Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in leafy greens eaten raw as salads)

EFSA Journal

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2014, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

Escherichia coli; leafy greens eaten raw as salads; microbiological criteria; mitigation options; Norovirus; risk factors; Salmonella

Indexed keywords

EID: 85078383488     PISSN: None     EISSN: 18314732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3600     Document Type: Article

References (337)

1. Abadias M, Alegre I, Oliveira M, Altisent R and Viñas I, 2012. Growth potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut fruits (melon and pineapple) and vegetables (carrot and escarole) stored under different conditions. Food Control, 27, 37–44.
2. Abadias M, Usall J, Anguera M, Solson C and Vinas I, 2008. Microbiological quality of fresh, minimally-processed fruit and vegetables, and sprouts from retail establishments. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 123, 121–129.
3. Abu-Ashour J and Lee H, 2000. Transport of bacteria on sloping soil surfaces by runoff. Environmental Toxicology, 15, 149–153.
4. AFDO (Association of Food and Drug Officials), 2004. Guidance for processing fresh cut produce in retail operations. Available online: edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FS/FS11300.pdf.
5. Ahmed W, Vieritz A, Goonetilleke A and Gardner T, 2010. Health risk from the use of roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia, as potable or nonpotable water, determined using quantitative microbial risk assessment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 7382–7391.
6. Ailes EC, Leon JS, Jaykus L-A, Johnston LM, Clayton HA, Blanding S, Kleinbaum DG, Backer LC and Moe CL, 2008. Microbial concentrations on fresh produce are affected by postharvest processing, importation, and season. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 2389–2397.
7. Allende A, Aguayo E and Artes F, 2004. Microbial and sensory quality of commercial fresh processed red lettuce throughout the production chain and shelf life. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 91, 109–117.
8. Allende A, Selma MV, Lopez-Galvez F, Villaescusa R and Gil MI, 2008. Impact of wash water quality on sensory and microbial quality, including Escherichia coli cross-contamination, of fresh-cut escarole. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 2514–2518.
9. Allende A, Tomás-Barberán, F. A. and Gil, M. I., 2006. Minimal processing for healthy traditional foods. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 17, 513–519.
10. Althaus D, Hofer E, Corti S, Julmi A and Stephan R, 2012. Bacteriological survey of ready-to-eat lettuce, fresh-cut fruit, and sprouts collected from the Swiss market. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 1338–1341.
11. Amar CF, East CL, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Maclure EA and McLauchlin J, 2007. Detection by PCR of eight groups of enteric pathogens in 4,627 faecal samples: re-examination of the English case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (1993-1996). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 26, 311–323.
12. Anderson GL, Kenney SJ, Millner PD, Beuchat LR and Williams PL, 2006. Shedding of foodborne pathogens by Caenorhabditis elegans in compost-amended and unamended soil. Food Microbiol, 23, 146–153.
13. Andrews JH and Kenerley CM, 1978. The effects of a pesticide program on non-target epiphytic microbial populations of apple leaves. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 24, 1058–1072.
14. Anonymous, 2001. Field-cored lettuce-best practices. Available online: www.unitedfresh.org/assets/files/GR/Field_Cored_Lettuce_Best_Practices.pdf, accessed April 12, 2010.
15. Arroyo G, Sanz PD and Prestamo G, 1997. Effect of high pressure on the reduction of microbial populations in vegetables. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 82, 735–742.
16. Artés F and Allende A, 2005. Processing lines and alternative preservation techniques to prolong the shelf-life of minimally fresh processed leafy vegetables. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 70, 231–245.
17. Arthur L, Jones S, Fabri M and Odumeruz J, 2007. Microbial survey of selected Ontario-Grown fresh fruits and vegetables. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 2864–2867.
18. Arthurson V, Sessitsch A and Jaderlund L, 2011. Persistence and spread of Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden in soil and on spinach plants. Fems Microbiology Letters, 314, 67–74.
19. ASHRAE 1998. Methods of precooling fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers. In: Refrigeration Handbook, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
20. Atmar RL, Opekun AR, Gilger MA, Estes MK, Crawford SE, Neill FH and Graham DY, 2008. Norwalk virus shedding after experimental human infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14, 1553–1557.
21. Baert L, de Gusseme B, Boon N, Verstraete W, Debevere J and Uyttendaele M, 2010. Inactivation of Murine Norovirus 1 and Bacteroides fragilis Phage B40-8 by mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of pig slurry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 2013–2017.
22. Baert L, Mattison K, Loisy-Hamon F, Harlow J, Martyres A, Lebeau B, Stals A, Van Coillie E, Herman L and Uyttendaele M, 2011. Review: norovirus prevalence in Belgian, Canadian and French fresh produce: a threat to human health? International Journal of Food Microbiology, 151, 261–269.
23. Baert L, Uyttendaele M, Stals A, Van Coillie E, Dierick K, Debevere J and Botteldoorn N, 2009a. Reported foodborne outbreaks due to noroviruses in Belgium: the link between food and patient investigations in an international context. Epidemiology and Infection, 137, 316–325.
24. Baert L, Uyttendaele M, Vermeersch M, Van Coillie E and Debevere J, 2008. Survival and transfer of murine norovirus 1, a surrogate for human noroviruses, during the production process of deep-frozen onions and spinach. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 1590–1597.
25. Baert L, Vandekinderen I, Devlieghere F, Van Coillie E, Debevere J and Uyttendaele M, 2009b. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on shredded iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 1047–1054.
26. Baertsch C, Paez-Rubio T, Viau E and Peccia J, 2007. Source tracking aerosols released from land-applied class B biosolids during high-wind events. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 73, 4522–4531.
27. Barak JD, Gorski L, Naraghi-Arani P and Charkowski AO, 2005. Salmonella enterica virulence genes are required for bacterial attachment to plant tissue. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 5685–5691.
28. Barak JD, Jahn CE, Gibson DL and Charkowski AO, 2007. The role of cellulose and O-antigen capsule in the colonization of plants by Salmonella enterica. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 20, 1083–1091.
29. Barak JD, Liang A and Narm KE, 2008. Differential attachment to and subsequent contamination of agricultural crops by Salmonella enterica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 5568–5570.
30. Bartz JA and Showalter RK, 1981. Infiltration of tomatoes by acqueous bacterial suspensions. Phytopathology, 71, 515–518.
31. Benskin CMH, Wilson K, Jones K and Hartley IR, 2009. Bacterial pathogens in wild birds: a review of the frequency and effects of infection. Biological Reviews, 84, 349–373.
32. Berger CN, Shaw RK, Brown DJ, Mather H, Clare S, Dougan G, Pallen MJ and Frankel G, 2009. Interaction of Salmonella enterica with basil and other salad leaves. ISME Journal, 3, 261–265.
33. Bernstein N, Sela S and Neder-Lavon S, 2007a. Effect of irrigation regimes on persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in small experimental pots designed for plant cultivation. Irrigation Science, 26, 1–8.
34. Bernstein N, Sela S and Neder-Lavoni S, 2007b. Assessment of contamination potential of lettuce by Salmonella enterica serovar Newport added to the plant growing medium. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1717–1722.
35. Beuchat LR, 2006. Vectors and conditions for preharvest contamination of fruits and vegetables with pathogens capable of causing enteric diseases. British Food Journal, 108, 38–53.
36. Bidawid S, Farber JM and Sattar SA, 2000. Contamination of food by food handlers: experiments on hepatitis A virus transfer to food and its interruption. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66, 2759–2763.
37. Bohaychuk VM, Bradbury RW, Dimock R, Fehr M, Gensler GE, King RK, Rieve R and Romero Barrios P, 2009. A microbiological survey of selected Alberta-grown fresh produce from farmers' markets in Alberta, Canada. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 415–420.
38. Borchardt MA, Spencer SK, Kieke BA, Lambertini E and Loge FJ, 2012. Viruses in nondisinfected drinking water from municipal wells and community incidence of acute gastrointestinal illness. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 1272–1279.
39. Brandl MT, 2006. Fitness of human enteric pathogens on plants and implications for food safety. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44, 367–392.
40. Brandl MT and Amundson R, 2008. Leaf age as a risk factor in contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 2298–2306.
41. Bryan FL, 1977. Diseases transmitted by foods contaminated by wastewater Journal of Food Protection, 40, 45–56.
42. Buchholz AL, Davidson GR, Marks BP, Todd ECD and Ryser ET, 2012. Quantitative transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to equipment during small-scale production of fresh-cut leafy greens. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 1184–1197.
43. Busta FF, Suslow TV, Parish ME, Beuchat LR, Farber JN, Garrett EH and Harris LJ, 2003. The use of indicators and surrogate microorganisms for the evaluation of pathogens in fresh and fresh-cut produce. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2, 179–185.
44. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 1969. General principles of food hygiene. CAC/RCP 1-1969. Adopted 1969. Revision 2003. 31 pp
45. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 2003. Code of hygenic practice for fresh fruits and vegetables. CAC/RCP 53-2003. Adopted 2003. Revision 2010 (new Annex III on Fresh Leafy Vegetables). 28 pp.
46. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 2012. Guidelines on the application of general principles of food hygiene to the control of viruses in food. CAC/GL 79-2012. 13 pp.
47. Caldwell KN, Adler BB, Anderson GL, Williams PL and Beuchat LR, 2003. Ingestion of Salmonella enterica serotype Poona by a free-living mematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and protection against inactivation by produce sanitizers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4103–4110.
48. Camp CR, Sadler EJ, Busscher WJ, Sojka RE and Karlen DL, 2001 Experiences with microirrigation for agronomic crops in the southeastern USA. eprints.nwisrl.ars.usda.gov/1075/1/884.pdf
49. Carlson JC, Franklin AB, Hyatt DR, Pettit SE and Linz GM, 2011. The role of starlings in the spread of Salmonella within concentrated animal feeding operations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 479–486.
50. Caro T, 2005. Antipredator defenses in birds and mammals. The University of Chicago Press, Ltd. 117 pp.
51. Carr RM, Blumenthal, U. J. and Mara, D. D., 2004. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture: revisiting WHO guidelines. Water Science and Technology, 150, 31–38.
52. Caslake LF, Connolly DJ, Menon V, Duncanson CM, Rojas R and Tavakoli J, 2004. Disinfection of contaminated water by using solar irradiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 1145–1150.
53. Casteel MJ, Sobsey MD and Mueller JP, 2006. Fecal contamination of agricultural soils before and after hurricane-associated flooding in North Carolina. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, 41, 173–184.
54. Castillo A, Mercado I, Lucia LM, Martinez-Ruiz Y, Ponce de Leon J, Murano EA and Acuff GR, 2004. Salmonella contamination during production of cantaloupe: a binational study. J Food Prot, 67, 713–720.
55. Castro-Ibañez I, Gil MI and Allende A 2013. Impact of extreme climatic events on microbial safety of leafy greens: flooding. 2013 IAFP Annual Meeting, Charlotte, North Carolina.
56. CCFRA (Camden and Chorleywood Food Research Association), 2002. Washing and decontamination of fresh produce forum. Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association Group, Chippin Campden, Gloucestershire, UK, 100 pp.
57. Ceustermans A, de Clercq D, Aertsen A, Michiels C, Coosemans J and Ryckeboer J, 2007. Inactivation of Salmonella Senftenberg strain W 775 during composting of biowastes and garden wastes. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 53–64.
58. Cevallos-Cevallos JM, Danyluk MD, Gu GY, Vallad GE and van Bruggen AHC, 2012. Dispersal of Salmonella Typhimurium by rain splash onto tomato plants. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 472–479.
59. CFA (Chilled Food Association), 2007. Microbiological guidance for produce suppliers to chilled food manufacturers (2nd edition). Chilled Food Association, Peterborough, UK. 45 pp.
60. Chandler DS and Craven JA, 1980. Relationship of soil-moisture to survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium in soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 31, 547–555.
61. Charatan F, 1999. New York outbreak of E. coli poisoning affects 1000 and kills two. British Medical Journal, 319, 873.
62. Cheong S, Lee C, Song SW, Choi WC, Lee CH and Kim S-J, 2009. Enteric viruses in raw vegetables and groundwater used for irrigation in South Korea. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 7745–7751.
63. Cooley MB, Miller WG and Mandrell RE, 2003. Colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana with Salmonella enterica and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and competition by Enterobacter asburiae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 4915–4926.
64. Critzer FJ and Doyle MP, 2010. Microbial ecology of foodborne pathogens associated with produce. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 21, 125–130.
65. D'Lima CB and Suslow TV, 2009. Comparative evaluation of practical functionality of rapid test format kits for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce and leafy greens. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 2461–2470.
66. Davies RH and Wray C, 1996. Persistence of Salmonella Enteritidis in poultry units and poultry food. British Poultry Science, 37, 589–596.
67. Davis H, Taylor JP, Perdue JN, Stelma GN, Humphreys JM, Rowntree R and Greene KD, 1988. A shigellosis outbreak traced to commercially distributed shredded lettuce American Journal of Epidemiology, 128, 1312–1321.
68. Di Caprio E, Ma Y, Purgianto A, Hughes J and Li J, 2012. Internalization and dissemination of human norovirus and animal caliciviruses in hydroponically grown Romaine lettuce. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 6143–6152.
69. Donnison A and Ross C, 2009. Survival and retention of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter in contrasting soils from the Toenepi catchment. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 52, 133–144.
70. Dorner SM, Anderson WB, Gaulin T, Candon HL, Slawson RM, Payment P and Huck PM, 2007. Pathogen and indicator variability in a heavily impacted watershed. Journal of Water and Health, 5, 241–257.
71. Doyle MP and Erickson MC, 2008. Summer meeting 2007 - the problems with fresh produce: an overview. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105, 317–330.
72. Dreux N, Albagnac C, Carlin F, Morris CE and Nguyen-The C, 2007. Fate of Listeria spp. on parsley leaves grown in laboratory and field cultures. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 1821–1827.
73. EC/SCF (European Commission/Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General), 2002. Risk profile on the microbiological contamination of fruits and vegetables eaten raw. Available online: ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out125_en.pdf.
74. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the request from the Commission related to Campylobacter in animals and foodstuffs. The EFSA Journal 2005, 173, 1–115.
75. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on microbiological criteria and targets based on risk analysis. The EFSA Journal 2007, 462, 1–29. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.462
76. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2007b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the safety vis-à-vis biological risk of the mesophilic process of biogas and compost treatment of Animal By-Products (ABPs). The EFSA Journal 2007, 465, 1–16. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2007.465
77. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) on the microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food-producing animals. The EFSA Journal 2008, 720, 1–84
78. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) 2011a. Scientific Opinion on an update on the present knowledge on the occurrence and control of foodborne viruses. EFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2190, 101 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2190
79. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) 2011b. Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli (STEC) and other pathogenic bacteria in seeds and sprouted seeds. EFSA Journal 2011;9(11):2424, 101 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2424
80. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) 2012. Scientific Opinion on Norovirus (NoV) in oysters: methods, limits and control options. EFSA Journal 2012;10(1):2500, 39 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2500
81. EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) 2013. Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 1 (outbreak data analysis and risk ranking of food/pathogen combinations). EFSA Journal 2013;11(1):3025, 138 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3025
82. Efstratiou MA, Mavridou A and Richardson C, 2009. Prediction of Salmonella in seawater by total and faecal coliforms and enterococci. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 201–205.
83. Ensink JH, Mahmood T and Dalsgaard A, 2007. Wastewater-irrigated vegetables: market handling versus irrigation water quality. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12 Suppl 2, 2–7.
84. Enza Zaden 2013. Lettuce production guidelines. Available online: www.enzazaden.com/binaries/Lettuce%20Guidelines_2013_tcm13-20072.pdf.
85. Erickson M, Critzer F and Doyle M, 2010. Composting criteria for animal manure. Georgetown University PewProduce Safety Project. Available online: www.pewhealth.org/uploadedFiles/PHG/Content_Level_Pages/Issue_Briefs/PSP_PEW-PSP-Composting-Manure-Narrative-v4-2.pdf.
86. Escudero BI, Rawsthorne H, Gensel C and Jaykus LA, 2012. Persistence and transferability of noroviruses on and between common surfaces and foods. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 927–935.
87. Fallovo C, Rouphael Y, Rea E, Battistelli A and Colla G, 2009. Nutrient solution concentration and growing season affect yield and quality of Latuca sativa L. var. acephala in floating raft culture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89, 1682–1689.
88. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Committee on Agriculture), 2003. Development of a framework for Good Agricultural Practices, Seventh session, COAG/2003/6, Available online: www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/006/y8704e.htm.
89. Farkas J, 2006. Irradiation for better foods. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 17, 148–152.
90. FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 2008. Guidance for industry: guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. Available online: www.fda.gov/food/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidancedocuments/produceandplanproducts/ucm064458.htm.
91. FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 2009. Guidance for industry: guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards of leafy greens. Draft Guidance. Available online: www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/ProducePlantProducts/ucm174200.htm.
92. Ferguson AS, Layton AC, Mailloux BJ, Culligan PJ, Williams DE, Smartt AE, Sayler GS, Feighery J, McKay LD, Knappett PSK, Alexandrova E, Arbit T, Emch M, Escamilla V, Ahmed KM, Alam MJ, Streatfield PK, Yunus M and van Geen A, 2012. Comparison of fecal indicators with pathogenic bacteria and rotavirus in groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, 431, 314–322.
93. Ferguson CM, Coote BG, Ashbolt NJ and Stevenson IM, 1996. Relationships between indicators, pathogens and water quality in an estuarine system. Water Research, 30, 2045–2054.
94. Flannery J, Keaveney S, Rajko-Nenow P, O'Flaherty V and Doré W, 2012. Concentration of norovirus during wastewater treatment and its impact on oyster contamination. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 3400–3406.
95. Fonseca JM, 2006. Postharvest handling and processing: sources of microorganisms and impact of sanitizing procedures. In: Microbiology of Fresh Produce Ed Matthews KR. ASM Press, Washington, DC, USA, 85–120.
96. Fonseca JM, Fallon SD, Sanchez CA and Nolte KD, 2011. Escherichia coli survival in lettuce fields following its introduction through different irrigation systems. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 110, 893–902.
97. Fox BK, Tamaru CS, Hollyer J, Castro LF, Fonseca JM, Jay-Russell M and Low T, 2012. A preliminary study of microbial water quality related to food safety in recirculating aquaponic fish and vegetable production systems. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Food Safety and Technology. October 2012. FST-51. 11 pp.
98. Franz E, Tromp SO, Rijgersberg H and van der Fels-Klerx HJ, 2010. Quantitative microbial risk assessment for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes in leafy green vegetables consumed at salad bars. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 274–285.
99. Franz E and van Bruggen AHC, 2008. Ecology of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the primary vegetable production chain. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 34, 143–161.
100. Franz E, van Diepeningen AD, de Vos OJ and van Bruggen AHC, 2005. Effects of cattle feeding regimen and soil management type on the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in manure, manure-amended soil, and lettuce. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 6165–6174.
101. Franz E, Visser AA, Van Diepeningen AD, Klerks MM, Termorshuizen AJ and van Bruggen AH, 2007. Quantification of contamination of lettuce by GFP-expressing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Food Microbiology, 24, 106–112.
102. Froder H, Martins CG, Oliveira de Souza KL, Landgraf M, Franco BDGM and Destro MT, 2007. Minimally processed vegetable salads: Microbial quality evaluation. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1277–1280.
103. FSANZ (Food Standards Australia New Zealand), 2010. Supporting document 1 Proposal P1004 Primary production and processing standard for seed sprouts. Technical paper. 46 pp.
104. Garcia R, Baelum J, Fredslund L, Santorum P and Jacobsen CS, 2010. Influence of temperature and predation on survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and expression of invA in soil and manure-amended soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 5025–5031.
105. Garg N, Churey JJ and Splittstoesser DF, 1990. Effect of processing conditions on the microflora of fresh-cut vegetables. Journal of Food Protection, 53, 701–703.
106. Ge C, Lee C and Lee J, 2012. The impact of extreme weather events on Salmonella internalization in lettuce and green onion. Food Research International, 45, 1118–1122.
107. Gelting RJ, Baloch MA, A. Z-BM and Selman C, 2011. Irrigation water issues potentially related to the 2006 multistate E. coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with spinach. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 1395–1402.
108. Gerba CP, 2009. Chapter 7. The role of water and water testing in produce safety. In: Microbial Safety of Fresh Produce. Eds Fan X, Niemira BA, Doona CJ, Feeherry FE, Gravani RB. Blackwell Publishing and IFT Press, Ames, Iowa, USA, 129–142.
109. Gibbs DS, Anderson GL, Beuchat LR, Carta LK and Williams PL, 2005. Potential role of Diploscapter sp. strain LKC25, a bacterivorous nematode from soil, as a vector of food-borne pathogenic bacteria to preharvest fruits and vegetables. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 2433–2437.
110. Gibson DL, White AP, Snyder SD, Martin S, Heiss C, Azadi P, Surette M and Kay WW, 2006. Salmonella produces an O-antigen capsule regulated by AgfD and important for environmental persistence. Journal of Bacteriology, 188, 7722–7730.
111. Giese JH, 1991. Sanitation: the key to food safety and public health. Food Technology, 45, 74–78.
112. Gil MI, Gómez-López VM, Lannoo A-S and Lannoo AA, 2013a. Impact of extreme climatic events on microbial safety of leafy greens: flooding. 2013 IAFP Annual Meeting, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
113. Gil MI and Selma MV, 2006. Overview of hazards in fresh-cut produce production. Control and management of food safety hazards. In: Microbial Hazard Identification in Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Ed James JA. Wiley, 155–219.
114. Gil MI, Selma MV, Lopez-Galvez F and Allende A, 2009. Fresh-cut product sanitation and wash water disinfection: problems and solutions. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 134, 37–45.
115. Gil MI, Selma MV, Suslow T, Jacxsens L, Uyttendaele M and Allende A 2013b. Pre- and post-harvest preventive measures and intervention strategies to control microbial food safety hazards of fresh leafy vegetables. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.657808. 1040–8398.
116. Girardin H, Morris CE, Albagnac C, Dreux N, Glaux C and Nguyen-The C, 2005. Behaviour of the pathogen surrogates Listeria innocua and Clostridium sporogenes during production of parsley in fields fertilized with contaminated amendments. Fems Microbiology Ecology, 54, 287–295.
117. Golberg D, Kroupitski Y, Belausov E, Pinto R and Sela S, 2011. Salmonella Typhimurium internalization is variable in leafy vegetables and fresh herbs. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 250–257.
118. Gomez-Lopez VM, Marin A, Allende A, Beuchat LR and Gil MI, 2013. Postharvest handling conditions affect internalization of Salmonella in baby spinach during washing. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 1145–1151.
119. Goñi MG, Moreira MR, Agüero MV and Roura SI, 2013. Impact of production system on quality indices distribution in butterhead lettuce: a comparative study among open field and greenhouse. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 3:241. doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000241.
120. Gorbatsevich E, Sela S, Pinto R and Bernstein N, 2013. Root internalization, transport and in-planta survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in sweet basil. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 5, 151–159.
121. Guan TY, Blank G, Ismond A and Van Acker R, 2001. Fate of foodborne bacterial pathogens in pesticide products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81, 503–512.
122. Guber AK, Shelton DR, Pachepsky YA, Sadeghi AM and Sikora LJ, 2006. Rainfall-induced release of fecal coliforms and other manure constituents: comparison and modeling. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 7531–7539.
123. Gutierrez-Rodriguez E, Gundersen A, Sbodio AO and Suslow TV, 2012. Variable agronomic practices, cultivar, strain source and initial contamination dose differentially affect survival of Escherichia coli on spinach. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 112, 109–118.
124. Hamilton AJ, Stagnitti F, Premier R, Boland AM and Hale G, 2006. Quantitative microbial risk assessment models for consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 72, 3284–3290.
125. Hanning IB, Nutt JD and Ricke SC, 2009. Salmonellosis outbreaks in the United States due to fresh produce: sources and potential intervention measures. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 6, 635–648.
126. Harris LJ, Farber JN, Beuchat LR, Parish ME, Suslow TV, Garret EH and Busta FF, 2003. Chapter III. Outbreaks associated with fresh produce: incidence, growth and survival of pathogens in fresh and fresh-cut produce. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2, 78–141.
127. Harwood VJ, Levine AD, Scott TM, Chivukula V, Lukasik J, Farrah SR and Rose JB, 2005. Validity of the indicator organism paradigm for pathogen reduction in reclaimed water and public health protection. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 3163–3170.
128. Hegarty JP, Dowd MT and Baker KH, 1999. Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in surface water in the United States. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 87, 697–701.
129. Hilbert F, Smulders FJM, Chopra-Dewasthaly R and Paulsen P, 2012. Salmonella in the wildlife-human interface. Food Research International, 45, 603–608.
130. Hirneisen KA and Kniel KE, 2013. Comparative uptake of enteric viruses into spinach and green onions. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 24–34.
131. Hirneisen KA, Sharma M and Kniel KE, 2012. Human enteric pathogen internalization by root uptake into food crops. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 9, 396–405.
132. Holley RA, Arrus KM, Ominski KH, Tenuta M and Blank G, 2006. Salmonella survival in manure-treated soils during simulated seasonal temperature exposure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 1170–1180.
133. Holvoet K, de Keuckelaere A, Sampers I, Van Haute S, Stals A and Uyttendaele M, 2014a. Quantitative study of cross-contamination with Escherichia coli, E. coli O157, MS2 phage and murine norovirus in a simulated fresh-cut lettuce wash process. Food Control, 37, 218–227.
134. Holvoet K, Jacxsens L, Sampers I and Uyttendaele M, 2012. Insight into the prevalence and distribution of microbial contamination to evaluate water management in the fresh produce processing industry. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 671–681.
135. Holvoet K, Sampers I, Seynnaeve M and Uyttendaele M, 2014b. Relationships among hygiene indicators and enteric pathogens in irrigation water, soil and lettuce and the impact of climatic conditions on contamination in the lettuce primary production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 171, 21–31.
136. Hutchison ML, Avery SM and Monaghan JM, 2008. The air-borne distribution of zoonotic agents from livestock waste spreading and microbiological risk to fresh produce from contaminated irrigation sources. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105, 848–857.
137. Hutchison ML, Walters LD, Avery SM, Synge BA and Moore A, 2004. Levels of zoonotic agents in British livestock manures. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 39, 207–214.
138. ICMSF (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods), 2002. Microorganisms in Foods 7, Microbiological Testing In Food Safety Management, Springer, New York, USA. 13, 362 pp.
139. IFT/FDA 2001. IFT/FDA Report on Task Order 4. Evaluation and definition of potentially hazardous foods. IFT/FDA Contract No. 223-98-2333, Task Order No.4, Chapter 3: Factors that influence microbial growth. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, Volume 2.
140. Ilic S, Odomeru J and LeJeune JT, 2008. Coliforms and prevalence of Escherichia coli and foodborne pathogens on minimally processed spinach in two packing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 2398–2403.
141. Isik E, 2006. The effect of vacuum cooling of some products on the ratio of weight loss. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6, 2031–2035.
142. Islam M, Doyle MP, Phatak SC, Millner P and Jiang X, 2004a. Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 1365–1370.
143. Islam M, Morgan J, Doyle MP, Phatak SC, Millner P and Jiang X, 2004b. Persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on lettuce and parsley and in soils on which they were grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 1, 27–35.
144. Islam M, Morgan J, Doyle MP, Phatak SC, Millner P and Jiang XP, 2004c. Fate of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on carrots and radishes grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70, 2497–2502.
145. Izumi H, Poubol J, Hisa K and Sera K, 2008. Potential sources of microbial contamination of satsuma mandarin fruit in Japan, from production through packing shed. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 530–538.
146. Jalava K, Hakkinen M, Valkonen M, Nakari UM, Palo T, Hallanvuo S, Ollgren J, Siitonen A and Nuorti JP, 2006. An outbreak of gastrointestinal illness and erythema nodosum from grated carrots contaminated with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 194, 1209–1216.
147. James J, 2006. Chapter 1. Overview of microbial hazards in fresh fruit and vegetables operations. In: Microbial Hazards Identification in Fresh Fruit and Vegetables. Ed James J. Wiley and Sons, 1–36 pp.
148. Jay MT, Cooley M, Carychao D, Wiscomb GW, Sweitzer RA, Crawford-Miksza L, Farrar JA, Lau DK, O'Connell J, Millington A, Asmundson RV, Atwill ER and Mandrell RE, 2007. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, central California coast. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 1908–1911.
149. Johannessen GS, Bengtsson GB, Heier BT, Bredholt S, Wasteson Y and Rorvik LM, 2005. Potential uptake of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from organic manure into crisphead lettuce. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71, 2221–2225.
150. Johannessen GS, Froseth RB, Solemdal L, Jarp J, Wasteson Y and Rorvik LM, 2004. Influence of bovine manure as fertilizer on the bacteriological quality of organic Iceberg lettuce. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 96, 787–794.
151. Johannessen GS, Loncarevic S and Kruse H, 2002. Bacteriological analysis of fresh produce in Norway. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 77, 199–204.
152. Johnson H, 2008. Soilless culture of greenhouse vegetables. Vegetable Research and Information Center, Cooperative Extension, University of California, USA. Available online: vric.ucdavis.edu/pdf/hydroponics_soillesscultureofgreenhouse%20vegetables.pdf.
153. Johnston LM, Jaykus L-A, Moll D, Anciso J, Mora B and Moe CL, 2006. A field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce of domestic and Mexican origin. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 112, 83–95.
154. Jones S and Shortt R 2010. Improving on-farm food safety through good irrigation practices. Fact sheet. Available online: www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/10-037.pdf, 4 pp.
155. Kenney SJ, Anderson GL, Williams PL, Millner PD and Beuchat LR, 2005. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Newport, and Salmonella Poona in the gut of a free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and transmission to progeny and uninfected nematodes. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 101, 227–236.
156. Kim J and Jiang X, 2010. The growth potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in dairy manure-based compost in a greenhouse setting under different seasons. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 109, 2095–2104.
157. Kisluk G and Yaron S, 2012. Presence and persistence of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of spray-irrigated parsley. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 4030–4036.
158. Kitinoja L and Kader AA, 2002. Small-scale postharvest handling practices - A manual for horticultural crops - 4rd edition. University of California, Davis, Postharvest Horticulture Seriers 8E. Available online: ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-1450.pdf.
159. Klerks MM, Franz E, van Gent-Pelzer M, Zijlstra C and van Bruggen AH, 2007. Differential interaction of Salmonella enterica serovars with lettuce cultivars and plant-microbe factors influencing the colonization efficiency. ISME Journal, 1, 620–631.
160. Knight A, Li D, Uyttendaele M and Jaykus LA, 2013. A critical review of methods for detecting human noroviruses and predicting their infectivity. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 39, 295–309.
161. Knox JW and Weatherhead EK, 2005. The growth of trickle irrigation in England and Wales: data, regulation and water resource impacts. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 54, 135–143.
162. Kokkinos P, Kozyra I, Lazic S, Bouwknegt M, Rutjes S, Willems K, Moloney R, de Roda Husman AM, Kaupke A, Legaki E, D'Agostino M, Cook N, Rzezutka A, Petrovic T and Vantarakis A, 2012. Harmonised investigation of the occurrence of human enteric viruses in the leafy green vegetable supply chain in three European countries. Food and Environmental Virology, 4, 179–191.
163. Kostela J, Ayers M, Nishikawa J, McIntyre L, Petric M and Tellier R, 2008. Amplification by long RT-PCR of near full-length norovirus genomes. Journal of Virological Methods, 149, 226–230.
164. Kroupitski Y, Golberg D, Belausov E, Pinto R, Swartzberg D, Granot D and Sela S, 2009. Internalization of Salmonella enterica in leaves is induced by light and involves chemotaxis and penetration through open stomata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 6076–6086.
165. Lainé K and Michard J, 1988. Fréquence et abondance des Listeria dans les légumes frais découpés prêts à l'emploi. Microbiologie Aliment Nutrition, 6, 329–335.
166. Lapidot A and Yaron S, 2009. Transfer of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from contaminated irrigation water to parsley is dependent on curli and cellulose, the biofilm matrix components. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 618–623.
167. Lapuz R, Tani H, Sasai K, Shirota K, Katoh H and Baba E, 2008. The role of roof rats (Rattus rattus) in the spread of Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Infantis contamination in layer farms in eastern Japan. Epidemiology and Infection, 136, 1235–1243.
168. Lawson B, Howard T, Kirkwood JK, Macgregor SK, Perkins M, Robinson RA, Ward LR and Cunningham AA, 2010. Epidemiology of salmonellosis in garden birds in England and Wales, 1993 to 2003. Ecohealth, 7, 294–306.
169. Lees D, 2000. Viruses and bivalve shellfish. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 59, 81–116.
170. Lehto M, Kuisma R, Maatta J, Kymalainen H-R and Maki M, 2011. Hygienic level and surface contamination in fresh-cut vegetable production plants. Food Control, 22, 469–475.
171. Leifert C, Ball K, Volakakis N and Cooper JM, 2008. Control of enteric pathogens in ready-to-eat vegetable crops in organic and ‘low input’ production systems: a HACCP-based approach. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105, 931–950.
172. Lemarchand K and Lebaron P, 2003. Occurrence of Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in a French coastal watershed: relationship with fecal indicators. Fems Microbiology Letters, 218, 203–209.
173. Li D, Baert L, Van Coillie E and Uyttendaele M, 2011. Critical studies on binding-based RT-PCR detection of infectious noroviruses. Journal of Virological Methods, 177, 153–159.
174. Li H, Tajkarimi M and Osburn BI, 2008. Impact of vacuum cooling on Escherichia coli O157:H7 infiltration into lettuce tissue. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 3138–3142.
175. Lima PM, Sao Jose JFB, Andrade NJ, Pires ACS and Ferreira SO, 2013. Interaction between natural microbiota and physicochemical characteristics of lettuce surfaces can influence the attachment of Salmonella Enteritidis. Food Control, 30, 157–161.
176. Lipp EK, Farrah SA and Rose JB, 2001. Assessment and impact of microbial fecal pollution and human enteric pathogens in a coastal community. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 286–293.
177. Little C, Roberts D, Youngs E and de Louvois J, 1999. Microbiological quality of retail imported unprepared whole lettuces: A PHLS food working group study. Journal of Food Protection, 62, 325–328.
178. Little CL and Gillespie IA, 2008. Prepared salads and public health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105, 1729–1743.
179. Liu C, Hofstra N and Franz E, 2013. Impacts of climate change on the microbial safety of pre-harvest leafy green vegetables as indicated by Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 163, 119–128.
180. Lo SV, Connolly AM, Palmer SR, Wright D, Thomas PD and Joynson D, 1994. The role of the presymptomatic food handler in a common source outbreak of food-borne SRSV gastroenteritis in a group of hospitals. Epidemiology and Infection, 113, 513–521.
181. Loncarevic S, Johannessen GS and Rorvik LM, 2005. Bacteriological quality of organically grown leaf lettuce in Norway. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 41, 186–189.
182. Lopez-Galvez F, Allende A, Selma MV and Gil MI, 2009. Prevention of Escherichia coli cross-contamination by different commercial sanitizers during washing of fresh-cut lettuce. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 133, 167–171.
183. Lopez-Galvez F, Gil MI, Truchado P, Selma MV and Allende A, 2010. Cross-contamination of fresh-cut lettuce after a short-term exposure during pre-washing cannot be controlled after subsequent washing with chlorine dioxide or sodium hypochlorite. Food Microbiology, 27, 199–204.
184. Lowell K, Langholz J and Stuart D, 2010. Safe and Sustainable: Co-Managing for Food Safety and Ecological Health in California's Central Coast Region. San Francisco, CA and Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Produce Safety Project. Available online: www.producesafetyproject.org/admin/assets/files/wildlife.pdf.
185. Lucena JJ, 1995. Iron fertirrigation. Iron Nutrition in Soils and Plants. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, 59, 153–158.
186. Lung AJ, Lin CM, Kim JM, Marshall MR, Nordstedt R, Thompson NP and Wei CI, 2001. Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis in cow manure composting. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 1309–1314.
187. Luo Y, Nou X, Yang Y, Alegre I, Turner E, Feng H, Abadias M and Conway W, 2011. Determination of free chlorine concentrations needed to prevent Escherichia coli O157:H7 cross-contamination during fresh-cut produce wash. Journal of Food Protection, 74, 352–358.
188. Made D, Trubner K, Neubert E, Hohne M and Johne R, 2013. Detection and typing of norovirus from frozen strawberries involved in a large-scale gastroenteritis outbreak in Germany. Food and Environmental Virology.
189. Marites M, Tiongco CA and Bidwell K, 2010. Risk analysis integrating livelihood and economic impacts of wastewater irrigation on health. In: Wastewater Irrigation and Health. Eds Drechsel P, Scott CA, Redwood M, Raschid-Sally L, Bahri A. Earthscan/IDRC/IWMI, London, UK, 127–145.
190. Marriott NG 1989. Principles of food sanitation, 2nd Edition. Van Nostrand, New York.
191. Martínez-Sánchez A, Tudela JA, Luna C, Allende A and Gil MI, 2011. Low oxygen levels and light exposure affect quality of fresh-cut Romaine lettuce. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 59, 34–42.
192. Matthews KR, 2009. Leafy vegetables In: The Produce contamination problem: causes and solutions Eds Sapers GM, Solomon E, Matthews KR. Elsevier, Academic Press, Burlington, MA, USA, 165–187.
193. Mattison K, Harlow J, Morton V, Cook A, Pollari F, Bidawid S and Farber JM, 2010. Enteric viruses in ready-to-eat packaged leafy greens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16, 1815–1817.
194. Maunula L, Soderberg K, Vahtera H, Vuorilehto VP, von Bonsdorff CH, Valtari M, Laakso T and Lahti K, 2012. Presence of human noro- and adenoviruses in river and treated wastewater, a longitudinal study and method comparison. Journal of Water and Health, 10, 87–99.
195. Mawdsley JL, Mawdsley D. BR, Merry RJ, Pain BF and Theodorou MK, 1995. Pathogens in livestock waste their potential for movement through soil and environmental pollution. Applied Soil Ecology, 2, 1–15.
196. McEvoy JL, Luo Y, Conway W, Zhou B and Feng H, 2009. Potential of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to grow on field-cored lettuce as impacted by postharvest storage time and temperature. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 128, 506–509.
197. McLaughlin MR and Brooks JP, 2009. Recovery of Salmonella from bermudagrass exposed to simulated wastewater. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38, 337–342.
198. Michael AM, 2008. Irrigation theory and practice. Second edition, Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd, New Delhi, India, 769 pp.
199. Miconnet N, Cornu M, Beaufort A, Rosso L and Denis JB, 2005. Uncertainty distribution associated with estimating a proportion in microbial risk assessment. Risk Analysis, 25, 39–48.
200. Mitra R, Cuesta-Alonso E, Wayadande A, Talley J, Gilliland S and Fletcher J, 2009. Effect of route of introduction and host cultivar on the colonization, internalization, and movement of the human pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in spinach. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 1521–1530.
201. Monaghan JM and Hutchison ML, 2012. Distribution and decline of human pathogenic bacteria in soil after application in irrigation water and the potential for soil-splash-mediated dispersal onto fresh produce. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 112, 1007–1019.
202. Mormann S, Dabisch M and Becker B, 2010. Effects of technological processes on the tenacity and inactivation of norovirus genogroup II in experimentally contaminated foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 536–545.
203. Mosqueda-Melgar J, Raybaudi-Massilia RM and Martín-Belloso O, 2008. Non thermal pasteurization of fruit juices by combining high-intensity pulsed electric fields with natural antimicrobials. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 9, 328–340.
204. Mossel DAA, Corry JEL, Struijk CB and Baird RM, 1995. The use of marker (index and indicator) organisms and marker biochemical activities. In: Essentials of the microbiology of foods: a textbook for advanced studies. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 287–309.
205. Moyne AL, Sudarshana MR, Blessington T, Koike ST, Cahn MD and Harris LJ, 2011. Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in field-inoculated lettuce. Food Microbiology, 28, 1417–1425.
206. Mukherjee A, Speh D, Dyck E and Diez-Gonzalez F, 2004. Preharvest evaluation of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157: H7 in organic and conventional produce grown by Minnesota farmers. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 894–900.
207. Mukherjee A, Speh D, Jones AT, Buesing KM and Diez-Gonzalez F, 2006. Longitudinal microbiological survey of fresh produce grown by farmers in the upper midwest. Journal of Food Protection, 69, 1928–1936.
208. Munnoch SA, Ward K, Sheridan S, Fitzsimmons GJ, Shadbolt CT, Piispanen JP, Wang Q, Ward TJ, Worgan TL, Oxenford C, Musto JA, McAnulty J and Durrheim DN, 2009. A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul in Australia associated with cantaloupe consumption. Epidemiology and Infection, 137, 367–374.
209. NACMCF, 1999. Microbiological safety evaluations and recommendations on sprouted seeds. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 52, 123–153.
210. Natvig EE, Ingham SC, Ingham BH, Cooperband LR and Roper TR, 2002. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli contamination of root and leaf vegetables grown in soils with incorporated bovine manure. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68, 2737–2744.
211. Naumova EN, Jagai JS, Matyas B, DeMaria A, Jr., MacNeill IB and Griffiths JK, 2007. Seasonality in six enterically transmitted diseases and ambient temperature. Epidemiology and Infection, 135, 281–292.
212. Nenonen NP, Hannoun C, Horal P, Hernroth B and Bergstrom T, 2008. Tracing of norovirus outbreak strains in mussels collected near sewage effluents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 2544–2549.
213. Ng PJ, Fleet GH and Heard GM, 2005. Pesticides as a source of microbial contamination of salad vegetables. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 101, 237–250.
214. Nicola S, Hoeberechts J and Fontana E, 2005. Comparison between traditional and soilless culture systems to produce rocket (Eruca sativa) with low nitrate content. Acta Horticulturae, 697, 549–555.
215. Nicola S, Tibaldi G and Fontana E, 2009. Fresh-cut produce quality: implications for a systems approach In: Postharvest handling - a systems approach. Eds Florkowski WJ, Shewfelt RL, Brueckner B, Prussia SE. Second Edition, Academic Press, 247–282.
216. Niemira BA, Fan X, Sokoral KJB and Sommers CH, 2003. Ionising radiation sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 49594 and Listeria innocua ATCC 51742 inoculated on endive (Chichorium endive). Journal of Food Protection, 66, 993–998.
217. Noda M, Fukuda S and Nishio O, 2008. Statistical analysis of attack rate in norovirus foodborne outbreaks. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 122, 216–220.
218. Nordgren J, Matussek A, Mattsson A, Svensson L and Lindgren PE, 2009. Prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Water Research, 43, 1117–1125.
219. Okafo CN, Umoh VJ and Galadima M, 2003. Occurrence of pathogens on vegetables harvested from soils irrigated with contaminated streams. The Science of The Total Environment, 311, 49–56.
220. Olaimat AN and Holley RA, 2012. Factors influencing the microbial safety of fresh produce: a review. Food Microbiology, 32, 1–19.
221. Oliveira M, Usall J, Solsona C, Alegre I, Vinas I and Abadias M, 2010a. Effects of packaging type and storage temperature on the growth of foodborne pathogens on shredded ‘Romaine’ lettuce. Food Microbiology, 27, 375–380.
222. Oliveira M, Usall J, Vinas I, Anguera M, Gatius F and Abadias M, 2010b. Microbiological quality of fresh lettuce from organic and conventional production. Food Microbiology, 27, 679–684.
223. Oliveira MAd, Maciel de Souza V, Morato Bergamini AM and de Martinis ECP, 2011. Microbiological quality of ready-to-eat minimally processed vegetables consumed in Brazil. Food Control, 22, 1400–1403.
224. Olmez H and Kretzschmar U, 2009. Potential alternative disinfection methods for organic fresh-cut industry for minimizing water consumption and environmental impact. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 42, 686–693.
225. Ongeng D, Vasquez GA, Muyanja C, Ryckeboer J, Geeraerd AH and Springael D, 2011. Transfer and internalisation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in cabbage cultivated on contaminated manure-amended soil under tropical field conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 145, 301–310.
226. Oron G, Armon R, Mandelbaum R, Manor Y, Campos C, Gillerman L, Salgot M, Gerba C, Klein I and Enriquez C, 2001. Secondary wastewater disposal for crop irrigation with minimal risks. Water Science and Technology, 43, 139–146.
227. Orozco RL, Iturriaga MH, Tamplin ML, Fratamico PM, Call JE, Luchansky JB and Escartin EF, 2008. Animal and environmental impact on the presence and distribution of Salmonella and Escherichia coli in hydroponic tomato greenhouses. Journal of Food Protection, 71, 676–683.
228. Ottoson JR, Nyberg K, Lindqvist R and Albihn A, 2011. Quantitative microbial risk assessment for Escherichia coli O157 on lettuce, based on survival data from controlled studies in a climate chamber. Journal of Food Protection, 74, 2000–2007.
229. Ozawa K, Oka T, Takeda N and Hansman GS, 2007. Norovirus infections in symptomatic and asymptomatic food handlers in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45, 3996–4005.
230. Pachepsky Y, Shelton DR, McLain JET, Patel J and Patel R.E. M, 2011. Irrigation waters as a source of pathogenic microorganisms in produce: a review. Advances in Agronomy, 113, 73–138.
231. Palumbo MS, Gorny JR, Gombas DE, Beuchat LR, Bruhn CM, Cassens B, Delaquis P, Farber JM, Harris LJU, Ito K, Osterholm MT, Smith M and Swanson MJ, 2007. Recommendations for handling fresh-cut leafy green salads by consumers and retail foodservice operators. Food Protection Trends, 27, 892–898.
232. Park S, Navratil S, Gregory A, Bauer A, Srinath I, Jun M, Szonyi B, Nightingale K, Anciso J and Ivanek R, 2013. Generic Escherichia coli contamination of spinach at the preharvest stage: effects of farm management and environmental factors. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79, 4347–4358.
233. Park S, Szonyi B, Gautam R, Nightingale K, Anciso J and Ivanek R, 2012. Risk factors for microbial contamination in fruits and vegetables at the preharvest level: a systematic review. Journal of Food Protection, 75, 2055–2081.
234. Parker JK, McIntyre D and Noble RT, 2010. Characterizing fecal contamination in stormwater runoff in coastal North Carolina, USA. Water Research, 44, 4186–4194.
235. Patel MK, Chen S, Pringle J, Russo E, Vinaras J, Weiss J, Anderson S, Sunenshine R, Komatsu K, Schumacher M, Flood D, Theobald L, Bopp C, Wannemuehler K, White P, Angulo FJ and Behravesh CB, 2010. A prolonged outbreak of Salmonella Montevideo infections associated with multiple locations of a restaurant chain in Phoenix, Arizona, 2008. Journal of Food Protection, 73, 1858–1863.
236. Pava-Ripoll M, Pearson REG, Miller AK and Ziobro GC, 2012. Prevalence and relative risk of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes associated with the body surfaces and guts of individual filth flies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 7891–7902.
237. Payment P and Locas A, 2011. Pathogens in water: value and limits of correlation with microbial indicators. Ground Water, 49, 4–11.
238. Payne JK, Hall M, Lutzke M, Armstrong C and King J, 2006. Multistate outbreak of norovirus associated with a franchise restaurant – Kent County, Michigan, May 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55, 395–3 Available online: www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5514a3.htm.
239. Phillips G, Tam CC, Rodrigues LC and Lopman B, 2010. Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England. Epidemiology and Infection, 138, 1454–1458.
240. Pielaat A, Wijnands LM, Fitz-James I and van Leusden FM 2008. Survey analysis of microbial contamination of fresh produce and ready-to-eat salads, and the associated risk to consumers in the Netherlands. RIVM Report 330371002/2008 Available online: www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/330371002.pdf.
241. Posada-Izquierdo GD, Perez-Rodriguez F, Lopez-Galvez F, Allende A, Selma MV, Gil MI and Zurera G, 2013. Modelling growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh-cut lettuce submitted to commercial process conditions: Chlorine washing and modified atmosphere packaging. Food Microbiology, 33, 131–138.
242. Prazak AM, Murano EA, Mercado I and Acuff GR, 2002. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes during production and postharvest processing of cabbage. Journal of Food Protection, 65, 1728–1734.
243. Puerta-Gomez AF, Moreira RG, Kim J and Castell-Perez E, 2013. Modeling the growth rates of Escherichia coli spp. and Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 in baby spinach leaves under slow cooling. Food Control, 29, 11–17.
244. Quiroz-Santiago C, Rodas-Suarez OR, Vazquez Q CR, Fernandez FJ, Irma Quinones-Ramirez E and Vazquez-Salinas C, 2009. Prevalence of Salmonella in vegetables from Mexico. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 1279–1282.
245. Ramos R, Cerda-Cuellar M, Ramirez F, Jover L and Ruiz X, 2010. Influence of refuse sites on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars in seagulls. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 3052–3056.
246. Rao VC, Metcalf TG and Melnick JL, 1986. Human viruses in sediments, sludges, and soils. Bulletin of The World Health Organization, 64, 1–13.
247. Richards GP, 2012. Critical review of norovirus surrogates in food safety research: rationale for considering volunteer studies. Food and Environmental Virology, 4, 6–13.
248. Rijk Zwaan 2005. Lettuce seed germination. Cultural Information. Available online: purehydroponics.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Germination__storage_of_RZ_Lettuce1.pdf, Accessed January 2014.
249. Ritenour M, Holmes-Pearce M, Simonne A, Brecht J, Sargent S and Schneider K 2010. Good worker health and hygiene practices: evaluation and importance in GAPs and GMPs. FCS8766, Family Youth and Community Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, USA. Available online: edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy716.
250. Rodriguez-Lazaro D, Cook N, Ruggeri FM, Sellwood J, Nasser A, Nascimento MS, D'Agostino M, Santos R, Saiz JC, Rzezutka A, Bosch A, Girones R, Carducci A, Muscillo M, Kovac K, Diez-Valcarce M, Vantarakis A, von Bonsdorff CH, de Roda Husman AM, Hernandez M and van der Poel WH, 2012. Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 36, 786–814.
251. Rodriguez RA, Pepper IL and Gerba CP, 2009. Application of PCR-based methods to assess the infectivity of enteric viruses in environmental samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 297–307.
252. Rogers G, Titley M, Giggins B, Bauer B, Poyton R, Kocks A, McAuliffe T and Le Budd J, 2006. Post harvest improvement in Iceberg and Cos lettuce to extent shelf life for fresh cut salads. Horticulture Australia. Project Number: VX03092. Applied Horticultural Research., 134 pp.
253. Romanova NA, Gawande PV, Brovko LY and Griffiths MW, 2007. Rapid methods to assess sanitizing efficacy of benzalkonium chloride to Listeria monocytogenes biofilms. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 71, 231–237.
254. Rose JB, Epstein PR, Lipp EK, Sherman BH, Bernard SM and Patz JA, 2001. Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on water- and foodborne diseases caused by microbiologic agents. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109 Suppl 2, 211–221.
255. Rzeżutka A and Cook N, 2004. Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food. FEMS Microbiology Review, 28, 441–453.
256. Sagoo SK, Little CL and Mitchell RT, 2001. The microbiological examination of ready-to-eat organic vegetables from retail establishments in the United Kingdom. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 33, 434–439.
257. Sagoo SK, Little CL and Mitchell RT, 2003a. Microbiological quality of open ready-to-eat salad vegetables: Effectiveness of food hygiene training of management. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 1581–1586.
258. Sagoo SK, Little CL, Ward L, Gillespie IA and Mitchell RT, 2003b. Microbiological study of ready-to-eat salad vegetables from retail establishments uncovers a national outbreak of salmonellosis. Journal of Food Protection, 66, 403–409.
259. Sant'Ana AS, Barbosa MS, Destro MT, Landgraf M and Franco BD, 2012. Growth potential of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in nine types of ready-to-eat vegetables stored at variable temperature conditions during shelf-life. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 157, 52–58.
260. Sant'Ana AS, Landgraf M, Destro MT and Franco BDGM, 2011. Prevalence and counts of Salmonella spp. in minimally processed vegetables in São Paulo, Brazil. Food Microbiology, 28, 1235–1237.
261. Sant'Ana AS, Landgraf M, Destro MT and Franco BDGM, 2013. Growth potential of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat lettuce and collard greens packaged under modified atmosphere and in perforated film. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 888–891.
262. Sapers GM, Gorny JR and Yousef AE 2006. Microbiology of fruits and vegetables. CRC Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 648 pp.
263. Savichtcheva O and Okabe S, 2006. Alternative indicators of fecal pollution: relations with pathogens and conventional indicators, current methodologies for direct pathogen monitoring and future application perspectives. Water Research, 40, 2463–2476.
264. Schets FM, During M, Italiaander R, Heijnen L, Rutjes SA, van der Zwaluw WK and de Roda Husman AM, 2005. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in drinking water from private water supplies in the Netherlands. Water Res, 39, 4485–4493.
265. Schilling KE, Zhang Y-K, Hill DR, Jones CS and Wolter CF, 2009. Temporal variations of Escherichia coli concentrations in a large Midwestern river. Journal of Hydrology, 365, 79–85.
266. Selma MV, Allende A, López-Gálvez F, Conesa MA and Gil MI, 2008. Disinfection potential of ozone, ultraviolet-C and their combination in wash water for the fresh-cut vegetable industry. Food Microbiology, 25, 809–814.
267. Selma MV, Luna C, Martínez-Sánchez A, Tudela JA, Beltrán D, Baixauli C and Gil MI, 2012. Sensory quality, bioactive constituents and microbiological quality of green and red fresh-cut lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) are influenced by soil and soilless agricultural production systems. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 63, 16–24.
268. Semenov AV, van Bruggen AH, van Overbeek L, Termorshuizen AJ and Semenov AM, 2007. Influence of temperature fluctuations on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in cow manure. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 60, 419–428.
269. Semenov AV, van Overbeek L and van Bruggen AH, 2009. Percolation and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in soil amended with contaminated dairy manure or slurry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 3206–3215.
270. Semenza JC and Menne B, 2009. Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 9, 365–375.
271. Seow J, Agoston R, Phua L and Yuk H-G, 2012. Microbiological quality of fresh vegetables and fruits sold in Singapore. Food Control, 25, 39–44.
272. Severi E, Booth L, Johnson S, Cleary P, Rimington M, Saunders D, Cockcroft P and Ihekweazu C, 2012. Large outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis PT8 in Portsmouth, UK, associated with a restaurant. Epidemiology and Infection, 140, 1748–1756.
273. Seymour IJ and Appleton H, 2001. Foodborne viruses and fresh produce. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 91, 759–773.
274. Shehane SD, Harwood VJ, Whitlock JE and Rose JB, 2005. The influence of rainfall on the incidence of microbial faecal indicators and the dominant sources of faecal pollution in a Florida river. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 98, 1127–1136.
275. Shen C, Luo Y, Nou X, Wang Q and Millner P, 2013. Dynamic effects of free chlorine concentration, organic load, and exposure time on the inactivation of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 386–393.
276. Shin GA and Sobsey MD, 2008. Inactivation of norovirus by chlorine disinfection of water. Water Research, 42, 4562–4568.
277. Simons LK and Sanguansri P, 1997. Advances in the washing of minimally processed vegetables. Food Australia, 49, 75–80.
278. Soderstrom A, Osterberg P, Lindqvist A, Jonsson B, Lindberg A, Blide Ulander S, Welinder-Olsson C, Lofdahl S, Kaijser B, de Jong B, Kuhlmann-Berenzon S, Boqvist S, Eriksson E, Szanto E, Andersson S, Allestam G, Hedenstrom I, Ledet Muller L and Andersson Y, 2008. A large Escherichia coli O157 outbreak in Sweden associated with locally produced lettuce. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 5, 339–349.
279. Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Alley RB, Berntsen T, Bindoff NL, Chen Z, Chidthaisong A, Gregory JM, Hegerl GC, Heimann M, Hewitson B, Hoskins BJ, Joos F, Jouzel J, Kattsov V, Lohmann U, Matsuno T, Molina M, Nicholls N, Overpeck J, Raga G, Ramaswamy V, Ren J, Rusticucci M, Somerville R, Stocker TF, Whetton P, Wood RA and Wratt D, 2007. Technical summary. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Eds Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
280. Spillmann SK, Traub F, Schwyzer M and Wyler R, 1987. Inactivation of animal viruses during sewage-sludge treatment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 53, 2077–2081.
281. Stafford RJ, McCall BJ, Neill AS, Leon DS, Dorricott GJ, Towner CD and Micalizzi GR, 2002. A statewide outbreak of Salmonella bovismorbificans phage type 32 infection in Queensland. Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report, 26, 568–573.
282. Stals A, Uyttendaele M and Coillie EV, 2013. The need for harmonization in detection of human noroviruses in food. Journal of AOAC International, 96, 998–1005.
283. Stine SW, Song I, Choi CY and Gerba CP, 2011. Application of pesticide sprays to fresh produce: a risk assessment for hepatitis A and Salmonella. Food and Environmental Virology, 3, 86–91.
284. Strawn LK, Fortes ED, Bihn EA, Nightingale KK, Groehn YT, Worobo RW, Wiedmann M and Bergholz PW, 2013a. Landscape and meteorological factors affecting prevalence of three foodborne pathogens in fruit and vegetable farms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79, 588–600.
285. Strawn LK, Grohn YT, Warchocki S, Worobo RW, Bihn EA and Wiedmann M, 2013b. Risk factors associated with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes contamination of produce fields. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79, 7618–7627.
286. Suslow TV 1997. Postharvest chlorination. Basic properties and key points for effective disinfection. Publication 8003 by the Regents of the University of California, USA. 8 pp.
287. Suslow TV 2001. Water disinfection: a practical approach to calculating dose values for preharvest and postharvest applications. Publication 7256. University of California, USA. 4 pp.
288. Suslow TV 2004. Ozone applications for postharvest disinfection of edible horticultural crops, Publication 8133, Available online: anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8133.pdf.
289. Suslow TV, 2010. Standards for irrigation and foliar contact water. An Initiative of 1246 The Pew Charitable Trusts at Georgetown University. Peer-Reviewed Issue. Available online: www.producesafetyproject.org/admin/assets/files/Water-Suslow-1.pdf.
290. Suslow TV, Oria MP, Beuchat LR, Garrett EH, Parish ME, Harris LJ, Farber JN and Busta FF, 2003. Production practices as risk factors in microbial food safety of fresh and fresh-cut produce. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2, Supplement s1, 38–77.
291. Tagar A, Chandio FA, Mari IA and Wagan B, 2012. Comparative study of drip and furrow irrigation methods at farmer's field in umarkot. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 69, 863–867.
292. Tannock GW and Smith JM, 1972. Studies on the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Bovis-morbificans on soil and sheep faeces. Research in Veterinary Science, 13, 150–153.
293. Taormina PJ, Beuchat LR, Erickson MC, Ma L, Zhang G and Doyle MP, 2009. Transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Iceberg lettuce via simulated field coring. Journal of Food Protection, 72, 465–472.
294. Teltsch B and Katzenelson E, 1978. Airborne enteric bacteria and viruses from spray irrigation with wastewater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 35, 290–296.
295. Thompson JF, Cantwell M, Arpaia ML, Kader AA, Crisosto C and Smilanick J, 2001. Effect of cooling delays on fruit and vegetable quality. Perishables Handling Quarterly, 105, 1–4.
296. Thompson JF, Mitchell FG and Kasmire RF, 2007. Cooling horticulture commodities. In: Postharvest Technology of Horticulture Crops.
297. Thorn CE, Quilliam RS, Williams AP, Malham SK, Cooper D, Reynolds B and Jones DL, 2011. Grazing intensity is a poor indicator of waterborne Escherichia coli O157 activity. Anaerobe, 17, 330–333.
298. Tian P, Yang D, Pan L and Mandrell R, 2012. Application of a receptor-binding capture quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay to concentrate human norovirus from sewage and to study the distribution and stability of the virus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, 429–436.
299. Tierney JT, Sullivan R and Larkin EP, 1977. Persistence of poliovirus 1 in soil and on vegetables grown in soil previously flooded with inoculated sewage sludge or effluent. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 33, 109–113.
300. Tirado MC, Clarke R, Jaykus LA, McQuatters-Gollop A and Frank JM, 2010. Climate change and food safety: a review. Food Research International, 43, 1745–1765.
301. Todd EC, Greig JD, Bartleson CA and Michaels BS, 2007. Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 2. Description of outbreaks by size, severity, and settings. Journal of Food Protection, 70, 1975–1993.
302. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, Livengood JR, Sokolow R, Mauvais S, Birkness KA, Skeels MR, Horan JM and Foster LR, 1997. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 389–395.
303. Turatti A, 2011. Process design, facility and equipment requirements. In: Advances in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables processing. Food Preservation Technology Series. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 339–361.
304. Urbanucci A, Myrmel M, Berg I, von Bonsdorff CH and Maunula L, 2009. Potential internalisation of caliciviruses in lettuce. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 135, 175–178.
305. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2004. The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. Agricultural Research Service. Beltsville Area/BARC. Available online: www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/contents.html.
306. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2008. National Organic Program. Regulations. Available online: www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=eemplateA&navID=DationalOrganicProgram&leftNav=vationalOrganicProgram&page=eOPNationalOrganicProgramHome&acct=tMSPW.
307. Van Boxstael S, Habib I, Jacxsens L, de Vocht M, Baert L, Van De Perre E, Rajkovic A, Lopez-Galvez F, Sampers I, Spanoghe P, de Meulenaer B and Uyttendaele M, 2013. Food safety issues in fresh produce: Bacterial pathogens, viruses and pesticide residues indicated as major concerns by stakeholders in the fresh produce chain. Food Control, 32, 190–197.
308. Van der Linden I, Cottyn B, Uyttendaele M, Vlaemynck G, Heyndrickx M and Maes M, 2013a. Survival of enteric pathogens during Butterhead lettuce growth: crop stage, leaf age, and irrigation. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 10, 485–491.
309. Van der Linden I, Cottyn B, Uyttendaele M, Vlaemynck G, Maes M and Heyndrickx M, 2013b. Long-term survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on Butterhead lettuce seeds, and their subsequent survival and growth on the seedlings. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 161, 214–219.
310. Van Haute S, Sampers I, Holvoet K and Uyttendaele M, 2013. Physicochemical quality and chemical safety of chlorine as a reconditioning agent and wash water disinfectant for fresh-cut lettuce washing. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79, 2850–2861.
311. Varma JK, Greene KD, Reller ME, DeLong SM, Trottier J, Nowicki SF, DiOrio M, Koch EM, Bannerman TL, York ST, Lambert-Fair MA, Wells JG and Mead PS, 2003. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection following exposure to a contaminated building. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 2709–2712.
312. Velani S and Roberts D, 1991. Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp in prepacked mixed salads and individual salad ingredients. PHLS Microbiololgy Digest, 8, 21–22.
313. Verhaelen K, Bouwknegt M, Carratala A, Lodder-Verschoor F, Diez-Valcarce M, Rodriguez-Lazaro D, de Roda Husman AM and Rutjes SA, 2013a. Virus transfer proportions between gloved fingertips, soft berries, and lettuce, and associated health risks. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 166, 419–425.
314. Verhaelen K, Bouwknegt M, Rutjes SA and de Roda Husman AM, 2013b. Persistence of human norovirus in reconstituted pesticides - pesticide application as a possible source of viruses in fresh produce chains. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 160, 323–328.
315. Verhoef J, Gutierrez GJ, Koopmans M and Boxman ILA, 2013. Reported behavior, knowledge and awareness toward the potential for norovirus transmission by food handlers in Dutch catering companies and institutional settings in relation to the prevalence of norovirus. Food Control, 34, 420–427.
316. Vieira-Pinto M, Morais L, Caleja C, Themudo P, Torres C, Igrejas G, Poeta P and Martins C, 2011. Salmonella sp. in game (Sus scrofa and Oryctolagus cuniculus). Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 8, 739–740.
317. VMM (Vlaamse Milieumaatschappij), 2006. Water. Elke druppel telt. Aardappel-, fruit-, en groenteverwerkende industrie., 28 pp.
318. Wang Q, Erickson M, Ortega YR and Cannon JL, 2013. The fate of murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus during preparation of fresh produce by cutting and grating. Food and Environmental Virology, 5, 52–60.
319. Warriner K and Namvar A, 2010. The tricks learnt by human enteric pathogens from phytopathogens to persist within the plant environment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 21, 131–136.
320. Wei J, Jin Y, Sims T and Kniel KE, 2010. Manure- and biosolids-resident murine norovirus 1 attachment to and internalization by Romaine lettuce. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, 578–583.
321. Wei J, Jin Y, Sims T and Kniel KE, 2011. Internalization of murine norovirus 1 by Lactuca sativa during irrigation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, 2508–2512.
322. Westrell T, Teunis P, van den Berg H, Lodder W, Ketelaars H, Stenstrom TA and Husman AMD, 2006. Short- and long-term variations of norovirus concentrations in the Meuse river during a 2-year study period. Water Research, 40, 2613–2620.
323. WGA 2012. Commodity specific food safety guidelines for the production and harvest of lettuce and leafy greens.
324. WHO (World Health Organization), 2004. Safe piped water: managing microbial water quality in piped distribution systems. Edited by Richard Ainsworth. IWA Publishing, London, UK., 168 pp.
325. Wilkes G, Edge T, Gannon V, Jokinen C, Lyautey E, Medeiros D, Neumann N, Ruecker N, Topp E and Lapen DR, 2009. Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape. Water Research, 43, 2209–2223.
326. Won G, Kline TR and LeJeune JT, 2013a. Spatial-temporal variations of microbial water quality in surface reservoirs and canals used for irrigation. Agricultural Water Management, 116, 73–78.
327. Won G, Schlegel PJ, Schrock JM and Lejeune JT, 2013b. Absence of direct association between coliforms and Escherichia coli in irrigation water and on produce. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 959–966.
328. Wright KP, 2004. Salad greens. In: The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. Agricultural Handbook Number 66, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland. Ed Gross KC, Wang, C. Y. and Saltveit, M.
329. Wyn-Jones AP, Carducci A, Cook N, D'Agostino M, Divizia M, Fleischer J, Gantzer C, Gawler A, Girones R, Holler C, de Roda Husman AM, Kay D, Kozyra I, Lopez-Pila J, Muscillo M, Nascimento MS, Papageorgiou G, Rutjes S, Sellwood J, Szewzyk R and Wyer M, 2011. Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters. Water Research, 45, 1025–1038.
330. Yadav RK, Karamanoli K and Vokou D, 2005. Bacterial colonization of the phyllosphere of mediterranean perennial species as influenced by leaf structural and chemical features. MicrobEcol, 50, 185–196.
331. Yang Y, Luo Y, Millner P, Turner E and Feng H, 2012. Assessment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 transference from soil to iceberg lettuce via a contaminated field coring harvesting knife. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153, 345–350.
332. Yates MV, 2007. Classical indicators in the 21st century-far and beyond the coliform. Water Environment Research, 79, 279–286.
333. Yildiz F, 1994. Initial preparation, handling and distribution of minimally processed refrigerated fruits and vegetables. In: Minimally Processed Refrigerated Fruits and Vegetables. Wiley, R.C. (ed). Chapman and Hall, New York, USA, 15–49.
334. Zaafrane S, Maatouk K, Gauthier JM and Bakhrouf A, 2004. Influence des conditions de culture prealables et de la presence du gene rpoS pour la survie de Salmonella Typhimurium en eau de mer exposé à la lumiere solaire. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 50, 341–350.
335. Zelner JL, Lopman BA, Hall AJ, Ballesteros S and Grenfell BT, 2013. Linking time-varying symptomatology and intensity of infectiousness to patterns of norovirus transmission. PLoS One, 8, e68413.
336. Zhang Y, Bi P and Hiller JE, 2010. Climate variations and Salmonella infection in Australian subtropical and tropical regions. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 524–530.
337. Zottola T, Montagnaro S, Magnapera C, Sasso S, de Martino L, Bragagnolo A, D'Arnici L, Condoleo R, Pisanelli G, Iovane G and Pagnini U, 2013. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in European wild boar (Sus scrofa); Latium Region - Italy. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 36, 161–168.