Mammalian DNA mismatch repair

Annual Review of Genetics

Volumn 33, Issue , 1999, Pages 533-564

  Buermeyer, Andrew B ^a   Deschênes, Suzanne M ^a   Baker, Sean M ^b   Liskay, R Michael ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Genetic instability; Hereditary cancer; Mice; Mutator; Tumorigenesis

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGENESIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; DNA DAMAGE; DNA RECOMBINATION; DNA REPAIR; DNA REPLICATION; DNA TRANSCRIPTION; FAMILIAL CANCER; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC STABILITY; MEIOSIS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; BASE PAIR MISMATCH; DNA DAMAGE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HUMANS; MAMMALS; MICE; NEOPLASMS;

EUKARYOTA; MAMMALIA; PROKARYOTA;

EID: 3242693754     PISSN: 00664197     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.533     Document Type: Review

References (236)

1. 1. Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Leach F, Sistonen P, Pylkkanen SM, et al. 1993. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 260:812-16
2. 2. Acharya S, Wilson T, Gradia S, Kane MF, Guerrette S, et al. 1996. hMSH2 forms specific mispair-binding complexes with hMSH3 and hMSH6. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93:13629-34
3. 3. Akiyama Y, Sato H, Yamada T, Nagasaki H, Tsuchiya A, et al. 1997. Germ-line mutation of the hMSH6/GTBP gene in an atypical hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindred. Cancer Res. 57:3920-23
4. 4. Alani E, Sokolsky T, Studamire B, Miret JJ, Lahue RS. 1997. Genetic and biochemical analysis of Msh2p-Msh6p: role of ATP hydrolysis and Msh2p-Msh6p subunit interactions in mismatch base pair recognition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:2436-47
5. 5. Allen DJ, Makhov A, Grilley M, Taylor J, Thresher R, et al. 1997. MutS mediates heteroduplex loop formation by a translocation mechanism. EMBO J. 16:4467-76
6. 6. Anderson LK, Reeves A, Webb LM, Ashley T. 1999. Distribution of crossing over on mouse synaptonemal complexes using immunofluorescent localization of MLH1 protein. Genetics 151:1569-79
7. 7. Andrew SE, McKinnon M, Cheng BS, Francis A, Penney J, etal. 1998. Tissues of MSH2-deficient mice demonstrate hypermutability on exposure to a DNA methylating agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 1126-30
8. 8. Andrew SE, Reitmair AH, Fox J, Hsiao L, Francis A, et al. 1997. Base transitions dominate the mutational spectrum of a transgenic reporter gene in MSH2 deficient mice. Oncogene 15:123-29
9. 9. Aquilina G, Biondo R, Dogliotti E, Bignami M. 1993. Genetic consequences of tolerance to methylation DNA damage in mammalian cells. Carcinogenesis 14: 2097-103
10. 10. Aquilina G, Fiumicino S, Zijno A, Martinelli S, Overkamp WJ, et al. 1997. Reversal of methylation tolerance by transfer of human chromosome 2. Mutat. Res. 385:115-26
11. 11. Aquilina G, Hess P, Branch P, MacGeoch C, Casciano I, et al. 1994. A mismatch recognition defect in colon carcinoma confers DNA microsatellite instability and a mutator phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:8905-9
12. 12. Armstrong MJ, Galloway SM. 1997. Mismatch repair provokes chromosome aberrations in hamster cells treated with methylating agents or 6-thioguanine, but not with ethylating agents. Mutat. Res. 373:167-78
13. 13. Aronshtam A, Marinus MG. 1996. Dominant negative imitator mutations in the mutL gene of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:2498-504
14. 14. Au KG, Welsh K, Modrich P. 1992. Initiation of methyl-directed mismatch repair. J. Biol. Chem. 267:12142-48
15. 15. Baker S, Plug A, Prolla T, Bronner C, Harris A, et al. 1996. Involvement of Mlh1 in DNA mismatch repair and meiotic crossing over. Nat. Genet. 13:336-42
16. 16. Baker SM, Bronner CE, Zhang L, Plug AW, Robatzek M, et al. 1995. Male mice defective in the DNA mismatch repair gene PMS2 exhibit abnormal chromosome synapsis in meiosis. Cell 82:309-19
17. -/-; Min mice. Cancer Res. 58: 1087-89
18. 18. Ban C, Junop M, Yang W. 1999. Transformation of MutL by ATP binding and hydrolysis : a switch in DNA mismatch repair. Cell 97:85-97
19. 19. Ban C, Yang W. 1998. Crystal structure and ATPase activity of MutL: implications for DNA repair and mutagenesis. Cell 95:541-52
20. 20. Ban C, Yang W. 1998. Structural basis for MutH activation in E. coli mismatch repair and relationship of MutH to restriction endonucleases. EMBO J. 17:1526-34
21. 21. Barlow AL, Hulten MA. 1998. Crossing over analysis at pachytene in man. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 6:350-58
22. 22. Baross-Francis A, Andrew SE, Penney JE, Jirik FR. 1998. Tumors of DNA mismatch repair-deficient hosts exhibit dramatic increases in genomic instability. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:8739-43
23. 23. Bellacosa A, Cicchillitti L, Schepis F, Riccio A, Yeung AT, et al. 1999. MED1, a novel human methyl-CpG-binding endonuclease, interacts with DNA mismatch repair protein MLH1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:3969-74
24. 24. Bergerat A, de Massy B, Gadelle D, Varoutas PC, Nicolas A, Forterre P. 1997. An atypical topoisomerase II from Archaea with implications for meiotic recombination. Nature 386:414-17
25. 25. Bertrand P, Tishkoff DX, Filosi N, Dasgupta R, Kolodner RD. 1998. Physical interaction between components of DNA mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 14278-83
26. 26. Bhattacharyya NP, Skandalis A, Ganesh A, Groden J, Meuth M. 1994. Mutator phenotype in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6319-23
27. 27. Blackwell LJ, Bjornson KP, Modrich P. 1998. DNA-dependent activation of the hMutSalpha ATPase. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 32049-54
28. 28. Blackwell LJ, Martik D, Bjornson KP, Bjornson ES, Modrich P. 1998. Nucleotide-promoted release of hMutSalpha from heteroduplex DNA is consistent with an ATP-dependent translocation mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 273:32055-62
29. 29. Bocker T, Barusevicius A, Snowden T, Rasio D, Guerrette S, et al. 1999. hMSH5: a human MutS homologue that forms a novel heterodimer with hMSH4 and is expressed during spermatogenesis. Cancer Res. 59:816-22
30. 30. Boyer JC, Umar A, Risinger JI, Lipford JR, Kane M, et al. 1995. Microsatellite instability, mismatch repair deficiency, and genetic defects in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 55:6063-70
31. 31. Branch P, Aquilina G, Bignami M, Karran P. 1993. Defective mismatch binding and a mutator phenotype in cells tolerant to DNA damage. Nature 362:652-54
32. 32. Branch P, Hampson R, Karran P. 1995. DNA mismatch binding defects, DNA damage tolerance, and mutator phenotypes in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 55:2304-9
33. 33. Bronner CE, Baker SM, Morrison PT, Warren G, Smith LG, et al. 1994. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 368:258-61
34. 34. Brown R. 1999. Mismatch repair deficiency, apoptosis and drug resistance. In Apoptosis and Cancer Chemotherapy, ed. JA Hickman, C Dive, pp. 69-85. Totowa, NJ: Humana
35. 35. Brown R, Hirst GL, Gallagher WM, Mcllwrath AJ, Margison GP, et al. 1997. hMLH1 expression and cellular responses of ovarian tumour cells to treatment with cytotoxic anticancer agents. Oncogene 15: 45-52
36. 36. Buermeyer AB, Wilson-Van Patten C, Baker SM, Liskay RM. 1999. The human MLH1 cDNA complements DNA mismatch repair defects in Mlh1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 59:538-41
37. 37. Caligo MA, Armstrong W, Rossiter BJ, Meuth M. 1990. Increased rate of base substitution in a hamster mutator strain obtained during serial selection for gene amplification. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6805-8
38. 38. Calin G, Herlea V, Barbanti-Brodano G, Negrini M. 1998. The coding region of the Bloom syndrome BLM gene and of the CBL proto-oncogene is mutated in genetically unstable sporadic gastrointestinal tumors. Cancer Res. 58:3777-81
39. 39. Chen W, Jinks-Robertson S. 1999. The role of the mismatch repair machinery in regulating mitotic and meiotic recombination between diverged sequences in yeast. Genetics 151:1299-313
40. 40. Chi NW, Kolodner RD. 1994. Purification and characterization of MSH1, a yeast mitochondrial protein that binds to DNA mismatches. J. Biol. Chem. 269:29984-92
41. 41. Ciotta C, Ceccotti S, Aquilina G, Humbert O, Palombo F, et al. 1998. Increased somatic recombination in methylation tolerant human cells with defective DNA mismatch repair. J. Mol. Biol. 276:705-19
42. 42. Claij N, te Riele H. 1999. Microsatellite instability in human cancer: a prognostic marker for chemotherapy? Exp. Cell Res. 246:1-10
43. 43. Cunningham JM, Christensen ER, Tester DJ, Kim CY, Roche PC, et al. 1998. Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 promoter in colon cancer with microsatellite instability. Cancer Res. 58:3455-60
44. 44. D'Atri S, Tentori L, Lacal PM, Graziani G, Pagani E, et al. 1998. Involvement of the mismatch repair system in temozolomide-induced apoptosis. Mol. Pharmacol. 54:334-41
45. 45. Dao V, Modrich P. 1998. Mismatch-, MutS-, MutL-, and helicase II-dependent unwinding from the single-strand break of an incised heteroduplex. J. Biol. Chem. 273:9202-7
46. 46. Datta A, Adjiri A,New L, Grouse GF, Jinks Robertson S. 1996. Mitotic crossovers between diverged sequences are regulated by mismatch repair proteins in Saccaromyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1085-93
47. 47. Datta A, Hendrix M, Lipsitch M, Jinks-Robertson S. 1997. Dual roles for DNA sequence identity and the mismatch repair system in the regulation of mitotic crossing-over in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9757-62
48. 48. de Vries SS, Baart EB, Dekker M, Siezen A, de Rooij DG, et al. 1999. Mouse MutS-like protein Msh5 is required for proper chromosome synapsis in male and female meiosis. Genes Dev. 13:523-31
49. 49. de Wind N, Decker M, Berns A, Radman M, te Riele H. 1995. Inactivation of the mouse MSH2 gene results in postreplication mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperrecombination and predisposition to tumorigenesis. Cell 82:321-30
50. 50. de Wind N, Dekker M, van Rossum A, van der Valk M, te Riele H. 1998. Mouse models for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 58:248-55
51. 51. DeWeese TL, Shipman JM, Larrier NA, Buckley NM, Kidd LR, et al. 1998. Mouse embryonic stem cells carrying one or two defective Msh2 alleles respond abnormally to oxidative stress inflicted by low-level radiation. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11915-20
52. 52. Drummond JT, Genschel J, Wolf E, Modrich P. 1997. DHFR/MSH3 amplification in methotrexate-resistant cells alters the hMutSalpha/hMutSbeta ratio and reduces the efficiency of base-base mismatch repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10144-49
53. 53. Drummond JT, Li G-M, Longley M J, Modrich P. 1995. Isolation of an hMSH2-p160 heterodimer that restores DNA mismatch repair to tumor cells. Science 268:1909-12
54. 6-methylguanine, O4-methylthymine, or the cisplatin-d(GpG) adduct. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 6443-47
55. 55. Dunlop MG, Farrington SM, Carothers AD, Wyllie AH, Sharp L, et al. 1997. Cancer risk associated with germline DNA mismatch repair gene mutations. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:105-10
56. 56. Durant ST, Morris MM, Illand M, McKay HJ, McCormickC, etal. 1999. Dependence on RAD52 and RAD1 for anticancer drug resistance mediated by inactivation of mismatch repair genes. Curr. Biol. 9:51-54
57. 57. Earley MC, Crouse GF. 1998. The role of mismatch repair in the prevention of base pair mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95: 15487-91
58. 58. Edelmann W, Cohen P, Kane M, Lau K, Morrow B, et al. 1996. Meiotic pachytene arrest in MLH1-deficient mice. Cell 85:1125-34
59. 59. Edelmann W, Cohen PE, Kneitz B, Winand N, Lia M, et al. 1999. Mammalian MutS homologue 5 is required for chromosome pairing in meiosis. Nat. Genet. 21:123-27
60. 59a. Edelmann W, Yang K, Kuraguchi M, Heyer J, Lia M, et al. 1999. Tumorigenesis mMlh1 and Mlh1|Apc1638N mutant mice. Cancer Res. 59:1301-7
61. 60. Edelmann W, Yang K, Umar A, Heyer J, Lau K, et al. 1997. Mutation in the mismatch repair gene Msh6 causes cancer susceptibility. Cell 91:467-77
62. 61. Eshleman JR, Casey G, Kochera ME, Sedwick WD, Swinler SE, et al. 1998. Chromosome number and structure both are markedly stable in RER colorectal cancers and are not destabilized by mutation of p53. Oncogene 17:719-25
63. 62. Eshleman JR, Lang EZ, Bowerfind GK, Parsons R, Vogelstein B, et al. 1995. Increased mutation rate at the hprt locus accompanies microsatellite instability in colon cancer. Oncogene 10:33-37
64. 63. Eshleman JR, Markowitz SD. 1996. Mismatch repair defects in human carcinogenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14:89-94
65. 64. Fink D, Aebi S, Howell SB. 1998. The role of DNA mismatch repair in drug resistance. Clin. Cancer Res. 4:1-6
66. 65. Fink D, Zheng H, Nebel S, Norris PS, Aebi S, et al. 1997. In vitro and in vivo resistance to cisplatin in cells that have lost DNA mismatch repair. Cancer Res. 57:1841-45
67. 66. Fishel RA, Lescoe MK, Rao MRS, Copeland N, Jenkins N, et al. 1993. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 75:1027-38
68. + gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe encodes a homologue of mismatch repair enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res. 20: 2271-78
69. 68. Flores-Rozas H, Kolodner RD. 1998. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MLH3 gene functions in MSH3-dependent suppression of frameshift mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12404-9
70. 69. Friedman HS, Johnson SP, Dong Q, Schold SC, Rasheed BK, et al. 1997. Methylator resistance mediated by mismatch repair deficiency in a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft. Cancer Res. 57: 2933-36
71. 70. Galio L, Bouquet C, Brooks P. 1999. ATP hydrolysis-dependent formation of a dynamic ternary nucleoprotein complex with MutS and MutL. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:2325-31
72. 71. Galloway SM, Greenwood SK, Hill RB, Bradt CI, Bean CL. 1995. Arole for mismatch repair in production of chromosome aberrations by methylating agents in human cells. Mutat. Res. 346:231-45
73. 72. Genschel J, Littman SJ, Drummond JT, Modrich P. 1998. Isolation of MutSbeta from human cells and comparison of the mismatch repair specificities of MutS-beta and MutSalpha. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 19895-901
74. 73. Genschel J, Littman SJ, Drummond JT, Modrich P. 1998. Isolation of MutSbeta from human cells and comparison of the mismatch repair specificities of MutS-beta and MutSalpha [published erratum appears in J. Biol. Chem. 1998. Oct. 9, 273(41):27034]. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 19895-901
75. 74. Glaab WE, Risinger JI, Umar A, Barrett JC, Kunkel TA, Tindall KR. 1998. Resistance to 6-thioguanine in mismatch repair-deficient human cancer cell lines correlates with an increase in induced mutations at the HPRT locus. Carcinogenesis 19:1931-37
76. 75. Glaab WE, Risinger JI, Umar A, Kunkel TA, Barrett JC, Tindall KR. 1998. Characterization of distinct human endometrial carcinoma cell lines deficient in mismatch repair that originated from a single tumor. J. Biol. Chem. 273:26662-69
77. 76. Glaab WE, Skopek TR. 1999. Cytotoxic and mutagenic response of mismatch repair-defective human cancer cells exposed to a food-associated heterocyclic amine. Carcinogenesis 20:391-94
78. 77. Glaab WE, Tindall KR. 1997. Mutation rate at the hprt locus in human cancer cell lines with specific mismatch repair-gene defects. Carcinogenesis 18:1-8
79. 78. Glaab WE, Tindall KR, Skopek TR. 1999. Specificity of mutations induced by methyl methanesulfonate in mismatch repair-deficient human cancer cell lines. Mutat. Res. 427:67-78
80. 79. Goldmacher VS, Cuzick RA, Thilly WG. 1986. Isolation and partial characterization of human cell mutants differing in sensitivity to killing and mutation by methylnitrosourea and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 12462-69
81. 80. Gradia S, Acharya S, Fishel R. 1997. The human mismatch recognition complex hMSH2-hMSH6 functions as a novel molecular switch. Cell 91:995-1005
82. 81. Gradia S, Subramanian D, Wilson T, Acharya S, Makhov A, et al. 1999. hMSH2-hMSH6 forms a hydrolysis-independent sliding clamp on mismatched DNA. Mol. Cell 3:255-61
83. 82. Grilley M, Welsh KM, Su S-S, Modrich P. 1989. Isolation and characterization of the Escherichia coli mutL gene product. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1000-4
84. 83. Gu L, Hong Y, McCulloch S, Watanabe H, Li GM. 1998. ATP-dependent interaction of human mismatch repair proteins and dual role of PCNA in mismatch repair. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:1173-78
85. 84. Guerrette S, Acharya S, Fishel R. 1999. The interaction of the human MutL homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 274:6336-41
86. 85. Gurin CC, Federici MG, Kang L, Boyd J. 1999. Causes and consequences of microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Res. 59:462-66
87. 86. Haber LT, Walker GC. 1991. Altering the conserved nucleotide binding motif in the Salmonella typhimurium MutS mismatch repair protein affects both its ATPase and mismatch binding activities. EMBO J. 10:2707-15
88. 87. Habraken Y, Sung P, Prakash L, Prakash S. 1996. Binding of insertion/deletion DNA mismatches by the heterodinier of yeast mismatch repair proteins MSH2 and MSH3. Curr. Biol. 6:1185-87
89. 88. Habraken Y, Sung P, Prakash L, Prakash S. 1997. Enhancement of MSH2-MSH3-mediated mismatch recognition by the yeast MLH1-PMS1 complex. Curr. Biol. 7:790-93
90. 89. Habraken Y, Sung P, Prakash L, Prakash S. 1998. ATP-dependent assembly of a ternary complex consisting of a DNA mismatch and the yeast MSH2-MSH6 and MLH1-PMS1 protein complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 273:9837-41
91. 90. Hall MC, Jordan JR, Matson SW. 1998. Evidence for a physical interaction between the Escherichia coli methyl-directed mismatch repair proteins MutL and UvrD. EMBO J. 17:1535-41
92. 91. Hall MC, Matson SW. 1999. The Escherichia coli MutL protein physically interacts with MutH and stimulates the MutH-associated endonuclease activity. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1306-12
93. 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression in acquired resistance to methylating agents in human cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:28596-606
94. 93. Hanawalt PC. 1998. Genomic instability: environmental invasion and the enemies within. Mutat. Res. 400:117-25
95. 94. Hawn MT, Umar A, Carethers JM, Marra G, Kunkel TA, et al. 1995. Evidence for a connection between the mismatch repair system and the G2 cell cycle checkpoint. Cancer Res. 55-3721-25
96. 95. Her C, Doggett NA. 1998. Cloning, structural characterization, and chromosomal localization of the human orthologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene. Genomics 52:50-61
97. 96. Herman JG, Umar A, Polyak K, Graff JR, Ahuja N, et al. 1998. Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 6870-75
98. 97. Hinz JM, Meuth M. 1999. MSH3 deficiency is not sufficient for a mutator phenotype in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Carcinogenesis 20:215-20
99. 98. Holliday RA. 1964. A mechanism for gene conversion in fungi. Genet. Res. 5:282-304
100. 99. Hollingsworth NM, Ponte L, Halsey C. 1995. MSH5, a novel MutS homolog, facilitates meiotic reciprocal recombination between homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not mismatch repair. Genes Dev. 9:1728-39
101. 100. Holmes JJ, Clark S, Modrich P. 1990. Strand-specific mismatch correction in nuclear extracts of human and Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5837-41
102. 101. Horii A, Han H-J, Sasaki S, Shimada M, Nakamura Y. 1994. Cloning, characterization and chromosomal assignment of the human genes homologous to yeast PMS1, a member of mismatch repair genes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 204:1257-64
103. 102. Huang J, Papadopoulos N, McKinley AJ, Farrington SM, Curtis LJ, et al. 1996. APC mutations in colorectal tumors with mismatch repair deficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:9049-54
104. 103. Hughes MJ, Jiricny J. 1992. The purification of a human mismatch-binding protein and identification of its associated ATPase and helicase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 267:23876-82
105. 104. Humbert O, Fiumicino S, Aquilina G, Branch P, Oda S, et al. 1999. Mismatch repair and differential sensitivity of mouse and human cells to methylating agents. Carcinogenesis 20:205-14
106. 105. Hunter N, Borts RH. 1997. Mlh1 is unique among mismatch repair proteins in its ability to promote crossing-over during meiosis. Genes Dev. 11:1573-82
107. 106. Hunter N, Chambers SR, Louis EJ, Borts RH. 1996. The mismatch repair system contributes to meiotic sterility in an interspecific yeast hybrid. EMBO J. 15:1726-33
108. 107. Iaccarino I, Marra G, Palombo F, Jiricny J. 1998. hMSH2 and hMSH6 play distinct roles in mismatch binding and contribute differently to the ATPase activity of hMut-Salpha. EMBO J. 17:2677-86
109. 108. Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkbosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M. 1993. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonie carcinogenesis. Nature 260:558-61
110. 109. Jiricny J. 1998. Eukaryotic mismatch repair: an update. Mutat. Res. 409:107-21
111. 110. Jiricny J. 1998. Replication errors: cha(lle)nging the genome. EMBO J. 17: 6427-36
112. 111. Johnson RE, Kovvali GK, Guzder SN, Amin NS, Holm C, et al. 1996. Evidence for involvement of yeast proliferating cell nuclear antigen in DNA mismatch repair. J. Biol. Chem. 271:27987-90
113. 112. Kaina B. 1998. Critical steps in alkylation-induced aberration formation. Mutat. Res. 404:119-24
114. + and methylation-tolerant mismatch repair compromised cells: facts and models. Mutat. Res. 381:227-41
115. 114. Kane MF, Loda M, Gaida GM, Lipman J, Mishra R, et al. 1997. Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repairdefective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 57:808-11
116. 115. Karran P, Bignami M. 1994. DNA damage tolerance, mismatch repair and genome instability. Bioessays 16:833-39
117. 116. Karran P, Hampson R. 1996. Genomic instability and tolerance to alkylating agents. Cancer Surv. 28:69-85
118. 6-methylguanine residues in E. coli DNA. Nature 296: 868-69
119. mis match repair. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6424-8
120. 119. Kato T, Yatagai F, Glickman BW, Tachibana A, Ikenaga M. 1998. Specificity of mutations in the PMS2-deficient human tumor cell line HEC-1 -A. Mutat. Res. 422:279-83
121. 119a. Kawate H, Sakumi K, Tsuzuki T, Nakatsuru Y, Ishikawa T, et al. 1998. Separation of killing and tumorigenic effects of an alkylating agent in mice defective in two of the DNA repair genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:5116-20
122. 120. Kim N, Storb U. 1998. The role of DNA repair in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. J Exp. Med. 187: 1729-33
123. 121. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. 1996. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87:159-70
124. 122. Koi M, Umar A, Chauhan DP, Cherian SP, Carethers JM, et al. 1994. Human chromosome 3 corrects mismatch repair deficiency and microsatellite instability and reduces N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine tolerance in colon tumor cells with homozygous hMLH1 mutation. Cancer Res. 54:4308-12
125. 123. Kokoska RJ, Stefanovic L, Buermeyer AB, Liskay RM, Petes TD. 1999. A mutation of the yeast gene encoding PCNA destabilizes both microsatellite and minisatellite DNA sequences. Genetics 151:511-19
126. 124. Kolodner R. 1996. Biochemistry and genetics of eukaryotic mismatch repair. Genes Dev. 10:1433-42
127. 125. Kolodner RD, Marsischky GT. 1999. Eukaryotic DNA mismatch repair. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 9:89-96
128. 126. Kondo E, Horii A, Fukushige S. 1999. The human PMS2L proteins do not interact with hMLH1, a major DNA mismatch repair protein. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 125:818-25
129. 127. Kramer B, Kramer W, Williamson MS, Fogel S. 1989. Heteroduplex DNA correction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mismatch specific and requires functional PMS genes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4432-40
130. 128. Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, Liu B, Jen J, et al. 1993. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 75:1215-25
131. 129. Leadon SA. 1999. Transcription-coupled repair of DNA damage: unanticipated players, unexpected complexities. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:1259-63
132. 130. Leadon SA, Avrutskaya AV. 1997. Differential involvement of the human mismatch repair proteins, hMLH1 and hMSH2, in transcription-coupled repair. Cancer Res. 57:3784-91
133. 131. Leadon SA, Avrutskaya AV. 1998. Requirement for DNA mismatch repair proteins in the transcription-coupled repair of thymine glycols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat. Res. 407: 177-87
134. 132. Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. 1997. Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature 386:623-7
135. 133. Lettieri T, Marra G, Aquilina G, Bignami M, Crompton NE, et al. 1999. Effect of hMSH6 cDNA expression on the phenotype of mismatch repair-deficient colon cancer cell line HCT15. Carcinogenesis 20:373-82
136. 134. Levinson G, Gutman GA. 1987. High frequencies of short frameshifts in poly-CA/TG tandem repeats borne by bacteriophage M13 in Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:5313-38
137. 135. Li G-M, Modrich P. 1995. Restoration of mismatch repair to nuclear extracts of H6 colorectal tumor cells by a heterodimer of human MutL homologs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1950-54
138. 136. Lin YL, Shivji MK, Chen C, Kolodner R, Wood RD, Dutta A. 1998. The evolutionarily conserved zinc finger motif in the largest subunit of human replication protein A is required for DNA replication and mismatch repair but not for nucleotide excision repair. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1453-61
139. 137. Liu B, Parsons R, Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Lynch HT, et al. 1996. Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat. Med. 2:169-74
140. 138. Loeb LA. 1991. Mutator phenotype may be required for multistage carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 51:3075-79
141. 139. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lynch J. 1997. An update of HNPCC (Lynch syndrome). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 93:84-99
142. 140. Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Lynch JF. 1998. Molecular genetics and clinical-pathology features of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (Lynch syndrome): historical journey from pedigree anecdote to molecular genetic confirmation. Oncology 55:103-8
143. 141. Mackay HS, Cameron D, Rahilly M, Mackean MJ, Paul J, et al. 1999. Reduced MLH1 expression in breast tumours after primary chemotherapy predicts disease free survival. J. Clin. Oncol. In press
144. 142. Malkhosyan S, McCarty A, Sawai H, Perucho M. 1996. Differences in the spectrum of spontaneous mutations in the hprt gene between tumor cells of the microsatellite mutator phenotype. Mutât. Res. 316:249-59
145. 143. Marra G, Iaccarino I, Lettieri T, Roscilli G, Delmastro P, Jiricny J. 1998. Mismatch repair deficiency associated with overexpression of the MSH3 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:8568-73
146. 144. Marsischky GT, Filosi M, Kane MF, Kolodner R. 1996. Redundancy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH3 and MSH6 in MSH2-dependent mismatch repair. Genes Dev. 10:407-20
147. 145. Marsischky GT, Lee S, Griffith J, Kolodner RD. 1999. Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH2/6 complex interacts with Holliday junctions and facilitates their cleavage by phage resolution enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 274:7200-6
148. 146. Matic I, Rayssiguier C, RadmanM. 1995. Interspecies gene exchange in bacteria: the role of SOS and mismatch repair systems in evolution of species. Cell 80:507-15
149. 6-alkylguanine DNA lesions trigger apoptosis. Carcino genesis 19:369-72
150. 148. Mellon I, Champe GN. 1996. Products of DNA mismatch repair genes mutS and mutL are required for transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair of the lactose operon in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1292-97
151. 149. Mellon I, Rajpal DK, Koi M, Boland CR, Champe GN. 1996. Transcription-coupled repair deficiency and mutations in human mismatch repair genes. Science 272:557-60
152. 150. Meselson MS, Radding CM. 1975. A general model for genetic recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:358-61
153. 151. Miyaki M, Konishi M, Tanaka K, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Muraoka M, et al. 1997. Germline mutation of MSH6 as the cause of hereditary nonpolyposis colorec tal cancer [letter]. Nat. Genet. 17:271-72
154. 152. Miyaki M, Nishio J, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, et al. 1997. Drastic genetic instability of tumors and normal tissues in Turcot syndrome. Oncogene 15:2877-81
155. 153. Modrich P. 1991. Mechanisms and biological effects of mismatch repair. Annu. Rev. Genet. 25:229-53
156. 154. Modrich P. 1997. Strand-specific mismatch repair in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:24727-30
157. 155. Modrich P, Lahue R. 1996. Mismatch repair in replication fidelity, genetic recombination, and cancer biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65:101-33
158. 156. Moser AR, Pilot HC, Dove WF. 1990. A dominant mutation that predisposes to multiple intestinal neoplasia in the mouse. Science 247:322-24
159. 157. Mu D, Tursun M, Duckett DR, Drummond JT, Modrich P, Sancar A. 1997. Recognition and repair of compound DNA lesions (base damage and mismatch) by human mismatch repair and excision repair systems. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 760-69
160. 158. Narayanan L, Fritzell JA, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Glazer PM. 1997. Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient for the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3122-27
161. 159. Nicolaides NC, Carter KC, Shell BK, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. 1995. Genomic organization of the human PMS2 gene family. Genomics 30:195-206
162. 160. Nicolaides NC, Littman SJ, Modrich P, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. 1998. A naturally occurring hPMS2 mutation can confer a dominant negative mutator phenotype. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1635-41
163. 161. Ohzeki S, Tachibana A, Tatsumi K, Kato T. 1997. Spectra of spontaneous mutations at the hprt locus in colorectal carcinoma cell lines defective in mismatch repair. Carcinogenesis 18:1127-33
164. 162. Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, liu B, Parsons R, Lengauer C, et al. 1995. Mutations of GTBP in genetically unstable cells. Science 268:1915-17
165. 163. Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Wei Y-F, Ruben SM, Carter KC, et al. 1994. Mutation of a mutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 263:1625-29
166. 164. Paquis-Flucklinger V, Santucci-Darmanin S, Paul R, Saunieres A, Turc-Carel C, Desnuelle C. 1997. Cloning and expression analysis of a meiosis-specific MutS homolog: the human MSH4 gene. Genomics 44:188-94
167. 165. Paraf F, Jothy S, Van Meir EG. 1997. Brain tumor-polyposis syndrome: two genetic diseases? J. Clin. Oncol. 15: 2744-58
168. 166. Parsons R, Li G-M, Longley M, Modrich P, Liu B, et al. 1995. Mismatch repair deficiency in phenotypically normal human cells. Science 268:738-40
169. + tumor cells. Cell 75: 1227-36
170. 168. Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Velazquez A, Perucho M. 1992. Isolation and characterization of allelic losses and gains in colorectal tumors by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10065-69
171. 169. Peltomaki P, de la Chapelle A. 1997. Mutations predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Adv. Cancer to. 71:93-119
172. 170. Peltomaki P, Lothe RA, Aaltonen LA, Pylkkanen L, Nystrom-Lahti M, et al. 1993. Microsatellite instability is associated with tumors that characterize the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma syndrome. Cancer Res. 53:5853-55
173. 171. Peltomaki P, Vasen HF. 1997. Mutations predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: database and results of a collaborative study. The International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 113:1146-58
174. 172. Petit M-A, Dimpfl J, Radman M, Echols H. 1991. Control of large chromosomal duplications in Escherichia coli by the mismatch repair system. Genetics 129: 327-32
175. 173. Pochart P, Woltering D, Hollingsworth NM. 1997. Conserved properties between functionally distinct MutS homologs in yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 272:30345-49
176. 174. Prolla T, Christie D-M, Liskay RM. 1994. Dual requirement in yeast DNA mismatch repair for MLH1 and PMS1, two homologs of the bacterial mutL gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:407-15
177. 175. Prolla TA. 1998. DNA mismatch repair and cancer. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 10:311-16
178. 176. Prolla TA, Baker SM, Harris AC, Tsao JL, Yao X, et al. 1998. Tumour susceptibility and spontaneous mutation in mice deficient in Mlh1, Pms1 and Pms2 DNA mismatch repair. Nat. Genet. 18:276-79
179. 177. Prolla TA, Pang Q, Alani E, Kolodner RD, Liskay RM. 1994. Interactions between the Msh2, Mlh1 and Pms1 proteins during the initiation of DNA mismatch repair. Science 265:1091-93
180. 178. Qiu J, Qian Y, Chen V, Guan MX, Shen B. 1999. Human exonuclease 1 functionally complements its yeast homologues in DNA recombination, RNA primer removal, and mutation avoidance. J. Biol. Chem. 274:17893-900
181. 179. Rayssiguier C, Thaler DS, Radman M. 1989. The barrier to recombination between Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium is disrupted in mismatchrepair mutants. Nature 342:396-401
182. 180. Reenan RA, Kolodner RD. 1992. Characterization of insertion mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH1 and MSH2 genes: evidence for separate mitochondrial and nuclear functions. Genetics 132:975-85
183. 181. Reitmair AH, Cai J-C, Bjerknes M, Redston M, Cheng H, et al. 1996. MSH2 deficiency contributes to accelerated APC-mediated intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res. 56:2992-26
184. 182. Reitmair AH, Redston M, Cai JC, Chuang TCY, Bjerknes M, et al. 1996. Spontaneous intestinal carcinomas and skin neo-plasms in MSH2-deficient mice. Cancer Res. 56:3842-49
185. 183. Reitmair AH, Risley R, Bristow RG, Wilson T, Ganesh A, etal. 1997. Mutator phenotype in Msh2-deficient murine embryonic fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 57:3765-71
186. 184. Reitmair AH, Schmits R, Ewel A, Bapat B, Redston M, et al. 1995. MSH2 deficient mice are viable and susceptible to lymphoid tumours. Nat. Genet. 11:64-70
187. 185. Reynaud C, Bertocci B, Frey S, Delbos F, Quint L, Weill J. 1999. Mismatch repair and immunoglobulin gene hypermutation: Did we learn something? Immunol. Today. In press
188. 186. Ricciardone MD, Ozcelik T, Cevher B, Ozdag H, Tuncer M, et al. 1999. Human MLH1 deficiency predisposes to hematological malignancy and neurofibromatosis type 1. Cancer Res. 59:290-93
189. 187. Risinger JI, Umar A, Barret JC, Kunkel TA. 1995. A hPMS2 mutant cell line is defective in strand-specific mismatch repair. J. Biol. Chem. 270:18183-86
190. 188. Risinger JI, Umar A, Boyd J, Berchuck A, Kunkel TA, Barret JC. 1996. Mutation of MSH3 in endometrial cancer and evidence for its functional role in heteroduplex repair. Nat. Genet. 14:102-6
191. 189. Risinger JI, Umar A, Glaab WE, Tindall KR, Kunkel TA, Barrett JC. 1998. Single gene complementation of the hPMS2 defect in HEC-1-A endometrial carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 58:2978-81
192. 190. Ross-Macdonald P, Roeder GS. 1994. Mutation of a meiosis-specific MutS homolog decreases crossing over but not mismatch correction. Cell 79:1069-80
193. 191. Rudolph C, Kunz C, Parisi S, Lehmann E, Hartsuiker E, et al. 1999. The msh2 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe is involved in mismatch repair, mating-type switching, and meiotic chromosome organization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 241-50
194. 191a. Saparbaev M, Prakash L, Prakash S. 1996. Requirement for mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MSH3 in the RAD1-RAD10 pathway of mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 142:727-36
195. 192. Sancar A, Hearst JE. 1993. Molecular matchmakers. Science 259:1415-20
196. 193. Schar P, Baur M, Schneider C, Kohli J. 1997. Mismatch repair in Schizosaccharomyces pombe requires the mutL homologous gene pms1: molecular cloning and functional analysis. Genetics 146:1275-86
197. 194. Schmutte C, Marinescu RC, Sadoff MM, Guerrette S, Overhauser J, Fishel R. 1998. Human exonuclease I interacts with the mismatch repair protein hMSH2. Cancer Res. 58:4537-42
198. 195. Selva EM, Maderazo AB, Lahue RS. 1997. Differential effects of the mismatch repair genes MSH2 and MSH3 on homeologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Gen. Genet. 257:71-82
199. 196. Selva EM, New L, Grouse GF, Lahue RS. 1995. Mismatch correction acts as a barrier to homeologous recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 139:1175-88
200. 197. Shibata D. 1996.Lossof DNA mismatch repair: life in the fast lane? [editorial; comment]. Gastroenterology 111:519-21
201. 198. Shibata D, Peinado MA, Ionov Y, Malkhosyan S, Perucho M. 1994. Genomic instability in repeated sequences is an early somatic event in colorectal tumorigenesis that persists after transformation. Nat. Genet. 6:273-81
202. 199. Storb U. 1998. Progress in understanding the mechanism and consequences of somatic hypermutation. Immunol. Rev. 162:5-11
203. 200. Strand M, Prolla TA, Liskay RM, Petes TD. 1993. Destabilization of tracts of simple repetitive DNA in yeast by mutations affecting DNA mismatch repair. Nature 365:274-76
204. 201. Studamire B, Quach T, Alani E. 1998. Saccharomyces cerevisiae msh2p and msh6p ATPase activities are both required during mismatch repair. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:7590-601
205. 202. Su L-K, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Preisinger AC, Rapaich Moser AR, et al. 1992. Multiple intestinal neoplasia caused by a mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene. Science 256: 668-70
206. 203. Sugawara N, Paques F, Colaiacovo M, Haber JE. 1997. Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2 and Msh3 repair proteins in double-strand break-induced recombination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:9214-19
207. 204. Szankasi P, Smith GR. 1995. A role for exonucleases I from S. pombe in mutation avoidance and mismatch correction. Science 267:1166-69
208. 205. Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. 1993. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 260:816-19
209. 206. Thomas DC, Roberts JD, Kunkel TA. 1991. Heteroduplex repair in extracts of human HeLa cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 3744-51
210. 207. Tishkoff DX, Amin NS,Viars CS,Arden KC, Kolodner RD. 1998. Identification of a human gene encoding a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EXO1, an exonuclease implicated in mismatch repair and recombination. Cancer Res. 58: 5027-31
211. 208. Tishkoff DX, Boerger AL, Bertrand P, Filosi N, Gaida GM, et al. 1997. Identification and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EXO1, a gene encoding an exonuclease that interacts with MSH2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:7487-92
212. 209. Toft NJ, Winton DJ, Kelly J, Howard LA, Dekker M, et al. 1999. Msh2 status modulates both apoptosis and mutation frequency in the murine small intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:3911-15
213. 210. Tran HT, Gordenin DA, Resnick MA. 1999. The 3′ → 5′ exonucleases of DNA polymerases delta and epsilon and the 5′ → 3′ exonuclease Exol have major roles in postreplication mutation avoid→ ance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell.Biol. 19:2000-7
214. 211. Tsao JL, Davis SD, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Shibata D. 1997. Intestinal stem cell division and genetic diversity. A computer and experimental analysis. Am. J. Pathol. 151:573-79
215. 212. Umar A, Boyer JC, Thomas DC, Nguyen DC, Risinger JI, et al. 1994. Defective mismatch repair in extracts of colorectal and endometrial cancer cell lines exhibiting microsatellite instability. J. Biol. Chem. 269:14367-70
216. 213. Umar A, Buermeyer AB, Simon JA, Thomas DC, Clark AB, et al. 1996. Requirement for PCNA in DNA mismatch repair at a step preceding DNA resynthesis. Cell 87:65-73
217. 214. Umar A, Koi M, Risinger JI, Glaab WE, Tindall KR, et al. 1997. Correction of hypermutability, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resistance, and defective DNA mismatch repair by introducing chromosome 2 into human tumor cells with mutations in MSH2 and MSHo. Cancer Res. 57:3949-55
218. 215. Umar A, Kunkel TA. 1996. DNA-replication fidelity, mismatch repair and genome instability in cancer cells. Eur. J. Biochem. 238:297-307
219. 216. Umar A, Risinger JI, Glaab WE, Tindall KR, Barrett JC, Kunkel TA. 1998. Functional overlap in mismatch repair by human MSH3 and MSH6. Genetics 148: 1637-46
220. 217. Vaisman A, Varchenko M, Umar A, Kunkel TA, Risinger JI, et al. 1998. The role of hMLH1, hMSH3, and hMSH6 defects in cisplatin and oxaliplatin resistance: correlation with replicative bypass of platinum-DNA adducts. Cancer Res. 58:3579-85
221. 218. Veigl ML, Kasturi L, Olechnowicz J, Ma AH, Lutterbaugh JD, et al. 1998. Biallelic inactivation of hMLH1 by epigenetic gene silencing, a novel mechanism causing human MSI cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:8698-702
222. 219. Viel A, Novella E, Genuardi M, Capozzi E, Fornasarig M, et al. 1998. Lack of PMS2 gene-truncating mutations in patients with hereditary colorectal cancer. Int. J. Oncol. 13:565-69
223. 220. Viswanathan M, Lovett ST. 1998. Single-strand DNA-specific exonucleases in Escherichia coli. Roles in repair and mutation avoidance. Genetics 149:7-16
224. 221. Wang H, Lawrence CW, Li GM, Hays JB. 1999. Specific binding of human MSH2.MSH6 mismatch-repair protein heterodimers to DNA incorporating thymine-or uracil-containing UV light photoproducts opposite mismatched bases. J. Biol. Chem. 274:16894-900
225. 222. Wang Q, Lasset C, Desseigne F, Frappaz D, Bergeron C, et al. 1999. Neurofibromatosis and early onset of cancers in hMLH1-deficient children. Cancer Res. 59:294-97
226. 223. Waters TR, Swann PR 1997. Cytotoxic mechanism of 6-thioguanine: hMutS-alpha, the human mismatch binding heterodimer, binds to DNA containing S6-methylthioguanine. Biochemistry 36: 2501-6
227. 224. Wilson DM 3rd, Carney JP, Coleman MA, Adamson AW, Christensen M, Lamerdin JE. 1998. Hex1: a new human Rad2 nuclease family member with homology to yeast exonuclease 1. Nucleic Acids Res. 26:3762-68
228. 225. Winand NJ, Panzer JA, Kolodner RD. 1998. Cloning and characterization of the human and Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene. Genomics 53:69-80
229. 226. Wood RD. 1998. DNA repair: knockouts still mutating after first round. Curr. Biol. 8:R757-60
230. 227. Woods LM, Hodges CA, Baart E, Baker SM, Liskay M, Hunt PA. 1999. Chromosomal influence on meiotic spindle assembly: abnormal meiosis I in female mlh1 mutant mice. J. Cell Biol. 145:1395-406
231. 228. Wu TH, Marinus MG. 1999. Deletionmutation analysis of the mutS gene in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 274:5948-52
232. 229. Yamada M, O'Regan E, Brown R, Karran P. 1997. Selective recognition of a cisplatin-DNA adduct by human mismatch repair proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:491-96
233. 230. Yamaguchi M, Dao V, Modrich P. 1998. MutS and MutL activate DNA helicase II in a mismatch-dependent manner. J. Biol. Chem. 273:9197-201
234. 231. Yao X, Buermeyer AB, Narayanan L, Tran D, Baker SM, et al. 1999. Different mutator phenotypes in Mlh1-versus Pms2-deficient mice. Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA 96:6850-55
235. 232. Zhang H, Richards B, Wilson T, Lloyd M, Cranston A, et al. 1999. Apoptosis induced by overexpression of hMSH2 or hMLH1. Cancer Res. 59:3021-27
236. 233. Zhukovskaya N, Branch P, Aquilina G, Karran P. 1994. DNA replication arrest and tolerance to DNA methylation damage. Carcinogenesis 15:2189-94