Microbiological safety evaluations and recommendations on sprouted seeds

International Journal of Food Microbiology

Volumn 52, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 123-153

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISINFECTION; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD CONTROL; FOOD HANDLING; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD SAFETY; PLANT GROWTH; PLANT SEED; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA COLI; SALMONELLA; SPERMATOPHYTA;

EID: 0032701452     PISSN: 01681605     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00135-X     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Aabo S., Baggesen D.L. Growth of Salmonella Newport in naturally contaminated alfalfa sprouts and estimation of infectious dose in Danish Salmonella Newport outbreak due to alfalfa sprouts. Program and abstracts of Salmonella and Salmonellosis '97. Nice, France :1997;425-426.
2. Andrews W.H., Wilson C.R., Poelma P.L., Romero A., Mislivec P.B. Bacteriological survey of sixty health foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37:1979;559-566.
3. Andrews W.H., Mislivec P.B., Wilson C.R., Bruce V.R., Polema P.L., Gibson R., Trucksess M.W., Young K. Microbial hazards associated with bean sprouting. J. AOAC. 65:1982;241-248.
4. Arroyo G., Sanz P.D., Prestamo G. Effect of high pressure on the reduction of microbial populations in vegetables. J. Appl. Microbiol. 82:1997;735-742.
5. Beuchat L.R. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 59:1996;204-216.
6. Beuchat L.R. Comparison of chemical treatments to kill Salmonella on alfalfa seeds destined for sprout production. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 34:1997;329-333.
7. Beuchat, L.R., University of Georgia, Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement. Personal communication, 1999.
8. Buchanan, R., U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC. Personal Communication, 1999.
9. Buck P., Grimsrud K., Waters J., Cardinal R., Talbot J., Anand C., Johnson W., Khakria R., Spika J., Sockett P., Werker D. Would you like a little Salmonella with your sandwich? Program and Abstracts of the 47th Annual Epidemic Intelligence Service Conference, International Night. Atlanta, GA :1998.
10. Caetano-Anolles G., Favelukes G., Bauer W.D. Optimization of surface sterilization for legume seed. Crop Sci. 30:1990;708-712.
11. Cai Y., Ng L.-K., Farber J.M. Isolation and characterization of nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis from bean sprouts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83:1997;499-507.
12. California Department of Health Services and U.S. Food and Drug Administration. California Sprout Industry Survey, 1998.
13. California Sprout Working Group, Voluntary California Sprout Growers Guidelines. California Department of Health Services, 1997. http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/dfdrs/fdb/food/sprouts.htm.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with eating alfalfa sprouts-Michigan and Virginia, June-July 1997. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 1997;46:741-744.
15. Chao W.L., Ding R.J., Chen R.S. Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in the environment. Can. J. Microbiol. 34:1988;753-756.
16. Cover T.L., Aber R.C. Yersinia enterocolitica. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:1989;16-24.
17. Farrar, J., Mohle-Boetani, J., California Department of Health Services. Personal communication, 1999.
18. Fett, W., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center. Personal communication, 1999.
19. Food and Drug Administration, Guidance for Industry-Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, 1998. http://www.foodsafety.gov/~dms/prodguid.html.
20. Gutierrez E. Japan prepares as O157 strikes again. Lancet. 349:1997;1156.
21. Hara-Kudo Y., Konuma H., Iwaki M., Kasuga F., Sugita-Konishi Y., Ito Y., Kumagai S. Potential hazard of radish sprouts as a vehicle of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Food Prot. 60:1997;1125-1127.
22. Harmon S.M., Kautter D.A., Solomon H.M. Bacillus cereus contamination of seeds and vegetable sprouts grown in a home sprouting kit. J. Food Prot. 50:1987;62-65.
23. Inami, G., Bryant, R., California Department of Health Services. Personal communication, 1999.
24. Itoh Y., Sugita-Konishi Y., Kasuga F., Iwaki M., Hara-Kudo Y., Saito N., Noguchi Y., Konuma H., Kumagai S. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 present in radish sprouts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1998;1532-1535.
25. Jackson L.A. Overview of outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with fresh fruits and vegetables. Symposium on Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: Food Safety Challenges, Institute of Food Technologists and the National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Rosemont, IL, May 12-14 :1998.
26. Jaquette C.B., Beuchat L.R., Mahon B.E. Efficacy of chlorine and heat treatment in killing Salmonella Stanley inoculated onto alfalfa seeds and growth and survival of the pathogen during sprouting and storage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:1996;2212-2215.
27. Joce R., Sullivan D.G., Strong C., Rowe B., Hall M.L.M., Threlfall E.J. A national outbreak of Salmonella Gold-Coast. Comm. Dis. Rep. 4:1990;3-4.
28. Keene, W.E., Oregon Health Division. Personal Communication, 1999.
29. Kapperud G. Yersinia enterocolitica in food hygiene. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12:1991;53-65.
30. Kontiainen S., Sammalkorpi K., Siitonen A. High frequency of septicemia in an outbreak of Salmonella Stanley infections. Scan. J. Infect. Dis. 28:1996;207.
31. Kramer J.M., Gilbert R.J. Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. Doyle M.P. Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens. 1989;21-70 Marcel Dekker, New York.
32. Lovett J. Listeria monocytogenes. Doyle M.P. Foodborne Pathogens. 1989;283-310 Marcel Dekker, New York.
33. Mahon B.E., Ponka A., Hall W., Komatsu K., Beuchat L., Shiflett S., Siitonen A., Cage G., Lambert M., Hayes P., Bean N., Griffin P., Slutsker L. An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seed. J. Infect. Dis. 175:1997;876-882.
34. Mistcherlich E., Marth E.H. Microbial Survival in the Environment. 1984;Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
35. Moline, H.E., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (retired). Personal communication, 1999.
36. Moline H.E., Kulik M.M. Contamination and deterioration of alfalfa sprouts caused by a seedborne isolate of Erwinia herbicola. J. Food Quality. 20:1997;53-60.
37. Mueller, S.C., University of California, Davis. U.S. Cooperative Extension Service. Personal communication, 1999.
38. National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods, Microbiological Safety Evaluations and Recommendations on Fresh Produce. Food Control. 1999;10:117-143.
39. Naito S., Shiga I. Studies on utilization of ozone in food preservation. IX. Effect of ozone treatment on elongation of hypocotyl and microbial counts of bean sprouts. J. Jap. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. 36:1989;181-188. (Abstract in English).
40. Naito S., Okada Y., Sakai T. Studies on utilization of ozone in food preservation. V. Changes in microflora of ozone-treated cereals, grain, peas, beans and spices during storage. J. Jap. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. 35:1988;69-77. (Abstract in English).
41. National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infectious Diseases Control Division, Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) infection, Japan, 1996-June 1997. Infect. Agents Surveil. Rep. 1997;18:153-154.
42. O'Mahony M., Cowden J., Smyth B., Lynch D., Hall M., Rowe B., Tearle E.L., Tettmar R.E., Rampling A.S., Coles M., Gilbert R.J., Kingcott E., Bartlett C.L.R. An outbreak of Salmonella saint-paul infection associated with bean sprouts. Epidemiol. Infect. 104:1990;229-235.
43. Oregon Health Division. Salmonellosis outbreak traced to alfalfa sprouts-Oregon and BC. Communicable Disease Summary. OR:OHD, 45, 1995.
44. Patterson J.E., Woodburn M.J. Klebsiella and other bacteria on alfalfa and bean sprouts at the retail level. J. Food Sci. 45:1980;492-495.
45. Pezzino G., Miller C., Flahart R., Potsic S.R. A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella serotypes Infantitis and Anatum-Kansas and Missouri, 1997. Kansas Medicine. 98:(3):1998;10-12.
46. Piernas V., Guiraud J.P. Microbial hazards related to rice sprouting. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 32:1997;33-39.
47. Piernas V., Guiraud J.P. Disinfection of rice seeds prior to sprouting. J. Food Sci. 62:1997;611-615.
48. Ponka A., Anderson Y., Sitonen A., deJong B., Jahkola M., Haikala O., Kuhmonen A., Pakkala P. Salmonella in alfalfa sprouts. Lancet. 345:1995;462-463.
49. Potter A.P., Ehrenfeld E.E. Microbial loads of bean sprouts: coliform, E. coli and Salmonella. 98th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Atlanta, GA, May 17-21 :1998;. Poster Q-243.
50. Puohiniemi R., Heiskanen T., Siitonen A. Molecular epidemiology of two international sprout-borne Salmonella outbreaks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1997;2487-2491.
51. Prokopowich D., Blank G. Microbiological evaluation of vegetable sprouts and seeds. J. Food Prot. 54:1991;560-562.
52. Rafii F., Holland M.A., Hill W.E., Cerniglia C.E. Survival of Shigella flexneri on vegetables and detection by polymerase chain reaction. J. Food Prot. 58:1995;727-737.
53. Slade, P., National Center for Food Safety and Technology. Summit-Argo, IL. Personal Communication, 1999.
54. Slutsker, L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Personal communication, 1998.
55. Sly T., Ross E. Chinese foods: relationship between hygiene and bacterial flora. J. Food Prot. 45:1982;115-118.
56. Smith, M.A., Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC. Personal communication, 1999.
57. Splittstoesser D.F., Queale D.T., Andaloro B.W. The microbiology of vegetable sprouts during commercial production. J. Food Safety. 5:1983;79-86.
58. Suzuki, T., Takizawa, T., Sprouted vegetables seeds sterilizing method, and sprouted vegetables cultivating method. U.S. Patent No. 5615518, 1997.
59. Thayer, D., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center. Personal communication, 1999.
60. Taormina P.J., Beuchat L.R. Comparison of chemical treatments to eliminate enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds. J. Food Prot. 62:1999;318-324.
61. Tortorello, M.L., Fu, T.J., U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Personal communication, 1999.
62. Van Beneden C.A., Keene W.E., Strang R.A., Werker D.H., King A.S., Mahon B., Hedberg K., Bell A., Kelly M.T., Balan V.K., MacKenzie W.R., Fleming D. Multinational outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections due to contaminated alfalfa sprouts. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 281:1999;158-162.
63. Watanabe Y., Ozasa K. An epidemiological study on an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Rinsho Byori. 45:1997;869-874.