From hyperglycemia to diabetic kidney disease: The role of metabolic, hemodynamic, intracellular factors and growth factors/cytokines

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 25, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 971-1010

  Schrijvers, Bieke F ^a,b   De Vriese, An S ^b   Flyvbjerg, Allan ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; ANGIOTENSIN; CYTOKINE; DIACYLGLYCEROL; ENDOTHELIN; GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH HORMONE; NITRIC OXIDE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; PROTEIN KINASE C; SOMATOMEDIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN;

DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; METABOLISM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW;

ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DIGLYCERIDES; ENDOTHELINS; GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS, ADVANCED; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HEMODYNAMIC PHENOMENA; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; NITRIC OXIDE; PROTEIN KINASES;

EID: 10644259663     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0018     Document Type: Review

References (479)

1. Hovind P, Tarnow L, Rossing K, Rossing P, Eising S, Larsen N, Binder C, Parving H-H 2003 Decreasing incidence of severe diabetic microangiopathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:1258-1264
2. Ritz E, Keller C, Bergis K, Strojek K 1997 Pathogenesis and course of renal disease in IDDM/NIDDM: differences and similarities. Am J Hypertens 10:202S-207S
3. Yokoyama H, Okudaira M, Otani T, Sato A, Miura J, Takaike H, Yamada H, Muto K, Uchigata Y, Ohashi Y, Iwamoto Y 2000 Higher incidence of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 than in type 1 diabetes in early-onset diabetes in Japan. Kidney Int 58:302-311
4. Grønbæk H, Vogel I, Østerby R, Lancranjan I, Flyvbjerg A, Ørskov H 1998 Effect of octreotide, captopril or insulin on renal changes and UAE in long-term experimental diabetes. Kidney Int 53:173-180
5. Noda M, Matsuo T, Nagano-Tsuge H, Ohta M, Sekiguchi M, Shibouta Y, Naka T, Imura Y 2001 Involvement of angiotensin II in progression of renal injury in rats with genetic non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Wistar fatty rats). Jpn J Pharmacol 85:416-422
6. Azal Ö, Yönem A, Güler S, Çakir B, Baydar A, Çorakçi A, Kutlu M 2002 Effects of aminoguanidine and tolrestat on the development of ocular and renal structural changes in experimental diabetic rats. Diabetes Obes Metab 4:75-79
7. McCarthy KJ, Routh RE, Shaw W, Walsh K, Welbourne TC, Johnson JH 2000 Troglitazone halts diabetic glomerulosclerosis by blockade of mesangial expansion. Kidney Int 58:2341-2350
8. Nakamura S, Makita Z, Ishikawa S, Yasumura K, Fujii W, Yanagisawa K, Kawata T, Koike T 1997 Progression of nephropathy in spontaneous diabetic rats is prevented by OPB-9195, a novel inhibitor of advanced glycation. Diabetes 46:895-899
9. Zheng F, He C, Cai W, Hattori M, Steffes M, Vlassara H 2002 Prevention of diabetic nephropathy in mice by a diet low in glycoxidation products. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 18:224-237
10. Wendt TM, Tanji N, Guo J, Kislinger TR, Qu W, Lu Y, Bucciarelli LG, Rong LL, Moser B, Markowitz GS, Stein G, Bierhaus A, Liliensiek B, Arnold B, Nawroth PP, Stern DM, D'Agati VD, Schmidt AM 2003 RAGE drives the development of glomerulosclerosis and implicates podocyte activation in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Am J Pathol 162:1123-1137
11. Campbell J, Davidson IWF, Lei HP 1950 The production of permanent diabetes by highly purified growth hormone. Endocrinology 46:588-590
12. Lundbæk K, Christensen NJ, Jensen VA, Johansen K, Olsen TS, Hansen AP, Ørskov H, Østerby R 1970 Diabetes, diabetic angiopathy, and growth hormone. Lancet 2:131-133
13. Yde H 1969 The growth hormone dependent sulfation factor in serum from patients with various types of diabetes. Acta Med Scand 186:293-297
14. Wendt T, Tanji N, Guo J, Hudson BI, Bierhaus A, Ramasamy R, Arnold B, Nawroth PP, Yan SF, D'Agati V, Schmidt AM 2003 Glucose, glycation, and RAGE: implications for amplification of cellular dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:1383-1395
15. Williams ME 2003 New therapies for advanced glycation end product nephrotoxicity: current challenges. Am J Kidney Dis 41: S42-S47
16. Vlassara H, Palace MR 2002 Diabetes and advanced glycation endproducts. J Intern Med 251:87-101
17. Horie K, Miyata T, Maeda K, Miyata S, Sugiyama S, Sakai H, Strihou CY, Monnier VM, Witztum JL, Kurokawa K 1997 Immunohistochemical colocalization of glycoxidation products and lipid peroxidation products in diabetic renal glomerular lesions. Implication for glycoxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Invest 100:2995-3004
18. Niwa T, Katsuzaki T, Miyazaki S, Miyazaki T, Ishizaki Y, Hayase F, Tatemichi N, Takei Y 1997 Immunohistochemical detection of imidazolone, a novel advanced glycation end product, in kidneys and aortas of diabetic patients. J Clin Invest 99:1272-1280
19. Tanji N, Markowitz GS, Fu C, Kislinger T, Taguchi A, Pischetsrieder M, Stern D, Schmidt AM, D'Agati VD 2000 Expression of advanced glycation end products and their cellular receptor RAGE in diabetic nephropathy and nondiabetic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1656-1666
20. Soulis T, Cooper ME, Vranes D, Bucala R, Jerums G 1996 Effects of aminoguanidine in preventing experimental diabetic nephropathy are related to the duration of treatment. Kidney Int 50:627-634
21. Soulis T, Thallas V, Youssef S, Gilbert RE, McWilliam BG, Murray-McIntosh RP, Cooper ME 1997 Advanced glycation end products and their receptors co-localise in rat organs susceptible to diabetic microvascular injury. Diabetologia 40:619-628
22. Huang Y, Lin S, Zhou J 1998 Gene expression of receptor for advanced glycosylation end products and its modulation by aminoguanidine in diabetic kidney tissue. Chin Med J (Engl) 111: 698-704
23. He CJ, Zheng F, Stitt A, Striker L, Hattori M, Vlassara H 2000 Differential expression of renal AGE-receptor genes in NOD mice: possible role in nonobese diabetic renal disease. Kidney Int 58: 1931-1940
24. Doi T, Vlassara H, Kirstein M, Yamada Y, Striker GE, Striker LJ 1992 Receptor-specific increase in extracellular matrix production in mouse mesangial cells by advanced glycosylation end products is mediated via platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2873-2877
25. Skolnik EY, Yang Z, Makita Z, Radoff S, Kirstein M, Vlassara H 1991 Human and rat mesangial cell receptors for glucose-modified proteins: potential role in kidney tissue remodelling and diabetic nephropathy. J Exp Med 174:931-939
26. Youssef S, Nguyen DT, Soulis T, Panagiotopoulos S, Jerums G, Cooper ME 1999 Effect of diabetes and aminoguanidine therapy on renal advanced glycation end-product binding. Kidney Int 55: 907-916
27. Chen S, Cohen MP, Lautenslager GT, Shearman CW, Ziyadeh FN 2001 Glycated albumin stimulates TGF-β1 production and protein kinase C activity in glomerular endothelial cells. Kidney Int 59: 673-681
28. II in neonatal mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278:F676-F683
29. Cohen MP, Ziyadeh FN, Lautenslager GT, Cohen JA, Shearman CW 1999 Glycated albumin stimulation of PKC-β activity is linked to increased collagen IV in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol 276:F684-F690
30. Ziyadeh FN, Han DC, Cohen JA, Guo J, Cohen MP 1998 Glycated albumin stimulates fibronectin gene expression in glomerular mesangial cells: involvement of the transforming growth factor-β system. Kidney Int 53:631-638
31. Borrebæk J, Prydz K, Fjeldstad K, Vuong TT, Berg TJ, Holkov C, Kolset SO 2001 The AGE product Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine serum albumin is a modulator of proteoglycan expression in polarized cultured kidney epithelial cells. Diabetologia 44:488-494
32. Oldfield MD, Bach LA, Forbes JM, Nikolic-Paterson D, McRobert A, Thallas V, Atkins RC, Osicka T, Jerums G, Cooper ME 2001 Advanced glycation end products cause epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation via the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). J Clin Invest 108:1853-1863
33. Gugliucci A, Bendayan M 1995 Reaction of advanced glycation endproducts with renal tissue from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: an ultrastructural study using colloidal gold cytochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 43:591-600
34. Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Thallas V, Burns WC, Thomas MC, Brammar GC, Lee F, Grant SL, Burrell LA, Jerums G, Osicka TM 2002 Reduction of the accumulation of advanced glycation end products by ACE inhibition in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 51:3274-3282
35. Soulis T, Cooper ME, Sastra S, Thallas V, Panagiotopoulos S, Bjerrum OJ, Jerums G 1997 Relative contributions of advanced glycation and nitric oxide synthase inhibition to aminoguanidine-mediated renoprotection in diabetic rats. Diabetologia 40:1141-1151
36. Striker LJ, Striker GE 1996 Administration of AGEs in vivo induces extracellular matrix gene expression. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11(Suppl 5):62-65
37. Vlassara H, Fuh H, Makita Z, Krungkrai S, Cerami A, Bucala R 1992 Exogenous advanced glycosylation end products induce complex vascular dysfunction in normal animals: a model for diabetic and aging complications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:12043-12047
38. Yamamoto Y, Kato I, Doi T, Yonekura H, Ohashi S, Takeuchi M, Watanabe T, Yamagishi S, Sakurai S, Takasawa S, Okamoto H, Yamamoto H 2001 Development and prevention of advanced diabetic nephropathy in RAGE-overexpressing mice. J Clin Invest 108:261-268
39. Berg TJ, Clausen JT, Torjesen PA, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Bangstad HJ, Hanssen KF 1998 The advanced glycation end product Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine is increased in serum from children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21:1997-2002
40. Berg TJ, Bangstad HJ, Torjesen PA, Østerby R, Bucala R, Hanssen KF 1997 Advanced glycation end products in serum predict changes in the kidney morphology of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 46:661-665
41. He CJ, Koschinsky T, Buenting C, Vlassara H 2001 Presence of diabetic complications in type 1 diabetic patients correlates with low expression of mononuclear cell AGE-receptor-1 and elevated serum AGE. Mol Med 7:159-168
42. Aoki S, Hasegawa G, Shigeta H, Obayashi H, Fujii M, Kimura F, Moriwaki A, Nakamura N, Ienaga K, Nakamura K, Kondo M 2000 Crossline levels in serum and erythrocyte membrane proteins from patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 48: 119-125
43. Aso Y, Inukai T, Tayama K, Takemura Y 2000 Serum concentrations of advanced glycation endproducts are associated with the development of atherosclerosis as well as diabetic microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 37:87-92
44. Cohen MP, Sharma K, Jin Y, Hud E, Wu VY, Tomaszewski J, Ziyadeh FN 1995 Prevention of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice with glycated albumin antagonists. A novel treatment strategy. J Clin Invest 95:2338-2345
45. Cohen MP, Clements RS, Cohen JA, Shearman CW 1996 Prevention of decline in renal function in the diabetic db/db mouse. Diabetologia 39:270-274
46. Cohen MP, Masson N, Hud E, Ziyadeh F, Han DC, Clements RS 2000 Inhibiting albumin glycation ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in the db/db mouse. Exp Nephrol 8:135-143
47. Cohen MP, Ziyadeh FN, Hong SW, Shearman CW, Hud E, Lautenslager GT, Iglesias-De La Cruz MC, Chen S 2002 Inhibiting albumin glycation in vivo ameliorates glomerular overexpression of TGF-β1. Kidney Int 61:2025-2032
48. Soulis-Liparota T, Cooper M, Papazoglou D, Clarke B, Jerums G 1991 Retardation by aminoguanidine of development of albuminuria, mesangial expansion, and tissue fluorescence in streptozocin-induced diabetic rat. Diabetes 40:1328-1334
49. Osicka TM, Yu Y, Lee V, Panagiotopoulos S, Kemp BE, Jerums G 2001 Aminoguanidine and ramipril prevent diabetes-induced increases in protein kinase C activity in glomeruli, retina and mesenteric artery. Clin Sci (Colch) 100:249-257
50. Soulis T, Sastra S, Thallas V, Mortensen SB, Wilken M, Clausen JT, Bjerrum OJ, Petersen H, Lau J, Jerums G, Boel E, Cooper ME 1999 A novel inhibitor of advanced glycation end-product formation inhibits mesenteric vascular hypertrophy in experimental diabetes. Diabetologia 42:472-479
51. Osicka TM, Kiriazis Z, Pratt LM, Jerums G, Comper WD 2001 Ramipril and aminoguanidine restore renal lysosomal processing in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Diabetologia 44:230-236
52. Osicka TM, Yu Y, Panagiotopoulos S, Clavant SP, Kiriazis Z, Pike RN, Pratt LM, Russo LM, Kemp BE, Comper WD, Jerums G 2000 Prevention of albuminuria by aminoguanidine or ramipril in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is associated with the normalization of glomerular protein kinase C. Diabetes 49:87-93
53. Wilkinson-Berka JL, Kelly DJ, Koerner SM, Jaworski K, Davis B, Thallas V, Cooper ME 2002 ALT-946 and aminoguanidine, inhibitors of advanced glycation, improve severe nephropathy in the diabetic transgenic (mREN-2)27 rat. Diabetes 51:3283-3289
54. Appel G, Bolton K, Freedman B, Wuerth J, Cartwright K 1999 Pimagedine (PG) lowers total urinary protein (TUP) and slows progression of overt diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). J Am Soc Nephrol 10:153A (Abstract)
55. Thornalley PJ 2003 Use of aminoguanidine (Pimagedine) to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Arch Biochem Biophys 419:31-40
56. +)-ATPase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 30:232-237
57. Degenhardt TP, Alderson NL, Arrington DD, Beattie RJ, Basgen JM, Steffes MW, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW 2002 Pyridoxamine inhibits early renal disease and dyslipidemia in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Kidney Int 61:939-950
58. Oturai PS, Christensen M, Rolin B, Pedersen KE, Mortensen SB, Boel E 2000 Effects of advanced glycation end-product inhibition and cross-link breakage in diabetic rats. Metabolism 49:996-1000
59. Shoda H, Miyata S, Liu BF, Yamada H, Ohara T, Suzuki K, Oimomi M, Kasuga M 1997 Inhibitory effects of tenilsetam on the Maillard reaction. Endocrinology 138:1886-1892
60. Pugliese G, Pricci F, Romeo G, Pugliese F, Mene P, Giannini S, Cresci B, Galli G, Rotella CM, Vlassara H, Di Mario U 1997 Upregulation of mesangial growth factor and extracellular matrix synthesis by advanced glycation end products via a receptor-mediated mechanism. Diabetes 46:1881-1887
61. Flyvbjerg A, Denner L, Schrijvers B, Tilton R, Mogensen T, Paludan SR, Rasch R 2004 Long-term renoprotective effects of a neutralizing RAGE-antibody in obese type 2 diabetic mice. Diabetes 53:166-172
62. Vasan S, Zhang X, Zhang X, Kapurniotu A, Bernhagen J, Teichberg S, Basgen J, Wagle D, Shih D, Terlecky I, Bucala R, Cerami A, Egan J, Ulrich P 1996 An agent cleaving glucose-derived protein crosslinks in vitro and in vivo. Nature 382:275-278
63. Forbes JM, Soulis T, Thallas V, Panagiotopoulos S, Long DM, Vasan S, Wagle D, Jerums G, Cooper ME 2001 Renoprotective effects of a novel inhibitor of advanced glycation. Diabetologia 44:108-114
64. Hamada Y, Araki N, Horiuchi S, Hotta N 1996 Role of polyol pathway in nonenzymatic glycation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11(Suppl 5):95-98
65. Soulis-Liparota T, Cooper ME, Dunlop M, Jerums G 1995 The relative roles of advanced glycation, oxidation and aldose reductase inhibition in the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Diabetologia 38:387-394
66. Zheng F, Cai W, Mitsuhashi T, Vlassara H 2001 Lysozyme enhances renal excretion of advanced glycation endproducts in vivo and suppresses adverse age-mediated cellular effects in vitro: a potential AGE sequestration therapy for diabetic nephropathy? Mol Med 7:737-747
67. Miyata T, Van Ypersele De Strihou C, Ueda Y, Ichimori K, Inagi R, Onogi H, Ishikawa N, Nangaku M, Kurokawa K 2002 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower in vitro the formation of advanced glycation end products: biochemical mechanisms. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:2478-2487
68. Vander Jagt DL, Robinson B, Taylor KK, Hunsaker LA 1990 Aldose reductase from human skeletal and heart muscle. Interconvertible forms related by thiol-disulfide exchange. J Biol Chem 265:20982-20987
69. Narayanan S 1993 Aldose reductase and its inhibition in the control of diabetic complications. Ann Clin Lab Sci 23:148-158
70. Greene DA, Lattimer SA, Sima AA 1987 Sorbitol, phosphoinositides, and sodium-potassium-ATPase in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. N Engl J Med 316:599-606
71. Burg MB 1995 Molecular basis of osmotic regulation. Am J Physiol 268:F983-F996
72. +/myo-inositol cotransporter (SLC5A3) gene and characterization of the promoter. Genomics 46:459-465
73. Svanberg B, Ling C, Svensson PA, Johnson M, Carlsson B, Billig H 2000 Isolation of differentially expressed aldose reductase in ovaries after estrogen withdrawal from hypophysectomized diethylstilbestrol treated rats: increased expression during apoptosis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 164:183-190
74. Lau ET, Cao D, Lin C, Chung SK, Chung SS 1995 Tissue-specific expression of two aldose reductase-like genes in mice: abundant expression of mouse vas deferens protein and fibroblast growth factor-regulated protein in the adrenal gland. Biochem J 312(Pt 2):609-615
75. Robinson B, Hunsaker LA, Stangebye LA, Vander Jagt DL 1993 Aldose and aldehyde reductases from human kidney cortex and medulla. Biochim Biophys Acta 1203:260-266
76. -/betaine transporter mRNAs in individual cells of the kidney during changes in the diuretic state. Pflugers Arch 437:248-254
77. Kasajima H, Yamagishi S, Sugai S, Yagihashi N, Yagihashi S 2001 Enhanced in situ expression of aldose reductase in peripheral nerve and renal glomeruli in diabetic patients. Virchows Arch 439:46-54
78. Ludvigson MA, Sorenson RL 1980 Immunohistochemical localization of aldose reductase. II. Rat eye and kidney. Diabetes 29: 450-459
79. Kikkawa R, Umemura K, Haneda M, Arimura T, Ebata K, Shigeta Y 1987 Evidence for existence of polyol pathway in cultured rat mesangial cells. Diabetes 36:240-243
80. Williamson JR, Chang K, Frangos M, Hasan KS, Ido Y, Kawamura T, Nyengaard JR, van den Enden M, Kilo C, Tilton RG 1993 Hyperglycemic pseudohypoxia and diabetic complications. Diabetes 42:801-813
81. Henry DN, Busik JV, Brosius III FC, Heilig CW 1999 Glucose transporters control gene expression of aldose reductase, PKCα, and GLUT1 in mesangial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol 277:F97-F104
82. Ishii H, Tada H, Isogai S 1998 An aldose reductase inhibitor prevents glucose-induced increase in transforming growth factor-β and protein kinase C activity in cultured mesangial cells. Diabetologia 41:362-364
83. Kapor-Drezgic J, Zhou X, Babazono T, Dlugosz JA, Hohman T, Whiteside C 1999 Effect of high glucose on mesangial cell protein kinase C-ε and -ε is polyol pathway-dependent. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1193-1203
84. Bleyer AJ, Fumo P, Snipes ER, Goldfarb S, Simmons DA, Ziyadeh FN 1994 Polyol pathway mediates high glucose-induced collagen synthesis in proximal tubule. Kidney Int 45:659-666
85. Morrisey K, Steadman R, Williams JD, Phillips AO 1999 Renal proximal tubular cell fibronectin accumulation in response to glucose is polyol pathway dependent. Kidney Int 55:160-167
86. Phillips AO, Steadman R, Morrisey K, Martin J, Eynstone L, Williams JD 1997 Exposure of human renal proximal tubular cells to glucose leads to accumulation of type IV collagen and fibronectin by decreased degradation. Kidney Int 52:973-984
87. Zhang SL, Filep JG, Hohman TC, Tang SS, Ingelfinger JR, Chan JS 1999 Molecular mechanisms of glucose action on angiotensinogen gene expression in rat proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int 55: 454-464
88. Petrash JM, Flath M, Sens D, Bylander J 1992 Effects of osmotic stress and hyperglycemia on aldose reductase gene expression in human renal proximal tubule cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187:201-208
89. Chang WP, Dimitriadis E, Allen T, Dunlop ME, Cooper M, Larkins RG 1991 The effect of aldose reductase inhibitors on glomerular prostaglandin production and urinary albumin excretion in experimental diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 34:225-231
90. Faiman G, Ganguly P, Mehta A, Thliveris JA 1993 Effect of statil on kidney structure, function and polyol accumulation in diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Biochem 125:27-33
91. Kern TS, Engerman RL 1999 Aldose reductase and the development of renal disease in diabetic dogs. J Diabetes Complications 13:10-16
92. Kicic E, Palmer TN 1994 Is sorbitol dehydrogenase gene expression affected by streptozotocin-diabetes in the rat? Biochim Biophys Acta 1226:213-218
93. Raccah D, Coste T, Cameron NE, Dufayet D, Vague P, Hohman TC 1998 Effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor tolrestat on nerve conduction velocity, Na/K ATPase activity, and polyols in red blood cells, sciatic nerve, kidney cortex, and kidney medulla of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 12:154-162
94. +/myo-inositol cotransporter in diabetic rats. Kidney Int 50:1202-1211
95. Raskin P, Rosenstock J 1987 Aldose reductase inhibitors and diabetic complications. Am J Med 83:298-306
96. Ghahary A, Chakrabarti S, Sima AA, Murphy LJ 1991 Effect of insulin and statil on aldose reductase expression in diabetic rats. Diabetes 40:1391-1396
97. Connors B, Lee WH, Wang G, Evan AP, Bohlen HG 1997 Aldose reductase and IGF-I gene expression in aortic and arteriolar smooth muscle during hypo- and hyperinsulinemic diabetes. Microvasc Res 53:53-62
98. Yamaoka T, Nishimura C, Yamashita K, Itakura M, Yamada T, Fujimoto J, Kokai Y 1995 Acute onset of diabetic pathological changes in transgenic mice with human aldose reductase cDNA. Diabetologia 38:255-261
99. Shah VO, Dorin RI, Sun Y, Braun M, Zager PG 1997 Aldose reductase gene expression is increased in diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2294-2298
100. Moczulski DK, Scott L, Antonellis A, Rogus JJ, Rich SS, Warram JH, Krolewski AS 2000 Aldose reductase gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 17:111-118
101. Shah VO, Scavini M, Nikolic J, Sun Y, Vai S, Griffith JK, Dorin RI, Stidley C, Yacoub M, Vander Jagt DL, Eaton RP, Zager PG 1998 Z-2 microsatellite allele is linked to increased expression of the aldose reductase gene in diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2886-2891
102. Kouzuma T, Takahashi M, Endoh T, Kaneko R, Ura N, Shimamoto K, Watanabe N 2001 An enzymatic cycling method for the measurement of myo-inositol in biological samples. Clin Chim Acta 312:143-151
103. Yoshii H, Uchino H, Ohmura C, Watanabe K, Tanaka Y, Kawamori R 2001 Clinical usefulness of measuring urinary polyol excretion by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry in type 2 diabetes to assess polyol pathway activity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 51:115-123
104. Costantino L, Rastelli G, Vianello P, Cignarella G, Barlocco D 1999 Diabetes complications and their potential prevention: aldose reductase inhibition and other approaches. Med Res Rev 19:3-23
105. Isogai S, Inokuchi T, Ohe K 1995 Effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor on glomerular basement membrane anionic sites in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 30:111-116
106. Ishii N, Ikenaga H, Ogawa Z, Aoki Y, Saruta T, Suga T 2001 Effects of renal sorbitol accumulation on urinary excretion of enzymes in hyperglycaemic rats. Ann Clin Biochem 38:391-398
107. Itagaki I, Shimizu K, Kamanaka Y, Ebata K, Kikkawa R, Haneda M, Shigeta Y 1994 The effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor (Epalrestat) on diabetic nephropathy in rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 25:147-154
108. Pedersen MM, Christiansen JS, Mogensen CE 1991 Reduction of glomerular hyperfiltration in normoalbuminuric IDDM patients by 6 mo of aldose reductase inhibition. Diabetes 40:527-531
109. Passariello N, Sepe J, Marrazzo G, De Cicco A, Peluso A, Pisano MC, Sgambato S, Tesauro P, D'Onofrio F 1993 Effect of aldose reductase inhibitor (tolrestat) on urinary albumin excretion rate and glomerular filtration rate in IDDM subjects with nephropathy. Diabetes Care 16:789-795
110. Ranganathan S, Krempf M, Feraille E, Charbonnel B 1993 Short term effect of an aldose reductase inhibitor on urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in type 1 diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy. Diabete Metab 19: 257-261
111. Iso K, Tada H, Kuboki K, Inokuchi T 2001 Long-term effect of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on the development of incipient diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetic patients. J Diabetes Complications 15:241-244
112. Rastelli G, Ferrari AM, Costantino L, Gamberini MC 2002 Discovery of new inhibitors of aldose reductase from molecular docking and database screening. Bioorg Med Chem 10:1437-1450
113. Carey RM, Siragy HM 2003 Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation. Endocr Rev 24:261-271
114. Cao Z, Kelly DJ, Cox A, Casley D, Forbes JM, Martinello P, Dean R, Gilbert RE, Cooper ME 2000 Angiotensin type 2 receptor is expressed in the adult rat kidney and promotes cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Kidney Int 58:2437-2451
115. Lai KN, Leung JC, Lai KB, To WY, Yeung VT, Lai FM 1998 Gene expression of the renin-angiotensin system in human kidney. J Hypertens 16:91-102
116. Zimpelmann J, Kumar D, Levine DZ, Wehbi G, Imig JD, Navar LG, Burns KD 2000 Early diabetes mellitus stimulates proximal tubule renin mRNA expression in the rat. Kidney Int 58:2320-2330
117. Miyata N, Park F, Li XF, Cowley Jr AW 1999 Distribution of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 277:F437-F446
118. Ozono R, Wang ZQ, Moore AF, Inagami T, Siragy HM, Carey RM 1997 Expression of the subtype 2 angiotensin (AT2) receptor protein in rat kidney. Hypertension 30:1238-1246
119. Wehbi GJ, Zimpelmann J, Carey RM, Levine DZ, Burns KD 2001 Early streptozotocin-diabetes mellitus downregulates rat kidney AT2 receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280:F254-F265
120. Chouinard RF, Meek RL, Cooney SK, Tuttle KR 2002 Effects of amino acids and glucose on mesangial cell aminopeptidase A and angiotensin receptors. Kidney Int 61(Suppl 1):106-109
121. Singh R, Alavi N, Singh AK, Leehey DJ 1999 Role of angiotensin II in glucose-induced inhibition of mesangial matrix degradation. Diabetes 48:2066-2073
122. Ikeda M, Kohno M, Takeda T 1995 Endothelin production in cultured mesangial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 25:1196-1201
123. Bakris GL, Re RN 1993 Endothelin modulates angiotensin II-induced mitogenesis of human mesangial cells. Am J Physiol 264: F937-F942
124. Ruperez M, Ruiz-Ortega M, Esteban V, Lorenzo O, Mezzano S, Plaza JJ, Egido J 2003 Angiotensin II increases connective tissue growth factor in the kidney. Am J Pathol 163:1937-1947
125. Bhaskaran M, Reddy K, Radhakrishanan N, Franki N, Ding G, Singhal PC 2003 Angiotensin II induces apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284:F955-F965
126. Burns KD 2000 Angiotensin II and its receptors in the diabetic kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 36:449-467
127. Kelly DJ, Skinner SL, Gilbert RE, Cox AJ, Cooper ME, Wilkinson-Berka JL 2000 Effects of endothelin or angiotensin II receptor blockade on diabetes in the transgenic (mRen-2)27 rat. Kidney Int 57: 1882-1894
128. Mizuiri S, Yoshikawa H, Tanegashima M, Miyagi M, Kobayashi M, Sakai K, Hayashi I, Aikawa A, Ohara T, Hasegawa A 1998 Renal ACE immunohistochemical localization in NIDDM patients with nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 31:301-307
129. Wagner J, Gehlen F, Ciechanowicz A, Ritz E 1999 Angiotensin II receptor type 1 gene expression in human glomerulonephritis and diabetes mellitus. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:545-551
130. Fogarty DG, Harron JC, Hughes AE, Nevin NC, Doherty CC, Maxwell AP 1996 A molecular variant of angiotensinogen is associated with diabetic nephropathy in IDDM. Diabetes 45:1204-1208
131. Schmidt S, Giessel R, Bergis KH, Strojek K, Grzeszczak W, Ganten D, Ritz E 1996 Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism is not associated with diabetic nephropathy. The Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1755-1761
132. Tarnow L, Kjeld T, Knudsen E, Major-Pedersen A, Parving H-H 2000 Lack of synergism between long-term poor glycaemic control and three gene polymorphisms of the renin angiotensin system on risk of developing diabetic nephropathy in type I diabetic patients. Diabetologia 43:794-799
133. Wong TY, Chan JC, Poon E, Li PK 1999 Lack of association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (DD/II) and angiotensinogen M235T gene polymorphism with renal function among Chinese patients with type II diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 33:1064-1070
134. Rudberg S, Rasmussen LM, Bangstad HJ, Østerby R 2000 Influence of insertion/deletion polymorphism in the ACE-I gene on the progression of diabetic glomerulopathy in type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 23:544-548
135. Tarnow L, Gluud C, Parving H-H 1998 Diabetic nephropathy and the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:1125-1130
136. Taal MW, Brenner BM 2002 Combination ACEI and ARB therapy: additional benefit in renoprotection? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 11:377-381
137. Birkenhager WH, de Leeuw PW 1999 Non-peptide angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of hypertension. J Hypertens 17:873-881
138. Weir MR, Henrich WL 2000 Theoretical basis and clinical evidence for differential effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor subtype 1 blockers. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 9:403-411
139. Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Benigni A 1997 Understanding the nature of renal disease progression. Kidney Int 51:2-15
140. Nankervis A, Nicholls K, Kilmartin G, Allen P, Ratnaike S, Martin FI 1998 Effects of perindopril on renal histomorphometry in diabetic subjects with microalbuminuria: a 3-year placebo-controlled biopsy study. Metabolism 47:12-15
141. Østerby R, Bangstad HJ, Rudberg S 2000 Follow-up study of glomerular dimensions and cortical interstitium in microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients with or without antihypertensive treatment. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1609-1616
142. Rudberg S, Østerby R, Bangstad HJ, Dahlquist G, Persson B 1999 Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or β blocker on glomerular structural changes in young microalbuminuric patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42:589-595
143. 2001 Effect of 3 years of antihypertensive therapy on renal structure in type 1 diabetic patients with albuminuria: the European Study for the Prevention of Renal Disease in Type 1 Diabetes (ESPRIT) Study Group. Diabetes 50:843-850
144. Pedersen MM, Schmitz A, Pedersen EB, Danielsen H, Christiansen JS 1988 Acute and long-term renal effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in normotensive, normoalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabet Med 5:562-569
145. de Azevedo MJ, Ramos OL, Gross JL 1997 Lack of effect of captopril on glomerular hyperfiltration in normoalbuminuric normotensive insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Horm Metab Res 29: 516-519
146. O'Hare P, Bilbous R, Mitchell T, O'Callaghan CJ, Viberti GC 2000 Low-dose ramipril reduces microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetic patients without hypertension: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 23:1823-1829
147. Jerums G, Allen TJ, Campbell DJ, Cooper ME, Gilbert RE, Hammond JJ, Raffaele J, Tsalamandris C 2001 Long-term comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 890-899
148. Pedersen MM, Christensen CK, Hansen KW, Christiansen JS, Mogensen CE 1991 ACE-inhibition and renoprotection in early diabetic nephropathy. Response to enalapril acutely and in long-term combination with conventional antihypertensive treatment. Clin Invest Med 14:642-651
149. Ciavarella A, Mustacchio A, Silletti A, Franchi R, Levorato M, Campieri C, Borgnino LC, Capozzi G, Morotti L, Vannini P 1992 Low-dose angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: effect on renal function in normo- and hypertensive type 1 diabetic patients. Eur J Med 1:268-272
150. Parving H-H, Hommel E, Jensen BR, Hansen HP 2001 Long-term beneficial
151. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD 1993 The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462
152. Holdaas H, Hartmann A, Berg KJ, Langberg H, Blystad L, Fauchald P 1995 Contrasting effects of angiotensin converting inhibitor and α-1-antagonist on albuminuria in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with nephropathy. J Intern Med 237:63-71
153. Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Suzuki S, Hara M, Shimada N, Ebihara I, Koide H 2000 Urinary excretion of podocytes in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:1379-1383
154. Ruggenenti P, Mosconi L, Sangalli F, Casiraghi F, Gambara V, Remuzzi G, Remuzzi A 1999 Glomerular size-selective dysfunction in NIDDM is not ameliorated by ACE inhibition or by calcium channel blockade. Kidney Int 55:984-994
155. Ravid M, Brosh D, Levi Z, Bar-Dayan Y, Ravid D, Rachmani R 1998 Use of enalapril to attenuate decline in renal function in normotensive, normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 128: 982-988
156. Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Lang R, Lishner M 1994 Long-term effect of ACE inhibition on development of nephropathy in diabetes mellitus type II. Kidney Int Suppl 45:S161-S164
157. Chan JC, Ko GT, Leung DH, Cheung RC, Cheung MY, So WY, Swaminathan R, Nicholls MG, Critchley JA, Cockram CS 2000 Long-term effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and metabolic control in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Kidney Int 57:590-600
158. Mizuno M, Sada T, Kato M, Koike H 2002 Renoprotective effects of blockade of angiotensin II AT1 receptors in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. Hypertens Res 25:271-278
159. Parving H-H, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P 2001 The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878
160. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, Ritz E, Atkins RC, Rohde R, Raz I 2001 Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860
161. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, Remuzzi G, Snapinn SM, Zhang Z, Shahinfar S 2001 Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869
162. Richer C, Bruneval P, Menard J, Giudicelli JF 1998 Additive effects of enalapril and losartan in (mREN-2)27 transgenic rats. Hypertension 31:692-698
163. Wilkinson-Berka JL, Gibbs NJ, Cooper ME, Skinner SL, Kelly DJ 2001 Renoprotective and anti-hypertensive effects of combined valsartan and perindopril in progressive diabetic nephropathy in the transgenic (mRen-2)27 rat. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1343-1349
164. Cao Z, Bonnet F, Davis B, Allen TJ, Cooper ME 2001 Additive hypotensive and anti-albuminuric effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin receptor antagonism in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 100: 591-599
165. Jacobsen P, Andersen S, Rossing K, Hansen BV, Parving H-H 2002 Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in type 1 patients with diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17:1019-1024
166. Rossing K, Christensen PK, Jensen BR, Parving H-H 2002 Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in diabetic nephropathy: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Diabetes Care 25: 95-100
167. Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, Oren S, Viskoper R, Watts RW, Cooper ME 2000 Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the candesartan and lisinopril microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ 321: 1440-1444
168. Abassi ZA, Ellahham S, Winaver J, Hoffman A 2001 The intrarenal endothelin system and hypertension. News Physiol Sci 16:152-156
169. Naicker S, Bhoola KD 2001 Endothelins: vasoactive modulators of renal function in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 90:61-88
170. Kedzierski RM, Yanagisawa M 2001 Endothelin system: the double-edged sword in health and disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41:851-876
171. Pupilli C, Romagnani P, Lasagni L, Bellini F, Misciglia N, Emoto N, Yanagisawa M, Rizzo M, Mannelli M, Serio M 1997 Localization of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in human kidney. Am J Physiol 273:F749-F756
172. Kohan DE 1992 Production of endothelin-1 by rat mesangial cells: regulation by tumor necrosis factor. J Lab Clin Med 119:477-484
173. Sakamoto H, Sasaki S, Nakamura Y, Fushimi K, Marumo F 1992 Regulation of endothelin-1 production in cultured rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int 41:350-355
174. Zoja C, Orisio S, Perico N, Benigni A, Morigi M, Benatti L, Rambaldi A, Remuzzi G 1991 Constitutive expression of endothelin gene in cultured human mesangial cells and its modulation by transforming growth factor-β, thrombin, and a thromboxane A2 analogue. Lab Invest 64:16-20
175. Kasinath BS, Fried TA, Davalath S, Marsden PA 1992 Glomerular epithelial cells synthesize endothelin peptides. Am J Pathol 141: 279-283
176. Karet FE, Davenport AP 1996 Localization of endothelin peptides in human kidney. Kidney Int 49:382-387
177. Zoja C, Morigi M, Figliuzzi M, Bruzzi I, Oldroyd S, Benigni A, Ronco P, Remuzzi G 1995 Proximal tubular cell synthesis and secretion of endothelin-1 on challenge with albumin and other proteins. Am J Kidney Dis 26:934-941
178. Kitamura K, Tanaka T, Kato J, Eto T, Tanaka K 1989 Regional distribution of immunoreactive endothelin in porcine tissue: abundance in inner medulla of kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 161:348-352
179. Uchida S, Takemoto F, Ogata E, Kurokawa K 1992 Detection of endothelin-1 mRNA by RT-PCR in isolated rat renal tubules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 188:108-113
180. Terada Y, Tomita K, Nonoguchi H, Yang T, Marumo F 1993 Expression of endothelin-3 mRNA along rat nephron segments using polymerase chain reaction. Kidney Int 44:1273-1280
181. Sorokin A, Kohan DE 2003 Physiology and pathology of endothelin-1 in renal mesangium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 285:F579-F589
182. Fukui M, Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Osada S, Tomino Y, Masaki T, Goto K, Furuichi Y, Koide H 1993 Gene expression for endothelins and their receptors in glomeruli of diabetic rats. J Lab Clin Med 122:149-156
183. Karet FE, Davenport AP 1995 Comparative quantification of endothelin receptor mRNA in human kidney: new tools for direct investigation of human tissue. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26(Suppl 3):S268-S271
184. Marsden PA, Dorfman DM, Collins T, Brenner BM, Orkin SH, Ballermann BJ 1991 Regulated expression of endothelin 1 in glomerular capillary endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 261:F117-F125
185. Schnermann JB, Zhu XL, Shu X, Yang T, Huang YG, Kretzler M, Briggs JP 1996 Regulation of endothelin production and secretion in cultured collecting duct cells by endogenous transforming growth factor-β. Endocrinology 137:5000-5008
186. Hocher B, Thone-Reineke C, Bauer C, Raschack M, Neumayer HH 1997 The paracrine endothelin system: pathophysiology and implications in clinical medicine. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 35:175-189
187. Hocher B, Lun A, Priem F, Neumayer HH, Raschack M 1998 Renal endothelin system in diabetes: comparison of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and endothelin-A antagonism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31(Suppl 1):S492-S495
188. Deuther-Conrad W, Franke S, Henle T, Sommer M, Stein G 2001 In vitro-prepared advanced glycation end-products and the modulating potential of their low-molecular weight degradation products in IRPTC-A rat proximal-tubular derived kidney epithelial cell line. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy -le-grand) 47 Online Pub:OL187-OL196
189. Glogowski EA, Tsiani E, Zhou X, Fantus IG, Whiteside C 1999 High glucose alters the response of mesangial cell protein kinase C isoforms to endothelin-1. Kidney Int 55:486-499
190. Takahashi K, Suda K, Lam HC, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR 1991 Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in rat models of diabetes mellitus. J Endocrinol 130:123-127
191. Shin SJ, Lee YJ, Lin SR, Tan MS, Lai YH, Tsai JH 1995 Decrease of renal endothelin 1 content and gene expression in diabetic rats with moderate hyperglycemia. Nephron 70:486-493
192. Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Fukui M, Tomino Y, Koide H 1995 Effect of a specific endothelin receptor A antagonist on mRNA levels for extracellular matrix components and growth factors in diabetic glomeruli. Diabetes 44:895-899
193. Hopfner RL, Misurski D, Wilson TW, McNeill JR, Gopalakrishnan V 1998 Insulin and vanadate restore decreased plasma endothelin concentrations and exaggerated vascular responses to normal in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. Diabetologia 41:1233-1240
194. Awazu M, Parker RE, Harvie BR, Ichikawa I, Kon V 1991 Down-regulation of endothelin-1 receptors by protein kinase C in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17(Suppl 7):S500-S502
195. Gross ML, Ritz E, Schoof A, Helmke B, Parkman A, Tulp O, Munter K, Amann K 2003 Renal damage in the SHR/N-cp type 2 diabetes model: comparison of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and endothelin receptor blocker. Lab Invest 83:1267-1277
196. Hocher B, Thone-Reineke C, Rohmeiss P, Schmager F, Slowinski T, Burst V, Siegmund F, Quertermous T, Bauer C, Neumayer HH, Schleuning WD, Theuring F 1997 Endothelin-1 transgenic mice develop glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and renal cysts but not hypertension. J Clin Invest 99:1380-1389
197. Hocher B, Liefeldt L, Thone-Reineke C, Orzechowski HD, Distler A, Bauer C, Paul M 1996 Characterization of the renal phenotype of transgenic rats expressing the human endothelin-2 gene. Hypertension 28:196-201
198. Ciarla MV, Bocciarelli A, Di Gregorio S, Tordi A, Cotroneo P, Marra G, Ghirlanda G, Strom R 2001 Autoantibodies and endothelial dysfunction in well-controlled, uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Atherosclerosis 158:241-246
199. Neri S, Bruno CM, Leotta C, D'Amico RA, Pennisi G, Ierna D 1998 Early endothelial alterations in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Lab Res 28:100-103
200. Iwase M, Doi Y, Goto D, Ichikawa K, Iino K, Yoshinari M, Fujishima M 2000 Effect of nicardipine versus enalapril on plasma endothelin-1 in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Hypertens 22:695-703
201. Schneider JG, Tilly N, Hierl T, Sommer U, Hamann A, Dugi K, Leidig-Bruckner G, Kasperk C 2002 Elevated plasma endothelin-1 levels in diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertens 15:967-972
202. Shin SJ, Lee YJ, Tsai JH 1996 The correlation of plasma and urine endothelin-1 with the severity of nephropathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56:571-576
203. Totsune K, Sone M, Takahashi K, Ohneda M, Itoi K, Murakami O, Saito T, Mouri T, Yoshinaga K 1991 Immunoreactive endothelin in urine of patients with and without diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17(Suppl 7):S423-S424
204. Yao J, Morioka T, Li B, Oite T 2001 Endothelin is a potent inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion and activation in rat mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280:F628-F635
205. Li M, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Gao J 1999 Inhibition of mesangial cell proliferation by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting pre-proendothelin-1 mRNA in vitro. Chin Med J (Engl) 112:790-793
206. Benigni A, Colosio V, Brena C, Bruzzi I, Bertani T, Remuzzi G 1998 Unselective inhibition of endothelin receptors reduces renal dysfunction in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 47:450-456
207. Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Tomino Y, Koide H 1996 Alteration of growth-related proto-oncogene expression in diabetic glomeruli by a specific endothelin receptor A antagonist. Nephrol Dial Transplant 11:1528-1531
208. Barton M, Shaw S, d'Uscio LV, Moreau P, Lüscher TF 1997 Angiotensin II increases vascular and renal endothelin-1 and functional endothelin converting enzyme activity in vivo: role of ETA receptors for endothelin regulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238:861-865
209. Dhein S, Hochreuther S, Aus Dem Spring C, Bollig K, Hufnagel C, Raschack M 2000 Long-term effects of the endothelinA receptor antagonist LU 135252 and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril on diabetic angiopathy and nephropathy in a chronic type I diabetes mellitus rat model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:351-359
210. Hocher B, Schwarz A, Reinbacher D, Jacobi J, Lun A, Priem F, Bauer C, Neumayer HH, Raschack M 2001 Effects of endothelin receptor antagonists on the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nephron 87:161-169
211. Komers R, Anderson S 2003 Paradoxes of nitric oxide in the diabetic kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 284:F1121-F1137
212. Alderton WK, Cooper CE, Knowles RG 2001 Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 357:593-615
213. Kone BC, Baylis C 1997 Biosynthesis and homeostatic roles of nitric oxide in the normal kidney. Am J Physiol 272:F561-F578
214. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S 1992 Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 339:572-575
215. Lin KY, Ito A, Asagami T, Tsao PS, Adimoolam S, Kimoto M, Tsuji H, Reaven GM, Cooke JP 2002 Impaired nitric oxide synthase pathway in diabetes mellitus: role of asymmetric dimethyl-arginine and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase. Circulation 106:987-992
216. Kone BC 1999 Localization and regulation of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the kidney. Semin Nephrol 19:230-241
217. Bachmann S, Bosse HM, Mundel P 1995 Topography of nitric oxide synthesis by localizing constitutive NO synthases in mammalian kidney. Am J Physiol 268:F885-F898
218. Komers R, Lindsley JN, Oyama TT, Allison KM, Anderson S 2000 Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) in the pathogenesis of renal hemodynamic changes in diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 279:F573-F583
219. Furusu A, Miyazaki M, Abe K, Tsukasaki S, Shioshita K, Sasaki O, Miyazaki K, Ozono Y, Koji T, Harada T, Sakai H, Kohno S 1998 Expression of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase in human glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 53:1760-1768
220. Goto S, Yamamoto T, Feng L, Yaoita E, Hirose S, Fujinaka H, Kawasaki K, Hattori R, Yui Y, Wilson CB 1995 Expression and localization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in anti-Thy-1 glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 147:1133-1141
221. Brodsky SV, Morrishow AM, Dharia N, Gross SS, Goligorsky MS 2001 Glucose scavenging of nitric oxide. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 280:F480-F486
222. Prabhakar SS 2001 Tetrahydrobiopterin reverses the inhibition of nitric oxide by high glucose in cultured murine mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 281:F179-F188
223. Cosentino F, Hishikawa K, Katusic ZS, Luscher TF 1997 High glucose increases nitric oxide synthase expression and superoxide anion generation in human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation 96:25-28
224. Noh H, Ha H, Yu MR, Kang SW, Choi KH, Han DS, Lee HY 2002 High glucose increases inducible NO production in cultured rat mesangial cells. Possible role in fibronectin production. Nephron 90:78-85
225. Trachtman H, Koss I, Bogart M, Abramowitz J, Futterweit S, Franki N, Singhal PC 1998 High glucose enhances growth factor-stimulated nitric oxide production by cultured rat mesangial cells. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 100:213-225
226. Studer RK, Craven PA, DeRubertis FR 1994 Thromboxane stimulation of mesangial cell fibronectin synthesis is signalled by protein kinase C and modulated by cGMP. Kidney Int 46:1074-1082
227. Keynan S, Hirshberg B, Levin-Iaina N, Wexler ID, Dahan R, Reinhartz E, Ovadia H, Wollman Y, Chernihovskey T, Iaina A, Raz I 2000 Renal nitric oxide production during the early phase of experimental diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 58:740-747
228. Veelken R, Hilgers KF, Hartner A, Haas A, Bohmer KP, Sterzel RB 2000 Nitric oxide synthase isoforms and glomerular hyperfiltration in early diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:71-79
229. Sugimoto H, Shikata K, Matsuda M, Kushiro M, Hayashi Y, Hiragushi K, Wada J, Makino H 1998 Increased expression of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) in afferent and glomerular endothelial cells is involved in glomerular hyperfiltration of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 41:1426-1434
230. Ishii N, Patel KP, Lane PH, Taylor T, Bian K, Murad F, Pollock JS, Carmines PK 2001 Nitric oxide synthesis and oxidative stress in the renal cortex of rats with diabetes mellitus. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1630-1639
231. Schwartz D, Schwartz IF, Blantz RC 2001 An analysis of renal nitric oxide contribution to hyperfiltration in diabetic rats. J Lab Clin Med 137:107-114
232. Onozato ML, Tojo A, Goto A, Fujita T, Wilcox CS 2002 Oxidative stress and nitric oxide synthase in rat diabetic nephropathy: effects of ACEI and ARB. Kidney Int 61:186-194
233. Shin SJ, Lai FJ, Wen JD, Hsiao PJ, Hsieh MC, Tzeng TF, Chen HC, Guh JY, Tsai JH 2000 Neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in outer medulla of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat kidney. Diabetologia 43:649-659
234. De Vriese AS, Stoenoiu MS, Elger M, Devuyst O, Vanholder R, Kriz W, Lameire NH 2001 Diabetes-induced microvascular dysfunction in the hydronephrotic kidney: role of nitric oxide. Kidney Int 60:202-210
235. Bank N, Aynedjian HS 1993 Role of EDRF (nitric oxide) in diabetic renal hyperfiltration. Kidney Int 43:1306-1312
236. Komers R, Allen TJ, Cooper ME 1994 Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of the renal hemodynamic changes of experimental diabetes. Diabetes 43:1190-1197
237. Reyes AA, Karl IE, Kissane J, Klahr S 1993 L-arginine administration prevents glomerular hyperfiltration and decreases proteinuria in diabetic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1039-1045
238. Tolins JP, Shultz PJ, Raij L, Brown DM, Mauer SM 1993 Abnormal renal hemodynamic response to reduced renal perfusion pressure in diabetic rats: role of NO. Am J Physiol 265:F886-F895
239. Wang YX, Brooks DP, Edwards RM 1993 Attenuated glomerular cGMP production and renal vasodilation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 264:R952-R956
240. Pflueger AC, Larson TS, Hagl S, Knox FG 1999 Role of nitric oxide in intrarenal hemodynamics in experimental diabetes mellitus in rats. Am J Physiol 277:R725-R733
241. Craven PA, Studer RK, DeRubertis FR 1994 Impaired nitric oxide-dependent cyclic guanosine monophosphate generation in glomeruli from diabetic rats. Evidence for protein kinase C-mediated suppression of the cholinergic response. J Clin Invest 93:311-320
242. De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, Van de Voorde J, Lameire NH, Vanhoutte PM 2000 Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 130:963-974
243. De Vriese AS, Van de Voorde J, Blom HJ, Vanhoutte PM, Verbeke M, Lameire NH 2000 The impaired renal vasodilator response attributed to endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is restored by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Diabetologia 43:1116-1125
244. O'Byrne S, Forte P, Roberts LJ, Morrow JD, Johnston A, Anggard E, Leslie RD, Benjamin N 2000 Nitric oxide synthesis and isoprostane production in subjects with type 1 diabetes and normal urinary albumin excretion. Diabetes 49:857-862
245. Chiarelli F, Cipollone F, Romano F, Tumini S, Costantini F, di Ricco L, Pomilio M, Pierdomenico SD, Marini M, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A 2000 Increased circulating nitric oxide in young patients with type 1 diabetes and persistent microalbuminuria: relation to glomerular hyperfiltration. Diabetes 49:1258-1263
246. Maejima K, Nakano S, Himeno M, Tsuda S, Makiishi H, Ito T, Nakagawa A, Kigoshi T, Ishibashi T, Nishio M, Uchida K 2001 Increased basal levels of plasma nitric oxide in type 2 diabetic subjects. Relationship to microvascular complications. J Diabetes Complications 15:135-143
247. Daimon M, Sugiyama K, Saitoh T, Yamaguchi H, Hirata A, Ohnuma H, Igarashi M, Eguchi H, Manaka H, Kato T 2000 Increase in serum ceruloplasmin levels is correlated with a decrease of serum nitric oxide levels in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23: 559-560
248. Hiragushi K, Sugimoto H, Shikata K, Yamashita T, Miyatake N, Shikata Y, Wada J, Kumagai I, Fukushima M, Makino H 2001 Nitric oxide system is involved in glomerular hyperfiltration in Japanese normo- and micro-albuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 53:149-159
249. Francesconi F, Mingardi R, deKreutzenberg S, Avogaro A 2001 Effect of metabolic control on nitrite and nitrate metabolism in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 28:518-521
250. Miyazaki H, Matsuoka H, Cooke JP, Usui M, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi T 1999 Endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a novel marker of atherosclerosis. Circulation 99:1141-1146
251. Abbasi F, Asagmi T, Cooke JP, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Reaven GM, Stuehlinger M, Tsao PS 2001 Plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 88:1201-1203
252. Ito A, Egashira K, Narishige T, Muramatsu K, Takeshita A 2002 Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity is involved in the mechanism of increased endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circ J 66:811-815
253. Asagami T, Abbasi F, Stuelinger M, Lamendola C, McLaughlin T, Cooke JP, Reaven GM, Tsao PS 2002 Metformin treatment lowers asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 51:843-846
254. Mattar AL, Fujihara CK, Ribeiro MO, de Nucci G, Zatz R 1996 Renal effects of acute and chronic nitric oxide inhibition in experimental diabetes. Nephron 74:136-143
255. Shultz PJ, Brown DM, Mauer SM 1995 Diabetic rats have blunted vasoconstrictive responses to chronic nitric oxide (NO) inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1048 (Abstract)
256. Kiff RJ, Gardiner SM, Compton AM, Bennett T 1991 The effects of endothelin-1 and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on regional haemodynamics in conscious rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Br J Pharmacol 103:1321-1326
257. Ohishi K, Carmines PK 1995 Superoxide dismutase restores the influence of nitric oxide on renal arterioles in diabetes mellitus. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1559-1566
258. Dalla Vestra M, Sacerdoti D, Bombonato G, Fioretto P, Finucci G, Saller A, Sfriso A, Bruseghin M, Sambataro M, Velussi M, Baggio B, Nosadini R, Crepaldi G 2002 Nitric oxide modulation of renal and cardiac hemodynamics in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 146:687-694
259. Lee HY, Noh HJ, Gang JG, Xu ZG, Jeong HJ, Kang SW, Choi KH, Han DS 2002 Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated diabetic rat glomeruli: effect of ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker. Yonsei Med J 43:183-192
260. Sugimoto H, Shikata K, Wada J, Horiuchi S, Makino H 1999 Advanced glycation end products-cytokine-nitric oxide sequence pathway in the development of diabetic nephropathy: aminoguanidine ameliorates the overexpression of tumour necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase in diabetic rat glomeruli. Diabetologia 42:878-886
261. De Vriese AS, Tilton RG, Elger M, Stephan CC, Kriz W, Lameire NH 2001 Antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor improve early renal dysfunction in experimental diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:993-1000
262. Webb BLJ, Hirst SJ, Giembycz MA 2000 Protein kinase C isoenzymes: a review of their structure, regulation and role in regulating airways smooth muscle tone and mitogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 130: 1433-1452
263. Way KJ, Chou E, King GL 2000 Identification of PKC-isoform-specific biological actions using pharmacological approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 21:181-187
264. Idris I, Gray S, Donnelly R 2001 Protein kinase C activation: isozyme-specific effects on metabolism and cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Diabetologia 44:659-673
265. Mochly-Rosen D, Gordon AS 1998 Anchoring proteins for protein kinase C: a means for isozyme selectivity. FASEB J 12:35-42
266. Koya D, King GL 1998 Protein kinase C in diabetic renal involvement, the perspective of its inhibition. In: Mogensen CE, ed. The kidney and hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Boston, Dordrecht, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 263-268
267. Johannes FJ, Prestle J, Eis S, Oberhagemann P, Pfizenmaier K 1994 PKCu is a novel, atypical member of the protein kinase C family. J Biol Chem 269:6140-6148
268. Amiri F, Garcia R 2000 Renal angiotensin II receptors and protein kinase C in diabetic rats: effects of insulin and ACE inhibition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278:F603-F612
269. Xia P, Aiello LP, Ishii H, Jiang ZY, Park DJ, Robinson GS, Takagi H, Newsome WP, Jirousek MR, King GL 1996 Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor's effect on the activation of protein kinase C, its isoforms, and endothelial cell growth. J Clin Invest 98:2018-2026
270. Promeneur D, Frokiær J, Nielsen S 2002 Immunolocalization of the PKC isoforms δ, ε, η and ζ in rat kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:290A (Abstract)
271. Saxena R, Saksa BA, Hawkins KS, Ganz MB 1994 Protein kinase C β I and β II are differentially expressed in the developing glomerulus. FASEB J 8:646-653
272. Koya D, Jirousek MR, Lin YW, Ishii H, Kuboki K, King GL 1997 Characterization of protein kinase C β isoform activation on the gene expression of transforming growth factor-β, extracellular matrix components, and prostanoids in the glomeruli of diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 100:115-126
273. Isshiki K, Haneda M, Koya D, Maeda S, Sugimoto T, Kikkawa R 2000 Thiazolidinedione compounds ameliorate glomerular dysfunction independent of their insulin-sensitizing action in diabetic rats. Diabetes 49:1022-1032
274. Craven PA, DeRubertis FR 1989 Protein kinase C is activated in glomeruli from streptozotocin diabetic rats. Possible mediation by glucose. J Clin Invest 83:1667-1675
275. Keogh RJ, Dunlop ME, Larkins RG 1997 Effect of inhibition of aldose reductase on glucose flux, diacylglycerol formation, protein kinase C, and phospholipase A2 activation. Metabolism 46:41-47
276. Park CW, Kim JH, Lee JW, Kim YS, Ahn HJ, Shin YS, Kim SY, Choi EJ, Chang YS, Bang BK 2000 High glucose-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression through an osmotic effect in rat mesangial cells is PKC-NF-κ B-dependent. Diabetologia 43:1544-1553
277. Awazu M, Ishikura K, Hida M, Hoshiya M 1999 Mechanisms of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in experimental diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:738-745
278. Ganz MB, Saksa B, Saxena R, Hawkins K, Sedor JR 1996 PDGF and IL-1 induce and activate specific protein kinase C isoforms in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol 271:F108-F113
279. Williams B, Gallacher B, Patel H, Orme C 1997 Glucose-induced protein kinase C activation regulates vascular permeability factor mRNA expression and peptide production by human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Diabetes 46:1497-1503
280. Koya D, Lee IK, Ishii H, Kanoh H, King GL 1997 Prevention of glomerular dysfunction in diabetic rats by treatment with d-α-tocopherol. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:426-435
281. Ishii H, Jirousek MR, Koya D, Takagi C, Xia P, Clermont A, Bursell SE, Kern TS, Ballas LM, Heath WF, Stramm LE, Feener EP, King GL 1996 Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC β inhibitor. Science 272:728-731
282. Koya D, Haneda M, Nakagawa H, Isshiki K, Sato H, Maeda S, Sugimoto T, Yasuda H, Kashiwagi A, Ways DK, King GL, Kikkawa R 2000 Amelioration of accelerated diabetic mesangial expansion by treatment with a PKC β inhibitor in diabetic db/db mice, a rodent model for type 2 diabetes. FASEB J 14:439-447
283. Araki S, Ng DP, Krolewski B, Wyrwicz L, Rogus JJ, Canani L, Makita Y, Haneda M, Warram JH, Krolewski AS 2003 Identification of a common risk haplotype for diabetic nephropathy at the protein kinase C-β1 (PRKCB1) gene locus. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2015-2024
284. Ceolotto G, Gallo A, Miola M, Sartori M, Trevisan R, Del Prato S, Semplicini A, Avogaro A 1999 Protein kinase C activity is acutely regulated by plasma glucose concentration in human monocytes in vivo. Diabetes 48:1316-1322
285. Machiguchi T, Kimura H, Yonemoto S, Kimura N, Li X, Suzuki S, Yoshida H 2002 Glomerular expression of protein kinase C (PKC) and PCNA in human diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:647A (Abstract)
286. Haller H, Maasch C, Dragun D, Wellner M, Janta-Lipinski M, Luft FC 1998 Antisense oligodesoxynucleotide strategies in renal and cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int 53:1550-1558
287. Kelly DJ, Zhang Y, Hepper C, Gow RM, Jaworski K, Kemp BE, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Gilbert RE 2003 Protein kinase C β inhibition attenuates the progression of experimental diabetic nephropathy in the presence of continued hypertension. Diabetes 52:512-518
288. Flyvbjerg A, Hill C, Nielsen B, Logan A 1999 Effect of protein kinase C β inhibition on renal morphology, urinary albumin excretion and renal transforming growth factor β in experimental diabetes in rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:A3445 (Abstract)
289. Tuttle KR, Anderson PW 2003 A novel potential therapy for diabetic nephropathy and vascular complications: protein kinase C β inhibition. Am J Kidney Dis 42:456-465
290. Tran K, Proulx PR, Chan AC 1994 Vitamin E suppresses diacylglycerol (DAG) level in thrombin-stimulated endothelial cells through an increase of DAG kinase activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1212:193-202
291. Lee IK, Koya D, Ishi H, Kanoh H, King GL 1999 d-α-tocopherol prevents the hyperglycemia induced activation of diacylglycerol (DAG)-protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in vascular smooth muscle cell by an increase of DAG kinase activity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 45:183-190
292. Koya D, Haneda M, Kikkawa R, King GL 1998 d-α-Tocopherol treatment prevents glomerular dysfunctions in diabetic rats through inhibition of protein kinase C-diacylglycerol pathway. Biofactors 7:69-76
293. Yoshimoto T, Naruse M, Nishikawa M, Naruse K, Tanabe A, Seki T, Imaki T, Demura R, Aikawa E, Demura H 1997 Antihypertensive and vasculo- and renoprotective effects of pioglitazone in genetically obese diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 272:E989-E996
294. Routh RE, Johnson JH, McCarthy KJ 2002 Troglitazone suppresses the secretion of type I collagen by mesangial cells in vitro. Kidney Int 61:1365-1376
295. Piek E, Heldin CH, Ten Dijke P 1999 Specificity, diversity, and regulation in TGF-β superfamily signaling. FASEB J 13:2105-2124
296. Wrana JL, Attisano L, Wieser R, Ventura F, Massague J 1994 Mechanism of activation of the TGF-β receptor. Nature 370:341-347
297. Kloos DU, Choi C, Wingender E 2002 The TGF-β-Smad network: introducing bioinformatic tools. Trends Genet 18:96-103
298. Riser BL, Denichilo M, Cortes P, Baker C, Grondin JM, Yee J, Narins RG 2000 Regulation of connective tissue growth factor activity in cultured rat mesangial cells and its expression in experimental diabetic glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:25-38
299. Hill C, Flyvbjerg A, Gronbæk H, Petrik J, Hill DJ, Thomas CR, Sheppard MC, Logan A 2000 The renal expression of transforming growth factor-β isoforms and their receptors in acute and chronic experimental diabetes in rats. Endocrinology 141:1196-1208
300. Nakamura T, Fukui M, Ebihara I, Osada S, Nagaoka I, Tomino Y, Koide H 1993 mRNA expression of growth factors in glomeruli from diabetic rats. Diabetes 42:450-456
301. Gilbert RE, Cox A, Wu LL, Allen TJ, Hulthen UL, Jerums G, Cooper ME 1998 Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and type IV collagen in the renal tubulointerstitium in experimental diabetes: effects of ACE inhibition. Diabetes 47:414-422
302. Hong SW, Isono M, Chen S, Iglesias-De La Cruz MC, Han DC, Ziyadeh FN 2001 Increased glomerular and tubular expression of transforming growth factor-β1, its type II receptor, and activation of the Smad signaling pathway in the db/db mouse. Am J Pathol 158:1653-1663
303. Fujigaki Y, Watanabe T, Ikegaya N, Yonemura K, Sun DF, Hishida A, Yamamoto T, Kojima K, Nagase M 2000 Immunoelectron microscopic study on type I, II and III TGF-β receptors on visceral glomerular epithelial cells in relation to glomerular basement membrane alterations in proteinuric rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:191-199
304. Wang S, Denichilo M, Brubaker C, Hirschberg R 2001 Connective tissue growth factor in tubulointerstitial injury of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 60:96-105
305. Tack I, Elliot SJ, Potier M, Rivera A, Striker GE, Striker LJ 2002 Autocrine activation of the IGF-I signaling pathway in mesangial cells isolated from diabetic NOD mice. Diabetes 51:182-188
306. Kagami S, Border WA, Miller DE, Noble NA 1994 Angiotensin II stimulates extracellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor-β expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells. J Clin Invest 93:2431-2437
307. Ziyadeh FN, Sharma K, Ericksen M, Wolf G 1994 Stimulation of collagen gene expression and protein synthesis in murine mesangial cells by high glucose is mediated by autocrine activation of transforming growth factor-β. J Clin Invest 93:536-542
308. Davies M, Thomas GJ, Martin J, Lovett DH 1988 The purification and characterization of a glomerular-basement-membrane-degrading neutral proteinase from rat mesangial cells. Biochem J 251: 419-425
309. Marti HP, Lee L, Kashgarian M, Lovett DH 1994 Transforming growth factor-β1 stimulates glomerular mesangial cell synthesis of the 72-kd type IV collagenase. Am J Pathol 144:82-94
310. Nakamura T, Miller D, Ruoslahti E, Border WA 1992 Production of extracellular matrix by glomerular epithelial cells is regulated by transforming growth factor-β1. Kidney Int 41:1213-1221
311. Wang SN, Hirschberg R 2000 Growth factor ultrafiltration in experimental diabetic nephropathy contributes to interstitial fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278:F554-F560
312. Wang SN, Lapage J, Hirschberg R 2000 Role of glomerular ultrafiltration of growth factors in progressive interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 57:1002-1014
313. Blom IE, van Dijk AJ, Wieten L, Duran K, Ito Y, Kleij L, Denichilo M, Rabelink TJ, Weening JJ, Aten J, Goldschmeding R 2001 In vitro evidence for differential involvement of CTGF, TGFβ, and PDGF-BB in mesangial response to injury. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:1139-1148
314. Shankland SJ, Scholey JW, Ly H, Thai K 1994 Expression of transforming growth factor-β1 during diabetic renal hypertrophy. Kidney Int 46:430-442
315. Sharma K, Ziyadeh FN 1994 Renal hypertrophy is associated with upregulation of TGF-β 1 gene expression in diabetic BB rat and NOD mouse. Am J Physiol 267:F1094-F1101
316. Yang CW, Hattori M, Vlassara H, He CJ, Carome MA, Yamato E, Elliot S, Striker GE, Striker LJ 1995 Overexpression of transforming growth factor-β 1 mRNA is associated with up-regulation of glomerular tenascin and laminin gene expression in nonobese diabetic mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1610-1617
317. Montero A, Munger KA, Khan RZ, Valdivielso JM, Morrow JD, Guasch A, Ziyadeh FN, Badr KF 2000 F(2)-isoprostanes mediate high glucose-induced TGF-β synthesis and glomerular proteinuria in experimental type I diabetes. Kidney Int 58:1963-1972
318. Aoyama I, Shimokata K, Niwa T 2000 Oral adsorbent AST-120 ameliorates interstitial fibrosis and transforming growth factor-β(1) expression in spontaneously diabetic (OLETF) rats. Am J Nephrol 20:232-241
319. Tsuchida K, Makita Z, Yamagishi S, Atsumi T, Miyoshi H, Obara S, Ishida M, Ishikawa S, Yasumura K, Koike T 1999 Suppression of transforming growth factor β and vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic nephropathy in rats by a novel advanced glycation end product inhibitor, OP13-9195. Diabetologia 42:579-588
320. Kelly FJ, Anderson S, Thompson MM, Oyama TT, Kennefick TM, Corless CL, Roman RJ, Kurtzberg L, Pratt BM, Ledbetter SR 1999 Acute and chronic renal effects of recombinant human TGF-β2 in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1264-1273
321. Azar ST, Salti I, Zantout MS, Major S 2000 Alterations in plasma transforming growth factor β in normoalbuminuric type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4680-4682
322. Korpinen E, Teppo AM, Hukkanen L, Åkerblom HK, Grönhagen-Riska C, Vaarala O 2000 Urinary transforming growth factor-β1 and al-microglobulin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23:664-668
323. Ellis D, Forrest KY, Erbey J, Orchard TJ 1998 Urinary measurement of transforming growth factor-β and type IV collagen as new markers of renal injury: application in diabetic nephropathy. Clin Chem 44:950-956
324. Yamamoto T, Noble NA, Cohen AH, Nast CC, Hishida A, Gold LI, Border WA 1996 Expression of transforming growth factor-β isoforms in human glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 49:461-469
325. Yamamoto T, Nakamura T, Noble NA, Ruoslahti E, Border WA 1993 Expression of transforming growth factor-β is elevated in human and experimental diabetic nephropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1814-1818
326. Sharma K, Ziyadeh FN, Alzahabi B, McGowan TA, Kapoor S, Kurnik BR, Kurnik PB, Weisberg LS 1997 Increased renal production of transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetes 46:854-859
327. Hellmich B, Schellner M, Schatz H, Pfeiffer A 2000 Activation of transforming growth factor-β1 in diabetic kidney disease. Metabolism 49:353-359
328. Sato H, Iwano M, Akai Y, Kurioka H, Kubo A, Yamaguchi T, Hirata E, Kanauchi M, Dohi K 1998 Increased excretion of urinary transforming growth factor β1 in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 18:490-494
329. Mogyorosi A, Kapoor A, Isono M, Kapoor S, Sharma K, Ziyadeh FN 2000 Utility of serum and urinary transforming growth factor-β levels as markers of diabetic nephropathy. Nephron 86:234-235
330. Iwano M, Kubo A, Nishino T, Sato H, Nishioka H, Akai Y, Kurioka H, Fujii Y, Kanauchi M, Shiiki H, Dohi K 1996 Quantification of glomerular TGF-β 1 mRNA in patients with diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int 49:1120-1126
331. Ito Y, Aten J, Bende RJ, Oemar BS, Rabelink TJ, Weening JJ, Goldschmeding R 1998 Expression of connective tissue growth factor in human renal fibrosis. Kidney Int 53:853-861
332. Sharma K, Jin Y, Guo J, Ziyadeh FN 1996 Neutralization of TGF-β by anti-TGF-β antibody attenuates kidney hypertrophy and the enhanced extracellular matrix gene expression in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes 45:522-530
333. Hill C, Flyvbjerg A, Rasch R, Bak M, Logan A 2001 Transforming growth factor-β2 antibody attenuates fibrosis in the experimental diabetic rat kidney. J Endocrinol 170:647-651
334. Ziyadeh FN, Hoffman BB, Han DC, Iglesias-De La Cruz MC, Hong SW, Isono M, Chen S, McGowan TA, Sharma K 2000 Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-β antibody in db/db diabetic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8015-8020
335. Han DC, Hoffman BB, Hong SW, Guo J, Ziyadeh FN 2000 Therapy with antisense TGF-β1 oligodeoxynucleotides reduces kidney weight and matrix mRNAs in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278:F628-F634
336. Hill C, Logan A, Smith C, Grønbæk H, Flyvbjerg A 2001 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor suppresses glomerular transforming growth factor-β receptor expression in experimental diabetes in rats. Diabetologia 44:495-500
337. Sharma K, Eltayeb BO, McGowan TA, Dunn SR, Alzahabi B, Rohde R, Ziyadeh FN, Lewis EJ 1999 Captopril-induced reduction of serum levels of transforming growth factor-β1 correlates with long-term renoprotection in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 34:818-823
338. Kim SI, Han DC, Lee HB 2000 Lovastatin inhibits transforming growth factor-β1 expression in diabetic rat glomeruli and cultured rat mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:80-87
339. Goppelt-Struebe M, Hahn A, Iwanciw D, Rehm M, Banas B 2001 Regulation of connective tissue growth factor (ccn2; ctgf) gene expression in human mesangial cells: modulation by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Mol Pathol 54:176-179
340. Studer RK, Craven PA, DeRubertis FR 1997 Antioxidant inhibition of protein kinase C-signaled increases in transforming growth factor-β in mesangial cells. Metabolism 46:918-925
341. Craven PA, DeRubertis FR, Kagan VE, Melhem M, Studer RK 1997 Effects of supplementation with vitamin C or E on albuminuria, glomerular TGF-β, and glomerular size in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:1405-1414
342. Aoyama I, Shimokata K, Niwa T 2002 Combination therapy with benazepril and oral adsorbent ameliorates progressive renal fibrosis in uremic rats. Nephron 90:297-312
343. Ballesteros M, Leung KC, Ross RJM, Iismaa TP, Ho KKY 2000 Distribution and abundance of messenger ribonucleic acid for growth hormone receptor isoforms in human tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2865-2871
344. Zhu T, Goh EL, Graichen R, Ling L, Lobie PE 2001 Signal transduction via the growth hormone receptor. Cell Signal 13:599-616
345. Baumann G 2001 Growth hormone binding protein 2001. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 14:355-375
346. Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG 1999 The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 20:761-787
347. LeRoith D 2000 Insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling- overlapping or redundant pathways? Endocrinology 141:1287-1288
348. Werner H, Shen-Orr Z, Stannard B, Burguera B, Roberts Jr CT, LeRoith D 1990 Experimental diabetes increases insulin like growth factor I and II receptor concentration and gene expression in kidney. Diabetes 39:1490-1497
349. Flyvbjerg A, Nielsen S, Sheikh MI, Jacobsen C, Ørskov H, Christensen EI 1993 Luminal and basolateral uptake and receptor binding of IGF-I in rabbit renal proximal tubules. Am J Physiol 265: F624-F633
350. Feld S, Hirschberg R 1996 Growth hormone, the insulin-like growth factor system, and the kidney. Endocr Rev 17:423-480
351. Chin E, Zhou J, Bondy CA 1992 Renal growth hormone receptor gene expression: relationship to renal insulin-like growth factor system. Endocrinology 131:3061-3066
352. Sayed-Ahmed N, Muchaneta-Kubara EC, Besbas N, Shortland J, Cope GH, El Nahas AM 1993 Insulin-like growth factor-I and experimental diabetic kidney disease. Exp Nephrol 1:364-371
353. Chin E, Zhou J, Bondy C 1992 Anatomical relationships in the patterns of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-1, and IGF-I receptor gene expression in the rat kidney. Endocrinology 130:3237-3245
354. Conti FG, Striker LJ, Elliot SJ, Andreani D, Striker GE 1988 Synthesis and release of insulin like growth factor I by mesangial cells in culture. Am J Physiol 255:F1214-F1219
355. Conti FG, Striker LJ, Lesniak MA, MacKay K, Roth J, Striker GE 1988 Studies on binding and mitogenic effect of insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in glomerular mesangial cells. Endocrinology 122:2788-2795
356. Conti FG, Elliot SJ, Striker LJ, Striker GE 1989 Binding of insulin-like growth factor-I by glomerular endothelial and epithelial cells: further evidence for IGF-I action in the renal glomerulus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 163:952-958
357. Doi T, Striker LJ, Elliot SJ, Conti FG, Striker GE 1989 Insulin like growth factor-1 is a progression factor for human mesangial cells. Am J Pathol 134:395-404
358. Schreiber BD, Hughes ML, Groggel GC 1995 Insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulates production of mesangial cell matrix components. Clin Nephrol 43:368-374
359. Moran A, Brown DM, Kim Y, Klein DJ 1991 Effects of IGF-I and glucose on protein and proteoglycan synthesis by human fetal mesangial cells in culture. Diabetes 40:1346-1354
360. Oemar BS, Foellmer HG, Hodgdon-Anandant L, Rosenzweig SA 1991 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptors in diabetic mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 266:2369-2373
361. Flyvbjerg A 2000 Putative pathophysiological role of growth factors and cytokines in experimental diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia 43:1205-1223
362. Doi T, Striker LJ, Quaife C, Conti FG, Palmiter R, Behringer R, Brinster R, Striker GE 1988 Progressive glomerulosclerosis develops in transgenic mice chronically expressing growth hormone and growth hormone releasing factor but not in those expressing insulin like growth factor-1. Am J Pathol 131:398-403
363. Doi T, Striker LJ, Gibson CC, Agodoa LY, Brinster RL, Striker GE 1990 Glomerular lesions in mice transgenic for growth hormone and insulin like growth factor-I. I. Relationship between increased glomerular size and mesangial sclerosis. Am J Pathol 137:541-552
364. Tannenbaum GS 1981 Growth hormone secretory dynamics in streptozotocin diabetes: evidence of a role for endogenous circulating somatostatin. Endocrinology 108:76-82
365. Moller N, Ørskov H 2000 Growth hormone, IGF-I and diabetic angiopathy revisited. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:11-12
366. Bereket A, Lang CH, Wilson TA 1999 Alterations in the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res 31:172-181
367. Flyvbjerg A, Kessler U, Dorka B, Funk B, Ørskov H, Kiess W 1992 Transient increase in renal insulin-like growth factor binding proteins during initial kidney hypertrophy in experimental diabetes in rats. Diabetologia 35:589-593
368. Flyvbjerg A 1997 Role of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF-binding proteins in the renal complications of diabetes. Kidney Int Suppl 60:S12-S19
369. Flyvbjerg A, Bennett WF, Rasch R, Kopchick JJ, Scarlett JA 1999 Inhibitory effect of a growth hormone receptor antagonist (G120K-PEG) on renal enlargement, glomerular hypertrophy, and urinary albumin excretion in experimental diabetes in mice. Diabetes 48: 377-382
370. Massa G, Verhaeghe J, Vanderschueren-Lodeweyckx M, Bouillon R 1993 Normalization of decreased plasma concentrations of growth hormone-binding protein by insulin treatment in spontaneously diabetic BB rats. Horm Metab Res 25:325-326
371. Landau D, Domene H, Flyvbjerg A, Gronbæk H, Roberts Jr CT, Argov S, LeRoith D 1998 Differential expression of renal growth hormone receptor and its binding protein in experimental diabetes mellitus. Growth Horm IGF Res 8:39-45
372. Segev Y, Landau D, Marbach M, Shehadeh N, Flyvbjerg A, Phillip M 1997 Renal hypertrophy in hyperglycemic non-obese diabetic mice is associated with persistent renal accumulation of insulin-like growth factor 1. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:436-444
373. Park IS, Kiyomoto H, Alvarez F, Xu YC, Abboud HE, Abboud SL 1998 Preferential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-1, -3, and -5 during early diabetic renal hypertrophy in rats. Am J Kidney Dis 32:1000-1010
374. Flyvbjerg A, Kessler U, Kiess W 1994 Increased kidney and liver insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6- phosphate receptor concentration in experimental diabetes in rats. Growth Regul 4: 188-193
375. Bach LA, Jerums G 1990 Effect of puberty on initial kidney growth and rise in kidney IGF-I in diabetic rats. Diabetes 39:557-562
376. Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J, Østerby R, Ørskov H 1992 Kidney IGF-I and renal hypertrophy in GH-deficient diabetic dwarf rats. Am J Physiol 262:E956-E962
377. Gronbæk H, Volmers P, Bjorn SF, Østerby R, Ørskov H, Flyvbjerg A 1997 Effect of GH/IGF-I deficiency on long-term renal changes and urinary albumin excretion in diabetic dwarf rats. Am J Physiol 272:E918-E924
378. Verrotti A, Cieri F, Petitti MT, Morgese G, Chiarelli F 1999 Growth hormone and IGF-I in diabetic children with and without microalbuminuria. Diabetes Nutr Metab 12:271-276
379. Sen A, Buyukgebiz A 1997 Albumin excretion rate, serum insulin-like growth factor-I and glomerular filtration rate in type I diabetes mellitus at puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 10:209-215
380. Cummings EA, Sochett EB, Dekker MG, Lawson ML, Daneman D 1998 Contribution of growth hormone and IGF-I to early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 47:1341-1346
381. Bacci S, De Cosmo S, Garruba M, Placentino G, Liuzzi A, Barbano F, Di Giorgio A, Trischitta V, Viberti GC 2000 Role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in the modulation of renal haemodynamics in type I diabetic patients. Diabetologia 43:922-926
382. Hoogenberg K, ter Wee PM, Lieverse AG, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP 1994 Insulin-like growth factor I and altered renal hemodynamics in growth hormone deficiency, acromegaly, and type I diabetes mellitus. Transplant Proc 26:505-507
383. Jehle PM, Jehle DR, Mohan S, Bohm BO 1998 Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor system components and relationship to bone metabolism in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Endocrinol 159:297-306
384. Shinada M, Akdeniz A, Panagiotopoulos S, Jerums G, Bach LA 2000 Proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 is increased in urine from patients with diabetic nephropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1163-1169
385. Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Ørskov H 1989 Somatostatin analogue administration prevents increase in kidney somatomedin C and initial renal growth in diabetic and uninephrectomized rats. Diabetologia 32:261-265
386. Gronbæk H, Nielsen B, Frystyk J, Ørskov H, Flyvbjerg A 1995 Effect of octreotide on experimental diabetic renal and glomerular growth: importance of early intervention. J Endocrinol 147:95-102
387. Flyvbjerg A, Marshall SM, Frystyk J, Hansen KW, Harris AG, Ørskov H 1992 Octreotide administration in diabetic rats: effects on renal hypertrophy and urinary albumin excretion. Kidney Int 41: 805-812
388. Gronbæk H, Nielsen B, Schrijvers B, Vogel I, Rasch R, Flyvbjerg A 2002 Inhibitory effects of octreotide on renal and glomerular growth in early experimental diabetes in mice. J Endocrinol 172: 637-643
389. Landau D, Segev Y, Afargan M, Silbergeld A, Katchko L, Podshyvalov A, Phillip M 2001 A novel somatostatin analogue prevents early renal complications in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Kidney Int 60:505-512
390. Pedersen MM, Christensen SE, Christiansen JS, Pedersen EB, Mogensen CE, Ørskov H 1990 Acute effects of a somatostatin analogue on kidney function in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 7:304-309
391. Serri O, Beauregard H, Brazeau P, Abribat T, Lambert J, Harris A, Vachon L 1991 Somatostatin analogue, octreotide, reduces increased glomerular filtration rate and kidney size in insulin-dependent diabetes. JAMA 265:888-892
392. Bellush LL, Doublier S, Holland AN, Striker LJ, Striker GE, Kopchick JJ 2000 Protection against diabetes-induced nephropathy in growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted mice. Endocrinology 141:163-168
393. Chen NY, Chen WY, Bellush L, Yang CW, Striker LJ, Striker GE, Kopchick JJ 1995 Effects of streptozotocin treatment in growth hormone (GH) and GH antagonist transgenic mice. Endocrinology 136:660-667
394. Chen NY, Chen WY, Kopchick JJ 1996 A growth hormone antagonist protects mice against streptozotocin induced glomerulosclerosis even in the presence of elevated levels of glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Endocrinology 137:5163-5165
395. Segev Y, Landau D, Rasch R, Flyvbjerg A, Phillip M 1999 Growth hormone receptor antagonism prevents early renal changes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2374-2381
396. Haylor J, Hickling H, El Eter E, Moir A, Oldroyd S, Hardisty C, El Nahas AM 2000 JB3, an IGF-I receptor antagonist, inhibits early renal growth in diabetic and uninephrectomized rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:2027-2035
397. New JP, Canavan JP, Flyvbjerg A, Hamon G, Bilous RW, Marshall SM 1996 Renal enlargement and insulin-like growth factor-1 accumulation in the Wistar rat model of experimental diabetes is not prevented by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Diabetologia 39:166-171
398. Bach LA, Dean R, Youssef S, Cooper ME 2000 Aminoguanidine ameliorates changes in the IGF system in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15:347-354
399. Robinson CJ, Stringer SE 2001 The splice variants of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and their receptors. J Cell Sci 114:853-865
400. Neufeld G, Cohen T, Gengrinovitch S, Poltorak Z 1999 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. FASEB J 13: 9-22
401. Ferrara N, Gerber HP 2001 The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in angiogenesis. Acta Haematol 106:148-156
402. Whittle C, Gillespie K, Harrison R, Mathieson PW, Harper SJ 1999 Heterogeneous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoform mRNA and receptor mRNA expression in human glomeruli, and the identification of VEGF148 mRNA, a novel truncated splice variant. Clin Sci (Lond) 97:303-312
403. Hood JD, Meininger CJ, Ziche M, Granger HJ 1998 VEGF upregulates ecNOS message, protein, and NO production in human endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 274:H1054-H1058
404. Cooper ME, Vranes D, Youssef S, Stacker SA, Cox AJ, Rizkalla B, Casley DJ, Bach LA, Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE 1999 Increased renal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor VEGFR-2 in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 48:2229-2239
405. 125I]VEGF binding sites. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:1032-1044
406. Simon M, Gröne HJ, Johren O, Kullmer J, Plate KH, Risau W, Fuchs E 1995 Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in human renal ontogenesis and in adult kidney. Am J Physiol 268:F240-F250
407. Cha DR, Kim NH, Yoon JW, Jo SK, Cho WY, Kim HK, Won NH 2000 Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 77:S104-S112
408. Iijima K, Yoshikawa N, Connolly DT, Nakamura H 1993 Human mesangial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells produce vascular permeability factor. Kidney Int 44:959-966
409. Kretzler M, Schröppel B, Merkle M, Huber S, Mundel P, Horster M, Schlöndorff D 1998 Detection of multiple vascular endothelial growth factor splice isoforms in single glomerular podocytes. Kidney Int Suppl 67:S159-S161
410. Amemiya T, Sasamura H, Mifune M, Kitamura Y, Hirahashi J, Hayashi M, Saruta T 1999 Vascular endothelial growth factor activates MAP kinase and enhances collagen synthesis in human mesangial cells. Kidney Int 56:2055-2063
411. Thomas S, Vanuystel J, Gruden G, Rodriguez V, Burt D, Gnudi L, Hartley B, Viberti G 2000 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in human mesangium in vitro and in glomerular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1236-1243
412. Trachtman H, Futterweit S, Franki N, Singhal PC 1998 Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on nitric oxide production by cultured rat mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245: 443-446
413. Kanellis J, Fraser S, Katerelos M, Power DA 2000 Vascular endothelial growth factor is a survival factor for renal tubular epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 278:F905-F915
414. Harper SJ, Xing CY, Whittle C, Parry R, Gillatt D, Peat D, Mathieson PW 2001 Expression of neuropilin-1 by human glomerular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond) 101:439-446
415. El Awad B, Kreft B, Wolber EM, Hellwig-Burgel T, Metzen E, Fandrey J, Jelkmann W 2000 Hypoxia and interleukin-1β stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor production in human proximal tubular cells. Kidney Int 58:43-50
416. Gruden G, Thomas S, Burt D, Zhou W, Chusney G, Gnudi L, Viberti G 1999 Interaction of angiotensin II and mechanical stretch on vascular endothelial growth factor production by human mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:730-737
417. Pupilli C, Lasagni L, Romagnani P, Bellini F, Mannelli M, Misciglia N, Mavilia C, Vellei U, Villari D, Serio M 1999 Angiotensin II stimulates the synthesis and secretion of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor in human mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:245-255
418. Kim NH, Jung HH, Cha DR, Choi DS 2000 Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in response to high glucose in rat mesangial cells. J Endocrinol 165:617-624
419. Yamagishi S, Inagaki Y, Okamoto T, Amano S, Koga K, Takeuchi M, Makita Z 2002 Advanced glycation end product-induced apoptosis and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human-cultured mesangial cells. J Biol Chem 277:20309-20315
420. Mandriota SJ, Menoud PA, Pepper MS 1996 Transforming growth factor β1 down-regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2/flk-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 271:11500-11505
421. Marumo T, Schini-Kerth VB, Busse R 1999 Vascular endothelial growth factor activates nuclear factor-κB and induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in bovine retinal endothelial cells. Diabetes 48:1131-1137
422. Saijonmaa O, Nyman T, Kosonen R, Fyhrquist F 2001 Upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme by vascular endothelial growth factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280:H885-H891
423. Senthil D, Choudhury GG, McLaurin C, Kasinath BS 2003 Vascular endothelial growth factor induces protein synthesis in renal epithelial cells: a potential role in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 64:468-479
424. Cheng HF, Wang CJ, Moeckel GW, Zhang MZ, McKanna JA, Harris RC 2002 Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor blocks expression of mediators of renal injury in a model of diabetes and hypertension. Kidney Int 62:929-939
425. Braun L, Kardon T, Reisz-Porszasz ZS, Banhegyi G, Mandl J 2001 The regulation of the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor at the onset of diabetes in spontaneously diabetic rats. Life Sci 69:2533-2542
426. Hoshi S, Shu Y, Yoshida F, Inagaki T, Sonoda J, Watanabe T, Nomoto K, Nagata M 2002 Podocyte injury promotes progressive nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Lab Invest 82:25-35
427. Abdel Aziz MY, Ben Gharbia O, el-Sayed Mohamed K, Muchaneta-Kubara EC, El Nahas AM 1997 VEGF and diabetic microvascular complications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12:1538
428. Chiarelli F, Spagnoli A, Basciani F, Tumini S, Mezzetti A, Cipollone F, Cuccurullo F, Morgese G, Verrotti A 2000 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: relation to glycaemic control and microvascular complications. Diabet Med 17:650-656
429. McLaren M, Elhadd TA, Greene SA, Belch JJ 1999 Elevated plasma vascular endothelial cell growth factor and thrombomodulin in juvenile diabetic patients. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 5:21-24
430. Diamant M, Hanemaaijer R, Verheijen JH, Smit JW, Radder JK, Lemkes HH 2001 Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in urine, but not in serum, are markers of type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Diabet Med 18:423-424
431. Malamitsi-Puchner A, Sarandakou A, Tziotis J, Dafogianni C, Bartsocas CS 1998 Serum levels of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Res 44:873-875
432. Hovind P, Tarnow L, Oestergaard PB, Parving H-H 2000 Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 75:S56-S61
433. Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH, Pokras F, Rottiers R, Papazoglou N, Aiello LP 2001 Circulating plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus: the influence of ACE inhibition. Diabet Med 18:288-294
434. Brausewetter F, Jehle PM, Jung MF, Boehm BO, Brueckel J, Hombach V, Osterhues HH 2001 Microvascular permeability is increased in both types of diabetes and correlates differentially with serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Horm Metab Res 33:713-720
435. Honkanen EO, Teppo AM, Gronhagen-Riska C 2000 Decreased urinary excretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 57:2343-2349
436. Gröne HJ, Simon M, Gröne EF 1995 Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in renal vascular disease and renal allografts. J Pathol 177:259-267
437. Shulman K, Rosen S, Tognazzi K, Manseau EJ, Brown LF 1996 Expression of vascular permeability factor (VPF/VEGF) is altered in many glomerular diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:661-666
438. Wasada T, Kawahara R, Katsumori K, Naruse M, Omori Y 1998 Plasma concentration of immunoreactive vascular endothelial growth factor and its relation to smoking. Metabolism 47:27-30
439. Shimada K, Baba T, Neugebauer S, Onozaki A, Yamada D, Midorikawa S, Sato W, Watanabe T 2002 Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. J Diabetes Complications 16:386-390
440. Bortoloso E, Del Prete D, Gambaro G, Dalla Vestra M, Sailer A, Baggio B, Antonucci F, Fioretto P, Anglani F 2001 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptors in diabetic nephropathy: expression studies in biopsies of type 2 diabetic patients. Ren Fail 23:483-493
441. Flyvbjerg A, Dagnaes-Hansen F, De Vriese AS, Schrijvers BF, Tilton RG, Rasch R 2002 Amelioration of long-term renal changes in obese type 2 diabetic mice by a neutralizing vascular endothelial growth factor antibody. Diabetes 51:3090-3094
442. Schrijvers BF, Rasch R, Tilton RG, Flyvbjerg A 2002 High protein-induced glomerular hypertrophy is vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent. Kidney Int 61:1600-1604
443. Flyvbjerg A, Schrijvers BF, De Vriese AS, Tilton RG, Rasch R 2002 Compensatory glomerular growth after unilateral nephrectomy is VEGF dependent. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283: E362-E366
444. Fong TA, Shawver LK, Sun L, Tang C, App H, Powell TJ, Kim YH, Schreck R, Wang X, Risau W, Ullrich A, Hirth KP, McMahon G 1999 SU5416 is a potent and selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Flk-1/KDR) that inhibits tyrosine kinase catalysis, tumor vascularization, and growth of multiple tumor types. Cancer Res 59:99-106
445. Gilbert RE, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Rumble JR, Osicka T, Panagiotopoulos S, Lee V, Hendrich EC, Jerums G, Cooper ME 2000 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition reduces retinal overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hyperpermeability in experimental diabetes. Diabetologia 43: 1360-1367
446. Heldin CH, Westermark B 1999 Mechanism of action and in vivo role of platelet-derived growth factor. Physiol Rev 79:1283-1316
447. Changsirikulchai S, Hudkins KL, Goodpaster TA, Volpone J, Topouzis S, Gilbertson DG, Alpers CE 2002 Localization of platelet derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) and its receptor in human kidney. Kidney Int 62:2043-2054
448. Gilbertson DG, Duff ME, West JW, Kelly JD, Sheppard PO, Hofstrand PD, Gao Z, Shoemaker K, Bukowski TR, Moore M, Feldhaus AL, Humes JM, Palmer TE, Hart CE 2001 Platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGF-C), a novel growth factor that binds to PDGF α and β receptor. J Biol Chem 276:27406-27414
449. Shultz PJ, DiCorleto PE, Silver BJ, Abboud HE 1988 Mesangial cells express PDGF mRNAs and proliferate in response to PDGF. Am J Physiol 255:F674-F684
450. Alpers CE, Hudkins KL, Ferguson M, Johnson RJ, Rutledge JC 1995 Platelet-derived growth factor A-chain expression in developing and mature human kidneys and in Wilms' tumor. Kidney Int 48:146-154
451. Seifert RA, Alpers CE, Bowen-Pope DF 1998 Expression of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in the developing and adult mouse kidney. Kidney Int 54:731-746
452. Alpers CE, Seifert RA, Hudkins KL, Johnson RJ, Bowen-Pope DF 1992 Developmental patterns of PDGF B-chain, PDGF-receptor, and α-actin expression in human glomerulogenesis. Kidney Int 42:390-399
453. Floege J, Johnson RJ, Alpers CE, Fatemi-Nainie S, Richardson CA, Gordon K, Couser WG 1993 Visceral glomerular epithelial cells can proliferate in vivo and synthesize platelet-derived growth factor B-chain. Am J Pathol 142:637-650
454. Nakagawa H, Sasahara M, Haneda M, Koya D, Hazama F, Kikkawa R 2000 Immunohistochemical characterization of glomerular PDGF B-chain and PDGF β-receptor expression in diabetic rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 48:87-98
455. Eitner F, Ostendorf T, Van Roeyen C, Kitahara M, Li X, Aase K, Grone HJ, Eriksson U, Floege J 2002 Expression of a novel PDGF isoform, PDGF-C, in normal and diseased rat kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:910-917
456. Floege J, Hudkins KL, Seifert RA, Francki A, Bowen-Pope DF, Alpers CE 1997 Localization of PDGF α-receptor in the developing and mature human kidney. Kidney Int 51:1140-1150
457. Gesualdo L, Di Paolo S, Milani S, Pinzani M, Grappone C, Ranieri E, Pannarale G, Schena FP 1994 Expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in normal and diseased human kidney. An immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization study. J Clin Invest 94:50-58
458. Di Paolo S, Gesualdo L, Ranieri E, Grandaliano G, Schena FP 1996 High glucose concentration induces the overexpression of transforming growth factor-β through the activation of a platelet-derived growth factor loop in human mesangial cells. Am J Pathol 149:2095-2106
459. Jones SC, Saunders HJ, Qi W, Pollock CA 1999 Intermittent high glucose enhances cell growth and collagen synthesis in cultured human tubulointerstitial cells. Diabetologia 42:1113-1119
460. Inaba T, Ishibashi S, Gotoda T, Kawamura M, Morino N, Nojima Y, Kawakami M, Yazaki Y, Yamada N 1996 Enhanced expression of platelet-derived growth factor-β receptor by high glucose. Involvement of platelet-derived growth factor in diabetic angiopathy. Diabetes 45:507-512
461. Fraser D, Wakefield L, Phillips A 2002 Independent regulation of transforming growth factor-β1 transcription and translation by glucose and platelet-derived growth factor. Am J Pathol 161:1039-1049
462. Throckmorton DC, Brogden AP, Min B, Rasmussen H, Kashgarian M 1995 PDGF and TGF-β mediate collagen production by mesangial cells exposed to advanced glycosylation end products. Kidney Int 48:111-117
463. Pichler RH, Bassuk JA, Hugo C, Reed MJ, Eng E, Gordon KL, Pippin J, Alpers CE, Couser WG, Sage EH, Johnson RJ 1996 SPARC is expressed by mesangial cells in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis and inhibits platelet-derived-growth-factor-medicated mesangial cell proliferation in vitro. Am J Pathol 148: 1153-1167
464. Choudhury GG, Karamitsos C, Hernandez J, Gentilini A, Bardgette J, Abboud HE 1997 PI-3-kinase and MAPK regulate mesangial cell proliferation and migration in response to PDGF. Am J Physiol 273:F931-F938
465. Young BA, Johnson RJ, Alpers CE, Eng E, Gordon K, Floege J, Couser WG, Seidel K 1995 Cellular events in the evolution of experimental diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 47:935-944
466. Kelly DJ, Gilbert RE, Cox AJ, Soulis T, Jerums G, Cooper ME 2001 Aminoguanidine ameliorates overexpression of prosclerotic growth factors and collagen deposition in experimental diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:2098-2107
467. Gilbert RE, McNally PG, Cox A, Dziadek M, Rumble J, Cooper ME, Jerums G 1995 SPARC gene expression is reduced in early diabetes-related kidney growth. Kidney Int 48:1216-1225
468. Riley SG, Steadman R, Williams JD, Floege J, Phillips AO 1999 Augmentation of kidney injury by basic fibroblast growth factor or platelet-derived growth factor does not induce progressive diabetic nephropathy in the Goto Kakizaki model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. J Lab Clin Med 134:304-312
469. Lev-Ran A, Hwang DL 1990 Epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor in blood in diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 123:326-330
470. Fagerudd JA, Groop PH, Honkanen E, Teppo AM, Grönhagen-Riska C 1997 Urinary excretion of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB and fibronectin in insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Kidney Int Suppl 63:S195-S197
471. Guillausseau PJ, Dupuy E, Bryckaert MC, Timsit J, Chanson P, Tobelem G, Caen JP, Lubetzki J 1989 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 19: 172-175
472. Kanauchi M, Nishioka M, Dohi K 2000 Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in patients with diabetic nephropathy and tubulointerstitial injury. Diabetologia 43:1076-1077
473. Langham RG, Kelly DJ, Maguire J, Dowling JP, Gilbert RE, Thomson NM 2003 Over-expression of platelet-derived growth factor in human diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18:1392-1396
474. Gilbert RE, Kelly DJ, McKay T, Chadban S, Hill PA, Cooper ME, Atkins RC, Nikolic-Paterson DJ 2001 PDGF signal transduction inhibition ameliorates experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 59:1324-1332
475. Grandaliano G, Ranieri E, Monno R, Gesualdo L, Schena F 1999 Ramipril inhibits in vitro human mesangial cell proliferation and platelet-derived growth factor expression. Exp Nephrol 7:229-235
476. Fukui M, Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Makita Y, Osada S, Tomino Y, Koide H 1994 Effects of enalapril on endothelin-1 and growth factor gene expression in diabetic rat glomeruli. J Lab Clin Med 123: 763-768
477. Kohno M, Ikeda M, Johchi M, Horio T, Yasunari K, Kurihara N, Takeda T 1993 Interaction of PDGF and natriuretic peptides on mesangial cell proliferation and endothelin secretion. Am J Physiol 265:E673-E679
478. Grandaliano G, Biswas P, Choudhury GG, Abboud HE 1993 Simvastatin inhibits PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in human glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int 44:503-508
479. Gesualdo L, Di Paolo S, Ranieri E, Schena FP 1994 Trapidil inhibits human mesangial cell proliferation: effect on PDGF β-receptor binding and expression. Kidney Int 46:1002-1009