Pathogen and indicator variability in a heavily impacted watershed

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 241-257

  Dorner, Sarah M ^a   Anderson, William B ^b   Gaulin, Terri ^c   Candon, Heather L ^d   Slawson, Robin M ^e   Payment, Pierre ^f   Huck, Peter M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^c Regional Municipality of Waterloo   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^e WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^f INRS INSTITUT ARMAND FRAPPIER   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; Drinking water; E. coli O157:H7; Pathogens; Quantitative (real time) PCR; Watershed

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; SNOW; STORM WATER;

COLIFORM BACTERIUM; CORRELATION; DRINKING WATER; FECAL COLIFORM; PATHOGEN; THERMOPHILIC BACTERIUM; TURBIDITY; VIRUS; WATERSHED;

ARTICLE; CAMPYLOBACTER; CANADA; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; COLIFORM BACTERIUM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; ENTERIC VIRUS; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI O157; FECAL COLIFORM; GIARDIA; INDICATOR ORGANISM; RISK ASSESSMENT; RIVER; TURBIDITY; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER SAMPLING; WATERSHED;

CANADA; GRAND RIVER [ONTARIO]; NORTH AMERICA; ONTARIO [CANADA];

CAMPYLOBACTER; CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GIARDIA;

EID: 34250634036     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2007.010b     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Anderson, W. B., Huck, P. M., Gaulin, T., Dorner, S. M. & Slawson, R. M. 2003 Occurrence and distribution of selected human pathogens and indicators in a heavily impacted watershed. In Proceedings, AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference (WQTC Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado, [CD-ROM], Paper T12-3.
2. APHA, AWWA, & WEF 1998 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition. (ed. L. S. Clesceri, A. D. Eaton & A. E. Greenberg), pp. 19-26. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
3. Armon, R. & Payment, P. 1988 A Modified M-CP Medium for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens from Water Samples. Can. J. Microbiol. 34, 78-79.
4. Baker, D. A., Holberton, D. V. & Marshall, J. 1988 Sequence of a giardin subunit cDNA from Giardia lamblia. Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 7177.
5. Black, R. E. M., Levine, M. M., Clements, M. L., Hughes, T. P. & Blaser, M. J. 1988 Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 157, 472.
6. Bodley-Tickell, A. T., Kitchen, S. E. & Sturdee, A. P. 2002 Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in agricultural surface waters during an annual farming cycle in lowland UK. Wat. Res. 36, 1880-1886.
7. Bolin, C., Brown, C. & Rose, J. 2004 Emerging zoonotic diseases and water. In: Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes, and Control (ed. J. A. Cortuvo, A. Dufour, G. Rees, J. Bartram, R. Carr, D. O. Cliver, G. F. Craun, R. Fayer & V. P. J. Gannon). pp. 19-26. World Health Organization (WHO). IWA Publishing, London, UK.
8. Byappanahalli, M., Fowler, M., Shively, D. & Whitman, R. 2003 Ubiquity and persistence of Escherichia coli in a midwestern coastal stream. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 4549-4555.
9. Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 [online database]. http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html. Accessed November 9, 2004.
10. Chin, J. 2000 Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
11. Craun, G. F., Calderon, R. L. & Craun, M. F. 2004 Waterborne Outbreaks Caused by Zoonotic Pathogens in the USA. In Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes, and Control (ed. J. A. Cortuvo, A. Dufour, G. Rees, J. Bartram, R. Carr, D. O. Cliver, G. F. Craun, R. Fayer & V. P. J. Gannon), pp. 120-135. World Health Organization (WHO). IWA Publishing, London, UK.
12. Crowther, J., Kay, D. & Wyer, M. D. 2002 Faecal-indicator concentration in waters draining lowland pastoral catchments in the UK: relationships with land use and farming practices. Wat. Res. 36, 1725-1734.
13. Dorner, S. M., Huck, P. M. & Slawson, R. M. 2004 Estimating potential environmental loadings of Cryptosporidium spp. and Campylobacter spp. from livestock in the Grand River Watershed, Ontario, Canada. Env. Sci. & Technol. 38, 3370-3380.
14. Dorner, S. M., Anderson, W. B., Candon, H. L., Slawson, R. M. & Huck, P. M. 2005 Estimating short-term temporal fluctuations of pathogen and indicator levels in a heavily impacted watershed. In Proceedings, the 11th Canadian National Conference and 2nd Policy Forum on Drinking Water, Calgary, Alberta. Canadian Water and Wastewater Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp. 409-426.
15. Dupont, H. L., Chappell, C. L., Sterling, C. R., Okhuysen, P. C., Rose, J. B. & Jakubowski, W. 1995 The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. New Eng J of Med. 332(13), 855-859.
16. Eyers, M., Chapelle, S., Van Camp, G., Goossens, H. & de Wachter, R. 1993 Discrimination among thermophilic Campylobacter species by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 23S rRNA gene fragments. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 3340-3343.
17. Eyers, M., Chapelle, S., Van Camp, G., Goossens, H. & de Wachter, R. 1994 [Errata] Discrimination among thermophilic Campylobacter species by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 23S rRNA gene fragments. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 1623.
18. Eyles, R., Niyogi, D., Townsend, C., Benwell, G. & Weinstein, P. 2003 Spatial and temporal patterns of Campylobacter contamination underlying public health risk in the Taieri River, New Zealand. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 1820-1828.
19. Grand River Conservation Authority (GRCA) 2001 Grand River Regional Grandwater Study - Technical Report. GRCA, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
20. Grand River Conservation Authority (GRCA) 2004 The Grand 2004 Watershed Report. Grand River Conservation Authority, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
21. Grand River Conservation Authority (GRCA) 2005 The Grand 2005 Watershed Report. Grand River Conservation Authority, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada.
22. Haas, C. N., Crockett, C. S., Rose, J. B., Gerba, C. P. & Fazil, A. M. 1996 Assessing the risk posed by oocysts in drinking water. Journal AWWA 88(9), 131-136.
23. Hrudey, S. E., Huck, P. M., Payment, P., Gillham, R. W. & Hrudey, E. J. 2002 Walkerton: lessons learned in comparison with waterborne outbreaks in the Developed World. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1, 397-407.
24. Hrudey, S. E. & Hrudey, E. J. 2004 Safe Drinking Water, Lesson, from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations. IWA Publishing, London, UK.
25. Hunter, P. R. 2003 Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne disease. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94, 37S-46S.
26. Hunter, P. 1997 Waterborne Disease: Epidemiology and Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, Chester, UK.
27. Irvine, K. N. & Pettibone, G. W. 1996 Planning level evaluation of densities and sources of indicator bacteria in a mixed land use watershed. Environ. Technol. 17, 1-12.
28. Johnson, D. W., Pieniazek, N. J., Griffin, D. W., Misener, L. & Rose, J. B. 1995 Development of a PCR protocol for sensitive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 3849-3855.
29. LeChevallier, M., DiGiovanni, G. D., Clancy, J. L., Bukhari, Z., Bukhari, S., Hargy, T., Rosen, J. S., Sobrinho, J. & Frey, M. M. 2000 Source water assessment: variability of pathogen concentrations. In Proceedings, AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference (WQTC). Salt Lake City. American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado, USA, [CD-ROM]. Paper TU12-4.
30. MacCraith, B., Grattan, K. T. V., Connolly, D., Briggs, R., Boyle, W. J. O. & Avis, M. 1993 Cross comparison of techniques for the monitoring of total organic carbon (TOC) in water sources and supplies. Water Sci. Technol. 28(11-12), 457-463.
31. Mahbubani, M. H., Bej, A. K., Perlin, M., Shaefer, F. W., III, Jakubowski, W. & Atlas, R. M. 1991 Detection of Giardia cysts by using the polymerase chain reaction distinguishing live from dead cysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 3456-3461.
32. Mahbubani, M. H., Bej, A. K., Perlin, M., Shaefer, F. W., III, Jakubowski, W. & Atlas, R. M. 1992 Differentiation of Giardia duodenalis from other Giardia spp. by using polymerase chain reaction and gene probes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30, 74-78.
33. Mackenzie, W. R., Hoxie, N. J., Proctor, M. E., Gradus, M. S., Blair, K. A., Peterson, D. E., Kazmierczak, J. J., Addiss, D. G., Fox, K. R., Rose, J. B. & Davis, J. P. 1994 A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N. Engl. J. Med. 331(3), 161-167.
34. Nagels, J. W., Davies-Colley, R. J., Donnison, A. M. & Muirhead, R. W. 2002 Faecal contamination over flood events in a pastoral agricultural stream in New Zealand. Wat. Sci. Tech. 45(12), 45-52.
35. Obiri-Danso, K. & Jones, K. 1999 Distribution and seasonality of microbial indicators and thermophilic Campylobacters in two freshwater bathing sites on the River Lune in Northwest England. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87, 822-832.
36. O'Connor, D. R. 2002 Report of the Walkerton Inquiry - Part 1. The Events of May 2000 and Related Issues. Queen's Printer for Ontario, pp. 588.
37. Ong, C., Moorehead, W., Ross, A. & Isaac-Renton, J. 1996 Studies of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in two adjacent watersheds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 2798-2805.
38. Ongerth, J. E., Hunter, G. D. & DeWalle, F. B. 1995 Watershed use and Giardia cyst presence. Wat. Res. 29, 1295-1299.
39. Payment, P. & Trudel, M. 1987 Detection and quantitation of human enteric viruses in waste waters: increased sensitivity using a human immune serum globulin-immunoperoxidase assay on MA-104 cells. Can. J. Microbiol. 33, 568-570.
40. Payment, P., Berte, A., Prévost, M., Ménard, B. & Barbeau, B. 2000 Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in the Saint Laurence River (Canada) and comparison of health risks for populations using it as their source of drinking water. Can. J. Microbiol. 46, 565-576.
41. Pipes, W. O. 1982 Bacterial Indicators of Pollution. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA.
42. Region of Waterloo 2004 Water and Wastewater Monitoring Report. Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, May 2004.
43. Savill, M. G., Hudson, J. A., Ball, A., Klena, J. D., Scholes, P., Whyte, R. J., McCormick, R. E. & Jankovic, D. 2001 Enumeration of Campylobacter in New Zealand recreational and drinking waters. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91, 38-46.
44. Tilden, J., Young, W., McNamara, A. M., Custer, C., Boesel, B., Lambert-Fair, M. A., Majkowski, J., Vugia, D., Werner, S. B., Hollingsworth, J. & Morris, J. G. 1996 The new route of transmission of Escherichia coli: infection from dry fermented salami. Am. J. Public Health 86, 1142-1145.
45. Welker, R., Porter, R., Pett, W. B., Provart, M. R., Schwartz, M. & Kauri, T. 1994 Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Kitchener-Waterloo: identification, assessment and future prevention. In Planning for Tomorrow - Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Drinking Water, Victoria B.C. (ed. W. Robertson, T. Kauri & S. Irwin), pp. 39-60. Canadian Water and Wastewater Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
46. World Health Organization (WHO) 2004 Waterborne Zoonoses: Identification, Causes, and Control (ed. J. A. Cortuvo, A. Dufour, G. Rees, J. Bartram, R. Carr, D. O. Cliver, G. F. Craun, R. Fayer & V. P. J. Gannon). IWA Publishing, London, UK.