95. W C Duckworth F B Stentz M Heinemann A E Kitabchi Initial site of insulin cleavage by insulin protease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76 1979 2 635 639 284388
96. E S Song M A Juliano L Juliano L B Hersh Substrate activation of insulin-degrading enzyme (insulysin). A potential target for drug development. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2003 50 49789 49794 14527953
97. J A Affholter V A Fried R A Roth Human insulin-degrading enzyme shares structural and functional homologies with E. coli protease III. Science 242 1988 4884 1415 1418 3059494
98. J A Affholter C L Hsieh U Francke R A Roth Insulin-degrading enzyme: stable expression of the human complementary DNA, characterization of its protein product, and chromosomal mapping of the human and mouse genes. Molecular Endocrinology 4 1990 8 1125 1135 2293021
99. R 3rd Espinosa R S Lemons R K Perlman W L Kuo M R Rosner M M Le Beau Localization of the gene encoding insulin-degrading enzyme to human chromosome 10, bands q23 - q25. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 57 1991 4 184 186 1743072
100. W C Duckworth R G Bennett F G Hamel Insulin degradation: progress and potential. Endocrine Reviews 19 1998 5 608 624 9793760
101. D J Selkoe Clearing the brain's amyloid cobwebs. Neuron 32 2001 2 177 180 11683988
102. F Authier B I Posner J J Bergeron Insulin-degrading enzyme. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 19 1996 149 160
103. I A Mirsky S Kaplan R H Broh-Kahn Persinogen excretion (uropepsin as an index of the influence of various life situations on gastric secretion. Research Publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 29 1949 628 646 14854322
104. I V Kurochkin Insulin-degrading enzyme: embarking on amyloid destruction. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 26 2001 7 421 425 11440853
105. W C Duckworth R G Bennett F G Hamel Insulin acts intracellularly on proteasomes through insulin-degrading enzyme. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 244 1998 2 390 394 9514933
106. K A Seta R A Roth Overexpression of insulin degrading enzyme: cellular localization and effects on insulin signaling. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 231 1997 1 167 171 9070242
107. K Vekrellis Z Ye W Q Qiu Neurons regulate extracellular levels of amyloid beta-protein via proteolysis by insulin-degrading enzyme. The Journal of Neuroscience 20 2000 5 1657 1665 10684867
108. A Perez L Morelli J C Cresto E M Castano Degradation of soluble amyloid beta-peptides 1-40, 1-42, and the Dutch variant 1-40Q by insulin degrading enzyme from Alzheimer disease and control brains. Neurochemical Research 25 2000 2 247 255 10786709
109. W Q Qiu Z Ye D Kholodenko P Seubert D J Selkoe Degradation of amyloid beta-protein by a metalloprotease secreted by microglia and other neural and non-neural cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 1997 10 6641 6646 9045694
110. S Sudoh M P Frosch B A Wolf Differential effects of proteases involved in intracellular degradation of amyloid beta-protein between detergent-soluble and -insoluble pools in CHO-695 cells. Biochemistry 41 2002 4 1091 1099 11802707
111. W Farris S Mansourian Y Chang Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 2003 7 4162 4167 12634421
112. W Farris S Mansourian M A Leissring Partial loss-of-function mutations in insulin-degrading enzyme that induce diabetes also impair degradation of amyloid beta-protein. The American Journal of Pathology 164 2004 4 1425 1434 15039230
113. H G Bernstein S Ansorge P Riederer M Reiser L Frolich B Bogerts Insulin-degrading enzyme in the Alzheimer's disease brain: prominent localization in neurons and senile plaques. Neuroscience Letters 263 1999 2-3 161 164 10213160
114. D G Cook J B Leverenz P J McMillan Reduced hippocampal insulin-degrading enzyme in late-onset Alzheimer's disease is associated with the apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 allele. The American Journal of Pathology 162 2003 1 313 319 12507914
115. J L Guy D W Lambert F J Warner N M Hooper A J Turner Membrane-associated zinc peptidase families: comparing ACE and ACE. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1751 2005 1 2 8 16054014
116. M R Ehlers E A Fox D J Strydom J F Riordan Molecular cloning of human testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme: the testis isozyme is identical to the C-terminal half of endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86 1989 20 7741 7745 2554286
117. L Wei F Alhenc-Gelas P Corvol E Clauser The two homologous domains of human angiotensin I-converting enzyme are both catalytically active. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 266 1991 14 9002 9008 1851160
118. B Rigat C Hubert F Alhenc-Gelas F Cambien P Corvol F Soubrier An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. Journal of Clinical Investigation 86 1990 4 1343 1346
119. J M Saavedra C Chevillard Angiotensin-converting enzyme is present in the subfornical organ and other circumventricular organs of the rat. Neuroscience Letters 29 1982 2 123 127 6283434
120. M J McKinley A L Albiston A M Allen The brain renin-angiotensin system: location and physiological roles. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 35 2003 6 901 918 12676175
121. P G Kehoe C Russ S McIlory Variation in DCP1, encoding ACE, is associated with susceptibility to Alzheimer disease. Nature Genetics 21 1999 1 71 72 9916793
122. L A Farrer T Sherbatich S A Keryanov Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology 57 2000 2 210 214 10681079
123. J S Elkins V C Douglas S C Johnston Alzheimer disease risk and genetic variation in ACE: a meta-analysis. Neurology 62 2004 3 363 368 14872014
124. D J Lehmann M Cortina-Borja D R Warden Large meta-analysis establishes the ACE insertion-deletion polymorphism as a marker of Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Epidemiology 162 2005 4 305 317 16033878
125. J W Zhang X Q Li Z X Zhang Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in a Chinese population. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 20 2005 1 52 56 15832037
126. H Kolsch F Jessen N Freymann ACE I/D polymorphism is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease but not of vascular dementia. Neuroscience Letters 377 2005 1 37 39 15722183
127. Y Narain A Yip T Murphy The ACE gene and Alzheimer's disease susceptibility. Journal of Medical Genetics 37 2000 9 695 697 10978362
128. C L Lendon U Thaker J M Harris The angiotensin 1-converting enzyme insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism does not influence the extent of amyloid or tau pathology in patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters 328 2002 3 314 318 12147333
129. A Sudilovsky B Turnbull S H Croog T Crook Angiotensin converting enzyme and memory: preclinical and clinical data. International Journal of Neurology 21-22 1987 145 162 2856549
130. A J Turner N M Hooper The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene family: genomics and pharmacology. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 23 2002 4 177 183 11931993
131. M L Hemming D J Selkoe Amyloid beta-protein is degraded by cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and elevated by an ACE inhibitor. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 2005 45 37644 37650 16154999
132. N M Barnes C H Cheng B Costall R J Naylor T J Williams C M Wischik Angiotensin converting enzyme density is increased in temporal cortex from patients with Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Pharmacology 200 1991 2-3 289 292 1664329
133. E Savaskan C Hock G Olivieri Cortical alterations of angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II and AT1 receptor in Alzheimer's dementia. Neurobiology of Aging 22 2001 4 541 546 11445253
134. A Arregui E K Perry M Rossor B E Tomlinson Angiotensin converting enzyme in Alzheimer's disease increased activity in caudate nucleus and cortical areas. Journal of Neurochemistry 38 1982 5 1490 1492 6278093
135. Z Werb ECM and cell surface proteolysis: regulating cellular ecology. Cell 91 1997 4 439 442 9390552
136. J Henkin P Marcotte H C Yang The plasminogen-plasmin system. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 34 1991 2 135 164 1832499
137. S Strickland A Gualandris A D Rogove S E Tsirka Extracellular proteases in neuronal function and degeneration. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 61 1996 739 745 9246499
138. S E Tsirka A D Rogove S Strickland Neuronal cell death and tPA. Nature 384 1996 6605 123 124 8906786
139. R Madani S Nef J D Vassalli Emotions are building up in the field of extracellular proteolysis. Trends in Molecular Medicine 9 2003 5 183 185 12763521
140. I B Kingston M J Castro S Anderson In vitro stimulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator by Alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide analogues. Nature Medicine 1 1995 2 138 142 7585010
141. S Wnendt I Wetzels W A Gunzler Amyloid beta peptides stimulate tissue-type plasminogen activator but not recombinant prourokinase. Thrombosis Research 85 1997 3 217 224 9058496
142. M D Ledesma J S Da Silva K Crassaerts A Delacourte B De Strooper C G Dotti Brain plasmin enhances APP alpha-cleavage and Abeta degradation and is reduced in Alzheimer's disease brains. EMBO Reports 1 2000 6 530 535 11263499
143. H M Tucker M Kihiko-Ehmann S Wright R E Rydel S Estus Tissue plasminogen activator requires plasminogen to modulate amyloid-beta neurotoxicity and deposition. Journal of Neurochemistry 75 2000 5 2172 2177 11032907
144. M D Ledesma J Abad-Rodriguez C Galvan Raft disorganization leads to reduced plasmin activity in Alzheimer's disease brains. EMBO Reports 4 2003 12 1190 1196 14618158
145. H M Tucker M Kihiko-Ehmann S Estus Urokinase-type plasminogen activator inhibits amyloid-beta neurotoxicity and fibrillogenesis via plasminogen. Journal of Neuroscience Research 70 2002 2 249 255 12271474
146. G A Tennent L B Lovat M B Pepys Serum amyloid P component prevents proteolysis of the amyloid fibrils of Alzheimer disease and systemic amyloidosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 1995 10 4299 4303 7753801
147. H M Tucker J Simpson M Kihiko-Ehmann Plasmin deficiency does not alter endogenous murine amyloid beta levels in mice. Neuroscience Letters 368 2004 3 285 289 15364412
148. J Clarimon F J Munoz M Boada Possible increased risk for Alzheimer's disease associated with neprilysin gene. Journal of Neural Transmission 110 2003 6 651 657 12768360
149. S Helisalmi M Hiltunen S Vepsalainen Polymorphisms in neprilysin gene affect the risk of Alzheimer's disease in Finnish patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 75 2004 12 1746 1748 15548496
150. A Sakai H Ujike K Nakata Association of the Neprilysin gene with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 17 2004 3 164 169 14739539
151. J D Yang G Feng J Zhang Association between angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and late onset Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese. Neuroscience Letters 295 2000 1-2 41 44 11078932
152. L Bian J D Yang T W Guo Insulin-degrading enzyme and Alzheimer disease: a genetic association study in the Han Chinese. Neurology 63 2004 2 241 245 15277615
153. J Shi S Zhang M Tang Mutation screening and association study of the neprilysin gene in sporadic Alzheimer's disease in Chinese persons. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 60 2005 3 301 306 15860464
154. K Sleegers T den Heijer E J van Dijk ACE gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease and atrophy of hippocampus and amygdala. Neurobiology of Aging 26 2005 8 1153 1159 15917098
155. L Morelli R E Llovera L G Alonso Insulin-degrading enzyme degrades amyloid peptides associated with British and Danish familial dementia. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 332 2005 3 808 816 15913558
156. L Lilius C Forsell K Axelman B Winblad C Graff L Tjernberg No association between polymorphisms in the neprilysin promoter region and Swedish Alzheimer's disease patients. Neuroscience Letters 337 2003 2 111 113 12527400
157. A Sakai H Ujike K Nakata No association between the insulin degrading enzyme gene and Alzheimer's disease in a Japanese population. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 125 2004 1 87 91 14755451
158. P Nowotny A L Hinrichs S Smemo Association studies between risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease and variants in insulin degrading enzyme. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 136 2005 1 62 68 15858813
159. R Monastero R Caldarella M Mannino Lack of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters 335 2002 2 147 149 12459519
160. M Boussaha D Hannequin P Verpillat A Brice T Frebourg D Campion Polymorphisms of insulin degrading enzyme gene are not associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters 329 2002 1 121 123 12161276
161. N Sodeyama H Mizusawa M Yamada Y Itoh E Otomo M Matsushita Lack of association of neprilysin polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-type neuropathological changes. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 71 2001 6 817 818 11762318
162. M A Smith G Perry P L Richey Oxidative damage in Alzheimer's. Nature 382 1996 6587 120 121 8700201
163. X Zhu A K Raina H G Lee Oxidative stress and neuronal adaptation in Alzheimer disease: the role of SAPK pathways. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 5 2003 5 571 576 14580312
164. M A Smith L M Sayre V M Monnier G Perry Oxidative posttranslational modifications in Alzheimer disease. A possible pathogenic role in the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology 28 1996 1-3 41 48 8871940
165. K Uchida 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal: a product and mediator of oxidative stress. Progress in Lipid Research 42 2003 4 318 343 12689622
166. R Russo R Borghi W Markesbery M Tabaton A Piccini Neprylisin decreases uniformly in Alzheimer's disease and in normal aging. FEBS Letters 579 2005 27 6027 6030 16226260
167. H Shinall E S Song L B Hersh Susceptibility of amyloid beta peptide degrading enzymes to oxidative damage: a potential Alzheimer's disease spiral. Biochemistry 44 2005 46 15345 15350 16285738
168. D J Selkoe Physiological production of the beta-amyloid protein and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Trends in Neurosciences 16 1993 10 403 409 7504355
169. G D Johnson T Stevenson K Ahn Hydrolysis of peptide hormones by endothelin-converting enzyme-1. A comparison with neprilysin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 1999 7 4053 4058 9933597
170. M A Leissring A Lu M M Condron Kinetics of amyloid beta-protein degradation determined by novel fluorescence- and fluorescence polarization-based assays. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2003 39 37314 37320 12867419
171. A Mukherjee E Song M Kihiko-Ehmann Insulysin hydrolyzes amyloid beta peptides to products that are neither neurotoxic nor deposit on amyloid plaques. The Journal of Neuroscience 20 2000 23 8745 8749 11102481
172. W E Van Nostrand M Porter Plasmin cleavage of the amyloid beta-protein: alteration of secondary structure and stimulation of tissue plasminogen activator activity. Biochemistry 38 1999 35 11570 11576 10471309
173. J A Carson A J Turner Beta-amyloid catabolism: roles for neprilysin (NEP) and other metallopeptidases? Journal of Neurochemistry 81 2002 1 1 8 12067222
174. R Deane Z Wu A Sagare LRP/amyloid beta-peptide interaction mediates differential brain efflux of Abeta isoforms. Neuron 43 2004 3 333 344 15294142
175. R Deane Z Wu B V Zlokovic RAGE (yin) versus LRP (yang) balance regulates alzheimer amyloid beta-peptide clearance through transport across the blood-brain barrier. Stroke 35 2004 11 suppl 1 2628 2631 15459432
176. R Deane S Du Yan R K Submamaryan RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain. Nature Medicine 9 2003 7 907 913 12808450