Cellular responses to DNA damage

Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Volumn 41, Issue , 2001, Pages 367-401

  Norbury, C J ^a   Hickson, I D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Cell cycle checkpoints; DNA damaging agents; DNA repair; Genome instability

Indexed keywords

DOUBLE STRANDED DNA; NUCLEOTIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE;

APOPTOSIS; BREATHING; CELL CYCLE; CYTOTOXICITY; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; EXCISION REPAIR; IONIZING RADIATION; MUTAGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

ANIMALS; CELL CYCLE; CELL DEATH; DNA; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; HUMANS;

EID: 0035040528     PISSN: 03621642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.367     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. DNA repair in eukaryotes
2. Molecular mechanism of nucleotide excision repair
3. Damage recognition in nucleotide excision repair of DNA
4. Signaling mismatch repair in cancer
5. Mammalian DNA mismatch repair
6. Mediating mismatch repair
7. Chemistry of glycosylases and endonucleases involved in base-excision repair
8. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA
9. Repair of oxidative damage to DNA: Enzymology and biology
10. Mutagenesis by AP sites
11. AP endonucleases and DNA glycosylases that recognise oxidative DNA damage
12. Passing the baton in base excision repair
13. Mammalian base excision repair and DNA polymerase beta
14. DNA repair in humans
15. Base excision repair enzyme family portrait: Integrating the structure and chemistry of an entire DNA repair pathway
16. Identification of critical active site residues in the multifunctional human DNA repair enzyme HAP1
17. Two distinct human DNA diesterases that hydrolyze 3′-blocking deoxyribose fragments from oxidized DNA
18. Incision activity of human apurinic endonuclease (Ape) at abasic site analogs in DNA
19. 3′-Phosphodiesterase activity of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease at DNA double-strand break ends
20. Human HeLa cell enzymes that remove phosphoglycolate 3′-end groups from DNA
21. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent abasic site repair in Xenopus laevis oocytes: An alternative pathway of base excision DNA repair
22. Two pathways for base excision repair in mammalian cells
23. Mammalian base excision repair by DNA polymerases delta and epsilon
24. Different DNA polymerases are involved in the short- and long-patch base excision repair in mammalian cells
25. Reconstitution of DNA base excision-repair with purified human proteins: Interaction between DNA polymerase beta and the XRCC1 protein
26. Solution structure of the single-strand break repair protein XRCC1 N-terminal domain
27. XRCC1 polypeptide interacts with DNA polymerase beta and possibly poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and DNA ligase III is a novel molecular 'nick- sensor' in vitro
28. Involvement of XRCC1 and DNA ligase III gene products in DNA base excision repair
29. Long patch base excision repair with purified human proteins. DNA ligase I as patch size mediator for DNA polymerases delta and epsilon
30. Generation of single-nucleotide repair patches following excision of uracil residues from DNA
31. Second pathway for completion of human DNA base excision-repair: Reconstitution with purified proteins and requirement for DNase IV (FEN1)
32. Reconstitution of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites with purified human proteins
33. The redox/DNA repair protein, Ref-1, is essential for early embryonic development in mice
34. Requirement for the Xrcc1 DNA base excision repair gene during early mouse development
35. A nucleotide-flipping mechanism from the structure of human uracil-DNA glycosylase bound to DNA
36. The structural basis of specific base-excision repair by uracil-DNA glycosylase
37. Identification of a new uracil-DNA glycosylase family by expression cloning using synthetic inhibitors
38. Efficient removal of uracil from G.U mispairs by the mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase from HeLa cells
39. Homogeneous Escherichia coli FPG protein. A DNA glycosylase which excises imidazole ring-opened purines and nicks DNA at apurinic/apyrimidinic sites
40. The GO system protects organisms from the mutagenic effect of the spontaneous lesion 8-hydroxyguanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine)
41. Repair of DNA containing the oxidatively-damaged base, 8-oxoguanine
42. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the OGG1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for a DNA glycosylase that excises 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamidopyrimidine
43. Cloning of a yeast 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase reveals the existence of a base-excision DNA-repair protein superfamily
44. Structural basis for recognition and repair of the endogenous mutagen 8-oxoguanine in DNA
45. Evidence that MutY and MutM combine to prevent mutations by an oxidatively damaged form of guanine in DNA
46. Some mismatch repair activities in Escherichia coli
47. Escherichia coli MutY protein has both N-glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activities on A.C and A.G mispairs
48. The mutY gene: A mutator locus in Escherichia coli that generates G.C - T.A transversions
49. Escherichia coli mutY gene product is required for specific A-G - C.G mismatch correction
50. Escherichia coli mutY gene encodes an adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs
51. A novel nucleotide excision repair for the conversion of an A/G mismatch to C/G base pair in E. coli
52. MutY, an adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs, has homology to endonuclease III
53. Characterization of a mammalian homolog of the Escherichia coli MutY mismatch repair protein
54. Cloning and sequencing a human homolog (hMYH) of the Escherichia coli mutY gene whose function is required for the repair of oxidative DNA damage
55. DNA glycosylases and UV-repair
56. DNA glycosylase activities for thymine residues damaged by ring saturation, fragmentation, or ring contraction are functions of endonuclease III in Escherichia coli
57. New substrates for old enzymes, 5-hydroxy-2′-deoxycytidine and 5-hydroxy-2′-deoxyuridine are substrates for Escherichia coli endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine DNA N-glycosylase, while 5-hydroxy-2′-deoxyuridine is a substrate for uracil DNA N-glycosylase
58. Purification, characterization, gene cloning, and expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae redoxyendonuclease, a homolog of Escherichia coli endonuclease III
59. Base excision of oxidative purine and pyrimidine DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a DNA glycosylase with sequence similarity to endonuclease III from Escherichia coli
60. Cloning and characterization of a functional human homolog of Escherichia coli endonuclease III
61. Cloning and expression of the cDNA encoding the human homologue of the DNA repair enzyme, Escherichia coli endonuclease III
62. Both purified human 1,N6-ethenoadenine-binding protein and purified human 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase act on 1,N6-ethenoadenine and 3-methyladenine
63. 4-ethenocytosine or 8-oxoguanine
64. Alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylase knockout mice show increased susceptibility to induction of mutations by methyl methanesulfonate
65. Base excision repair deficient mice lacking the Aag alkyladenine DNA glycosylase
66. Three-dimensional structure of a DNA repair enzyme, 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II, from Escherichia coli
67. Structural basis for the excision repair of alkylation-damaged DNA
68. The suicidal DNA repair methyltransferases of microbes
69. The role of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in cell survival, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis
70. Site-directed mutagenesis of the human DNA repair enzyme HAP1: Identification of residues important for AP endonuclease and RNase H activity
71. The crystal structure of the human DNA repair endonuclease HAP1 suggests the recognition of extra-helical deoxyribose at DNA abasic sites
72. DNA-bound structures and mutants reveal abasic DNA binding by APE1 and DNA repair coordination
73. Asparagine 212 is essential for abasic site recognition by the human DNA repair endonuclease HAP1
74. Rapid dissociation of human apurinic endonuclease (Apel) from incised DNA induced by magnesium
75. Single-turnover analysis of mutant human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease
76. Substitution of asp-210 in HAP1 (APE/Ref-1) eliminates endonuclease activity but stabilises substrate binding
77. The role of Mg2+ and specific amino acid residues in the catalytic reaction of the major human abasic endonuclease: New insights from EDTA-resistant incision of acyclic abasic site analogs and site-directed mutagenesis
78. Structure of the DNA repair enzyme endonuclease IV and its DNA complex: Double-nucleotide flipping at abasic sites and three-metal-ion catalysis
79. The lyase activity of the DNA repair protein beta-polymerase protects from DNA-damage-induced cytotoxicity
80. XRCC1 keeps DNA from getting stranded
81. Partners and pathways repairing a double-strand break
82. DNA double strand break repair in mammalian cells
83. Multiple pathways of recombination induced by doublestrand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
84. Rad52 protein stimulates DNA strand exchange by Rad51 and replication protein A
85. Stimulation by Rad52 of yeast Rad51-mediated recombination
86. Yeast Rad55 and Rad57 proteins form a heterodimer that functions with replication protein A to promote DNA strand exchange by Rad51 recombinase
87. Synergistic actions of Rad51 and Rad52 in recombination and DNA repair
88. Functional interactions among yeast rad51 recombinase, rad52 mediator, and replication protein A in DNA strand exchange
89. Recombinational repair in yeast: Functional interactions between Rad51 and Rad54 proteins
90. Catalysis of homologous DNA pairing by yeast Rad51 and Rad54 proteins
91. The human RAD54 recombinational DNA repair protein is a double-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase
92. A surfeit of RAD51-like genes?
93. Binding of double-strand breaks in DNA by human Rad52 protein
94. Targeted inactivation of mouse RAD52 reduces homologous recombination but not resistance to ionizing radiation
95. Disruption of mouse RAD54 reduces ionizing radiation resistance and homologous recombination
96. Homologous and non-homologous recombination differentially affect DNA damage repair in mice
97. The hMre11/hRad50 protein complex and Nijmegen breakage syndrome: Linkage of double-strand break repair to the cellular DNA damage response
98. Nibrin, a novel DNA double-strand break repair protein, is mutated in Nijmegen breakage syndrome
99. Positional cloning of the gene for Nijmegen breakage syndrome
100. Nijmegen breakage syndrome: Consequences of defective DNA double strand break repair
101. Breast cancer genes and DNA repair
102. Involvement of Brca2 in DNA repair
103. Growth retardation, DNA repair defects, and lack of spermatogenesis in BRCA1-deficient mice
104. Stable interaction between the products of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes in mitotic and meiotic cells
105. The DNA-dependent protein kinase
106. Deletion of Ku86 causes early onset of senescence in mice
107. Requirement for Ku80 in growth and immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination
108. DNA repair protein Ku80 suppresses chromosomal aberrations and malignant transformation
109. Defective embryonic neurogenesis in Ku-deficient but not DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit-deficient mice
110. Late embryonic lethality and impaired V(D)J recombination in mice lacking DNA ligase IV
111. Targeted disruption of the gene encoding DNA ligase IV leads to lethality in embryonic mice
112. A critical role for DNA end-joining proteins in both lymphogenesis and neurogenesis
113. Ku recruits the XRCC4-ligase IV complex to DNA ends
114. DNA end-joining catalyzed by human cell-free extracts
115. Are there DNA damage checkpoints in E. coli?
116. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle response to DNA damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
117. DNA damage and checkpoint pathways: Molecular anatomy and interactions with repair
118. The G2-phase DNA-damage checkpoint
119. A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53
120. Hus1p, a conserved fission yeast checkpoint protein, interacts with Rad1p and is phosphorylated in response to DNA damage
121. Characterization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hus1: A PCNA-related protein that associates with Rad1 and Rad9
122. Mec1p is essential for phosphorylation of the yeast DNA damage checkpoint protein Ddc1p, which physically interacts with Mec3p
123. The human G2 checkpoint control protein hRAD9 is a nuclear phosphoprotein that forms complexes with hRAD1 and hHUS1
124. Functional and physical interaction between Rad24 and Rfc5 in the yeast checkpoint pathways
125. A novel mutant allele of the chromatin-bound fission yeast checkpoint protein Rad17 separates the DNA structure checkpoints
126. A sliding clamp model for the Rad1 family of cell cycle checkpoint proteins
127. Rfc5, a replication factor C component, is required for regulation of Rad53 protein kinase in the yeast checkpoint pathway
128. HRad17 colocalizes with NHP2L1 in the nucleolus and redistributes after UV irradiation
129. Yeast checkpoint genes in DNA damage processing: Implications for repair and arrest
130. The budding yeast Rad9 checkpoint protein is subjected to Mec1/Tell-dependent hyperphosphorylation and interacts with Rad53 after DNA damage
131. MEC1-dependent phosphorylation of Rad9p in response to DNA damage
132. Damage and replication checkpoint control in fission yeast is ensured by interactions of Crb2, a protein with BRCT motif, with Cut5 and Chk1
133. A Rad3-Rad26 complex responds to DNA damage independently of other checkpoint proteins
134. RAD53, DUN1 and PDS1 define two parallel G2/M checkpoint pathways in budding yeast
135. Fission yeast chk1 protein kinase links the rad checkpoint pathway to cdc2
136. Regulation of RAD53 by the ATM-like kinases MEC1 and TEL1 in yeast cell cycle checkpoint pathways
137. Rad-dependent response of the chk1-encoded protein kinase at the DNA damage checkpoint
138. S-phase-specific activation of Cds1 kinase defines a subpathway of the checkpoint response in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
139. Linkage of ATM to cell cycle regulation by the Chk2 protein kinase
140. Control of the DNA damage checkpoint by chk1 and rad53 protein kinases through distinct mechanisms
141. Circular chromosome formation in a fission yeast mutant defective in two ATM homologues
142. Universal control mechanism regulating onset of M-phase
143. The G2 DNA damage checkpoint targets both weel and cdc25
144. Mik1 levels accumulate in S phase and may mediate an intrinsic link between S phase and mitosis
145. Cdc2 tyrosine phosphorylation is required for the DNA damage checkpoint in fission yeast
146. Role of inhibitory CDC2 phosphorylation in radiation-induced G2 arrest in human cells
147. hCds1-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA1 regulates the DNA damage response
148. Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of brca1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks
149. Centrosome amplification and a defective G2-M cell cycle checkpoint induce genetic instability in BRCA1 exon 11 isoform-deficient cells
150. BRCA1 effects on the cell cycle and the DNA damage response are linked to altered gene expression
151. Accelerated telomere shortening in ataxia telangiectasia
152. +
153. Interactions of TLC1 (which encodes the RNA subunit of telomerase), TEL1, and MEC1 in regulating telomere length in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
154. MRT-2 checkpoint protein is required for germline immortality and telomere replication in C. elegans
155. TEL1, an S. cerevisiae homolog of the human gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia, is functionally related to the yeast checkpoint gene MEC1
156. A checkpoint regulates the rate of progression through S phase in S, cerevisiae in response to DNA damage
157. The Schizosaccharomyces pombe S-phase checkpoint differentiates between different types of DNA damage
158. Radiosensitivity in ataxia-telangiectasia: A new explanation
159. Functional link between ataxia-telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene products
160. ATM phosphorylates p95/nbs1 in an S-phase checkpoint pathway
161. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of nibrin in response to radiation exposure
162. Telomere maintenance is dependent on activities required for end repair of double-strand breaks
163. Components of the Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining pathway are involved in telomeric length maintenance and telomeric silencing
164. Saccharomyces Ku70, mre11/rad50 and RPA proteins regulate adaptation to G2/M arrest after DNA damage
165. Role of Schizosaccharomyces pombe RecQ homolog, recombination, and checkpoint genes in UV damage tolerance
166. Cdc2 phosphorylation of Crb2 is required for reestablishing cell cycle progression after the damage checkpoint
167. DNA damage triggers a prolonged p53-dependent G1 arrest and long-term induction of Cip1 in normal human fibroblasts
168. Mdm2 promotes the rapid degradation of p53
169. 14-3-3 Sigma is a p53-regulated inhibitor of G2/M progression
170. Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage
171. p53 regulates Cdc2 independently of inhibitory phosphorylation to reinforce radiation-induced G2 arrest in human cells
172. p53 regulation of G2 checkpoint is retinoblastoma protein dependent
173. CDC2 is down-regulated by ionizing radiation in a p53-dependent manner
174. Regulation by ionizing radiation of CDC2, cyclin A, cyclin B, thymidine kinase, topoisomerase IIalpha, and RAD51 expression in normal human diploid fibroblasts is dependent on p53/p21Waf1
175. Repression of CDK1 and other genes with CDE and CHR promoter elements during DNA damage-induced G2/M arrest in human cells
176. The Chk1 protein kinase and the Cdc25C regulatory pathways are targets of the anticancer agent UCN-01
177. Mechanism of caffeine-induced checkpoint override in fission yeast
178. Caffeine abolishes the mammalian G2/M DNA damage checkpoint by inhibiting ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase activity
179. How to activate p53
180. Chk2/hCds1 functions as a DNA damage checkpoint in G1 by stabilizing p53
181. The human homologs of checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Cds1 (Chk2) phosphorylate p53 at multiple DNA damage inducible sites
182. DNA damage-induced activation of p53 by the checkpoint kinase Chk2
183. Heterozygous germ line hCHK2 mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome
184. Rapid ATM-dependent phosphorylation of MDM2 precedes p53 accumulation in response to DNA damage
185. Functional activation of p53 via phosphorylation following DNA damage by UV but not gamma radiation
186. Activation of p53 sequence-specific DNA binding by acetylation of the p53 C-terminal domain
187. DNA damage activates p53 through a phosphorylation-acetylation cascade
188. Hypersensitivity of ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts to ionizing radiation is associated with a repair deficiency of DNA double-strand breaks
189. BASC, a super complex of BRCA1-associated proteins involved in the recognition and repair of aberrant DNA structures
190. Caspases: Enemies within
191. Fas-dependent and -independent mechanisms of cell death following DNA damage in human colon carcinoma cells
192. p53 activates the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) gene in response to DNA damage by anticancer drugs
193. Fas ligand: A sensor for DNA damage critical in skin cancer etiology
194. Bystander effects: A concept in need of clarification
195. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways
196. The cellular response to p53: The decision between life and death
197. Induction of bax by genotoxic stress in human cells correlates with normal p53 status and apoptosis
198. Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bc1-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo
199. Noxa, a BH3-only member of the Bc1-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis
200. Role of NF-kappaB in p53-mediated programmed cell death
201. p53-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes
202. p53 levels, functional domains, and DNA damage determine the extent of the apoptotic response of tumor cells
203. ES cells do not activate p53-dependent stress responses and undergo p53-independent apoptosis in response to DNA damage
204. DNA damaging agents induce expression of Fas ligand and subsequent apoptosis in T lymphocytes via the activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1
205. c-Jun-dependent CD95-L expression is a rate-limiting step in the induction of apoptosis by alkylating agents
206. TNF- and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: Potentiation by inhibition of NFκB
207. AP-1: One switch for many signals
208. The mitotic spindle and DNA damage-induced apoptosis
209. Epithelial cells of different organs exhibit distinct patterns of p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptosis following DNA insult
210. L and promotes apoptosis
211. Induction of GADD45 and JNK/SAPK-dependent apoptosis following inducible expression of BRCA1
212. A conserved checkpoint pathway mediates DNA damage-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in C. elegans