Ischemic cell death in brain neurons

Physiological Reviews

Volumn 79, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1431-1568

  Lipton, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CALCIUM ION; CALPAIN; CASPASE; CYTOKINE; FREE RADICAL; GLUTAMIC ACID; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; PEROXYNITRITE; PHOSPHOLIPASE;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; AUTOPHAGY; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CELL DEATH; CELL FUNCTION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; EDEMA; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENE ACTIVATION; ISCHEMIA; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RAT; REVIEW;

EID: 0032845121     PISSN: 00319333     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.4.1431     Document Type: Review

References (654)

1. ABE, H., AND T. S. NOWAK. Gene expression and induced ischemic tolerance following brief insults. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 56: 3-8, 1996.
2. ABE, K., J. KAWAGOE, M. AOKI, AND K. KOGURE. Changes of mitochondrial DNA and heat shock protein gene expressions in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 773-780, 1993.
3. ABE, K., K. KOGURE, H. YAMAMOTO, M. IMAZAWA, AND K. MIYAMOTO. Mechanism of arachidonic acid liberation during ischemia in gerbil cerebral cortex. J. Neurochem. 48: 503-509, 1987.
4. ABE, K., M. YOSHIDOMI, AND K. KOGURE. Arachidonic acid metabolism in ischemic neuronal damage. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 559: 259-268, 1991.
5. ABELHAMID, K. M., AND M. TYMIANSKI. Mechanisms and effects of intracellular calcium buffering on neuronal survival in organotypic hippocampal cultures exposed to anoxia/aglycemia or to excitotoxins. J. Neurosci. 17: 3538-3553, 1997.
6. ABRAMOWICZ, A. E., I. S. KASS, G. CHAMBERS, AND J. E. COTTRELL. Midazolam improves electrophysiological recovery after anoxia and reduces the changes in ATP levels and calcium influx during anoxia in the rat hippocampal slice. Anesthesiology 74: 1121-1128, 1991.
7. AGUILAR, H. I., R. BOTLA, A. S. ARORA, S. F. BRONK, AND G. J. GORES. Induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition by protease activity in rats: a mechanism of hepatocyte necrosis. Gastroenterology 110: 558-566, 1996.
8. AKINS, P. T., P. K. LIU, AND C. Y. HSU. Immediate early gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia: friend or foe? Stroke 27: 1682-1687, 1996.
9. AKOPOV, S. E., N. A. SIMONIAN, AND G. S. GRIGORIAN. Dynamics of polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in acute cerebral infarction and their correlation with brain tissue damage. Stroke 27: 1739-1743, 1996.
10. ALBAYRAK, S., Q. ZHAO, B. K. SIESJO, AND M. L. SMITH. Effect of transient focal ischemia on blood-brain barrier permeability in the rat-correlation to cell injury. Acta Neuropathol. 94: 158-163, 1997.
11. ALCAZAR, A., E. BAZAN, J. RIVERA, AND M. SALINAS. Phosphorylation of initiation factor 2a subunit and apoptosis in Ca ionophore-treated cultured neuronal cells. Neurosci. Lett. 201: 215-218, 1995.
12. ALCOVER, A., M. J. WEISS, J. F. DALEY, AND E. L. REINHERZ. The T11 glycoprotein is functionally linked to a calcium channel in precursor and mature T-lineage cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 2614-2618, 1986.
13. ALDRIDGE, W. N., B. W. STREET, AND D. N. SKILLETER. Halide-dependent and halide-independent effects of triorganotin and triorganolead compounds on mitochondrial functions. Biochem. J. 168: 353-364, 1977.
14. 2+ signals induced in hippocampal CA1 neurones by the synaptic activation of NMDA receptors. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 469: 693-716, 1993.
15. ALLEN, H., AND L. IVERSEN. Phencyclidine, dizcilopine, and cerebrocortical neurons. Science 247: 221, 1990.
16. AL-MOHANNA, F. A., K. W. T. CADDY, AND S. R. BOLSOVER. The nucleus is insulated from large cytosolic calcium ion changes. Nature 367: 745-750, 1994.
17. ALTAMIRANO, A. A., G. E. BREITWIESER, AND J. M. RUSSELL. Vanadate and fluoride effects on Na-K-Cl cotransport in squid giant axon. Am. J. Physiol. 254 (Cell Physiol. 23): C582-C586, 1988.
18. AMIN, V., D. V. E. CUMMING, AND D. S. LATCHMAN. Overexpression of heat shock protein 70 protects neuronal cells against both thermal and ischemic stress but with different efficiencies. Neurosci. Lett. 206: 45-48, 1996.
19. AN, G., T.-N. LIN, J.-S. LIU, J. J. XUE, Y.-Y. HE, AND C. Y. HSU. Expression of c-fos and c-jun family genes after focal cerebral ischemia. Ann. Neurol. 33: 457-464, 1998.
20. ANDERSON, M. L., D. S. SMITH, AND S. NIOKA. Experimental brain ischemia: assessment of injury by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and histology. Neurol. Res. 12: 195-204, 1990.
21. ANDINE, P. Involvement of adenosine in ischemic and postischemic calcium regulation. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 18: 35-49, 1993.
22. ANDINE, P., I. JACOBSON, AND H. HAGBERG. Enhanced calcium uptake by CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites in the postischemic phase despite subnormal evoked field potentials: excitatory amino acid dependency and relationship to neuronal damage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 773-783, 1992.
23. ANDINE, P., O. ORWAR, I. JACOBSON, M. SANDBERG, AND H. HAGBERG. Changes in extracellular amino acids and spontaneous neuronal activity during ischemia and extended reflow in the CAl of the rat hippocampus. J. Neurochem. 57: 222-229, 1991.
24. 2+-induced release of cytochrome c from brain mitochondria in the absence of a permeability transition. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 24: 563, 1998.
25. ANKARCRONA, M., J. M. DYPBUKT, AND E. BONFOCO. Glutamate-induced neuronal death: a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function. Neuron 15: 961-973, 1995.
26. ANKARCRONA, M., J. M. DYPBUKT, S. ORRENIUS, AND P. NICOTERA. Calcineurin and mitochondrial function in glutamate-induced neuronal cell death. FEBS Lett. 394: 321-324, 1996.
27. ANTONAWICH, F. J., S. KRAJEWSKI, J. C. REED, AND J. N. DAVIS. Bcl-x(1) Bax interactions after transient global ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 882-886, 1998.
28. AOKI, M., K. ABE, J. KAWAGOE, S. NAKAMURA, AND K. KOGURE. Acceleration of HSP70 and HSC70 heat shock gene expression following transient ischemia in the preconditioned gerbil hippocampus. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 781-788, 1993.
29. AOKI, M., K. ABE, T. YOSHIDA, A. HATTORI, K. KOGURE, AND Y. ITOYAMA. Early immunohistochemical changes of microtubule based motor proteins in gerbil hippocampus after transient ischemia. Brain Res. 669: 189-196, 1995.
30. ARAKI, N., J. H. GREENBERG, D. UEMATSU, J. T. SLADKY, AND M. REIVICH. Effect of superoxide dismutase on intracellular calcium in stroke. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 43-52, 1992.
31. ARAKI, T., H. KATO, T. INOUE, AND K. KOGURE. Regional impairment of protein synthesis following brief cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Acta Neuropathol. 79: 501-505, 1990.
32. ARENDS, M. J., AND A. H. WYLLIE. Apoptosis: mechanisms and roles in pathology. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 32: 223-254, 1991.
33. ARMSTRONG, R. C., T. J. AJA, K. D. HOANG, G. LITWACK, L. C. FRITZ, AND K. J. TOMASELLI. Activation of the ced3/ICE-related protease CPP32 in cerebellar granule neurons undergoing apoptosis but not necrosis. J. Neurosci. 17: 553-562, 1997.
34. ARNOLD, P. E., D. LUMLERTGUL, T. J. BURKE, AND R. W. SCHRIER. In vitro versus in vivo mitochondrial calcium loading in ischemic acute renal failure. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 17): F845-F850, 1985.
35. ARONOWSKI, J., J. C. GROTTA, AND M. N. WAXHAM. Ischemia-induced translocation of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II: potential role in neuronal damage. J. Neurochem. 58: 1743-1753, 1992.
36. ARONOWSKI, J., R. STRONG, AND J. C. GROTTA. Citicholine for treatment of experimental focal ischemia: histologic and behavioral outcome. Neurol. Res. 18: 570-574, 1996.
37. ARORA, A. S., P. DE GROEN, Y. EMORI, AND G. J. GORES. A cascade of degradative hydrolase activity contributes to hepatocyte necrosis during anoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 33): G238-G245, 1996.
38. ARORA, A. S., P. C. DE GROEN, D. E. CROALL, Y. EMORI, AND G. J. GORES. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells resist necrosis during anoxia by preventing phospholipase-mediated calpain activation. J. Cell. Physiol. 167: 434-442, 1996.
39. ARRIZA, J., W. FAIRMAN, J. WADICHE, G. MURDOCH, M. KAVANAUGH, AND S. AMARA. Functional comparison of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 14: 5559-5569, 1994.
40. ARVIN, B., D. LEKIEFFRE, J. L. GRAHAM, C. MONCADA, A. G. CHAPMAN, AND B. S. MELDRUM. Effect of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 on the microdialysate and tissue concentrations of amino acids following transient forebrain ischemia. J. Neurochem. 62: 1458-1467, 1994.
41. ARVIN, B., L. F. NEVILLE, F. C. BARONE, AND G. Z. FEUERSTEIN. The role of inflammation and cytokines in brain injury. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 20: 445-452, 1996.
42. ASAHI, M., M. HOSHIMARU, AND Y. UEMARA. Expression of interleukin-1β converting enzyme gene family and Bcl2 gene family in the rat brain following permanent occlusion of the middle artery. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 11-18, 1997.
43. ASHKENAZI, A., AND V. M. DIXIT. Death receptors: signalling and modulation. Science 281: 1305-1308, 1998.
44. ASPEY, B. S., S. COHEN, Y. PATEL, M. TERRULI, AND M. J. G. HARRISON. Middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: consistent protocol for a model of stroke. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 24: 487-497, 1998.
45. 2 activity by oxygen-derived free radical in isolated brain capillaries. J. Cell. Biochem. 27: 449-453, 1985.
46. AUST, S. D., AND B. C. WHITE. Iron chelation prevents tissue injury following ischemia Adv. Free Radical Biol. Med. 1: 1-17, 1985.
47. BACK, T., M. D. GINSBERG, W. D. DIETRICH, AND B. D. WATSON. Induction of spreading depression in the ischemic hemisphere following experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion: effect on infarct morphology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 202-213, 1996.
48. BACK, T., W. ZHAO, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Three-dimensional image analysis of brain glucose metabolism-blood flow uncoupling and its electrophysiological correlates in the acute ischemic penumbra following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 566-577, 1995.
49. BAENA, R. C., R. BUSTO, W. D. DIETRICH, M.-Y. GLOBUS, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Hyperthermia delayed by 24 hours aggrevates neuronal damage in rat hippocampus following global ischemia. Neurology 48: 768-773, 1997.
50. BAIMBRIDGE, K. G., M. R. CELIO, AND J. H. ROGERS. Calcium-binding proteins in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci. 15: 303-308, 1992.
51. BAKER, A. J., M. H. ZORNOW, AND M. S. SCHELLER. Changes in extracellular concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, glycine, dopamine, serotonin and dopamine metabolites after transient global ischemia in the rabbit brain. J. Neurochem. 57: 1370-1379, 1991.
52. BAKER, C. J., A. J. FIORE, V. I. FRAZZINI, T. F. CHOUDRI, G. P. ZUBAY, AND R. A. SOLOMON. Intraischemic hypothermia decreases the release of glutamate in the cores of permanent focal cerebral infarcts. Neurosurgery 36: 994-1001, 1995.
53. BAKER, C. J., S. T. ONESTI, AND R. A. SOLOMON. Reduction by delayed hypothermia of cerebral infarction following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: a time course study. J. Neurosurg. 77: 438-444, 1992.
54. BAKER, R. R. Enzymes of platelet activating factor synthesis in brain. Neurochem. Res. 20: 1345-1351, 1995.
55. BAKER, R. R., AND H.-Y. CHANG. MgATP inhibits the synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate by microsomal acetyltranferase of immature rabbit cerebral cortex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1213: 27-33, 1994.
56. BALDWIN, A. S., JR. The NF-κB and IκB proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 649-681, 1996.
57. BALESTRINO, M. Pathophysiology of anoxic depolarization: new findings and a working hypothesis. J. Neurosci. Methods 59: 99-103, 1995.
58. BALESTRINO, M., P. G. AITKEN, AND G. G. SOMJEN. Spreading depression-like hypoxic depolarization in CA1 and fascia dentata of hippocampal slices: relationship to selective vulnerability. Brain Res. 497: 102-107, 1989.
59. BALESTRINO, M., R. REBAUDO, AND G. LUNARDI. Exogenous creatine delays anoxic depolarization and protects from hypoxic damage: dose-effect relationship. Brain Res. 816: 124-130, 1999.
60. BALESTRINO, M., AND G. SOMJEN. Chlorpromazine protects brain tissue in hypoxia by delaying spreading depression-mediated calcium influx. Brain Res. 385: 219-226, 1986.
61. BANSAL, N., A. HOULE, AND G. MELNYKOVYCH. Apoptosis: mode of cell death induced in T cell leukemia lines by dexamethasone and other agents. FASEB J. 5: 211-216, 1991.
62. BARONE, F. C., G. Z. FEUERSTEIN, AND R. F. WHITE. Brain cooling during transient focal ischemia provides complete neuro-protection. Neurosci. Behav. Rev. 21: 31-44, 1997.
63. 4 receptor binding in rat focal ischemia. Stroke 23: 1337-1348, 1992.
64. BARONE, F. C., R. F. WHITE, AND P. A. SPERA. Ischemic preconditioning and brain tolerance. Temporal histological and functional outcomes, protein synthesis requirement and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and early gene expression. Stroke 29: 1937-1951, 1998.
65. BARTH, A., L. BARTH, AND D. W. NEWELL. Combination therapy with MK-801 and alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone enhances protection against ischemic neuronal damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Exp. Neurol. 141: 330-336, 1996.
66. BARTUS, R. T. The calpain hypothesis of neurodegeneration: evidence for a common cytotoxic pathway. Neuroscientist 3: 314-327, 1997.
67. BARTUS, R. T., K. L. BAKER, AND A. D. HEISER. Postischemic administration of AK275, a calpain inhibitor, provides substantial protection against focal ischemic brain damage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 537-544, 1994.
68. BAZAN, H. E., Y. TAO, M. A. DECOSTER, AND N. G. BAZAN. Platelet-activating factor induces cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in corneal epithelium. Requirement of calcium in the signal transduction pathway. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 38: 2492-2501, 1997.
69. BAZAN, N. G. Effects of ischemia and electroconvulsive shock on free fatty acid pools in the brain. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 218: 1-10, 1970.
70. BAZAN, N. G., AND G. ALLAN. Platelet-activating factor in the modulation of excitatory neurotransmitter release and of gene expression. J. Lipid Med. Cell Signal. 14: 321-330, 1997.
71. BAZZONI, F., AND B. BEUTLER. The tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1717-1723, 1996.
72. BECK, T., AND G. W. BIELENBERG. Failure of the lipid peroxidation inhibitor U74006F to improve neurological outcome after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. 532: 336-338, 1990.
73. BECK, T., D. LINDHOLM, E. CASTREN, AND A. WREE. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects against ischemic cell damage in rat hippocampus. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 689-692, 1994.
74. BECKMAN, J. S. Peroxynitrite versus hydroxyl radical: the role of nitric oxide in superoxide-dependent cerebral injury. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 738: 69-75, 1994.
75. BECKMAN, J. S., T. W. BECKMAN, J. CHEN, P. A. MARSHALL, AND B. A. FREEMAN. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 1620-1624, 1990.
76. BEDERSON, J. A., L. H. PITTS, AND I. M. GERMANO. Evalutation of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats. Stroke 17: 1304-1308, 1986.
77. BEHRENS, M. I., J. KOH, L. M. T. CANZONIERO, S. L. SENSI, C. A. CSERNANSKY, AND D. W. CHOI. 3-Nitropropionic acid induces apoptosis in cultured striatal and cortical neurons. Neuroreport 6: 545-548, 1995.
78. BEHRENS, M. M., J. L. MARTINEZ, C. MORATILLA, AND J. RENART. Apoptosis induced by protein kinase C inhibition in a neuroblastoma line. Cell Growth Differ. 6: 1375-1380, 1995.
79. BELAYEV, L., W. ZHAO, R. BUSTO, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal suture. I. Three-dimensional autoradiographic image analysis of local cerebral glucose metabolism-blood flow interrelationships during ischemia and early recirculation. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 1266-1280, 1997.
80. BENNETT, V. Spectrin: a structural mediator between diverse plasma membrane proteins and the cytoplasm. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2: 51-56, 1990.
81. BENNETT, V. Ankyrins: adaptors between diverse plasma membrane proteins and the cytoplasm. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 8703-8706, 1992.
82. BEN-SASSON, S. A., Y. SHERMAN, AND Y. GAVRIELI. Identification of dying cells - in situ staining. Methods Cell Biol. 46: 29-39, 1995.
83. BENVENISTE, E. N., AND D. J. BENOS. TNF-α-and IFN-γ-mediated signal transduction pathways: effects on glial cell gene expression and function. FASEB J. 9: 1577-1581, 1995.
84. BENVENISTE, H., J. DREJER, A. SCHOUSBOE, AND N. DIEMER. Elevation of the extracellular concentrations of glutamate and aspartate in rat hippocampus during transient cerebral ischemia monitored by intracerebral microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 43: 1369-1374, 1984.
85. BENVENISTE, H., M. B. JORGENSEN, N. H. DIEMER, AND A. J. HANSEN. Calcium accumulation by glutamate receptor activation is involved in hippocampal cell damage after ischemia. Acta Neurol. Scand. 78: 529-536, 1988.
86. BENVENISTE, H., M. B. JORGENSEN, M. SANDBERG, T. CHRISTENSEN, H. HAGBERG, AND N. DIEMER. Ischemic damage in hippocampal CA1 is dependent on glutamate release and intact innervation from CA3. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9: 629-639, 1989.
87. BERGER, L., AND A. M. HAKIM. Calcium channel blockers correct the acidosis in ischemic brain without altering cerebral blood flow. Stroke 19: 1257-1261, 1988.
88. BERGER, N. A. Poly(ADP-ribose) in the cellular response to DNA damage. Radiat. Res. 101: 4-15, 1985.
89. BERNARDI, P., K. M. BROCKEMEIER, AND D. R. PFEIFFER. Recent progress on regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: a cyclosporin-sensitive pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 26: 509-517, 1994.
90. BERTORELLI, R., M. ADAMI, E. DISANTO, AND P. GHEZZI. MK801 and dexamethasone reduce both tumor necrosis factor levels and infarct volume after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 246: 41-44, 1998.
91. BETZ, A. L., R. F. KEEP, M. E. BEER, AND X. D. REN. Blood-brain barrier permeability and brain concentration of sodium, potassium and chloride during focal ischemia J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 29-37, 1994.
92. BETZ, A. L., J. RANDALL, AND D. MARTZ. Xanthine oxidase is not a major source of free radicals in focal cerebral ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 29): H563-H568, 1991.
93. BHALLA, U. S., AND R. IYENGAR. Emergent properties of networks of biological signalling pathways. Science 283: 381-387, 1999.
94. BHAT, R. V., R. MARCY, V. R. DIROCCO, AND D. G. FLOOD. Increased expression of IL-1β converting enzyme in hippocampus after ischemia: selective localization in microglia. J. Neurosci. 16: 4146-4154, 1996.
95. BICKLER, P. E., S. M. GALLEGO, AND B. M. HANSEN. Developmental changes in intracellular calcium regulation in rat cerebral cortex during hypoxia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 811-819, 1993.
96. BIELENBERG, G. W., M. BURNIOL, R. ROSEN, AND W. KLAUS. Effects of nimodipine on infarct size and cerebral acidosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Stroke 21: 90-92, 1990.
97. BIELENBERG, G. W., G. WAGENER, AND T. BECK. Infarct reduction by platelet activating factor antagonist apafant in rats. Stroke 23: 98-103, 1992.
98. 2+ in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 9: 285-294, 1992.
99. BLOCK, G. A., AND W. A. PULSINELLI. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists: failure to prevent ischemia-induced selective neuronal damage. In: Cerebrovascular Diseases, edited by M. E. Raichle and W. J. Powers. New York: Raven, 1987, p. 37-44.
100. BLOMMAART, E. F., J. J. LUIKEN, P. S. BLOMMAART, G. M. VAN WOERKEM, AND A. J. MEIJER. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 is inhibitory for autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 2320-2326, 1995.
101. BLOMMAART, E. F. C., U. KRAUSE, J. P. M. SCHELLENS, H. VREELING-SINDELAROVA, AND A. J. MEIJER. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 inhibit autophagy in isolated rat hepatocytes. Eur. J. Biochem. 243: 240-246, 1997.
102. BODSCH, W., A. BARBIER, M. OEHMICHEN, B. GROSSEOPHOFF, AND K.-A. HOSSMANN. Recovery of monkey brain after prolonged ischemia. II. Protein synthesis and morphological alterations. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 6: 22-33, 1986.
103. BODSCH, W., AND K. TAKAHASHI. Selective vulnerability to cerebral protein and RNA synthesis in the hippocampus of the gerbil brain. In: Cerebral Ischemia, edited by A. Bes, P. Braquet, R. Paoletti, and B. K. Siesjo. New York: Elsevier, 1983, p. 197-208.
104. BODSCH, W., K. TAKAHASHI, A. BARBIER, B. GROSSEOPHOFF, AND K.-A. HOSSMANN. Cerebral protein synthesis and ischemia. Prog. Brain Res. 63: 197-210, 1985.
105. BOENING, J. A., I. S. KASS, J. E. COTTRELL, AND G. CHAMBERS. The effect of blocking sodium influx on anoxic damage in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuroscience 33: 263-266, 1989.
106. BOLANDER, H. G., L. PERSSON, L. HILLERED, R. DARGY, U. PONTEN, AND Y. OLSSON. Regional cerebral blood flow and histopathologic changes after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 20: 930-937, 1989.
107. BOLANOS, J. P., J. R. HEALES, J. M. LAND, AND J. B. CLARK. Effect of peroxynitrite on the mitochondrial respiratory chain: differential susceptibility of neurones and astrocytes in primary culture. J. Neurochem. 64: 1965-1972, 1995.
108. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Stroke 19: 608-614, 1988.
109. BOND, J. M., B. HERMAN, AND J. L. LEMASTERS. Protection by acidotic pH against anoxia/reoxygenation injury to rat neonatal cardiac myocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179: 798-803, 1991.
110. BONFOCO, E., S. CECCATELLI, L. MANZO, AND P. NICOTERA. Colchicine induces apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells. Exp. Cell Res. 218: 189-200, 1995.
111. BONFOCO, E., D. KRAINC, M. ANKACRONA, P. NICOTERA, AND S. A. LIPTON. Apoptosis and necrosis: two distinct events induced respectively by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D-aspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 7162-7166, 1995.
112. BONIECE, I. R., AND J. A. WAGNER. Growth factors protect PC12 cells against ischemia by a mechanism that is independent of PKA, PKC and protein synthesis. J. Neurosci. 13: 4220-4226, 1993.
113. BONMANN, E., C. SUSCHEK, M. SPRANGER, AND V. KOLBBACHOFEN. The dominant role of exogenous or endogenous interleukin 1-beta on expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat microvascular brain endothelial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 230: 109-112, 1997.
114. BONNEKOH, P., T. KUOROIWA, U. OSCHLIES, AND K. A. HOSSMANN. Barbiturate promotes post-ischemic reaggregation of polyribosomes in gerbil hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 146: 75-78, 1992.
115. BORLE, A. B., AND M. BARSIC. Chemical hypoxia increases cytosolic Ca and oxygen free radical formation. Cell Calcium. 17: 307-315, 1995.
116. BOTCHKINA, G. I., M. E. MEISTRELL III, I. L. BOTCHKINA, AND K. J. TRACEY. Expression of TNF and TNF receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia. Mol. Med. 3: 765-781, 1997.
117. BOVERIS, A. Mitochondrial production of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. Adv. Exp. Biol. Med. 78: 67-82, 1977.
118. BRALET, J., L. SCHREIBER, AND C. BOUVIER. Effects of acidosis and anoxia on iron delocalization from brain homogenates. Biochem. Pharmacol. 43: 979-983, 1992.
119. BRAUGHLER, J. M., L. A. DUNCAN, AND T. GOODMAN. Calcium enhances in vitro free radical-induced damage to brain synaptosomes, mitochondria and cultured spinal cord neurons. J. Neurochem. 45: 1288-1293, 1985.
120. BRAUN, J. S., S. JANDER, M. SCHROETER, O. W. WITTE, AND G. STOLL. Spatiotemporal relationship of apoptotic cell death to lymphomonocytic infiltration in photochemically induced focal ischemia of the rat cerebral cortex. Acta Neuropathol. 92: 255-263, 1996.
121. BRIERLY, J. B. Cerebral hypoxia In: Greenfield's Neuropathology, edited by W. Blackwood and J. A. N. Corsellis. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical, 1976, p. 43-85.
122. BRINT, S., M. JACEWICZ, M. KIESSLING, J. TANABE, AND W. A. PULSINELLI. Focal brain ischemia in rat: methods for reproducible neocortical infarction using tandem occlusion of the distal middle cerebral and ipsilateral common carotid arteries. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8: 474-485, 1988.
123. BRONK, S. F., AND G. J. GORES. pH-dependent nonlysosomal proteolysis contributes to lethal anoxic injury of rat heptaocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 33): G744-G755, 1993.
124. 1H-NMR spectroscopy in superfused guinea-pig cerebral cortical slices. Neurochem. Int. 21: 375-379, 1992.
125. BRORSON, J. R., P. A. MANZOLILLO, AND R. J. MILLER. Ca entry via AMPA/KA receptors and excitotoxicity in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells. J. Neurosci. 14: 187-197, 1994.
126. BRORSON, J. R., C. J. MARCUCCILLI, AND R. J. MILLER. Delayed antagonism of calpain reduces excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. Stroke 26: 1259-1267, 1995.
127. BRORSON, J. R., P. T. SCHUMACKER, AND H. ZHANG. Nitric oxide acutely inhibits neuronal energy production. J. Neurosci. 19: 147-158, 1999.
128. BROWN, A. W. Structural abnormalities in neurones. J. Clin. Pathol. 30, Suppl. 11: 155-169, 1977.
129. BROWN, A. W., AND J. B. BRIERLY. The nature, distribution and earliest stages of anoxic-ischemic nerve cell damage in the rat brain as defined by the optical microscope. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 49: 78-106, 1968.
130. BROWN, A. W., AND J. B. BRIERLEY. Anoxic-ischemic cell change in rat brain: light microscopic and fine-structural observations. J. Neurol. Sci. 16: 59-84, 1972.
131. BRUCE, A. J., W. BOLING, AND M. S. KINDY. Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors. Nature Med. 2: 788-794, 1996.
132. BRUGG, B., AND A. MATUS. Phosphorylation determines the binding of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) to microtubules in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 114: 735-743, 1991.
133. BRUNDEGE, J. M., L. H. DIAO, W. R. PROCTOR, AND T. V. DUNWIDDIE. The role of cyclic AMP as a precursor of extracellular adenosine in the rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 36: 1201-1210, 1997.
134. BRUNO, V. M., M. P. GOLDBERG, L. L. DUGAN, R. G. GIFFARD, AND D. W. CHOI. Neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in cortical cultures exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation or excitatory amino acids. J. Neurochem. 63: 1398-1406, 1994.
135. BUCHAN, A., H. LI, AND W. A. PULSINELLI. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-801, fails to protect against neuronal damage caused by transient, severe, forebrain ischemia. J. Neurosci. 11: 1049-1056, 1991.
136. BUCHAN, A., AND W. A. PULSINELLI. Hypothermia but not the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801, attenuates neuronal damage in gerbils subjected to transient global ischemia. J. Neurosci. 10: 311-316, 1990.
137. BUCHAN, A., D. XUE, AND A. SLIVKA. A new model of temporary focal neocortical ischemia in the rat. Stroke 23: 273-279, 1992.
138. BUCHAN, A. M., S. Z. GERTLER, Z. G. HUANG, H. LI, K. E. CHAUNDY, AND D. XUE. Failure to prevent selective CA1 neuronal death and reduce cortical infarction following cerebral ischemia with inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Neuroscience 61: 1-11, 1994.
139. BUCHAN, A. M., S. Z. GERTLER, AND H. LI. A selective N-type Ca-channel blocker prevents CA1 injury 24 h following severe forebrain ischemia and reduces infarction following focal ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 903-910, 1994.
140. BUCHAN, A. M., H. LI, S. CHO, AND W. A. PULSINELLI. Blockade of the AMPA receptor prevents CA1 hippocampal injury following severe but transient forebrain ischemia in adult rats. Neurosci. Lett. 132: 255-258, 1991.
141. BUCHAN, A. M., A. SLIVKA, AND D. XUE. The effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on cerebral blood flow and infarct volume in experimental stroke. Brain Res. 574: 171-177, 1992.
142. BUDD, S. L., AND D. G. NICHOLLS. Mitochondria, calcium regulation, and acute glutamate toxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J. Neurochem. 67: 2282-2291, 1996.
143. BUETTNER, G. R. The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, α-tocopherol and ascorbate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300: 535-546, 1993.
144. BULLOCK, R., D. I. GRAHAM, M. H. CHEN, D. LOWE, AND J. McCULLOCH. Focal cerebral ischemia in the cat: pretretment with a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, D-CPP-ene. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 668-674, 1990.
145. BULLOCK, R., D. I. GRAHAM, S. SWANSON, AND J. McCULLOCH. Neuroprotective effect of the AMPA receptor antagonist LY-293558 in focal cerebral ischemia in the cat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 455-471, 1994.
146. BURDA, J., M. E. MARTIN, A. GARCIA, A. ALCAZAR, J. L. FANDO, AND M. SALINAS. Phosphorylation of the α subunit of initiation factor 2 correlates with the inhibition of translation following transient cerebral ischemia in the rat. Biochem. J. 302: 335-338, 1994.
147. BURDA, J., M. E. MARTIN, AND M. GOTTLIEB. The intraischemic and early reperfusion changes of protein synthesis in the rat brain. eIF-2a kinase activity and role of initiation factors eIF-2a and eIF-4E. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 59-66, 1998.
148. BURKE, S. P., AND C. P. TAYLOR. Hippocampal glutamate release during in vitro ischemia is calcium independent and TTX sensitive. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 17: 1267, 1991.
149. BURSCH, W., A. ELLINGER, H. KIENZL, L. TOROK, S. PANDEY, AND R. HERMANN. Active cell death induced by the anti-estrogens tamoxifen and ICI 164 384 in human mammary carcinoma cells (McF-7) in culture: the role of autophagy. Carcinogen 17: 1595-1607, 1996.
150. BURSCH, W., B.-G. GRASL-KRAUPP, AND A. ELLINGER. Active cell death: role in hepatocarcinogenesis and subtypes. Biochem. Cell Biol. 72: 669-675, 1994.
151. BUSCH, E., M. L. GYNGELL, M. EIS, M. HOEHN-BERLAGE, AND K.-A. HOSSMANN. Potassium-induced cortical spreading depressions during focal ischemia in rats: contribution to lesion growth assessed by diffusion-weighted NMR and biochemical imaging. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 1090-1099, 1996.
152. BUSTO, R., W. D. DIETRICH, M. Y.-T. GLOBUS, I. VALDES, P. SCHEINBERG, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7: 729-738, 1987.
153. BUSTO, R., M. Y.-T. GLOBUS, D. DIETRICH, E. MARTINEZ, I. VALDES, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Effect of mild hypothermia on ischemia-induced release of neurotransmitters and free fatty acids in rat brain. Stroke 20: 904-910, 1989.
154. BUTTINI, M., K. APPEL, A. SAUTER, P.-J. GEBICKE-HAERTER, AND H. W. G. M. BODDEKE. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neuroscience 71: 1-16, 1996.
155. CAMPAGNE, M. VAN L., AND R. GILL. Ultrastructural morphological changes are not characteristic of apoptotic cell death following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 213: 111-114, 1996.
156. CAMPBELL, C. A., K. B. MACKAY, AND S. PATEL. Effects of isradipine and L-type calcium channel blocker on permanent and transient focal cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Exp. Neurol. 148: 45-50, 1997.
157. CAMPOS-GONZALEZ, R., AND M. S. KINDY. Tyrosine phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein kinase after transient ischemia in the gerbil brain. J. Neurochem. 59: 1955-1958, 1992.
158. CANER, H., J. L. COLLINS, S. M. HARRIS, N. F. KASSELL, AND K. S. LEE. Attenuation of AMPA-induced neurotoxicity by a calpain inhibitor. Brain Res. 607: 354-356, 1993.
159. CANZONIERO, L. M. T., S. L. SENSI, AND D. W. CHOI. Recovery from NMDA-induced intracellular acidification is delayed and dependent on extracellular bicarbonate. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Cell Physiol. 39): C593-C599, 1996.
160. CAO, X., AND J. W. PHILLIS. α-Phenyl-tert-butyl-nitrone reduces cortical infarct and edema in rats subjected to focal ischemia. Brain Res. 644: 267-272, 1994.
161. CARDELL, M., F. BORIS-MOLLER, AND T. WIELOCH. Hypothermia prevents the ischemia-induced translocation and inhibition of protein kinase C in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 57: 1814-1817, 1991.
162. CARDELL, M., T. KOIDE, AND T. WIELOCH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the rat cerebral cortex following cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9: 350-357, 1989.
163. CARDELL, M., AND T. WIELOCH. Time course of the translocation and inhibition of protein kinase C during complete cerebral ischemia in the rat. J. Neurochem. 61: 1308-1314, 1993.
164. CARTER, A. J., AND R. E. MULLER. Activation of excitatory amino acid receptors cannot alone account for anoxia-induced impairment of protein synthesis in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurochem. 57: 888-896, 1991.
165. CARTER, A. J., R. E. MULLER, U. PSCHORN, AND W. STRANSKY. Preincubation with creatine enhances levels of creatine phosphate and prevents anoxic damage in rat hippocampal slices. J. Neurochem. 64: 2691-2699, 1995.
166. CATALAN, R. E., A. M. MARTINEZ, M. D. ARAGONES, I. FERNANDEZ, M. LOMBARDIA, AND B. G. MIGUEL. PAF-induced activation of polyphosphoinositide-hydrolyzing phospholipase C in cerebral cortex. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183: 300-305, 1992.
167. CATSICAS, M., Y. PEQUIGNOT, AND P. G. H. CLARKE. Rapid onset of neuronal death induced by blockade of either axoplasmic transport or action potentials in afferent fibers during brain development. J. Neurosci. 12: 4642-4650, 1992.
168. CAZAVIEILLE, C., A. MULLER, F. MEYNIER, AND C. BONNE. Superoxide and nitric oxide cooperation in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury. Free Radical Biol. Med. 14: 389-395, 1993.
169. CERVOS-NAVARRO, J., AND N. H. DIEMER. Selective vulnerability in brain hypoxia. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 6: 149-182, 1991.
170. CHAN, P. H. Role of oxidants in ischemic brain damage. Stroke 27: 1124-1129, 1996.
171. CHAN, P. H., AND R. A. FISHMAN. Transient formation of superoxide radicals in polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced brain swelling. J. Neurochem. 35: 1004-1007, 1980.
172. CHAN, P. H., H. KAMII, AND G. YANG. Brain infarction is not reduced in SOD-1 transgenic mice after a permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroreport 5:
173. CHAN, P. H., M. KAWASE, AND K. MURAKAMI. Overexpression of SOD1 in transgenic rats protects vulnerable neurons against ischemic damage after global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. J. Neurosci. 18: 8292-8299, 1998.
174. CHAN, P. H., J. W. SCHMIDLEY, R. A. FISHMAN, AND S. M. LONGAR. Brain injury, edema and vascular permeability changes induced by oxygen-derived free radicals. Neurology 34: 315-320, 1984.
175. CHAN, P. H., M. YURKO, AND R. A. FISHMAN. Phospholipid degradation and cellular edema induced by free radicals in brain cortical slices. J. Neurochem. 38: 525-531, 1982.
176. CHANDRASEKAR, B., J. E. STREITMAN, J. T. COLSTON, AND G. L. FREEMAN. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B attenuated proinflammatory cytokine and inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression in post-ischemic myocardium. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1406: 91-106, 1998.
177. CHAO, C. C., S. HU, W. S. SHENG, D. BU, M. I. BUKRINSKY, AND P. K. PETERSON. Cytokine stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism. Glia 16: 276-284, 1996.
178. CHARRIAUT-MARLANGUE, C., I. MARGAILL, A. REPRESA, T. POPOVICI, M. PLOTKINE, AND Y. BEN-ARI. Apoptosis and necrosis after reversible focal ischemia: an in situ DNA fragmentation analysis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 186-194, 1996.
179. CHEMTOB, S., M.-S. ROY, D. ABRAN, H. FERNANDEZ, AND D. R. VARMA. Prevention of postasphyxial increase in lipid peroxides and retinal function detereoration in the newborn pig by inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity and free radical generation. Pediatr. Res. 33: 336-340, 1993.
180. CHEN, H., M. CHOPP, A. M. Q. V. LINDE, M. O. DERESKI, J. H. GARCIA, AND K. M. A. WELCH. The effects of post-ischemic hypothermia on the neuronal injury and brain metabolism after forebrain ischemia in the rat. J. Neurol. Sci. 107: 191-198, 1992.
181. CHEN, J., S. H. GRAHAM, AND M. NAKAYAMA. Apoptosis represser genes BCl-2 and BCl-X-long are expressed in the rat brain following global ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 2-10, 1997.
182. CHEN, J., K. L. JIN, AND M. Z. CHEN. Early detection of DNA strand breaks in the brain after transient focal ischemia: implications for the role of DNA damage in apoptosis and neuronal cell death. J. Neurochem. 69: 232-245, 1997.
183. CHEN, J., T. NAGAYAMA, AND K. JIN. Induction of caspase-3-like protease may mediate delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia. J. Neurosci. 18: 4914-4928, 1998.
184. CHEN, J., P. R. WEINSTEIN, AND S. H. GRAHAM. Attenuation of postischemic brain hypoperfusion and reperfusion injury by the cyclooxygenase-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C. J. Neurosurg. 83: 99-104, 1995.
185. CHEN, J., R. L. ZHU, AND M. NAKAYAMA. Expression of the apoptosis-effector gene, BAX, is upregulated in vulnerable hippocampal CA1 neurons following global ischemia. J. Neurochem. 67: 64-71, 1996.
186. CHEN, J. J., AND B. P. YU. Alterations in mitochondrial membrane fluidity by lipid peroxidation products. Free Radical Biol. Med. 17: 411-418, 1994.
187. CHEN, J.-W., L. ZHANG, X. LIAN, AND F. HWANG. Effect of hydroxyl radical on Na-K ATPase activity of the brain microsomal membranes. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 16: 927-936, 1992.
188. CHEN, Q., M. CHOPP, G. BODZIN, AND H. CHEN. Temperature modulation of cerebral depolarization during focal cerebral ischemia in rats: correlation with ischemic injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 389-394, 1993.
189. CHEN, S. T., C. Y. HSU, E. L. HOGAN, H. MARICQ, AND J. D. BALENTINE. A model of focal ischemic stroke in the rat: reproducible extensive cortical infarction. Stroke 17: 738-743, 1986.
190. CHENG, B., S. CHISTAKOS, AND M. P. MATTSON. Tumor necrosis factors protect neurons against metabolic-excitotoxic insults and promote maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Neuron 12: 139-153, 1994.
191. CHENG, Y., M. DESHMUKH, AND A. D'COSTA. Caspase inhibitor affords neuroprotection with delayed administration in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. J. Clin. Invest. 101: 1992-1999, 1998.
192. CHENG, Y., J. M. GIDDAY, Q. YAN, A. R. SHAH, AND D. M. HOLTZMAN. Marked age-dependent neuroprotection by brain-derived neurotrophic factor against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Ann. Neurol. 41: 521-529, 1997.
193. CHIAMULERA, C., P. ALBERTINI, E. VALERIO, AND A. REGGIANI. Activation of metabotropic receptors has a neuroprotective effect in a rodent model of cerebral ischemia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 216: 335-336, 1992.
194. CHOI, D. W. Ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6: 667-672, 1996.
195. CHOI, D. W., AND J. Y. KOH. Zinc and brain injury. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21: 347-375, 1998.
196. CHOPP, M., H. CHEN, AND K.-L. HO. Transient hyperthermia protects against subsequent forebrain ischemic cell damage in the rat. Neurology 39: 1396-1398, 1989.
197. CHOPP, M., Y. LI, N. JIANG, R. L. ZHANG, AND J. PROSTAK. Antibodies against adhesion molecules reduce apoptosis after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 578-584, 1996.
198. CHOPP, M., M. D. WELCH, C. D. TIDWELL, AND J. A. HELPERN. Global cerebral ischemia and intracellular pH during hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in cats. Stroke 19: 1383-1387, 1988.
199. CHURN, S. B., S. SOMBATI, W. C. TAFT, AND R. J. DELORENZO. Excitotoxicity affects membrane potential and calmodulin kinase II activity in cultured rat neurons. Stroke 24: 271-277, 1993.
200. CHURN, S. B., W. C. TAFT, M. S. BILLINGSLEY, B. SANKARAN, AND R. J. DELORENZO. Global forebrian ischemia induces a posttranslational modification of multifunctional calcium-and calmodulin-dependent kinase II. J. Neurochem. 59: 1221-1232, 1992.
201. CLAGUE, J. R., AND G. A. LANGER. The pathogenesis of free radical-induced calcium leak in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 26: 11-24, 1994.
202. CLARK, R. K., E. V. LEE, R. F. WHITE, Z. L. JONAK, G. Z. FEUERSTEIN, AND F. C. BARONE. Reperfusion following focal stroke hastens inflammation and resolution of ischemic injured tissue. Brain Res. Bull. 35: 387-392, 1994.
203. CLARK, W. M., K. P. MADDEN, R. ROTHLEIN, AND J. A. ZIVIN. Reduction of central nervous system ischemic injury by monoclonal antibody to intracellular adhesion molecule. J. Neurosurg. 75: 623-627, 1991.
204. CLARK, W. M., AND J. A. ZIVIN. Antileukocyte therapy: preclinical trials and combination therapy. Neurology 49, Suppl, 4: S32-S36, 1997.
205. CLARKE, P. G. H. Developmental cell death, morphological diversity, and multiple mechanisms. Anat. Embryol. 181: 195-213, 1990.
206. CLEMENS, J. A., D. T. STEPHENSON, E. B. SMALSTIG, E. P. DIXON, AND S. P. LITTLE. Global ischemia activates nuclear factor-kappa-b in forebrain neurons of rats. Stroke 28: 1073-1080, 1997.
207. CLEMENS, J. A., D. T. STEPHENSON, T. G. YIN, E. B. SMALSTIG, J. A. PANETTA, AND S. P. LITTLE. Drug-induced neuroprotection from global ischemia is associated with prevention of persistent but not transient activation of nuclear factor-kappa-b in rats. Stroke 29: 677-682, 1998.
208. COCKROFT, K. M., M. MEISTRELL III, AND G. A. ZIMMERMAN. Cerebroprotective effects of aminoguanidine in a rodent model of stroke. Stroke 27: 1393-1398, 1996.
209. 31P-metabolite levels at reduced intracellular pH during prolonged hypercapnia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 277-284, 1990.
210. COIMBRA, C., AND T. WIELOCH. Moderate hypothermia mitigates neuronal damage in the rat brain when initiated several hours following transient cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 87: 325-331, 1994.
211. COLBOURNE, F., S. M. NURSE, AND D. CORBETT. Spontaneous postischemic hyperthermia is not required for severe CA1 ischemic damage in gerbils. Brain Res. 621: 1-5, 1993.
212. COLLACO-MORAES, Y., B. S. ASPEY, J. S. DE BELLEROCHE, AND M. J. G. HARRISON. Focal ischemia causes an extensive induction of immediate early genes that are sensitive to MK-801. Stroke 25: 1855-1861, 1994.
213. COMBS, D. J., R. J. DEMPSEY, D. DONALDSON, AND M. S. KINDY. Hyperglycemia suppresses c-fos mRNA expression following transient cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 169-172, 1992.
214. COMBS, D. J., R. J. DEMPSEY, M. MALEY, D. DONALDSON, AND C. SMITH. Relationship between plasma glucose, brain lactate, and intracellular pH during cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Stroke 21: 936-942, 1990.
215. CONNOLLY, E. S., JR., C. J. WINFREE, T. A. SPRINGER, Y. NAKA, AND D. J. PINSKY. Cerebral protection in homozygous null ICAM-1 mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 209-216, 1996.
216. COOKSON, M. R., P. G. INCE, AND P. J. SHAW. Peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide induced cell death in the NSC34 neuroblastoma × spinal cord cell line-role of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. J. Neurochem. 70: 501-508, 1998.
217. COOPER, A. J. L., W. A. PULSINELLI, AND T. E. DUFFY. Glutathione and ascorbate during ischemia and postischemic reperfusion in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 35: 1242-1245, 1980.
218. COOPER, H. K., T. ZALEWSKA, S. KAWAKAMI, K.-A. HOSSMAN, AND P. KLEIHUES. The effect of ischemia and recirculation on protein synthesis in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 28: 929-934, 1977.
219. CORBETT, D., S. NURSE, AND F. COLBOURNE. Hypothermic neuroprotection: a global ischemia study using 18-20 month old gerbils. Stroke 28: 2238-2242, 1997.
220. 3 domains in a cell free system. Curr. Biol. 7: 913-920, 1997.
221. COURTEN-MYERS, G. M. DE, M. KLENHOLZ, K. R. WAGNER, AND R. E. MYERS. Normoglycemia (not hypoglycemia) optimizes outcome from middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 227-236, 1994.
222. COYLE, P. Different susceptibilities to cerebral infarction in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Stroke 17: 520-524, 1986.
223. CRAIN, B. J., W. D. WESTERKAM, A. H. HARRISON, AND J. V. NADLER. Selective neuronal death after transient forebrain ischemia in the Mongolian gerbil: a silver impregnation study. Neuroscience 27: 387-402, 1988.
224. CRAWFORD, C., R. W. MASON, P. WIKSTROM, AND E. SHAW. The design of peptidyldiazomethane inhibitors to distinguish between the cysteine proteases calpain II, cathepsin L and cathepsin B. Biochem. J. 253: 751-758, 1993.
225. CROSS, H. R., L. H. OPIE, G. K. RADDA, AND K. CLARKE. Is a high glycogen content beneficial or detrimental to the ischemic rat heart? Circ. Res. 78: 482-491, 1996.
226. CRUMRINE, R. C., K. BERGSTRAND, A. T. COOPER, W. L. FAISON, AND B. R. COOPER. Lamotrigene protects hippocampal neurons from ischemic damage after cardiac arrest. Stroke 28: 2230-2237, 1997.
227. CRUMRINE, R. C., G. DUBYAK, AND J. C. LAMANNA. Decreased protein kinase C activity during cerebral ischemia and after reperfusion in the adult rat. J. Neurochem. 55: 2001-2007, 1990.
228. CRUMRINE, R. C., AND J. C. LAMANNA. Regional cerebral metabolites, blood flow, plasma volume, and mean transit time in total cerebral ischemia in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 272-282, 1991.
229. CURRIN, R. T., G. J. GORES, R. G. THURMAN, AND J. J. LEMASTERS. Protection by acidotic pH against anoxic killing in perfused rat liver evidence for a pH paradox. FASEB J. 5: 207-210, 1991.
230. DALKARA, T., T. YOSHIDA, K. IRIKURA, AND M. A. MOSKOWITZ. Dual role of nitric oxide in focal cerebral ischemia. Neuropharmacology 33: 1447-1452, 1994
231. DARLEY-USMAR, V., H. WISEMAN, AND B. HALLIWELL. Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals: a question of balance. FEBS Lett. 369: 131-135, 1995.
232. DATTA, S. D., H. DUDEK, AND X. TAO. Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery. Cell 91: 231-241, 1997.
233. DAWSON, D. A., AND J. M. HALLENBECK. Acute focal ischemia-induced alterations in MAP2 immunostaining: description of temporal changes and utilization as a marker for volumetric assessment of acute brain injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 170-174, 1996.
234. DAWSON, T. L., G. J. GORES, A. L. NIEMINEN, B. HERMAN, AND J. J. LEMASTERS. Mitochondria as a source of reactive oxygen species during reductive stress in rat hepatocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 264 (Cell Physiol. 33): C961-C967, 1993.
235. DAWSON, T. M., V. L. DAWSON, AND S. H. SNYDER. Molecular mechanisms of nitric oxide actions in the brain. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 738: 76-85, 1994.
236. DAWSON, V. L., T. M. DAWSON, G. R. UHL, AND S. H. SNYDER. Mechanisms of nitric-oxide mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. J. Neurosci. 13: 2651-2661, 1993.
237. DAWSON, V. L., V. M. KEZUSHI, P. L. HUANG, S. H. SNYDER, AND T. M. DAWSON. Resistance to neurotoxicity in cortical cultures from neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. J. Neurosci. 16: 2479-2487, 1996.
238. DE CAMILLI, P., S. D. EMR, P. S. McPHERSON, AND P. NOVICK. Phosphoinositides as regulators in membrane traffic. Science 271: 1533-1539, 1996.
239. DECKWERTH, T. L., AND E. M. JOHNSON, JR. Temporal analysis of events associated with programmed cell death (apoptosis) of sympathetic neurons deprived of growth factor. J. Cell Biol. 123: 1207-1222, 1993.
240. DE COURTEN, G. M., R. E. MYERS, AND S. SCHOOLFIELD. Hyperglycemia enlarges infarct size in cerebrovascular occlusion. Stroke 19: 623-630, 1988.
241. DEGRABA, T. J. The role of inflammation after acute stroke. Utility of pursuing anti-adhesion molecule therapy. Neurology 51, Suppl. 3: S62-S68, 1998.
242. DEGRABA, T. J., P. T. OSTROW, AND J. C. GROTTA. Threshold of calcium disturbances after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Implications of the window of therapeutic opportunity. Stroke 24: 1212-1217, 1993.
243. DEGRACIA, D. J., B. J. O'NEIL, AND C. FRISCH. Studies of the protein synthesis system in the brain cortex during global ischemia and reperfusion. Resuscitation 25: 161-170, 1993.
244. DEGRACIA, D. J., J. M. SULLIVAN, AND R. W. NEUMAR. Effect of brain ischemia and reperfusion on the localization of phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 1291-1302, 1997.
245. DEKIEFFRE, D., AND B. S. MELDRUM. The pyrimidine-derivative, BW1003C87, protects CA1 and striatal neurons following transient severe forebrain ischaemia in rats. A microdialysis and histological study. Neuroscience 56: 93-99, 1993.
246. DE LA MONTE, S. M., Y. K. SOHN, N. GANJU, AND J. R. WANDS. p53-and CD95-associated apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Lab. Invest. 78: 401-411, 1998.
247. DEL ZEPPO, G. J., G. W. SCHMID-SCHONBEIN, E. MORI, B. R. COPELAND, AND C.-M. CHANG. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes occlude capillaries following middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in baboons. Stroke 22: 1276-1283, 1991.
248. DEL ZOPPO, G. J., Y. OKADA, H.-P. HARING, M. TAGAYA, S. WAGNER, AND G. W. SCHMID-SCHONBEIN. The role of adhesion molecules in acute cerebral ischemia. In: Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia 1996, edited by J. Krieglstein. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm, 1996, p. 393-405.
249. DEMAUREX, N., R. R. ROMANEK, J. ORLOWSKI, AND S. GRINSTEIN. ATP dependence of Na/H exchange. Nucleotide specificity and assessment of the role of phospholipids. J. Gen. Physiol. 109: 117-128, 1997.
250. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 13057-13060, 1994.
251. DESHPANDE, J. K., K. BERGSTEDT, T. LINDEN, H. KALIMO, AND T. WIELOCH. Ultrastructural changes in the hippocampal CA1 region following transient cerebral ischemia: evidence against programmed cell death. Exp. Brain Res. 88: 91-105, 1992.
252. DESHPANDE, J. K., AND T. WIELOCH. Flunarizine, a calcium entry blocker, ameliorates ischemic brain damage in the rat. Anesthesiology 64: 215-224, 1986.
253. DEZSI, L., J. H. GREENBERG, J. HAMAR, J. SLADKY, A. KARP, AND M. REIVICH. Acute improvement in histological outcome by MK-801 following focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in cat independent of blood flow changes. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 390-399, 1992.
254. DIDONATO, J. A., M. HAYAKAWA, D. M. ROTHWART, E. ZANDI, AND M. KARIN. A cytokine-responsive IκB kinase that activates the transcription factor NF-κB. Nature 388: 548-554, 1997.
255. DIEMER, N. H., AND E. SIEMKOWICZ. Regional neuron damage after cerebral ischemia in the normo-and hypoglycemic rat. J. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 7: 217-227, 1981.
256. DIEMER, N. H., AND D. K. J. E. VON LUBITZ. Cerebral ischemia in the rat increased permeability of post-synaptic membranes to horseradish peroxidase in the early post-ischaemic period. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 9: 403-414, 1983.
257. DIENEL, G. A., W. A. PULSINELLI, AND T. E. DUFFY. Regional protein synthesis in rat brain following acute hemispheric ischemia. J. Neurochem. 35: 1216-1226, 1980.
258. DIETRICH, W. D., R. BUSTO, I. VALDES, AND Y. LOOR. Effects of normothermic versus mild hyperthermic forebrain ischemia in rats. Stroke 21: 1318-1325, 1990.
259. DIETRICH, W. D., R. BUSTO, S. YOSHIDA, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Histopathological and hemodynamic consequences of complete versus incomplete ischemia in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7: 300-308, 1987.
260. DIJK, S. N., W. KROP-VAN GASTEL, T. P. OBRENOVITCH, AND J. KORF. Food deprivation protects the rat striatum against hypoxiaischemia despite high extracellular glutamate. J. Neurochem. 62: 1847-1851, 1994.
261. DINERMAN, J. L., T. M. DAWSON, M. J. SCHELL, A. SNOWMAN, AND S. H. SNYDER. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase localized to hippocampal pyramidal cells: implications for synaptic plasticity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 4214-4218, 1994.
262. DIRNAGL, U., M. JACEWICZ, AND W. A. PULSINELLI. Nimodipine posttreatment does not increase blood flow in rats with focal cortical ischemia. Stroke 21: 1357-1361, 1990.
263. DIRNAGL, U., U. LINDAUER, AND S. SCHREIBER. Global cerebral ischemia in the rat: online monitoring of oxygen free radical production using chemiluminescence in vivo. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 929-940, 1995.
264. DIXON, E. P., D. T. STEPHENSON, J. A. CLEMENS, AND S. P. LITTLE. Bcl-x short is elevated following severe global ischemia in the gerbil. Brain Res. 776: 222-229, 1997.
265. DJURICIC, B., G. ROHN, W. PASCHEN, AND K. A. HOSSMANN. Calcium activity and post-ischemic suppression of protein synthesis. Experientia 51: 245-248, 1997.
266. 3H]PAF binding and PAF concentration in gerbil brain after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 640: 268-276, 1994.
267. 2-induced impairment of glutamate uptake-an indirect and nonselective effect related to phospholipid hydrolysis. J. Neurosci. Res. 51: 349-359, 1998.
268. DORMAN, R. V., Z. DABROWIECKI, AND L. A HORROCKS. Effects of CDPcholine and CDPethanolamine on the alterations in rat brain lipid metabolism induced by global ischemia. J. Neurochem. 40: 276-279, 1983.
269. DOSEMECI, A., AND T. S. REESE. Effect of calpain on the composition and structure of postsynaptic densities. Synapse 20: 91-97, 1995.
270. DRAGUNOW, M., E. BEILHARZ, AND E. SIRIMANNE. Immediate-early gene protein expresion in neurons undergoing delayed death but not necrosis following hypoxic-ischemic injury to the young brain. Mol. Brain Res. 25: 19-33, 1994.
271. DRAGUNOW, M., D. YOUNG, P. HUGHES, E. BELHARZ, AND P. GLUCKMAN. Is c-Jun involved in nerve cell death following status epilepticus and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Mol. Brain Res. 18: 347-352, 1993.
272. DRAKE, M., F. FRIBERG, F. BORIS-MOLLER, K. SAKATA, AND T. WIELOCH. The immunosuppressant FK506 ameliorates ischaemic damage in the rat brain. Acta Physiol. Scand. 158: 155-159, 1996.
273. DRECHSEL, D. N., AND M. W. KIRSCHNER. The minimum GTP cap required to stabilize microtubules. Curr. Biol. 4: 1053-1061, 1994.
274. DREJER, J., H. BENVENISTE, N. H. DIEMER, AND A. SCHOUSBOE. Cellular origin of ischemia-induced glutamate release from brain tissue in vivo and in vitro. J. Neurochem. 45: 145-151, 1985.
275. DU, C., R. HU, C. A. CSERANSKY, X. Z. LIU, C. Y. HSU, AND D. W. CHOI. Additive neuroprotective effects of dextrorphan and cycloheximide in rats subjected to transient focal ischemia. Brain Res. 718: 233-236, 1996.
276. DU, C., R. HU, C. A. CSERNANSKY, C. Y. HSU, AND D. W. CHOI. Very delayed infarction after mild focal cerebral ischemia: a role for apoptosis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 195-201, 1996.
277. DUBINSKY, J. M., B. S. KRISTAL, AND M. ELIZONDO-FOURNIER. An obligate role for oxygen in the early stages of glutamate-induced delayed neuronal death. J. Neurosci. 15: 7071-7078, 1995.
278. DUBINSKY, J. M., AND Y. LEVI. Calcium-induced activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 53: 728-741, 1998.
279. DUBINSKY, J. M., AND S. M. ROTHMAN. Intracellular calcium concentrations during "chemical hypoxia" and excitotoxic neuronal injury. J. Neurosci. 11: 2545-2551, 1991.
280. DUBRAVEC, D. B., D. R. SPRIGGS, J. A. MANNICK, AND M. L. RODRICK. Circulating human peripheral blood granulocytes synthesize and secrete tumor necrosis factor alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6758-6761, 1990.
281. DUGAN, L. L., D. J. CREEDON, E. M. JOHNSON, JR., AND D. M. HOLTZMAN. Rapid suppression of free radical formation by nerve growth factor involves the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 4086-4091, 1997.
282. DUGAN, L. L., S. L. SENSI, S. M. ROTHMAN, M. P. GOLDBERG, AND D. W. CHOI. Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species in cortical neurons following exposure to N-methyl-D-aspartate. J. Neurosci. 15: 6377-6388, 1995.
283. DURKIN, J. P., R. TREMBLAY, AND B. CHAKRAVENTHY. Evidence that the early loss of membrane protein kinase C is a necessary step in the excitatory amino acid-induced death of primary cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 68: 1400-1412, 1997.
284. DUVERGER, D., AND E. T. MACKENZIE. The quantification of cerebral infarction following focal ischemia in the rat: influence of strain, arterial pressure, blood glucose concentration and age. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8: 449-461, 1988.
285. DUX, E., G. MIES, K.-A. HOSSMANN, AND S. SIKLOS. Calcium in the mitochondria following brief ischemia of gerbil brain. Neurosci. Lett. 78: 295-300, 1987.
286. DUX, E., P. SCHUBERT, AND G. W. KREUTZBERG. Ultrastructural localization of calcium in ischemic hippocampal slices: the influence of adenosine and theophylline. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 520-524, 1992.
287. DYKENS, J. A. Isolated cerebral and cerebellar mitochondria produce free radicals when exposed to elevated Ca and Na: implications for neurodegeneration. J. Neurochem. 63: 584-591, 1994.
288. 2+ associated with apoptosis. In: Methods in Cell Biology. Cell Death, edited by L. M. Schwartz and B. A. Osborne. New York: Academic, 1995, vol. 46, p. 41-55.
289. EASTON, R. M., T. L. DECKWORTH, A. S. PARSADANIAN, AND E. M. JOHNSON, JR. Analysis of the mechanism of loss of trophic factor dependence associated with neuronal maturation: a phenotype indistinguishable from BAX deletion. J. Neurosci. 17: 9656-9666, 1997.
290. EBINE, Y., N. FUJIWARA, AND K. SHIMOJI. Mild acidosis inhibits the rise in intracellular Ca concentration in response to oxygenglucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 168: 155-158, 1994.
291. EDMONDS, H. L., A. WAUQUIER, W. MELIS, W. E. VAN DEN BROECK, J. VAN LOON, AND P. A. J. JANSSEN. Improved short-term neurological recovery with flunarizine in a canine model of cardiac arrest. Am. J. Emergency Med. 3: 150-155, 1985.
292. EDWARDS, A. D., X. YUE, M. V. SQUIER, M. THORESEN, J. CADY, AND H. MEHMET. Specific inhibition of apoptosis after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia by moderate post-insult hypothermia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217: 1193-1199, 1995.
293. EGUCHI, Y., K. YAMASHITA, T. IWAMOTO, AND H. ITO. Effects of brain temperature on calmodulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia J. Neurotrauma 14: 109-118, 1997.
294. EKHOLM, A., B. ASPLUND, AND B. K. SIESJO. Perturbation of cellular energy state in complete ischemia relationship to dissipative ion fluxes. Exp. Brain Res. 90: 47-53, 1992.
295. EKHOLM, A., K.-I. KATSURA, T. KRISTIAN, M. LIU, J. FOLBERGOVA, AND B. K. SIESJO. Coupling of cellular energy state and ion homeostasis during recovery following brain ischemia. Brain Res. 604: 185-191, 1993.
296. EKHOLM, A., K.-I. KATSURA, AND B. K. SIESJO. Coupling of energy failure and dissipative K flux during ischemia: role of preischemic plasma glucose concentration. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 193-200, 1993.
297. ELEFF, S. M., Y. MARUKI, L. H. MONSEIN, R. J. TRAYSTMAN, R. N. BRYAN, AND R. C. KOEHLER. Sodium, ATP and intracellular pH transients during reversible compression ischemia of dog cerebrum. Stroke 22: 233-241, 1991.
298. ELLIASSON, M. J. L., K. SAMPEI, AND A. S. MANDIR. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene disruption renders mice resistant to cerebral ischemia. Nature Med. 3: 1089-1095, 1997.
299. ELLISON, G. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilipine as both behavioral and anatomical models of the dementias. Brain Res. Rev. 20: 250-267, 1995.
300. ELMOSELHI, A. B., A. BUTCHER, S. E. SAMSON, AND A. K. GROVER. Free radicals uncouple the sodium pump in the pig coronary artery. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Cell Physiol. 35): C720-C728, 1994.
301. ENARI, M., H. SAKAHIRA, H. YOKOYAMA, K. OKAWA, A. IWAMATSU, AND S. NAGATA. A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD. Nature 391: 43-50, 1998.
302. ENDOH, M., K. MAIESE, W. A. PULSINELLI, AND J. A. WAGNER. Reactive astrocytes express NADH diaphorase in vivo after transient ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 154: 125-128, 1993.
303. ENDOH, M., K. MAIESE, AND J. WAGNER. Expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase by reactive astrocytes after transient global ischemia. Brain Res. 651: 92-100, 1994.
304. ENDRES, M., S. NAMURA, AND M. SHIMIZU-SASAMATA. Attenuation of delayed neuronal death after mild focal ischemia in mice by inhibition of the caspase family. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 238-247, 1998.
305. ENDRES, M., Z.-Q. WANG, S. NAMURA, C. WAEBER, AND M. A. MOSKOWITZ. Ischemic injury is mediated by the activation of Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 1143-1151, 1997.
306. ERECINSKA, M., AND F. DAGANI. Relationships between the neuronal sodium/potassium pump and energy metabolism. J. Gen. Physiol. 95: 591-616, 1990.
307. ERECINSKA, M., D. NELSON, AND I. A. SILVER. Metabolic and energetic properties of isolated nerve ending particles (synaptosomes). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1277: 13-34, 1996.
308. ESCOTT, K. J., J. S. BEECH, K. K. HAGA, S. C. R. WILLIAMS, B. S. MELDRUM, AND P. M. W. BATH. Cerebroprotective effect of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, 1-(2-trifuoromethylphenyl)imidazole and 7-nitro indazole after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 281-287, 1998.
309. 2+ ions. J. Cell Biol. 143: 217-224, 1998.
310. ESTEVEZ, A. G., N. SPEAR, AND S. M. MANUEL. Nitric oxide and superoxide contribute to motor neuron apoptosis induced by trophic factor deprivation. J. Neurosci. 18: 923-931, 1998.
311. EVES, E. M., AND M. R. ROSNER. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and death domain proteins promote apoptosis of neuronal cells. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 24: 1301, 1998.
312. FABIAN, R. H., D. S. DEWITT, AND T. A. KENT. In vivo detection of superoxide anion production by the brain using a cytochrome c electrode. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 242-247, 1995.
313. FADDIS, B. T., M. J. HASBANI, AND M. P. GOLDBERG. Calpain activation contributes to dendritic remodelling after brief excitotoxic injury in vitro. J. Neurosci. 17: 951-959, 1997.
314. FARBER, J. L., K. R. CHIEN, AND S. MITTNACHT, JR. The pathogenesis of irreversible cell injury in ischemia. Am. J. Pathol. 102: 271-281, 1981.
315. FARISS, M. W., G. A. PASCOE, AND D. J. REED. Vitamin E reversal of the effects of extracellular calcium on chemically induced toxicity in hepatocytes. Science 227: 751-754, 1985.
316. FEIG, S., Y. ZHANG, AND P. LIPTON. Calcium dependence of the microtubule disaggregation in dendrites of CA1 stratum radiatum caused by in vitro ischemia in the rat hippocampal slice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20: 224, 1994.
317. FEINSTEIN, D. L., E. GALEA, D. A. AQUINO, G. C. LI, H. XU, AND D. J. REIS. Heat shock protein 70 suppresses astroglial inducible nitric oxide expression by decreasing NFkB activation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 17724-17732, 1996.
318. FERNANDES-ALNEMRI, T., G. LITWACK, AND E. ALNEMRI. CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to C. elegans cell death protein and Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 30761-30764, 1995.
319. FERNANDO, D. A., AND J. K. H. LAU. An electron microscope study of the effects of acute ischemia in the brain. Acta Anat. 100: 241-249, 1978.
320. FERRER, I., J. BALLABRIGA, E. MARTI, E. PEREZ, J. ALBERCH, AND E. ARENAS. BDNF upregulates TRKB protein and prevents the death of CA1 neurons following transient forebrain ischemia. Brain Pathol. 8: 253-261, 1998.
321. FERRER, I., E. LOPEZ, E. POZAS, J. BALLABRIGA, AND E. MARTI. Multiple neurotrophic signals converge in surviving CA1 neurons of the gerbil hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia J. Comp. Neurol. 394: 416-430, 1998.
322. FERRER, I., M. A. SORIANO, A. VIDAL, AND A. M. PLANAS. Survival of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the gerbil hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia does not depend on HSP-70 protein induction. Brain Res. 692: 41-46, 1995.
323. FEUERSTEIN, G. Z., X. K. WANG, AND F. C. BARONE. Inflammation-related gene expression and stroke: implications for new therapeutic agents. In: Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia, edited by J. Krieglstein. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm, 1996, p. 405-419.
324. FINK, K., J. ZHU, AND S. NAMURA Prolonged therapeutic window for ischemic brain damage caused by delayed caspase activation. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 1071-1076, 1998.
325. FISHER, M., AND J. H. GARCIA. Evolving stroke and the ischemic penumbra. Neurology 47: 884-888, 1996.
326. i-containing extracellular and cytoplasmic compartments in brain. J. Neurochem. 66: 2612-2620, 1996.
327. FLEISCHER, J. E., A. TATEISHI, AND J. C. DRUMMOND. MK-801, an excitatory amino acid antagonist, does not improve neurologic outcome following cardiac arrest in cats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9: 795-804, 1989.
328. FOLBERGOVA, J., H. MEMEZAWA, M.-L. SMITH, AND B. K. SIESJO. Focal and perifocal changes in tissue energy state during middle cerebral artery occlusion in normo-and hyperglycemic rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 24-33, 1992.
329. FOLBERGOVA, J., Q. ZHAO, K.-I. KATSURA, AND B. K. SIESJO. N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone improves recovery of brain energy state in rats following transient focal ischemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 5057-5061, 1995.
330. FORMAN, L. J., P. LIU, R. G. NAGELE, K. YIN, AND P. Y.-K. WONG. Augmentation of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite production during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in the rat. Neurochem. Res. 23: 141-148, 1998.
331. FOX, G., D. GALLACHER, S. SHEVDE, J. LOFTUS, AND G. SWAYNE. Anatomic variation of the middle cerebral artery in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Stroke 24: 2087-2093, 1993.
332. FRANK, L., T. BRUHN, AND N. H. DIEMER. The effect of an AMPA antagonist (NBQX) on postischemic neuron loss and protein synthesis in the rat brain. Exp. Brain Res. 95: 70-76, 1993.
333. FRANKLIN, J. L., AND E. M. JOHNSON, JR. Control of neuronal size homeostasis by trophic factor-mediated coupling of protein degradation to protein synthesis. J. Cell Biol. 142: 1313-1324, 1998.
334. FRAZZINI, V. I., C. J. WINFREE, H. F. GHOUDRI, C. J. PRESTIGIACOMO, AND R. A. SOLOMON. Mild hypothermia and MK-801 have similar but not additive degrees of cerebroprotection in the rat permanent focal ischemia model. Neurosurgery 34: 1040-1045, 1994.
335. FREDERICKSON, C. J., M. D. HERNANDEZ, AND J. F. McGINTY. Translocation of zinc may contribute to seizure-induced death of neurons. Brain Res. 480: 317-321, 1989.
336. FREEMAN, B. A., AND J. D. CRAPO. Biology of disease: free radicals and tissue injury. Lab. Invest. 47: 412-426, 1982.
337. FRESTA, M., AND G. PUGLISI. Biological effects of CDP-choline loaded long circulating liposomes on rat cerebral post-ischemic reperfusion. Int. J. Pharm. 134: 89-97, 1996.
338. FRIED, E., P. AMORIM, G. CHAMBERS, J. E. COTTRELL, AND I. S. KASS. The importance of sodium for anoxic damage in rat hippocampal slices: mechanisms by which low lidocaine concentrations protect J. Physiol. (Lond.) 489: 557-565, 1995.
339. FRIEDMAN, D. L., AND R. ROBERTS. Compartmentation of brain-type creatine kinase and ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase in neurons: evidence for a creatine phosphate energy shuttle in adult rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 343: 500-511, 1994.
340. o. J. Neurosci. 13: 63-72, 1993.
341. FU, W. Y., AND A. C. H. YU. Changes in ATP content in cultured neurons and astrocytes under ischemia and post-ischemia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21: 212, 1995.
342. FUJIMURA, M., Y. MORITA-FUJIMURA, K. MURAKAMI, M. KAWASE, AND P. H. CHAN. Cytosolic redistribution of cytochrome c after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 1239-1247, 1998.
343. FUJITANI, T., N. ADACHI, H. MIYAZAKI, AND T. ARAI. Lidocaine protects hippocampal neurons against ischemic damage by preventing increase of extracellular excitatory amino acids: a microdialysis study. Neurosci. Lett. 179: 91-94, 1994.
344. FUKUDA, T., E. ADACHI, S. KAWASHIMA, I. YOSHIYA, AND P. H. HASHIMOTO. Immunohistochemical distribution of calcium-activated neutral proteinases and endogenous CANP inhibitor in the rabbit hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 302: 100-109, 1990.
345. FUKUNAGA, K., AND E. MIYAMOTO. Role of MAP kinase in neurons. Mol. Neurobiol. 16: 79-96, 1998.
346. FUKUOKA, S., H. YEH, T. I. MANDYBUR, AND J. M. TEW, JR. Effect of insulin on acute experimental cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Stroke 20: 396-399, 1989.
347. FUKUYAMA, N., S. TAKIZAWA, H. ISHIDA, K. HOSHIAI, Y. SHINOHARA, AND H. NAKAZAWA. Peroxynitrite formation in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats occurs predominantly in the peri-infarct region. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 123-129, 1998.
348. FURUTA, S., S. OHTA, T. HATAKEYAMA, K. NAKAMURA, AND S. SAKAKI. Recovery of protein synthesis in tolerance-induced hippocampal CA1 neurons after transient forebrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 86: 329-335, 1993.
349. GALBRAITH, G. M., C. HAGAN, R. B. STEED, J. J. SANDERS, AND T. JAVED. Cytokine production by oral and peripheral blood neutrophils in adult periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 68: 832-838, 1997.
350. GALLYAS, F., G. ZOLTAY, AND W. DAMES. Formation of "dark" argyrophilic neurons of various origin proceeds with a common mechanism of biophysical nature (a novel hypothesis). Acta Neuropathol. 83: 504-509, 1992.
351. GARCIA, J. H., K.-F. LIU, AND K.-L. HO. Neuronal necrosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in Wistar rats progresses at different time intervals in caudoputamen and the cortex. Stroke 26: 636-643, 1995.
352. GARCIA, J. H., K. F. LIU, AND J. K. RELTON. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases the number of necrotic neurons in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Am. J. Pathol. 147: 1477-1486, 1995.
353. GARCIA, J. H., K. F. LIU, Y. YOSHIDA, J. LIAN, S. CHEN, AND G. J. DEL ZEPPO. Influx of leukocytes and platelets in an evolving brain infarct (Wistar Rat). Am. J. Pathol. 144: 188-199, 1994.
354. GARCIA, J. H., S. WAGNER, K.-F. LIU, AND X.-J. HU. Neurological deficit and extent of neuronal necrosis attributable to middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats: statistical validation. Stroke 26: 627-635, 1995.
355. GARCIA, J. H., Y. YOSHIDA, H. CHEN, Y. LI, Z. G. ZHANG, AND M. CHOPP. Progression from ischemic injury to infarct following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Am. J. Pathol. 142: 623-635, 1993.
356. GARTHWAITE, G., G. D. WILLIAMS, AND J. GARTHWAITE. Glutamate toxicity: an experimental and theoretical analysis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4: 353-360, 1992.
357. GEDDES, J. W., C. SCWAB, S. CRADDOCK, J. WILSON, AND L. C. PETTIGREW. Alterations in the immunostaining in the rat hippocampus following transient cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 554-564, 1994.
358. GEVERS, W. Generation of protons by metabolic processes in heart cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 11: 867-874, 1977.
359. GIDO, G., T. KRISTIAN, AND B. K. SIESJO. Extracellular potassium in a neocortical core area after transient focal ischemia. Stroke 28: 206-210, 1997.
360. GILBOE, D. D., D. KINTNER, AND J. H. FITZPATRICK. Recovery of postischemic brain metabolism and function following treatment with a free radical scavenger and platelet-activating factor antagonists. J. Neurochem. 56: 311-319, 1991.
361. GILL, R., R. J. HARGREAVES, AND J. A. KEMP. The neuroprotective effect of the glycine site antagonst 3R-(-)-cis-4-methyl HA966(L-687,414) in a rat model of focal ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 197-204, 1995.
362. GILL, R., N. R. SIBSON, AND R. H. HATFIELD. A comparison of the early development of ischemic damage following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats as assessed using magnetic resonance imaging and technology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 1-11, 1995.
363. GILL, R., AND G. N. WOODRUFF. The neuroprotective actions of kynurenic acid and MK-801 in gerbils are synergistic and not related to hypothermia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 176: 143-149, 1990.
364. GILLARDON, F., C. LENZ, AND K. F. WASCHKE. Altered expression of Bcl-2 Bcl-x, Bax, and C-Fos colocalizes with DNA fragmentation and ischemic cell damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Mol. Brain Res. 40: 254-260, 1996.
365. GILLARDON, F., H. WICKERT, AND M. ZIMMERMANN. Up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2 is associated with kainate-induced apoptosis in mouse brain. Neurosci. Lett. 192: 85-88, 1995.
366. GINSBERG, M. D., AND R. BUSTO. Rodent models of cerebral ischemia. Stroke 20: 1627-1642, 1989.
367. GINSBERG, M. D., D. I. GRAHAM, AND R. BUSTO. Regional glucose utilization and blood flow following graded forebrain ischemia in the rat: correlation with neuropathology. Ann. Neurol. 18: 470-481, 1985.
368. GINSBERG, M. D., R. MEDOFF, AND M. REIVICH. Heterogeneities of cerebral blood flow during hypoxia-ischemia in the rat. Stroke 7: 132-134, 1980.
369. GINSBERG, M. D., AND W. A. PULSINELLI. The ischemic penumbra, injury thresholds and the therapeutic window for acute stroke. Ann. Neurol. 36: 553-554, 1994.
370. GIOCONDI, M. C., G. FRIEDLANDER, AND C. L. GRIMELLEC. ADH modulates plasma membrane lipid order of living MDCK cells via a cAMP-dependent process. Am. J. Physiol. 259 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 28): F95-F103, 1990.
371. GLAUMANN, H., J. L. E. ERICSSON, AND L. MARZELLA. Mechanisms of intralysosomal degradation with special reference to autophagocytosis and heterophagocytosis of cell organelles. Int. Rev. Cytol. 73: 149-182, 1981.
372. GLAZIER, S. S., D. M. O'ROURKE, D. I. GRAHAM, AND F. A. WELSH. Induction of ischemic tolerance following brief focal ischemia in rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood flow Metab. 14: 545-553, 1994.
373. GLOBUS, M. Y.-T., R. BUSTO, W. D. DIETRICH, E. MARTINEZ, I. VALDES, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Intra-ischemic extracellular release of dopamine and glutamate is associated with striatal vulnerability to ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 91: 36-40, 1988.
374. GLOBUS, M. Y.-T., P. WESTER, R. BUSTO, AND W. D. DIETRICH. Ischemia-induced extracellular release of serotonin plays a role in CA1 neuronal cell death in rats. Stroke 23: 1595-1601, 1992.
375. GO, K. G., G. H. M. PRENEN, AND J. KORF. Protective effect of fasting upon cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury. Metab. Brain Dis. 3: 257-263, 1988.
376. GOLDBERG, M. P., AND D. W. CHOI. Combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in cortical cell culture: calcium-dependent and calcium-independent mechanisms of neuronal injury. J. Neurosci. 13: 3510-3524, 1993.
377. 2+ solutions. J. Neurosci. 6: 3144-3151, 1986.
378. GOLDMAN, D. E. Potential, impedance and rectification in membranes. J. Gen. Physiol. 27: 37-48, 1944.
379. GOLL, D. E., V. F. THOMPSON, R. G. TAYLOR, AND T. ZALEWSKA. Is calpain activity regulated by membranes and autolysis or by calcium and calpastatin? Bioessays 14: 549-556, 1992.
380. GONZALEZ-GARCIA, M., I. GARCIA, AND L. DING. Bcl-x is expressed in embryonic and postnatal neural tissues and functions to prevent neuronal cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4304-4308, 1995.
381. GOOSSENS, V., J. GROOTEN, K. DE VOS, AND W. FIERS. Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediates and their involvement in cytotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8115-8119, 1995.
382. GOPLERUD, J. M., O. P. MISHRA, AND M. DELIVORIA-PAPADOPOULOS. Brain cell membrane dysfunction following acute asphyxia in newborn piglets. Biol. Neonate 61: 33-41, 1992.
383. GORDON, P. B., I. HOLEN, M. FOSSE, J. S. ROTNES, AND P. O. SEGLEN. Dependence of hepatocytic autophagy on intracellularly sequestered calcium. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 26107-26112, 1993.
384. 2+ influx in hippocampal CA1 neurons of gerbil. J. Neurosci. 17: 6179-6188, 1997.
385. GOSS, G. G., M. WOODSIDE, AND S. WAKABAYASHI. ATP dependence of NHE-1, the ubiquitous isoform of the Na/H antiporter. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 8741-8748, 1994.
386. GOTO, K., S. IIZUKA, M. ABURADA, AND K. KOGURE. Effects of cycloheximide on delayed neuronal death in rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 534: 299-302, 1990.
387. GOTTRON, F. J., H. S. YING, AND D. W. CHOI. Caspase inhibition selectively reduces the apoptotic component of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cortical neuronal cell death. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 9: 159-169, 1997.
388. GRAHAM, S. H., J. CHEN, J. LAN, M. J. LEACH, AND R. P. SIMON. Neuroprotective effects of a use-dependent blocker of voltage-dependent sodium channels, BW619C89, in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269: 854-859, 1994.
389. GRAHAM, S. H., K. SHIRASHI, S. S. PANTER, R. P. SIMON, AND A. I. FADEN. Changes in extracellular amino acid neurotransmitters produced by focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 110: 124-130, 1990.
390. 35S]methionine: relationship of methionine specific activity between plasma and precursor compartment and evaluation of methionine metabolic pathways. J. Neurochem. 59: 1437-1443, 1992.
391. GRATTON, J. A., A. SAUTER, AND M. RUDIN. Susceptibility to cerebral infarction in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat is inherited as a dominant trait. Stroke 29: 690-694, 1998.
392. GREENFIELD, J. G., AND A. MEYER. General pathology of the nerve cell and neuroglia. In: Greenfield's Neuropathology, edited by W. Blackwood, W. H. McMenemey, A. Meyer, R. M. Norman, and D. S. Russell. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1963, p. 1-70.
393. GREENLUND, L. J. S., T. L. DECKWORTH, AND E. M. JOHNSON, JR. Superoxide dismutase delays neuronal apoptosis: a role for reactive oxygen species in programmed neuronal death. Neuron 14: 303-315, 1995.
394. GRIGG, J. J., AND E. G. ANDERSON. Competitive and non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists modify hypoxia-induced membrane potential changes and protect rat hippocampal slices from functional failure: a quantitative comparison. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 253: 130-135, 1990.
395. GRILLI, M., M. PIZZI, M. MEMO, AND P. SPANO. Neuroprotection by aspirin and sodium salicylate through blockade of NF-κB activation. Science 274: 1383-1385, 1996.
396. GROGAARD, B., L. SCHURER, B. GERDIN, AND K. E. ARFORS. Delayed hypoperfusion after incomplete forebrain ischemia in the rat. Role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9: 500-505, 1989.
397. 2+ changes in hippocampal CA1 neurons during energy deprivation. Brain Res. 785: 58-65, 1998.
398. GUDZ, T. I., K. Y. TSERNG, AND C. L. HOPPEL. Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III by cell-permeable ceramide. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 24154-24158, 1997.
399. GUMINA, R. J., P. J. NEWMAN, D. KENNY, D. C. WARLTIER, AND G. J. GROSS. The leukocyte cell adhesion cascade and its role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res. Cardiol. 92: 201-213, 1997.
400. GUNTER, T. E., AND D. R. PFEIFFER. Mechanisms by which mitochondria transport calcium. Am. J. Physiol. 258 (Cell Physiol. 27): C755-C786, 1990.
401. GUSTAFSON, I., E. J. WESTERBERG, AND T. WIELOCH. Extracellular brain cortical levels of noradrenaline in ischemia: effects of desipramine and postischemic administration of idazoxan. Exp. Brain Res. 86: 555-561, 1991.
402. GUTTMANN, R. P., J. S. ELCE, P. D. BELL, J. C. ISBELL, AND G. V. W. JOHNSON. Oxidation inhibits substrate proteolysis by calpain 1 but not autolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 2005-2012, 1997.
403. GWAG, B. J., J. Y. KOH, AND M. M. CHEN. BDNF or IGF-1 potentiates free radical-mediated injury in cortical cell cultures. Neuroreport 7: 93-96, 1996.
404. GWAG, B. J., J. Y. KOH, H. S. DEMARO. J. A. ING, M. JACQUIN, AND D. W. CHOI. Slowly triggered excitotoxicity occurs by necrosis in cortical cultures. Neuroscience 77: 393-401, 1997.
405. GWAG, B. J., D. LOBNER, J. Y. KOH, M. B. WIE, AND D. W. CHOI. Blockade of glutamate receptors unmasks neuronal apoptosis after oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro. Neuroscience 68: 615-619, 1995.
406. HAAS, M. The Na-K-Cl cotransporters. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (Cell Physiol. 36): C869-C885, 1994.
407. HAGBERG, H., P. ANDERSSON, J. LACAREWICZ, I. JACOBSON, S. BUTCHER, AND M. SANDBERG. Extracellular adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine in relation to tissue nucleotides and purines in rat striatum during transient ischemia. J. Neurochem. 49: 227-231, 1987.
408. HAIRE, M. F., J. J. CLARK, M. E. JONES, K. B. HENDIL, L. M. SCHWARTZ, AND D. L. MYKLES. The multicatalytic proteinase (proteasome) of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta: catalytic properties and immunological comparison with the lobster enzyme complex. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 318: 15-24, 1995.
409. HAJOMOHAMMAADREZA, I., A. W. PROBERT, AND L. L. COUGENHOUR. A specific inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II provides neuroprotection against NMDA-and hypoxia/hypoglycemia-induced cell death. J. Neurosci. 15: 4093-4101, 1995.
410. HALESTRAP, A. P., P. M. KERR, S. JAVADOV, AND K. Y. WOODFIELD. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the permeability transition pore and its role in reperfusion injury of the heart. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1366: 79-94, 1998.
411. HALL, N. C., J. M. CARNEY, M. S. CHENG, AND D. A. BUTTERFIELD. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced changes in membrane proteins and lipids of gerbil cortical synaptosomes. Neuroscience 64: 81-89, 1995.
412. HALLENBECK, J. M. Cytokines, macrophages and leukocytes in brain ischemia. Neurology 49, Suppl. 4: S5-S9, 1997.
413. HALLIWELL, B., AND M. C. GUTTERIDGE. Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem. J. 219: 1-14, 1984.
414. HALLIWELL, R. F., J. A. PETERS, AND J. J. LAMBERT. The mechanism of action and pharmacological specificity of the anticonvulsant NMDA antagonist MK-801: a voltage clamp study on neuronal cells in culture. Br. J. Pharmacol. 96: 480-494, 1989.
415. HAM, J., C. BABIJ, AND J. WHITFIELD. A c-Jun dominant negative mutant protects sympathetic neurons against programmed cell death. Neuron 14: 927-939, 1995.
416. HAMANN, G. F., Y. OKADA, R. FITRIDGE, AND G. J. DEL ZOPPO. Microvascular basal lamina antigens disappear during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke 26: 2120-2126, 1995.
417. HANSEN, A. J. Effects of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain. Physiol. Rev. 65: 101-148, 1985.
418. HANSON, S. K., J. C. GROTTA, M. N. WAXHAM, J. ARONOWSKI, AND P. OSTROW. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity in focal ischemia with reperfusion in rats. Stroke 25: 466-473, 1994.
419. HANWEHR, R. VON, M.-L. SMITH, AND B. K. SIESJO. Extra-and intracellular pH during near-complete forebrain ischemia in the rat. J. Neurochem. 46: 331-339, 1986.
420. HARA, A., T. IWAI, AND M. NIWA. Immunohistochemical detection of BAX and BCl-2 proteins in gerbil hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia Brain Res. 711: 249-253, 1996.
421. HARA, H., K. FINK, AND M. ENDRES. Attenuation of transient focal ischemic injury in transgenic mice expressing a mutant ICE inhibitory protein. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 370-375, 1997.
422. HARA, H., R. M. FRIEDLANDER, AND V. GAGLIARDINI. Inhibition of interleukin 1β converting enzyme family proteases reduces ischemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 2007-2012, 1997.
423. HARA, H., P. L. HUANG, N. PANAHIAN, M. C. FISHMAN, AND M. A. MOSKOWITZ. Reduced brain edema and infarction volume in mice lacking the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase after transient McA occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 605-611, 1996.
424. HARA, H., H. KATO, AND K. KOGURE. Protective effect of α-tocopherol on ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. Brain Res. 510: 335-338, 1990.
425. HARA, H., H. ONODERA, M. YOSHIDOMI, Y. MATSUDA, AND K. KOGURE. Staurosporine, a novel protein kinase C inhibitor, prevents postischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil and rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 646-653, 1990.
426. HARADA, K., S. FUKUDA, M. KUNIMOTO, AND K.-I. YOSHIDA. Distribution of ankyrin isoforms and their proteolysis after ischemia and reperfusion in rat brain. J. Neurochem. 69: 371-376, 1997.
427. HARING, H. P., E. L. BERG, N. TSURUSHITA, T. TAGAYA, AND G. J. DELZOPPO. E-selectin appears in nonischemic tissue during experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 27: 1386-1391, 1996.
428. HARRIS, R. J., AND L. SYMON. Extracellular pH, potassium, and calcium activities in progressive ischaemia of rat cortex. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 4: 178-186, 1984.
429. HARRIS, R. J., L. SYMON, N. M. BRANSTON, AND M. BAYHAN. Changes in extracellular calcium activity in cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1: 203-209, 1981.
430. HARRIS, R. J., L. SYMON, T. WIELOCH, B. K. SIESJO, AND N. M. BRANSTON. Calcium fluxes in ischemia and hypoglycemia-relationship to energy failure. In: Cerebral Ischemia, edited by A. Bes, P. Braquet, R. Paoletti, and B. K. Siesjo. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984, p. 147-155.
431. HARTL, R., L. SCHURER, G. W. SCHMID-SCHOENBEIN, AND G. J. DEL ZOPPO. Experimental antileukocyte interventions in cerebral ischemia J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 1108-1119, 1996.
432. HASHIMOTO, K., H. KIKUUCHI, M. ISHIKAWA, AND S. KOBAYASHI. Changes in cerebral energy metabolism and calcium levels in relation to delayed neuronal death after ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 137: 165-168, 1992.
433. HASHIMOTO, N., T. MATSUMOTO, H. MABE, T. HASHITANI, AND H. NISHINO. Dopamine has inhibitory and accelerating effects on ischemia-induced neuronal cell damage in the rat striatum. Brain Res. Bull. 33: 281-288, 1993.
434. HATA, R., G. MIES, AND C. WIESSNER. A reproducible model of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice: hemodynamic, biochemical, and magnetic resonance imaging. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 367-375, 1998.
435. HAYWARD, N. J., P. J. ELLIOT, S. D. SAWYER, R. T. BRONSON, AND R. T. BARTUS. Lack of evidence for neutrophil participation during infarct formation following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 139: 188-202, 1996.
436. 2 during rabbit myocardial ischemia which is highly selective for plasmalogen substrate. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 5629-5633, 1991.
437. HEIMER, L., AND A. PETERS. An electron microcope study of a silver stain for degenrating boutons. Brain Res. 8: 337-346, 1968.
438. HEISS, W. D., R. GARF, K. WEINHARD, AND R. WAGNER. Dynamic penumbra demonstrated by sequential multitracer PET after McAO in cats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 892-902, 1994.
439. HELL, J. W., R. E. WESTENBROEK, L. J. BREEZE, K. K. WANG, C. CHAVKIN, AND W. A. CATTERALL. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-induced proteolytic conversion of postsynaptic class C L-type calcium channels in hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 3362-3367, 1996.
440. HENDRICK, J. P., AND F.-U. HARTL. Molecular chaperone functions of heat shock proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62: 349-384, 1993.
441. HENGARTNER, M. O. Death cycle and Swiss army knives. Nature 391: 441-442, 1998.
442. HENRICHNOACK, P., C. D. HATTON, AND K. G. REYMANN. The MGlu receptor ligand (S)4C3HPG protects neurons after global ischemia in gerbils. Neuroreport 9: 985-988, 1998.
443. HERON, A., H. POLLARD, AND F. DESSI. Regional variability in DNA fragmentation after global ischemia evidenced by combined histology and gel electrophoresis observed in the rat brain. J. Neurochem. 61: 1973-1976, 1993.
444. HEURTAUX, C., V. BERTAINA, C. WIDMANN, AND M. LAZDUNSKI. K channel openers prevent global ischemia-induced expression of c-fos, c-jun, heat shock protein, and amyloid β-protein precursor genes and neuronal death in rat hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 9431-9435, 1993.
445. + channels in cerebral ischemic preconditioning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 4666-4670, 1995.
446. HEXUM, T. D., AND R. FRIED. Effects of superoxide radicals on transport (Na-K) adenosine triphosphatase and protection by superoxide dismutase. Neurochem. Res. 4: 73-82, 1979.
447. HIESTAND, D. M., B. E. HALEY, AND M. S. KINDY. Role of calcium in inactivation of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II after cerebral ischemia J. Neurol. Sci. 113: 31-37, 1992.
448. HILL, I. E., E. PRESTON, R. MONETTE, AND J. P. MACMANUS. A comparison of cathepsin B processing and distribution during neuronal death in rats following global ischemia or decapitation ischemia Brain Res. 751: 206-216, 1997.
449. HILLERED, L., B. K. SIESJO, AND K.-E. ARFORS. Mitochondrial response to transient forebrain ischemia and recirculation in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 4: 438-446, 1984.
450. HILLRED, L., M.-L. SMITH, AND B. K. SIESJO. Lactic acidosis and recovery of mitochondrial function following forebrain ischemia in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 5: 259-266, 1985.
451. HIMI, T., Y. ISHIZAKI, AND S. MURATA. A caspase inhibitor blocks ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death in the gerbil. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10: 777-781, 1998.
452. HIRSCH, T., P. MARCHETTI, AND S. A. SUSIN. The apoptosis-necrosis paradox. Apoptogenic proteases activated after mitochondrial permeability transition determine the mode of cell death. Oncogene 15: 1573-1581, 1997.
453. HOCHACHKA, P. W., L. T. BUCK, C. J. DOLL, AND S. C. LAND. Unifying theory of hypoxia tolerance: molecular/metabolic defense and rescue mechanisms for surviving oxygen lack. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 9493-9498, 1996.
454. HOFFMAN, C. A., AND C. A. BOAST. Neuroprotection by MK-801 in temperature-maintained gerbils. Brain Res. Bull. 38: 405-409, 1995.
455. HONG, S.-C., G. LANZINO, AND Y. GOTO. Calcium-activated proteolysis in rat neocortex induced by transient focal ischemia Brain Res. 661: 43-50, 1994.
456. HONKANIEMI, J., AND F. R. SHARP. Global ischemia induces immediate-early genes encoding zinc finger transcription factors. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 557-565, 1996.
457. 2+ blockade of NMDA receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 173: 75-78, 1994.
458. HORTELANO, S., B. DALLAPORTA, AND N. ZAMZAMI. Nitric oxide induces apoptosis via triggering mitochondrial permeability transition. FEBS Lett. 410: 373-377, 1997.
459. HOSHI, M., K. OHTA, AND Y. GOTOH. Mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins, MAP-2 and MAP4, induces an alteration in their function. Eur. J. Biochem. 203: 43-52, 1992.
460. HOSSMANN, K.-A. Disturbances of cerebral protein synthesis and ischemic cell death. Prog. Brain Res. 96: 161-177, 1993.
461. HOSSMANN, K.-A. Collateral circulation of the brain. In: Collateral Circulation: Heart, Brain, Kidney, and Limbs, edited by W. Schaper and J. Schaper. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1993, p. 291-315.
462. HOSSMANN, K.-A. Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia. Ann. Neurol. 36: 557-565, 1994.
463. HOSSMANN, K.-A. Peri-infarct depolarizations. Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 8: 195-208, 1996.
464. HOWARD, E. F., Q. CHEN, C. CHENG, J. E. CARROLL, AND D. HESS. NF-κ-B is activated and ICAM-1 gene expression is upregulated during reoxygenation of human brain endothelial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 248: 199-203, 1998.
465. HSU, S. S.-F., J. R. MENO, R. GRONKA, M. KUSHMERICK, AND H. R. WINN. Moderate hyperglycemia affects ischemic brain ATP levels but not intracellular pH. Am. J. Physiol. 266 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 35): H258-H262, 1994.
466. HU, B. R., AND T. WIELOCH. Stress-induced inhibition of protein synthesis initiation: modulation of initiation factor 2 and guanine nucleotide exchange factor activities following transient cerebral ischemia in the rat J. Neurosci. 13: 1830-1838, 1993.
467. HU, B. R., AND T. WIELOCH. Casein kinase II activity in the post-ischemic rat brain increases in brain regions resistant to ischemia and decreases in vulnerable areas. J. Neurochem. 60: 1722-1728, 1993.
468. HU, B.-R., AND T. WIELOCH. Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the rat brain following transient cerebral ischemia. J. Neurochem. 62: 1357-1367, 1994.
469. HU, B.-R., AND T. WIELOCH. Persistent translocation of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II to synaptic junctions in the vulnerable hippocampal CA1 region following transient ischemia. J. Neurochem. 64: 277-284, 1995.
470. HU, B. R., Y. B. O. YANG, AND T. WIELOCH. Depression of neuronal protein synthesis initiation by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J. Neurochem. 61: 1789-1794, 1993.
471. HU, R.-J., AND V. BENNETT. In vitro proteolysis of brain spectrin by calpain I inhibits association of spectrin with ankyrin-independent membrane binding sites. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 18200-18205, 1991.
472. HUANG, R., P. G. AITKEN, AND G. G. SOMJEN. Hypertonic environment prevents depolarization and improves functional recovery from hypoxia in hippocampal slices. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 462-467, 1996.
473. HUANG, W. H., Y. WANG, AND A. ASKARI. (Na-K)-ATPase: inactivation and degradation induced by oxygen radicals. Int. J. Biochem. 24: 621-626, 1992.
474. HUANG, Z., P. L. HUANG, N. PANAHIAN, T. DALKARA, M. C. FISHMAN, AND M. A. MOSKOWITZ. Effects of cerebral ischemia in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science 265: 1883-1885, 1994.
475. HUNTER, D. R., R. A. HAWORTH, AND J. H. SOUTHARD. Relationship between configuration, function and permeability in calcium-treated mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 5069-5077, 1976.
476. HYRC, K., S. D. HANDRAN, S. M. ROTHMAN, AND M. P. GOLDBERG. Ionized intracellular calcium concentration predicts excitotoxic neuronal death: observations with low-affinity fluorescent calcium indicators. J. Neurosci. 17: 6669-6677, 1997.
477. IADECOLA, C. Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury. Trends Neurosci. 20: 132-139, 1997.
478. IADECOLA, C., X. XU, F. ZHANG, E. E. EL-FAKAHANY, AND M. E. ROSS. Marked induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity after focal ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 52-59, 1995.
479. IADECOLA, C., F. ZHANG, R. CASEY, H. B. CLARK, AND M. E. ROSS. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in vascular cells after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 27: 1373-1380, 1996.
480. IADECOLA, C., F. ZHANG, S. XU, R. CASEY, AND M. E. ROSS. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in brain following focal ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 378-384, 1995.
481. IADECOLA, C., F. ZHANG, AND X. XU. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorates cerebral ischemic damage. Am. J. PhysioL 268 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 37): R286-R292, 1995.
482. IADECOLA, C., F. Y. ZHANG, R. CASEY, M. NAGAMAYA, AND M. E. ROSE. Delayed reduction of ischemic brain injury and neurological deficits in mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene. J. Neurosci. 17: 9157-9164, 1997.
483. IIJIMA, T., G. MIES, AND K.-A. HOSSMAN. Repeated negative DC deflections in rat cortex following middle cerebral artery occlusion are abolished by MK-801: effect on volume of ischemic injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 727-733, 1992.
484. IIZUKA H., K. SAKATANI, AND W. YOUNG. Selective cortical neuronal damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 20: 1516-1523, 1989.
485. IKEDA, J., T. NAKAJIMA, O. C. OSBORNE, G. MIES, AND T. S. NOWACK, JR. Coexpression of c-fos and hsp70 mRNAs in gerbil brain after ischemia: induction threshold, distribution and time course evaluated by in situ hybridization. Mol. Brain Res. 26: 249-258, 1994.
486. IKEDA, M., T. NAKAZAWA, K. ABE, T. KANEKO, AND K. YAMATSU. Extracellular accumulation of glutamate in the hippocampus induced by ischemia is not calcium dependent: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Neurosci. Lett. 96: 202-206, 1989.
487. IKEDA, M., S. YOSHIDA, R. BUSTO, M. SANTISO, AND M. D. GINSBERG. Polyphosphoinositides as a probable source of brain free fatty acids accumulated at the onset of ischemia. J. Neurochem. 47: 123-132, 1986.
488. IKEDA, Y., AND D. M. LONG. The molecular basis of brain injury and brain edema: the role of oxygen free radicals. Neurosurgery 27: 1-11, 1990.
489. IKONOMIDOU, C., J. L. MOSINGER, K. S. SALLES, J. LABRUYERE, AND J. OLNEY. Sensitivity of the developing rat brain to hypobaric/ischemic damage parallels sensitivity to N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 9: 2809-2816, 1989.
490. IKONOMIDOU, C., M. T. PRICE, AND J. L. MOSINGER. Hypobaric-ischemic conditions produce glutamate-like cytopathology in infant rat brain. J. Neurosci. 9: 1693-1700, 1989.
491. ILLENBERGER, S., G. DREWES, B. TRINCZEK, E.-M. MANDELKOW, AND E. MANDELKOW. Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins MAP2 and MAP4 by the protein kinase p110(MARK). J. Biol. Chem. 271: 10834-10843, 1996.
492. IMAIZUMI, S., V. WOOLWORTH, R. A. FISHMAN, AND P. H. CHAN. Liposome-entrapped superoxide dismutase reduces cerebral infarction in cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 21: 1312-1317, 1990.
493. IMON, H., A. MITANI, Y. ANDOU, T. ARAI, AND K. KATAOKA. Delayed neuronal death is induced without postischemic hyperexcitability: continuous multiple-unit recording from ischemic CA1 neurons. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 819-823, 1991.
494. INAMURA, K., Y. OLSSON, AND B. K. SIESJO. Substantia nigra damage induced by ischemia in hyperglycemic rats. A light and electron microscope study. Acta Neuropathol. 75: 131-139, 1987.
495. INAMURA, K., M.-L. SMITH, Y. OLSSON, AND B. K. SIESJO. Pathogenesis of substantia nigra lesions following hyperglycemic ischemia: changes in energy metabolites, cerebral blood flow and morphology of pars reticulata in a rat model of ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8: 375-384, 1988.
496. INANAMI, O., Y. WATANABE, B. SYUTO, M. NAKANO, M. TSUJI, AND M. KUWABARA. Oral administration of β-catechin protects against ischemia-reperfusion-induced neuronal death in the gerbil. Free Radical Res. 29: 359-365, 1998.
497. INGLEFIELD, J. R., J. H. PERRY, AND R. D. SCHWARTZ. Postischemic inhibition of GABA reuptake by tiagabine slows neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus. Hippocampus 5: 460-468, 1995.
498. IVANOVA, S., G. BOTCHKINA, F. BATLIWALLA, Y. AL-ABED, P. GREGERSEN, AND K. J. TRACEY. Critical role of polyamine catabolism in the mediation of cerebral ischemic damage. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 24: 1505, 1998.
499. JAATELA, M., D. WISSING, K. KOKHOLM, T. KALLUNKI, AND M. EGEBLAD. HSP70 exerts its anti-apoptotic function downstream of caspase-3-like proteases. EMBO J. 17: 6124-6134, 1998.
500. JACEWICZ, M., S. BRINT, J. TANABE, AND W. A. PULSINELLI. Continuous nimodipine treatment attenuates cortical infarction in rats subjected to 24 hours of focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 89-96, 1990.
501. JACEWICZ, M., S. BRINT, J. TANABE, X. J. WANG, AND W. A. PULSINELLI. Nimodipine pretreatment improves cerebral blood flow and reduces brain edema in conscious rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 903-913, 1990.
502. JACOBSON, M. D. Reactive oxygen species and programmed cell death. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21: 83-86, 1996.
503. JACOBSON, M. D., J. F. BURNE, AND M. C. RAFF. Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in the absence of a nucleus. EMBO J. 13: 1899-1910, 1994.
504. JAESCHKE, H., AND C. W. SMITH. Mechanisms of neutrophil-induced parenchymal cell injury. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61: 654-666, 1997.
505. JAFFREY, S. R., AND S. H. SNYDER. Nitric oxide: a neural messenger. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11: 417-440, 1995.
506. JAFFREY, S. R., AND S. H. SNYDER. PIN: an associated protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Science 274: 774-777, 1996.
507. JAGUS, R., AND M. M. GRAY. Proteins that interact with PKR. Biochimie 76: 779-791, 1994.
508. JIANG, C., S. AGULIAN, AND G. G. HADDAD. Cl and Na homeostasis during anoxia in rat hypoglossal neurons: intracellular and extracellular in vitro studies. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 448: 697-708, 1992.
509. JOHANSEN, F. F., M. B. JORRGENSEN, AND N. H. DIEMER. Ischemic CA1 pyramidal cell loss is prevented by preischemic colchicine destruction of dentate gyrus granule cells. Brain Res. 377: 344-347, 1986.
510. JOHNSON, C. M., C. S. HILL, S. CHAWLA, R. TREISMAN, AND H. BADING. Calcium controls gene expression via three distict pathways that can function independently of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERKS) signalling cascade. J. Neurosci. 17: 6189-6202, 1997.
511. JORDAN, J., M. F. GALINDO, AND R. J. MILLER. Role of calpain and interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme-like proteases in the beta-amyloid-induced death of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. J. Neurochem. 68: 1612-1621, 1997.
512. JORGENSEN, M. B., B. R. FINSEN, M. B. JENSEN, B. CASTELLANO, N. H. DIEMER, AND J. ZIMMER. Microglial and astroglial reactions to ischemic and kainic acid-induced lesions of the adult rat hippocampus. Exp. Neurol. 120: 70-88, 1993.
513. JORNOT, L., AND A. F. JUNOD. Hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase-related defect in polypeptide chain initiation by endothelium. J. Appl. Physiol. 66: 450-457, 1989.
514. JURGENSMEIER, J. M., Z. H. XIE, Q. DEVERAUX, L. ELLERBY, D. BREDESEN, AND J. C. REED. BAX directly induces release of cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 4997-5002, 1998.
515. KAGSTROM, E., M.-L. SMITH, AND B. K. SIESJO. Recirculation in the rat brain following incomplete ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 3: 183-192, 1983.
516. KAKIHANA, M., N. FUKUDA, M. SUNO, AND A. NAGAOKA. Effects of CDP-choline on neurological deficits and cerebral glucose metabolism in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Stroke 19: 217-222, 1988.
517. KAKIUCHI, S., AND K. SOBUE. Control of the cytoskeleton by calmodulin and calmodulin-binding proteins. Trends Biochem. Sci. 59-62, 1983.
518. KAKU, D. A., R. G. GIFFARD, AND D. W. CHOI. Neuroprotective effects of glutamate antagonists and extracellular acidity. Science 260: 1516-1518, 1993.
519. KAKU, Y., Y. YONEKAWA, T. TSUKAHARA, N. OGATA, T. KIMURA, AND T. TANIGUCHI. Alterations of a 200 kD neurofilament in the rat hippocampus after forebrain ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 402-408, 1993.
520. KALIMO, H., J. H. GARCIA, Y. KAMIJYO, J. TANAKA, AND B. F. TRUMP. The ultrastructure of "Brain Death." Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. 25: 207-220, 1977.
521. KALIMO, H., Y. OLSSON, L. PALJARVI, AND B. SODERFELDT. Structural changes in brain tissue under hypoxic-ischemic conditions. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2, Suppl. 1: S19-S22, 1982.
522. KALIMO, H., S. REHNCRONA, B. SODERFELDT, Y. OLLSON, AND B. K. SIESJO. Brain lactic acidosis and ischemic cell damage. 2: Histopathology. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 1: 313-327, 1981.
523. KANE, D. J., T. ORD, R. ANTON, AND D. E. BREDESEN. Expression of Bcl-2 inhibits necrotic neural cell death. J. Neurosci. Res. 40: 269-275, 1995.
524. KANG, H. J., A. A. WELCHER, D. SHELTON, AND E. M. SCHUMAN. Neurotrophins and time-different roles for TRKB signaling in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Neuron 19: 653-664, 1997.
525. KAPLAN, B., S. BRINT, J. TANABE, M. JACEWICZ, X. J. WANG, AND W. PULSINELLI. Temporal thresholds for neocortical infarction in rats subjected to reversible focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 22: 1032-1039, 1991.
526. KARIBE, H., G. J. ZAROW, S. H. GRAHAM, AND P. R. WEINSTEIN. Mild intrahemispheric hypothermia reduces postischemic hyperperfusion, delayed postischemic hypoperfusion, blood-brain barrier disruption, brain edema and neuronal damage after temporary focal ischemia in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 620-627, 1994.
527. KASPHEKOV, L., S. MASUMOTO, H. FRIBERG, A. HALESTRAP, AND T. WIELOCH. Cyclosporin A and its analog MeValCsA mitigate glucose-oxygen deprivation (GOD) induced damage to hippocampal neurons and decrease ischemic infarct size. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 24: 1229, 1998.
528. KASS, I. S., A. E. ABRAMOWICZ, J. E. COTTRELL, P. AMORIM, AND G. CHAMBERS. Anoxia reduces depolarization induced calcium uptake in the rat hippocampal slice. Brain Res. 633: 262-266, 1994.
529. KASS, I. S., A. E. ABRAMOWICZ, J. E. COTTRELL, AND G. CHAMBERS. The barbiturate thiopental reduces ATP levels during anoxia but improves electrophysiological recovery and ionic homeostatsis in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuroscience 49: 537-543, 1992.
530. KASS, I. S., AND P. LIPTON. Mechanisms involved in irreversible anoxic damage to the in vitro rat hippocampal slice. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 332: 459-472, 1982.
531. KASS, I. S., AND P. LIPTON. Calcium and long-term transmission damage following anoxia in dentate gyms and CA1 regions of the hippocampal slice. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 378: 313-334, 1986.
532. KASS, I. S., AND P. LIPTON. Protection of hippocampal slices from young rats against anoxic transmission is due to better maintenance of ATP. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 413: 1-11, 1989.
533. KASTNER, R. S., B. G. OPHOFF, AND K.-A. HOSSMANN. Pattern of neuronal vulnerability in the cat hippocampus after one hour of global cerebral ischemia Acta Neuropathol. 79: 444-455, 1990.
534. KATAOKA, A., M. KUBOTA, AND Y. WAKAZONO. Association of high molecular weight DNA fragmentation with apoptotic or non-apoptotic cell death induced by Ca ionophore. FEBS Lett. 364: 264-267, 1995.
535. KATAYAMA, Y., T. KAWAMATA, T. TAMURA, D. A. HOVDA, D. P. BECKER, AND T. TSUBOKAWA. Calcium-dependent glutamate release concomitant with massive potassium flux during cerebral ischemia in vivo. Brain Res. 558: 136-140, 1991.
536. KATAYAMA, Y., T. TAMURA, D. P. BECKER, AND T. TSUBOKAWA. Early cellular swelling during cerebral ischemia in vivo is mediated by excitatory amino acids released from nerve terminals. Brain Res. 577: 121-126, 1992.
537. KATCHMAN, A. N., AND N. HERSHKOWITZ. Early anoxia-induced vesicular glutamate release results from mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores. J. Neurophysiol. 93: 1-7, 1993.
538. KATCHMAN, A. N., AND N. HERSHKOWITZ. Arachidonic acid participates in the anoxia-induced increase in mEPSC frequency in CA1 neurons of the rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 168: 217-220, 1994.
539. KATO, H., T. ARAKI, Y. ITOYAMA, AND K. KOGURE. Rolipram, a cyclic AMP-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, reduces neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 272: 107-110, 1995.
540. KATO, H., G. K. KANELLOPOULOS, AND S. MATSUO. Neuronal apoptosis and necrosis following spinal cord ischemia in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 148: 464-474, 1997.
541. KATO, H., K. KOGURE, X. H. LIU, T. ARAKI, AND Y. ITOYAMA. Progressive expression of immunomolecules on activated microglia and invading leukocytes following focal ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. 734: 203-212, 1996.
542. KATO, H., K. KOGURE, AND S. NAKANO. Neuronal damage following repeated brief ischemia in the gerbil. Brain Res. 479: 366-370, 1989.
543. KATO, H., K. KOGURE, N. NAKATA, T. ARAKI, AND Y. ITOYAMA. Facilitated recovery from postischemic suppression of protein synthesis in the gerbil brain with ischemic tolerance. Brain Res. Bull. 36: 205-208, 1995.
544. KATO, H., Y. LIU, T. ARAKI, AND K. KOGURE. Temporal profile of the effects of pretreatment with brief cerebral ischemia on the neuronal damage following secondary ischemic insult in the gerbil: cumulative damage and protective effects. Brain Res. 553: 238-242, 1991.
545. KATO, H., Y. LIU, T. ARAKI, AND K. KOGURE. MK-801, but not anisomycin, inhibits the induction of tolerance to ischemia in the gerbil hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 139: 118-121, 1992.
546. KATO, H., Y. LIU, K. KOGURE, AND K. KATO. Induction of 27-kDa heat shock protein following cerebral ischemia in a rat model of ischemic tolerance. Brain Res. 634: 235-244, 1994.
547. KATO, R., T. ARAKI, K. KOGURE, M. MURAKAMI, AND K. UEMURA. Sequential cerebral blood flow changes in short-term cerebral ischemia in gerbils. Stroke 21: 1346-1349, 1990.
548. KATSUKI, H., AND S. OKUDA. Arachidonic acid as a neurotoxic and neurotrophic substance. Prog. Neurobiol. 46: 607-636, 1995.
549. KATSURA, K., B. ASPLUND, A. EKHOLM, AND B. K. SIESJO. Extra-and intracellular pH in the brain during ischemia, related to tissue lactate content in normo-and hypercapnic rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4: 166-176, 1992.
550. KATSURA, K., A. EKHOLM, B. ASPLUND, AND B. K. SIESJO. Extracellular pH in the brain during ischemia: relationship to the severity of lactic acidosis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 597-599, 1991.
551. KATSURA, K., T. KRISTIAN, M.-L. SMITH, AND B. K. SIESJO. Acidosis induced by hypercapnia exaggerates ischemic brain damage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 243-250, 1994.
552. 2 and C activation during ischemia. J. Neurochem. 61: 1677-1684, 1993.
553. KATSURA, K.-I., T. KRISTIAN, AND B. K. SIESJO. Energy metabolism, ion homeostasis, and cell damage in the brain. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22: 991-996, 1994.
554. KAUFFMAN, S. At Home in the Universe. New York Oxford Univ. Press, 1995. p. 71-112.
555. KAWAGOE, J., K. ABE, S. SATO, I. NAGANO, S. NAKAMURA, AND K. KOGURE. Distributions of heat shock protein-70 mRNAs and heat shock cognate protein-70 mRNAs after transient global ischemia in gerbil brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 794-801, 1992.
556. KAWAGUCHI, K., M. HUERBIN, AND R. P. SIMON. Lesioning of deep prepyriform cortex protects against ischemic neuronal necrosis by attenuating extracellular glutamate concentrations. J. Neurochem. 69: 412-417, 1997.
557. KAWAGUCHI, K., AND R. P. SIMON. Deep prepiriform cortex modulates neuronal cell death in cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 366-360, 1997.
558. KAWAHARA, N., C. A. RUETZLER, S. WIEGAND, S. CROLI, G. MIES, AND I. KLATZO. Effects of spreading depression and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cardiac arrest cerebral ischemia. In: Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia, edited by J. Krieglestein and H. Oberpichler-Schwenk. Stuttgart, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesselschaft, 1994, p. 389-396.
559. KAWAI, K., L. NITECKA, F. JOO, N. SAITO, AND I. KLATZO. Global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest in the rat. I. Dynamics of early neuronal changes. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 238-249, 1992.
560. KEHRER, J. P. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Grit. Rev. Toxicol. 23: 21-48, 1993.
561. KELLER, J. N., M. S. KINDY, AND F. W. HOLTSBERG. Mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase prevents neural apoptosis and reduces ischemic brain injury: suppression of peroxynitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Neurosci. 18: 687-697, 1998.
562. KERR, J. F., AND B. V. HARMON. Definition and incidence of apoptosis: an historical perspective. In: Apoptosis: The Molecular Basis of Cell Death, edited by L. D. Tomei and F. O. Cope. Plainview, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1991, p. 5-29.
563. KERR, J. F. R., G. C. GOBE, C. M. WINTERFORD, AND B. V. HARMON. Anatomical methods in cell death. In: Methods in Cell Biology. V. Cell Death, edited by L. M. Schwartz and B. A. Osborne. New York: Academic, 1995, vol. 46, p. 1-27.
564. KERR, J. F. R., A. H. WYLLIE, AND A. R. CURRIE. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26: 239-257, 1972.
565. KIESSLING, M., AND P. GASS. Stimulus-transcription coupling in focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Pathol. 4: 77-83, 1994.
566. KIESSLING, M., G. STUMM, AND Y. XIE. Differential transcription and translation of immediate early genes in the gerbil hippocampus after transient global ischemia J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 914-924, 1993.
567. KIHARA, S., T. SHIRASHI, S. NAKAGAWA, K. TODA, AND K. TABUCHI. Visualization of DNA double-strand breaks in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 following transient ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 175: 133-136, 1994.
568. KIM, H., R. C. KOEHLER, P. D. HURN, E. D. HALL, AND R. J. TRAYSTMAN. Amelioration of impaired cerebral metabolism after severe acidotic ischemia of tirilizad posttreatment in dogs. Stroke 27: 114-121, 1996.
569. KIM, H. Y., D. K. VAUGHAN, AND S. GHOSH. Pathways of cerebral calcium accumulation in a model of focal ischemia in rats. Neurol. Res. 20: 169-177, 1998.
570. KINDY, M. S. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation prevents delayed neuronal death following cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 372-377, 1993.
571. KINOSHITA, M., H. TOMOMOTO, A. KINOSHITA, S. KUMAR, AND M. NODA. Upregulation of the Nedd2 gene encoding an ICE/Ced-3 like cysteine protease in the gerbil brain after transient global ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 507-514, 1997.
572. KINOUCHI, H., C. J. EPSTEIN, T. MIZUI, E. CARLSON, S. F. CHEN, AND P. H. CHAN. Attenuation of focal cerebral ischemic injury in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn superoxide dismutase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 11158-11162, 1991.
573. KINOUCHI, H., S. IMAIZUMI, T. YOSHIMOTO, AND M. MOTOMIYA. Phenytoin affects metabolism of free fatty acids and nucleotides in rat cerebral ischemia. Stroke 21: 1326-1332, 1990.
574. KINOUCHI, H., F. R. SHARP, P. H. CHAN, J. KOISTINAHO, S. SAGAR, AND T. YOSHIMOTO. Induction of c-fos, junB, c-jun and hsp70 mRNA in cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia and hippocampus following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 808-817, 1994.
575. KINOUCHI, H., F. R. SHARP, J. KOISTINAHO, K. HICKS, H. KAMII, AND P. H. CHAN. Induction of heat shock hsp70 mRNA and HSP70 kDa protein in neurons in the penumbra following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. 619: 334-338, 1993.
576. KINUTA, Y., H. KIKUCHI, M. ISHIKAWA, M. KIMURA, AND Y. ITOKAWA. Lipid peroxidation in focal cerebral ischemia. J. Neurosurg. 71: 421-429, 1989.
577. KINUTA, Y., M. KIMURA, Y. ITOKAWA, M. ISHIKAWA, AND H. KIKUCHI. Changes in xanthine oxidase in ischemic brain. J. Neurosurg. 71: 417-420, 1989.
578. KIRIN, T., AND K. SANO. Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 62: 201-208, 1984.
579. KIRINO, T. Delayed neuronal death in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemia. Brain Res. 239: 57-69, 1982.
580. KIRINO, T., AND K. SANO. Fine structural nature of delayed neuronal death following ischemia in the gerbil hippocampus. Acta Neuropathol. 62: 209-218, 1984.
581. KIRINO, T., A. TAMURA, AND K. SANO. Delayed neuronal death in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. Acta Neuropathol. 64: 139-147, 1984.
582. KIRINO, T., A. TAMURA, AND K. SANO. Selective vulnerability of the hippocampus to ischemia-reversible and irreversible types of ischemic cell damage. Prog. Brain Res. 63: 39-58, 1985.
583. KIRINO, T., Y. TSUJITA, AND A. TAMURA. Induced tolerance to ischemia in gerbil hippocampal neurons. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 299-307, 1991.
584. KIRSCH, J. R., A. BHARDWAJ, L. J. MARTIN, D. F. HANLEY, AND R J. TRAYSTMAN. Neither L-arginine nor L-NAME affects neurological outcome after global ischemia in cats. Stroke 28: 2259-2265, 1997.
585. KITAGAWA, K., M. MATSUMOTO, M. TAGAYA, R. HATA, H. UEDA, AND T. KAMATA. Ischemic tolerance phenomenon found in the brain. Brain Res. 528: 21-24, 1990.
586. KITAGAWA, K., M. MATSUMOTO, M. TAGAYA, K. KUWABARA, R. HATA, AND N. HANDA. Hyperthermia-induced neuronal protection against ischemic injury in gerbils. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 449-452, 1991.
587. KITAGAWA, K., M. MATSUMOTO, AND G. M. YANG. Cerebral ischemia after bilateral carotid artery occlusion and intraluminal suture in mice: evaluation of the patence of posterior communicating artery. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 570-579, 1998.
588. KLAPSTEIN, G. I., M. MEYER, AND I. MODY. Calbindin-D28k (CB) knockout mice show decreased ischemic cell death in vivo: evidence against a neuroprotective role of CB. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 24: 1450, 1998.
589. KLEINMAN, R., G. BANKER, AND O. STEWARD. Differential subcellular localization of particular mRNAs in hippocampal neurons in culture. Neuron 5: 821-830, 1990.
590. KLUCK, R. M., E. BOSSY-WETZEL, D. R. GREEN, AND D. D. NEWMEYER. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: a primary site for BCl-2 regulation of apoptosis. Science 275: 1132-1136, 1997.
591. KOCHANEK, P. M., AND J. M. HALLENBECK. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke. Stroke 23: 1367-1379, 1992.
592. KOGURE, K., AND H. KATO. Altered gene expression in cerebral ischemia. Stroke 24: 2121-2127, 1993.
593. KOH, J.-Y., B. J. GWAG, D. LOBNER, AND D. W. CHOI. Potentiated necrosis of cultured neurons by neurotrophins. Science 268: 573-575, 1995.
594. KOH, J.-Y., S. W. SUH, B. J. GWAG, Y. Y. HE, C. Y. HSU, AND D. W. CHOI. The role of zinc in selective neuronal death after transient global cerebral ischemia Science 272: 1013-1016, 1996.
595. KOHNO, K., T. HIGUCHI, S. OHTA, Y. KUMON, AND S. SAKAKI. Neuroprotective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor reduces intracellular calcium accumulation following transient global ischemia in the gerbil. Neurosci. Lett. 224: 17-20, 1997.
596. KOISTINAHO, J., AND T. HOKFELT. Altered gene expression in brain ischemia Neuroreport 8: i-viii, 1997.
597. KOIZUMI, J., Y. YOSHIDA, T. NAKAZAWA, AND G. OONEDA. Experimental studies of ischemic brain edema I. A new experimental model of cerebral embolism in rats in which recirculation can be introduced in the ischemic area. Jpn. J. Stroke 8: 1-8, 1986.
598. KOKOIA, Z., H. NAWA, AND H. UCHINO. Regional brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein levels following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Mol. Brain Res. 38: 139-144, 1996.
599. 2+/calmodulin kinase II translocates in a hippocampal slice model of ischemia. J. Neurochem. 64: 2147-2152, 1995.
600. KONDO, T., A. G. REAUME, AND T. T. HUANG. Reduction of CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity exacerbates neuronal cell injury and edema formation after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J. Neurosci. 17: 4180-4189, 1997.
601. KONTOS, H. A. Oxygen radicals in cerebral vascular responses. In: Physiology of Oxygen Radicals, edited by A. E. Taylor, S. Matalan, and P. A. Ward. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1986, p. 207-216.
602. KORETZ, B., K. VON B. AHERN, N. WANG, H. S. LUSTIG, AND D. A. GREENBERG. Pre-and post-synaptic modulators of excitatory neurotransmission: comparative effects on hypoxia/hypoglycemia in cortical cultures. Brain Res. 643: 334-337, 1994.
603. KORF, J., H. C. KLEIN, K. VENEMA, AND F. POSTEMA. Increases in striatal and hippocampal impedance and extracellular levels of amino acids by cardiac arrest in freely moving rats. J. Neurochem. 50: 1087-1096, 1988.
604. KOTHAKOTA, S., T. AZUMA, AND C. REINHARD. Caspase-3-generated fragment of gelsolin-effector of morphological change in apoptosis. Science 278: 294-298, 1997.
605. KOZUKA, M., M.-L. SMITH, AND B. K. SIESJO. Preischemic hyperglycemia enhances postischemic depression of cerebral metabolic rate. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9: 478-490, 1989.
606. KRAIG, R. P., AND M. CHESLER. Astrocytic acidosis in hyperglycemic and complete ischemia J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 104-114, 1990.
607. KRAIG, R. P., C. K. PETITO, F. PLUM, AND W. A. PULSINELLI. Hydrogen ions kill brain at concentrations reached in ischemia J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 7: 379-386, 1987.
608. KRAIG, R. P., W. A. PULSINELLI, AND F. PLUM. Heterogeneous distribution of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions during complete brain ischemia Prog. Brain Res. 63: 155-165, 1985.
609. KRAIG, R. P., W. A. PULSINELLI, AND F. PLUM. Carbonic acid buffer changes during complete brain ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 250 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 19): R348-R357, 1986.
610. KRAL, T., H. J. LUHMANN, T. MITTMANN, AND U. HEINEMANN. Role of NMDA receptors and voltage-activated calcium channels in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 612: 278-288, 1993.
611. KRISTIAN, T., G. GIDO, S. KURODA, A. SCHUTZ, AND B. K. SIESJO. Calcium metabolism in focal and penumbral tissues in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Exp. Brain Res. 120: 503-509, 1998.
612. KRISTIAN, T., K.-I. KATSURA, G. GIDO, AND B. K. SIESJO. The influence of pH on cellular calcium influx during ischemia Brain Res. 641: 295-302, 1994.
613. KRISTIAN, T., AND B. K. SIESJO. Calcium-related damage in ischemia Life Sci. 59: 357-367, 1996.
614. KRISTIAN, T., AND B. K. SIESJO. Calcium in ischemic cell death. Stroke 29: 705-718, 1998.
615. KRNJEVIC, K., E. CHERUBINI, AND Y. BEN-ARI. Anoxia on slow inward currents of immature hippocampal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 62: 896-906, 1987.
616. KROEMER, G., B. DALLAPORTA, AND M. RESCHERIGAN. The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: 619-642, 1998.
617. KROHN, A. J., E. PREIS, AND J. H. M. PREHN. Staurosporine-induced apoptosis of cultured rat hippocampal neurons involves caspase-1-like proteases as upstream initiators and increased production of superoxide as a main downstream activator. J. Neurosci. 18: 8186-8197, 1998.
618. KUBOTA, M., K. NARITA, AND T. NAKAGOMI. Sphingomyelin changes in rat cerebral cortex during focal ischemia. Neurol. Res. 18: 337-341, 1996.
619. KUEHL, F. A., AND R. W. EGAN. Prostaglandins, arachidonic acid and inflammation. Science 210: 978-984, 1980.
620. KUMAGAE, Y., AND Y. MATSUI. Output, tissue levels, and synthesis of acetylcholine during and after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. J. Neurochem. 56: 1169-1173, 1991.
621. KUMURA, E., T. YOSHIMINE, S. TANAKA, AND H. KOSAKA. Generation of nitric oxide and superoxide during reperfusion after focal ischemia in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Cell Physiol. 39): C748-C752, 1996.
622. KURKEJA, R. C., H. A. KONTOS, M. L. HESS, AN E. F. ELLIS. PGH synthase and lipoxygenase generate superoxide in the presence of NADH or NADPH. Circ. Res. 59: 612-619, 1989.
623. KURODA, S., K. KATSURA, L. HILLERED, T. E. BATES, AND B. K. SIESJO. Delayed treatment with alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) attenuates secondary mitochondrial dysfunction after transient focal ischemia in the rat. Neurobiol. Dis. 3: 149-157, 1996.
624. KURODA, S., K.-I. KATSURA, R. TSUCHIDATE, AND B. K. SIESJO. Secondary bioenergetic failure after transient focal ischemia is due to mitochondrial injury. Acta Physiol. Scand. 156: 149-150, 1996.
625. KURODA, S., A. NAKAI, T. KRISTIAN, AND B. K. SIESJO. The calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine in transient focal brain ischemia in rats: anti-ischemic effect and therapeutic window. Stroke 28: 2539-2544, 1997.
626. KURODA, S., AND B. K. SIESJO. Postischemic administration of FK506 reduces infarct volume following transient focal brain ischemia. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 19: 83-90, 1996.
627. KUROIWA, T., P. BONNEKOH, AND K.-A. HOSSMANN. Prevention of postischemic hyperthermia prevents ischemic injury of CA1 neurons in gerbils. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 10: 550-556, 1990.
628. KUWAHARA, O., Y. MITSUMOTO, K. CHIBA, AND T. MOHRI. Characterization of D-aspartic acid uptake by rat hippocampal slices and effect of ischemic conditions. J. Neurochem. 59: 616-621, 1992.
629. LAFON-CAZAL, M., M. CULCASI, F. GAVEN, S. PIETRI, AND J. BOCKAERT. Nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite: putative mediators of NMDA-induced cell death in cerebellar granule cells. Neuropharmacology 32: 1259-1266, 1993.
630. LAFON-CAZAL, M., S. PIETRI, M. CULCASI, AND J. BOCKAERT. NMDA-dependent superoxide production and neurotoxicity. Nature 364: 535-537, 1993.
631. LAMANNA, J. C., R. C. CRUMRINE, AND D. L. JACKSON. No correlation between cerebral blood flow and neurologic recovery after reversible total cerebral ischemia in the dog. Exp. Neurol. 101: 234-247, 1988.
632. LAMANNA, J. C., J. K. GRIFFITH, AND B. R. CORDISCO. Rapid recovery of rat brain intracellular pH after cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Brain Res. 687: 175-181, 1995.
633. LAMANNA, J. C., J. K. GRIFFITH, B. R. CORDISCO, C.-W. LIN, AND W. D. LUST. Intracellular pH in rat brain in vivo and in brain slices. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 70, Suppl.: S269-S277, 1992.
634. LAURITZEN, M., AND A. J. HANSEN. The effect of glutamate receptor blockade on anoxic depolarization and cortical spreading depression. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12: 223-229, 1992.
635. LAVINE, S. D., F. M. HOFMAN, AND B. V. ZLOKOVIC. Circulating antibody against tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects brain from reperfusion injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 52-58, 1998.
636. LAWRENCE, B. P., AND W. J. BROWN. Autophagic vacuoles rapidly fuse with pre-existing lysosomes in cultured hepatocytes. J. Cell Sci. 102: 515-526, 1992.
637. LAWRENCE, M. S., AND R. M. SAPOLSKY. Glucocorticoids accelerate ATP loss following metabolic insults in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 646: 303-306, 1994.
638. LEE, C., S. S. WU, AND L. B. CHEN. Photosensitization by 3,3′ dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide: specific disruption of microtubules and inactivation of organelle motility. Can. Res. 55: 2063-2069, 1995.
639. LEE, F. S., R. T. PETERS, L. C. DANG, AND T. MANIATIS. MEKK1 activates both I-kappa-B-kinase alpha and I-kappa-B-kinase-beta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 9319-9324, 1998.
640. LEE, K., S. FRANK, P. VANDERKLISH, A. ARAI, AND G. LYNCH. Inhibition of proteolysis protects hippocampal neurons from ischemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 7233-7237, 1991.
641. LEHRMANN, E., T. CHRISTENSEN, J. ZIMMER, N. H. DIEMER, AND B. FINSEN. Microglial and macrophage reactions mark progressive changes and define the penumbra in the rat neocortex and striatum after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Comp. Neurol. 386: 461-476, 1997.
642. LEMAY, D. R., A. C. LU, G. R. ZELENOCK, AND L. G. D'ALECY. Insulin administration protects from paraplegia in the rat aortic occlusion model. J. Surg. Res. 44: 352-358, 1988.
643. LEVINE, S. Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rats. Am. J. Pathol. 36: 1-17, 1960.
644. LEVY, D. E., AND T. E. DUFFY. Cerebral energy metabolism during transient ischemia and recovery in the gerbil. J. Neurochem. 28: 63-70, 1977.
645. LEVY, D. E., R. L. VAN UITERT, AND C. L. PIKE. Delayed postischemic hypoperfusion: a potentially damaging consequence of stroke. Neurology 29: 1245-1252, 1979.
646. LI, H., AND A. M. BUCHAN. Treatment with an AMPA antagonist 12 hours following severe normothermic forebrain ischemia prevents CA1 neuronal injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13: 933-939, 1993.
647. LI, P.-A., L. GISSELSSON, AND J. KEUKER. Hyperglycemia-exaggerated ischemic brain damage following 30′ of middle cerebral artery occlusion is not due to capillary obstruction. Brain Res. 804: 36-44, 1998.
648. LI, P. A., T. KRISTIAN, M. SHAMLOO, AND B. K. SIESJO. Effects of preischemic hyperglycemia on brain damage incurred by rats subjected to 2.5 or 5 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Stroke 27: 1592-1601, 1996.
649. LI, P. A., M. SHAMLOO, K. KATSURA, M.-L. SMITH, AND B. K. SIESJO. Critical values for plasma glucose in aggravating ischemic brain damage: correlation to extracellular pH. Neurobiol. Dis. 2: 97-108, 1995.
650. LI, P. A., M. SHAMLOO, M.-L. SMITH, K. KATSURA, AND B. K. SIESJO. The influence of plasma glucose concentrations on ischemic brain damage is a threshold function. Neurosci. Lett. 177: 63-65, 1994.
651. LI, Y., M. CHOPP, N. JIANG, F. YAO, AND C. ZALOGA. Temporal profile of in situ DNA fragmentation after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15: 389-397, 1995.
652. LI, Y., M. CHOPP, N. JIANG, Z. G. ZHANG, AND C. ZALOGA. Induction of DNA fragmentation after 10 to 120 minutes of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 26: 1252-1258, 1995.
653. LI, Y., M. CHOPP, Z. G. ZHANG, C. ZALOGA, L. NIEWENHUIS, AND S. GUATAM. p53-immunoreactive protein and p53 mRNA expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke 25: 849-856, 1994.
654. LI, Y., M. CHOPP, Z. G. ZHANG, R. L. ZHANG, AND J. H. GARCIA. Neuronal survival is associated with 72-kDa heat shock protein expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J. Neural. Sci. 120: 187-194, 1993.