The G2-phase DNA-damage checkpoint

Trends in Cell Biology

Volumn 10, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 296-303

  O'Connell, Matthew J ^a   Walworth, Nancy C ^b,c   Carr, Antony M ^d  

^a PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^c RUTGERS ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENT; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN P53;

APOPTOSIS; CELL CYCLE; CELL CYCLE G2 PHASE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPLICATION; HUMAN; METAZOON; MITOSIS; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; YEAST;

METAZOA;

EID: 0034237496     PISSN: 09628924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0962-8924(00)01773-6     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Nurse P. Universal control mechanism regulating onset of M-phase. Nature. 344:1990;503-507.
2. Smith G.C., Jackson S.P. The DNA-dependent protein kinase. Genes Dev. 13:1999;916-934.
3. sp DNA structure checkpoint pathway. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 7:1997;93-98.
4. Brown E.J., Baltimore D. ATR disruption leads to chromosomal fragmentation and early embryonic lethality. Genes Dev. 14:2000;397-402.
5. de Klein A.et al. Targeted disruption of the cell-cycle checkpoint gene ATR leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. Curr. Biol. 10:2000;479-482.
6. Wright J.A.et al. Protein kinase mutants of human ATR increase sensitivity to UV and ionizing radiation and abrogate cell cycle checkpoint control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;7445-7450.
7. Savitsky K.et al. A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI 3-kinase. Science. 268:1995;1749-1753.
8. Edwards R.J.et al. A Rad3-Rad26 complex acts upstream in the DNA damage checkpoint. Nat. Cell Biol. 1:1999;393-398.
9. De Souza C.P.et al. Checkpoint defects leading to premature mitosis also cause endoreplication of DNA in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10:1999;3661-3674.
10. Martinho R.G.et al. Analysis of Rad3 and Chk1 protein kinases defines different checkpoint responses. EMBO J. 17:1998;7239-7249.
11. Caspari T.et al. Characterization of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Hus1. a PCNA-related protein that associates with Rad1 and Rad9 Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:2000;1254-1262.
12. Thelen M.P.et al. A sliding clamp model for the Rad1 family of cell cycle checkpoint proteins. Cell. 19:1999;769-770.
13. Griffiths D.J.F.et al. Fission yeast rad17. a homologue of budding yeast RAD24 that shares regions of sequence similarity with DNA polymerase accessory proteins EMBO J. 14:1995;5812-5823.
14. Green C.M.et al. A novel Rad24 checkpoint protein complex closely related to replication factor C. Curr. Biol. 10:2000;39-42.
15. Shimada M.et al. Replication factor C3 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a small subunit of replication factor C complex, plays a role in both replication and damage checkpoints. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1999;3991-4003.
16. + checkpoint gene encodes an exonuclease. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;18332-18339.
17. Onel K.et al. The REC1 gene of Ustilago maydis, which encodes a 3′→5′ exonuclease, couples DNA repair and completion of DNA synthesis to a mitotic checkpoint. Genetics. 143:1996;165-174.
18. Lydall D., Weinert T. Yeast checkpoint genes in DNA damage processing. implications for repair and arrest Science. 270:1995;1488-1491.
19. +. Cell. 74:1993;383-393.
20. Verkade H.M., O'Connell M.J. Cut5 is a component of the UV-responsive DNA damage checkpoint in fission yeast. Mol. Gen. Genet. 260:1998;426-433.
21. McFarlane R.J.et al. Characterization of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rad4/cut5 mutant phenotypes. dissection of DNA replication and G2 checkpoint control function Mol. Gen. Genet. 255:1997;332-340.
22. Navas T.A.et al. DNA polymerase ε links the DNA replication machinery to the S phase checkpoint. Cell. 80:1995;29-39.
23. Willson J.et al. Isolation and characterization of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe rhp9 gene. a gene required for the DNA damage checkpoint but not the replication checkpoint Nucleic Acids Res. 25:1997;2138-2146.
24. Saka Y.et al. Damage and replication checkpoint control in fission yeast is ensured by interactions of Crb2, a protein with BRCT motif, with Cut5 and Chk1. Genes Dev. 11:1997;3387-3400.
25. Sun Z.et al. Rad53 FHA domain associated with phosphorylated Rad9 in the DNA damage checkpoint. Science. 281:1998;272-274.
26. Vialard J.E.et al. The budding yeast Rad9 checkpoint protein is subjected to Mec1/Tel1-dependent hyperphosphorylation and interacts with Rad53 after DNA damage. EMBO J. 17:1998;5679-5688.
27. Soulier J., Lowndes N.F. The BRCT domain of the S. cerevisiae checkpoint protein Rad9 mediates a Rad9-Rad9 interaction after DNA damage. Curr. Biol. 9:1999;551-554.
28. Cortez D.et al. Requirement of ATM-dependent phosphorylation of BRCA1 in the DNA damage response to double-strand breaks. Science. 286:1999;1162-1166.
29. Xu X.et al. Centrosome amplification and a defective G2-M cell cycle checkpoint induce genetic instability in BRCA1 exon 11 isoform-deficient cells. Mol. Cell. 3:1999;389-395.
30. Esashi F., Yanagida M. Cdc2 phosphorylation of Crb2 is required for reestablishing cell cycle progression after the damage checkpoint. Mol. Cell. 4:1999;167-174.
31. Walworth N., Bernards R. rad-dependent responses of the chk1-encoded protein kinase at the DNA damage checkpoint. Science. 271:1996;353-356.
32. Kumagai A.et al. The Xenopus Chk1 protein kinase mediates a caffeine-sensitive pathway of checkpoint control in cell-free extracts. J. Cell Biol. 142:1998;1559-1569.
33. Sanchez Y.et al. Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals. linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25 Science. 277:1997;1497-1501.
34. Kaneko Y.S.et al. Cell-cycle-dependent and ATM-independent expression of human Chk1 kinase. Oncogene. 18:1999;3673-3681.
35. Lindsay H.D.et al. S-phase specific activation of Cds1 kinase defines a subpathway of the checkpoint response in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Dev. 12:1998;382-395.
36. Christensen P.U.et al. Mik1 levels accumulate in S phase and may mediate an intrinsic link between S phase and mitosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;2579-2584.
37. Boddy M.N.et al. Replication checkpoint enforced by kinases Cds1 and Chk1. Science. 280:1998;909-912.
38. 2 DNA damage checkpoint inhibiting Cdc2 by Y15 phosphorylation. EMBO J. 16:1997;545-554.
39. Rhind N.et al. Cdc2 tyrosine phosphorylation is required for the DNA damage checkpoint in fission yeast. Genes Dev. 11:1997;504-511.
40. Zeng Y.et al. Replication checkpoint requires phosphorylation of the phosphatase Cdc25 by Cds1 or Chk1. Nature. 395:1998;507-510.
41. Lopez-Girona A.et al. Nuclear localization of Cdc25 is regulated by DNA damage and a 14-3-3 protein. Nature. 397:1999;172-175.
42. Kumagai A., Dunphy W.G. Binding of 14-3-3 proteins and nuclear export control the intracellular localization of the mitotic inducer Cdc25. Genes Dev. 13:1999;1067-1072.
43. Zeng Y., Piwnica-Worms H. DNA damage and replication checkpoints in fission yeast require nuclear exclusion of the Cdc25 phosphatase via 14-3-3 binding. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:1999;7410-7419.
44. Furnari B.et al. Cdc25 mitotic inducer targeted by Chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase. Science. 277:1997;1495-1497.
45. Sheldrick K.S., Carr A.M. Feedback controls and G2 checkpoints. fission yeast as a model system BioEssays. 15:1993;775-782.
46. Al-Khodairy F., Carr A.M. DNA repair mutants defining G2 checkpoint pathways in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EMBO J. 11:1992;1343-1350.
47. Raleigh J.M., O'Connell M.J. The G2 DNA damage checkpoint targets both Wee1 and Cdc25. J. Cell Sci. 113:2000;1727-1736.
48. Jin P.et al. Role of inhibitory CDC2 phosphorylation in radiation-induced G2 arrest in human cells. J. Cell Biol. 134:1996;963-970.
49. Blasina A.et al. The role of inhibitory phosphorylation of CDC2 following DNA replication block and radiation-induced damage in human cells. Mol. Biol. Cell. 8:1997;1013-1023.
50. Poon R.Y.C.et al. Cyclin-dependent kinases are inactivated by a combination of p21 and Thr-14/Tyr-15 phosphorylation after UV-induced DNA damage. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;13283-13291.
51. Bunz F.et al. Requirement for p53 and p21 to sustain G2 arrest after DNA damage. Science. 282:1998;1497-1501.
52. Jin P.et al. Nuclear localization of Cyclin B1 controls mitotic entry after DNA damage. J. Cell Biol. 141:1998;875-885.
53. Toyoshima F.et al. Nuclear export of Cyclin B1 and its possible role in the DNA-damage-induced G2 checkpoint. EMBO J. 17:1998;2728-2735.
54. Chan T.A.et al. 14-3-3Sigma is required to prevent mitotic catastrophe after DNA damage. Nature. 401:1999;616-620.
55. Michael W.M., Newport J. Coupling of mitosis to the completion of S phase through Cdc34-mediated degradation of Wee1. Science. 282:1998;1886-1889.
56. Sanchez Y.et al. Control of the DNA damage checkpoint by Chk1 and Rad53 protein kinases through distinct mechanisms. Science. 286:1999;1166-1171.
57. Murakami H., Nurse P. Meiotic DNA replication checkpoint control in fission yeast. Genes Dev. 13:1999;2581-2593.
58. cdc2, inhibit NIMA and prevent premature mitosis. EMBO J. 15:1996;3599-3610.
59. Rieder C.L., Cole R.W. Entry into mitosis in vertebrate somatic cells is guarded by a chromosome damage checkpoint that reverses the cell cycle when triggered during early but not late prophase. J. Cell Biol. 42:1998;1013-1022.
60. Chen L.et al. Association of Chk1 with 14-3-3 proteins is stimulated by DNA damage. Genes Dev. 13:1999;675-685.