Modulation of gastrointestinal barrier and nutrient transport function in farm animals by natural plant bioactive compounds–A comprehensive review

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 59, Issue 20, 2019, Pages 3237-3266

  Patra, Amlan Kumar ^a,b   Amasheh, Salah ^a   Aschenbach, Jörg Rudolf ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b WEST BENGAL UNIVERSITY OF ANIMAL AND FISHERY SCIENCES   (India)

Author keywords

cytokine chemokine; intestinal barrier; intestinal immunity; ion channel; nutrient transport; permeability; Plant bioactive compound; tight junction

Indexed keywords

ADDITIVES; AGRICULTURE; AMMONIA; ANIMALS; ANTIBIOTICS; CELL SIGNALING; MECHANICAL PERMEABILITY; MICROORGANISMS; MODULATION; PRODUCTIVITY; PROTEINS; TRANSCRIPTION;

BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS; CYTOKINES; INTESTINAL BARRIERS; INTESTINAL IMMUNITY; ION CHANNEL; NUTRIENT TRANSPORT; TIGHT JUNCTIONS;

NUTRIENTS;

PHYTOCHEMICAL; TIGHT JUNCTION PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; DRUG EFFECT; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; INTESTINE MUCOSA; LIVESTOCK; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; IMMUNITY, CELLULAR; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; LIVESTOCK; NUTRIENTS; PHYTOCHEMICALS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TIGHT JUNCTION PROTEINS;

EID: 85075045133     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1486284     Document Type: Review

References (259)

1. Ader, P., M., Block, S., Pietzsch, and S., Wolffram. 2001. Interaction of quercetin glucosides with the intestinal sodium/glucose co-transporter (SGLT-1). Cancer Letters 162:175–80. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00645-5.
2. Adler, K. L., P. H., Peng, R. K., Peng, and K. C., Klasing. 2001. The kinetics of hemopexin and α1-acid glycoprotein levels induced by injection of inflammatory agents in chickens. Avian Diseases 45:289–96. doi:10.2307/1592967.
3. Aggarwal, B. B., C., Sundaram, N., Malani, and H., Ichikawa. 2007. Curcumin: the Indian solid gold. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 595:1–75. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_1.
4. Albanese, C., M., D'Amico, A. T., Reutens, M., Fu, G., Watanabe, R. J., Lee, R. N., Kitsis, B., Henglein, M., Avantaggiati, et al. 1999. Activation of the cyclin D1 gene by the E1-assocciated protein p300 through AP-1 inhibits cellular apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274:34186–95. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.48.34186.
5. Al-Sadi, R., M., Boivin, and T., Ma. 2009. Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier. Frontiers in Bioscience 14:2765–78. doi:10.2741/3413.
6. Al-Sadi, R., D., Ye, K., Dokladny, and T. Y., Ma. 2008. Mechanism of IL-1beta-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability. Journal of Immunology 180:5653–61. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5653.
7. Alvarez-Suarez, J. M., D., Dekanski, S., Ristić, N. V., Radonjić, N. D., Petronijević, F., Giampieri, P., Astolfi, A. M., González-Paramás, C., Santos-Buelga, S., Tulipani, et al. 2011. Strawberry polyphenols attenuate ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats by activation of antioxidant enzymes and attenuation of MDA increase. Plos One 6:e25878. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025878.
8. Amasheh, M., J., Luettig, S., Amasheh, M., Zeitz, M., Fromm, and J. D., Schulzke. 2012. Effects of quercetin studied in colonic HT-29/B6 cells and rat intestine in vitro. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1258:00–107. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06609.x.
9. Amasheh, M., S., Schlichter, S., Amasheh, J., Mankertz, M., Zeitz, M., Fromm, and J. D., Schulzke. 2008. Quercetin enhances epithelial barrier function and increases claudin-4 expression in Caco-2 cells. Journal of Nutrition 138:1067–73. doi:10.1093/jn/138.6.1067.
10. Amasheh, S., N., Meiri, A. H., Gitter, T., Schöneberg, J., Mankertz, J. D., Schulzke, and M., Fromm. 2002. Claudin-2 expression induces cation-selective channels in tight junctions of epithelial cells. Journal of Cell Science 115:4969–76. doi:10.1242/jcs.00165.
11. Anderson, J. M., and C. M., Van Itallie. 2009. Physiology and function of the tight junction. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 1:a002584. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002584.
12. Aprotosoaie, A. C., I. I., Costache, and A., Miron. 2016. Anethole and its role in chronic diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 929:247–67. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_11.
13. Atanasov, A. G., B., Waltenberger, E. M., Pferschy-Wenzig, T., Linder, C., Wawrosch, P., Uhrin, V., Temml, L., Wang, S., Schwaiger, E. H., Heiss, et al. 2015. Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review. Biotechnology Advances 33:1582–614. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001.
14. Bagchi, D., O. R., Carryl, M. X., Tran, M., Bagchi, A., Garg, M. M., Milnes, C. B., Williams, J., Balmoori, D. J., Bagchi, S., Mitra, et al. 1999. Acute and chronic stress-induced oxidative gastrointestinal mucosal injury in rats and protection by bismuth subsalicylate. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 196:109–16. doi:10.1023/A:1006978431521.
15. Balda, M. S., and K., Matter. 2000. Transmembrane proteins of tight junctions. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 11:81–289. doi:10.1006/scdb.2000.0177.
16. Basuroy, S., A., Seth, B., Elias, A. P., Naren, and R., Rao. 2006. MAPK interacts with occludin and mediates EGF-induced prevention of tight junction disruption by hydrogen peroxide. Biochemical Journal 393:69–77. doi:10.1042/BJ20050959.
17. Baumgartner, H. K., and M. H., Montrose. 2004. Regulated alkali secretion acts in tandem with unstirred layers to regulate mouse gastric surface pH. Gastroenterology 126:774–83. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.059.
18. Bazzoni, G., O. M., Martinez-Estrada, F., Orsenigo, M., Cordenonsi, S., Citi, and E., Dejana. 2000. Interaction of junctional adhesion molecule with the tight junction components ZO-1, cingulin, and occludin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275:20520–26. doi:10.1074/jbc.M905251199.
19. Bennett, L. D., J. M., Fox, and N., Signoret. 2011. Mechanisms regulating chemokine receptor activity. Immunology 134:246–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03485.x.
20. Benoit, Y. D., C., Lussier, P., Ducharme, S., Sivret, L. M., Schnapp, N., Basora, and J., Beaulieu. 2009. Integrin α8β1 regulates adhesion, migration and proliferation of human intestinal crypt cells via a predominant RhoA/ROCK-dependent mechanism. Biology of the Cell 101:695–708. doi:10.1042/BC20090060.
21. Bento, M. H. L., A. C., Ouwehand, K., Tiihonen, S., Lahtinen, P., Nurminen, M. T., Saarinen, H., Schulze, T., Mygind, and J., Fischer. 2013. Essential oils and their use in animal feeds for monogastric animals–effects on feed quality, gut microbiota, growth performance and food safety: a review. Veterinary Medicine 58:449–58. doi:10.17221/7029-VETMED.
22. +-glucose cotransport. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281:G1487–93. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.6.G1487.
23. Bhutto, Z. A., F., He, M., Zloh, J., Yang, J., Huang, T., Guo, and L., Wang. 2018. Use of quercetin in animal feed: effects on the P-gp expression and pharmacokinetics of orally administrated enrofloxacin in chicken. Scientific Reports 8:4400. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22354-1.
24. Boeing, T., L. M., da Silva, L. B., Somensi, B. J., Cury, A. P., Michels Costa, M., Petreanu, R., Niero, and S. F., de Andrade. 2016. Antiulcer mechanisms of Vernonia condensata Baker: A medicinal plant used in the treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcer. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 184:196–207. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.049.
25. Boudry, G., and C., Perrier. 2008. Thyme and cinnamon extracts induce anion secretion in piglet small intestine via cholinergic pathways. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 59:543–52.
26. Breviglieri, E., L., Mota da Silva, T., Boeing, L. B., Somensi, B. J., Cury, A., Gimenez, V., Cechinel Filho, and S. F., de Andrade. 2017. Gastroprotective and anti-secretory mechanisms of 2-phenylquinoline, an alkaloid isolated from Galipea longiflora. Phytomedicine 25:61–70. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.016.
27. Bukovska, A., S., Cikos, S., Juhas, G., Il'kova, P., Rehak, and J., Koppel. 2007. Effects of a combination of thyme and oregano essential oils on TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Mediators of Inflammation 2007:23296. doi:10.1155/2007/23296.
28. Buyel, J. F., 2018. Plants as sources of natural and recombinant anti-cancer agents. Biotechnology Advances 36:506–20. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.002.
29. Cao, L., X. J., Yang, Z. J., Li, F. F., Sun, X. H., Wu, and J. H., Yao. 2012. Reduced lesions in chickens with Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis by Lactobacillus fermentum 1.20291. Poultry Science 91:3065–71. doi:10.3382/ps.2012-02548.
30. Cao, M., P., Wang, C., Sun, W., He, and F., Wang. 2013. Amelioration of IFN-gamma and TNFalpha-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by berberine via suppression of MLCKMLC phosphorylation signaling pathway. Plos One 8:e61944. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061944.
31. Capaldo, C. T., and A., Nusrat. 2009. Cytokine regulation of tight junctions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1788:864–71. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.08.027.
32. Cario, E., G., Gerken, and D. K., Podolsky. 2004. Toll-like receptor 2 enhances ZO-1-associated intestinal epithelial barrier integrity via protein kinase C. Gastroenterology 127:224–38. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.04.015.
33. Castanon, J. I. R., 2007. History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds. Poultry Science 86:2466–71. doi:10.3382/ps.2007-00249.
34. Cermak, R., S., Landgraf, and S., Wolffram. 2004. Quercetin glucosides inhibit glucose uptake into brush-border-membrane vesicles of porcine jejunum. British Journal of Nutrition 91:849–55. doi:10.1079/BJN20041128.
35. Chiba, H., M., Osanai, M., Murata, T., Kojima, and N., Sawada. 2008. Transmembrane proteins of tight junctions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1778:588–600. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.017.
36. Chikara, S., L. D., Nagaprashantha, J., Singhal, D., Horne, S., Awasthi, and S. S., Singhal. 2018. Oxidative stress and dietary phytochemicals: Role in cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Cancer Letters 413:122–34. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.002.
37. Choi, J. W., D. R., Herr, K., Noguchi, Y. C., Yung, C., Lee, T., Mutoh, M., Lin, S. T., Teo, K. E., Park, A. N., Mosley, et al. 2010. LPA receptors: Subtypes and biological actions. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 50:157–86. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105753.
38. Chowdhury, S., G. P., Mandal, A. K., Patra, I., Samanta, P., Kumar, and A. K., Samanta. 2018. Different essential oils in diets of broiler chickens: 2. Gut microbes and morphology, immune response, and some blood profile and antioxidant enzymes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 236:39–47. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.003.
39. Chuenkitiyanon, S., T., Pengsuparp, and S., Jianmongkol, 2010. Protective effect of quercetin on hydrogen peroxide-induced tight junction disruption. International Journal of Toxicology 29:418–24. doi:10.1177/1091581810366487.
40. Clayburgh, D. R., M. W., Musch, M., Leitges, Y. X., Fu, and J. R., Turner. 2006. Coordinated epithelial NHE3 inhibition and barrier dysfunction are required for TNF-mediated diarrhea in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation 116:2682–94. doi:10.1172/JCI29218.
41. Colegio, O. R., C., Van Itallie, C., Rahner, and J. M., Anderson. 2003. Claudin extracellular domains determine paracellular charge selectivity and resistance but not tight junction fibril architecture. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 284:C1346–54. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00547.2002.
42. Cragg, G. M., and D. J., Newman. 2013. Natural products: a continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1830:3670–95. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008.
43. de Veer, M. J., H., Sim, J. C., Whisstock, R. J., Devenish, and S. J., Ralph. 1998. IFI60/ISG60/IFIT4, a new member of the human IFI54/IFIT2 family of interferon-stimulated genes. Genomics 54:267–77. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5555.
44. Dias, A. S., M., Porawski, M., Alonso, N., Marroni, P. S., Collado, and J., Gonzalez-Gallego. 2005. Quercetin decreases oxidative stress, NF-kappaB activation, and iNOS overexpression in liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Nutrition 135:2299–304. doi:10.1093/jn/135.10.2299.
45. 2+ transport: insights from the TRP channel family. The Journal of Physiology 589:1535–42. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2010.199869.
46. Dkhil, M. A., D., Delic, and S., Al-Quraishy. 2013. Goblet cells and mucin related gene expression in mice infected with Eimeria papillata. The Scientific World Journal 2013:439865. doi:10.1155/2013/439865.
47. Dong, Z. L., Y. W., Wang, D., Song, Y. J., Hou, W. W., Wang, W. T., Qi, T. T., Yun, and A. K., Li. 2016. The effects of dietary supplementation of pre-microencapsulated Enterococcus fecalis and the extract of Camellia oleifera seed on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal mucosal immune functions in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 212:42–51. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.11.014.
48. Du, E., W., Wang, L., Gan, Z., Li, S., Guo, and Y., Guo. 2016. Effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 7:19. doi:10.1186/s40104-016-0079-7.
49. El, S. N., and S., Karakaya. 2009. Olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves: potential beneficial effects on human health. Nutrition Reviews 67:632–38. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00248.x.
50. Elkouby-Naor, L., and R., Ben-Yosef. 2010. Functions of claudin tight junction proteins and their complex interactions in various physiological systems. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology 279:1–32. doi:10.1016/S1937-6448(10)79001-8.
51. Fabian, D., M., Sabol, K., Domaracka, and D., Bujnˇakova. 2006. Essential oils–their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and effect on intestinal cell viability. Toxicology in Vitro 20:1435–45. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2006.06.012.
52. Fanning, A. S., B. J., Jameson, L. A., Jesaitis, and J. M., Anderson. 1998. The tight junction protein ZO-1 establishes a link between the transmembrane protein occludin and the actin cytoskeleton. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273:29745–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.45.29745.
53. Fanning, A. S., T. Y., Ma, and J. M., Anderson. 2002. Isolation and functional characterization of the actin binding region in the tight junction protein ZO-1. The FASEB Journal 16:1835–37. doi:10.1096/fj.02-0121fje.
54. Farhadi, A., A., Keshavarzian, Z., Ranjbaran, J. Z., Fields, and A., Banan. 2006. The role of protein kinase C isoforms in modulating injury and repair of the intestinal barrier. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 316:1–7. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.085449.
55. Fiesel, A., D. K., Gessner, E., Most, and K., Eder. 2014. Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich plant products from grape or hop on pro-inflammatory gene expression in the intestine, nutrient digestibility and faecal microbiota of weaned pigs. BMC Veterinary Research 10:196. doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0196-5.
56. Findley, M. K., and M., Koval. 2009. Regulation and roles for claudin-family tight junction proteins. Iubmb Life 61:431–37. doi:10.1002/iub.175.
57. Flessas, I. I., A. E., Papalois, K., Toutouzas, F., Zagouri, and G. C., Zografos. 2011. Effects of lazaroids on intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in experimental models. Journal of Surgical Research 166:265–74. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2010.08.031.
58. Forbes-Hernandez, T. Y., M., Gasparrini, S., Afrin, S., Bompadre, B., Mezzetti, J. L., Quiles, F., Giampieri, and M., Battino. 2016. The healthy effects of strawberry polyphenols: Which strategy behind antioxidant capacity? Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56 (Suppl 1):S46–59. doi:10.1080/10408398.2015.1051919.
59. Forder, R. E., G. S., Nattrass, M. S., Geier, R. J., Hughes, and P. I., Hynd. 2012. Quantitative analyses of genes associated with mucin synthesis of broiler chickens with induced necrotic enteritis. Poultry Science 91:1335–41. doi:10.3382/ps.2011-02062.
60. Fournier, B. M., and C. A., Parkos. 2012. The role of neutrophils during intestinal inflammation. Mucosal Immunology 5:354–66. doi:10.1038/mi.2012.24.
61. Francis, G., Z., Kerem, H. P., Makkar, and K., Becker. 2002. The biological action of saponins in animal systems: a review. British Journal of Nutrition 88:587–605. doi:10.1079/BJN2002725.
62. Frias Beneyto, R. 2013. Preclinical evaluation of common markers and iohexol for the development of intestinal permeability tests in dogs: Studies on laboratory Beagle dogs and Sprague-Dawley rats. Thesis. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
63. Fukudome, I., M., Kobayashi, K., Dabanaka, H., Maeda, K., Okamoto, T., Okabayashi, R., Baba, N., Kumagai, K., Oba, M., Fujita, et al. 2014. Diamine oxidase as a marker of intestinal mucosal injury and the effect of soluble dietary fiber on gastrointestinal tract toxicity after intravenous 5-fluorouracil treatment in rats. Medical Molecular Morphology 47:100–107. doi:10.1007/s00795-013-0055-7.
64. Furuse, M., 2010. Molecular basis of the core structure of tight junctions. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2:a002907. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002907.
65. Furuse, M., K., Fujita, T., Hiiragi, K., Fujimoto, and S., Tsukita. 1998. Claudin-1 and -2: novel integral membrane proteins localizing at tight junctions with no sequence similarity to occludin. Journal of Cell Biology 141:1539–50. doi:10.1083/jcb.141.7.1539.
66. Furuse, M., T., Hirase, M., Itoh, A., Nagafuchi, S., Yonemura, S., Tsukita, and S., Tsukita. 1993. Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions. Journal of Cell Biology 123:1777–88. doi:10.1083/jcb.123.6.1777.
67. Gadde, U., W. H., Kim, S. T., Oh, and H. S., Lillehoj. 2017. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Animal Health Research Reviews 18:26–45. doi:10.1017/S1466252316000207.
68. Garrod, D., and M., Chidgey. 2008. Desmosome structure, composition and function. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 1778:572–87. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.07.014.
69. Gechev, T. S., J., Hille, H. J., Woerdenbag, M., Benina, N., Mehterov, V., Toneva, A. R., Fernie, and B., Mueller-Roeber. 2014. Natural products from resurrection plants: potential for medical applications. Biotechnology Advances 32:1091–101. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.03.005.
70. Gessner, D. K., A., Fiesel, E., Most, J., Dinges, G., Wen, R., Ringseis, and K., Eder. 2013. Supplementation of a grape seed and grape marc meal extract decreases activities of the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 in the duodenal mucosa of pigs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 55:18. doi:10.1186/1751-0147-55-18.
71. Gessner, D. K., R., Ringseis, M., Siebers, J., Keller, J., Kloster, G., Wen, and K., Eder. 2012. Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway by a grape seed and grape marc meal extract in intestinal epithelial cells. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96:1074–83. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01222.x.
72. Ghanbari, R., F., Anwar, K. M., Alkharfy, A. H., Gilani, and N., Saari. 2012. Valuable nutrients and functional bioactives in different parts of olive (Olea europaea L.)-a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13:3291–340. doi:10.3390/ijms13033291.
73. Ghazanfari, S., Z., Mohammadi, and M., Adib Moradi. 2015. Effects of coriander essential oil on the performance, blood characteristics, intestinal microbiota and histological of broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 17:419–26.
74. Golder, H. M., M. S., Geier, R. E., Forder, P. I., Hynd, and R. J., Hughes. 2011. Effects of necrotic enteritis challenge on intestinal micro-architecture and mucin profile. British Poultry Science 52:500–506. doi:10.1080/00071668.2011.587183.
75. Groschwitz, K. R., and S. P., Hogan. 2009. Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease pathogenesis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 124:3–20. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.038.
76. Gu, L., N., Li, J., Gong, Q., Li, W., Zhu, and J., Li. 2011. Berberine ameliorates intestinal epithelial tight-junction damage and down-regulates myosin light chain kinase pathways in a mouse model of endotoxinemia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 203:1602–12. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir147.
77. Guimaraes, A. G., M. A., Xavier, M. T., de Santana, E. A., Camargo, C. A., Santos, F. A., Brito, E. O., Barreto, S. C., Cavalcanti, A. R., Antoniolli, R. C., Oliveira, et al. 2012. Carvacrol attenuates mechanical hypernociception and inflammatory response. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives of Pharmacology 385:253–63. doi:10.1007/s00210-011-0715-x.
78. Guo, C., H., Li, D., Sun, J., Liu, and S., Mao. 2018. Effects of abomasal supplementation of quercetin on performance, inflammatory cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinase genes expression in goats fed a high-grain diet. Livestock Science 209:20–24. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.003.
79. Guschlbauer, M., S., Klinger, M., Burmester, J., Horn, S. E., Kulling, and G., Breves. 2013. trans-Resveratrol and ϵ-viniferin decrease glucose absorption in porcine jejunum and ileum in vitro. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 165:313–18. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.03.040.
80. Hall, J. A., G., Bobe, B. K., Nixon, W. R., Vorachek, T., Hugejiletu Nichols, W. D., Mosher, and G. J., Pirelli. 2014. Effect of transport on blood selenium and glutathione status in feeder lambs. Journal of Animal Science 92:4115–22. doi:10.2527/jas.2014-7753.
81. Han, M., P., Song, C., Huang, A., Rezaei, S., Farrar, M. A., Brown, and X., Ma. 2016. Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) improve weaned intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier using a piglet model. Oncotarget 7:80313–26. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.13450.
82. Hansson, G. C., 2012. Role of mucus layers in gut infection and inflammation. Current Opinion in Microbiology 15:57–62. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2011.11.002.
83. Harmon, A. W., and Y. M., Patel. 2003. Naringenin inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 305:229–34. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00720-4.
84. Hassan, F. A. M., and A., Awad. 2017. Impact of thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris L.) supplementation on gene expression profiles of cytokines and economic efficiency of broiler diets. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 24:15816–26. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9251-7.
85. Hernandez, L. A., M. B., Grisham, B., Twohig, K. E., Arfors, J. M., Harlan, and D. N., Granger. 1987. Role of neutrophils in ischemia-reperfusion-induced microvascular injury. American Journal of Physiology 253:H699–703.
86. Higashi, N., M., Kohjima, M., Fukushima, S., Ohta, K., Kotoh, M., Enjoji, N., Kobayashi, and M., Nakamuta. 2005. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green-tea polyphenol, suppresses Rho signaling in TWNT-4 human hepatic stellate cells. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 145:316–22. doi:10.1016/j.lab.2005.03.017.
87. Hinson, E. R., N. S., Joshi, J. H., Chen, C., Rahner, Y. W., Jung, X., Wang, S. M., Kaech, and P., Cresswell. 2010. Viperin is highly induced in neutrophils and macrophages during acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Journal of Immunology 184:5723–31. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903752.
88. Hollingsworth, M. A., and B. J., Swanson. 2004. Mucins in cancer: Protection and control of the cell surface. Nature Reviews Cancer 4:45–60. doi:10.1038/nrc1251.
89. Horn, N., G., Miller, K. M., Ajuwon, and O., Adeola. 2017a. Ability of garlic-derived diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide supplemented by oral gavage to mitigate effects of an acute postweaning feed and water deprivation event in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 95:3579–90.
90. Horn, N., G., Miller, K. M., Ajuwon, and O., Adeola. 2017b. Garlic diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide mitigates effects of pro-oxidant induced cellular stress and has immune modulatory function in LPS-stimulated porcine epithelial cells. Journal of Animal Science 95:4045–51.
91. Horn, N. L., F., Ruch, G., Miller, K. M., Ajuwon, and O., Adeola. 2016. Determination of the adequate dose of garlic diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide for effecting changes in growth performance, total-tract nutrient and energy digestibility, ileal characteristics, and serum immune parameters in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 95:2360–65. doi:10.3382/ps/pew126.
92. Ikenouchi, J., M., Furuse, K., Furuse, H., Sasaki, S., Tsukita, and S., Tsukita. 2005. Tricellulin constitutes a novel barrier at tricellular contacts of epithelial cells. Journal of Cell Biology 171:939–45. doi:10.1083/jcb.200510043.
93. Imran, M., A., Ullah, F., Saeed, M., Nadeem, M. U., Arshad, and H. A. R., Suleria. 2018. Cucurmin, anticancer, & antitumor perspectives: A comprehensive review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 58:1271–93. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1252711.
94. Itoh, M., M., Furuse, K., Morita, K., Kubota, M., Saitou, and S., Tsukita. 1999. Direct binding of three tight junction-associated MAGUKs, ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3, with the COOH termini of claudins. Journal of Cell Biology 147:1351–63. doi:10.1083/jcb.147.6.1351.
95. Itoh, M., H., Sasaki, M., Furuse, H., Ozaki, T., Kita, and S., Tsukita. 2001. Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) binds to PAR-3: a possible mechanism for the recruitment of PAR-3 to tight junctions. Journal of Cell Biology 154:491–97. doi:10.1083/jcb.200103047.
96. Jamroz, D., T., Wertelecki, M., Houszka, and C., Kamel. 2006. Influence of diet type on the inclusion of plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the stomach and jejunum walls in chicken. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 90:255–68. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00603.x.
97. Jang, S., J., Sun, P., Chen, S., Lakshman, A., Molokin, J. M., Harnly, B. T., Vinyard, J. F., Urban Jr., C. D., Davis, and G., Solano-Aguilar. 2016. Flavanol-enriched cocoa powder alters the intestinal microbiota, tissue and fluid metabolite profiles, and intestinal gene expression in pigs. Journal of Nutrition 146:673–80. doi:10.3945/jn.115.222968.
98. Jensen, P. E., 2007. Recent advances in antigen processing and presentation. Nature Immunology 8:1041–48. doi:10.1038/ni1516.
99. Jiang, X. R., A., Agazzi, A., Awati, F., Vitari, H., Bento, A., Ferrari, G. L., Alborali, M., Crestani, C., Domeneghini, and V., Bontempo. 2015b. Influence of a blend of essential oils and an enzyme combination on growth performance, microbial counts, ileum microscopic anatomy and the expression of inflammatory mediators in weaned piglets following an Escherichia coli infection. Animal Feed Science and Technology 209:219–29. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.010.
100. Jiang, X. R., A., Awati, A., Agazzi, F., Vitari, A., Ferrari, H., Bento, M., Crestani, C., Domeneghini, and V., Bontempo. 2015a. Effects of a blend of essential oils and an enzyme combination on nutrient digestibility, ileum histology and expression of inflammatory mediators in weaned piglets. Animal 9:417–26. doi:10.1017/S1751731114002444.
101. Jiao, J., J., Wu, M., Wang, C., Zhou, R., Zhong, and Z., Tan. 2018. Rhubarb supplementation promotes intestinal mucosal innate immune homeostasis through modulating intestinal epithelial microbiota in goat kids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66:1047–57. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05297.
102. Joe, B., M., Vijaykumar, and B. R., Lokesh. 2004. Biological properties of curcumin-cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 44:97–111. doi:10.1080/10408690490424702.
103. Johansson, M. E., M., Phillipson, J., Petersson, A., Velcich, L., Holm, and G. C., Hansson. 2008. The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:15064–69. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803124105.
104. Kaiser, M. G., S. S., Block, C., Ciraci, W., Fang, M., Sifri, and S. J., Lamont. 2012. Effects of dietary vitamin E type and level on lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine mRNA expression in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 91:1893–98. doi:10.3382/ps.2011-02116.
105. Kamali Sangani, A., A. A., Masoudi, and S. A., Hosseini. 2014. The effects of herbal plants on Mucin 2 gene expression and performance in ascetic broilers. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8:47–52.
106. Kebebe, D., Y., Liu, Y., Wu, M., Vilakhamxay, Z., Liu, and J., Li. 2018. Tumor-targeting delivery of herb-based drugs with cell-penetrating/tumor-targeting peptide-modified nanocarriers. Int. J. Nanomedicine 13:1425–42. doi:10.2147/IJN.S156616.
107. Kim, C. H., M. A., Lee, T. W., Kim, J. Y., Jang, and H. J., Kim. 2012. Anti-inflammatory effect of Allium hookeri root methanol extract in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 41:1645–48. doi:10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.11.1645.
108. Kim, D. K., H. S., Lillehoj, S. H., Lee, S. I., Jang, E. P., Lillehoj, and D., Bravo. 2013a. Dietary Curcuma longa enhances resistance against Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella infections in chickens. Poultry Science 92:2635–43. doi:10.3382/ps.2013-03095.
109. Kim, D. K., H. S., Lillehoj, S. H., Lee, S. I., Jang, M. S., Park, W., Min, E. P., Lillehoj, and D., Bravo. 2013b. Immune effects of dietary anethole on Eimeria acervulina infection. Poultry Science 92:262–534. doi:10.3382/ps.2013-03092.
110. Kim, D. K., H. S., Lillehoj, S. H., Lee, E. P., Lillehoj, and D., Bravo. 2013c. Improved resistance to Eimeria acervulina infection in chickens due to dietary supplementation with garlic metabolites. British Journal of Nutrition 109:76–88. doi:10.1017/S0007114512000530.
111. Kim, Y. S., and S. B., Ho. 2010. Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease. Current Gastroenterology Reports 12:319–330. doi:10.1007/s11894-010-0131-2.
112. Kimura, K., M., Ito, M., Amano, K., Chihara, Y., Fukata, M., Nakafuku, B., Yamamori, J., Feng, T., Nakano, K., Okawa, et al. 1996. Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). Science 273:245–48. doi:10.1126/science.273.5272.245.
113. Kindon, H., C., Pothoulakis, L., Thim, K., Lynch-Devaney, and D. K., Podolsky. 1995. Trefoil peptide protection of intestinal epithelial barrier function: cooperative interaction with mucin glycoprotein. Gastroenterology 109:516–23. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90340-2.
114. +-ATPase activity, protein Kinase A, AMP-activated protein kinase and the association of selected nutrient transport proteins with detergent resistant membranes. Nutrients 10:302. doi:10.3390/nu10030302.
115. Kobayashi, Y., M., Suzuki, H., Satsu, S., Arai, Y., Hara, K., Suzuki, Y., Miyamoto, and M., Shimizu. 2000. Green tea polyphenols inhibit the sodium-dependent glucose transporter of intestinal epithelial cells by a competitive mechanism. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48:5618–23. doi:10.1021/jf0006832.
116. Kosińska, A., and W., Andlauer. 2013. Modulation of tight junction integrity by food components. Food Research International 54:951–60. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.038.
117. Kroismayr, A., J., Sehm, M. W., Pfaffl, K., Schedle, C., Plitzner, and W., Windisch. 2008. Effects of avilamycin and essential oils on mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers and gut morphology of piglets. Czech Journal of Animal Science 53:377–87. doi:10.17221/338-CJAS.
118. Krug, S. M., 2017. Contribution of the tricellular tight junction to paracellular permeability in leaky and tight epithelia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1397:219–30. doi:10.1111/nyas.13379.
119. Kumar, P., and A. K., Patra. 2017. Beneficial uses of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds as a feed additive in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 73:872–85. doi:10.1017/S0043933917000848.
120. Kumar, P., A. K., Patra, G. P., Mandal, I., Samanta, and S., Pradhan. 2017. Effect of black cumin seeds on growth performance, nutrient utilization, immunity, gut health and nitrogen excretion in broiler chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97:3742–51. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8237.
121. Kuugbee, E. D., X., Shang, Y., Gamallat, D., Bamba, A., Awadasseid, M. A., Suliman, S., Zang, Y., Ma, G., Chiwala, Y., Xin, et al. 2016. Structural change in microbiota by a probiotic cocktail enhances the gut barrier and reduces cancer via TLR2 signaling in a rat model of colon cancer. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 61:2908–20. doi:10.1007/s10620-016-4238-7.
122. Kwon, O., P., Eck, S., Chen, C. P., Corpe, J. H., Lee, M., Kruhlak, and M., Levine. 2007. Inhibition of the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2 by flavonoids. Faseb Journal 21:366–77. doi:10.1096/fj.06-6620com.
123. Laukoetter, M. G., M., Bruewer, and A., Nusrat. 2006. Regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier by the apical junctional complex. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 22:85–89. doi:10.1097/01.mog.0000203864.48255.4f.
124. Lee, S. H., 2015. Intestinal permeability regulation by tight junction: implication on inflammatory bowel diseases. Intestinal Research 13:11–18. doi:10.5217/ir.2015.13.1.11.
125. Lee, S. H., H. S., Lillehoj, S. I., Jang, D. K., Kim, C., Ionescu, and D., Bravo. 2010. Effect of dietary Curcuma, Capsicum and Lentinus on enhancing local immunity against Eimeria acervulina infection. Japanese Poultry Science 47:89–95. doi:10.2141/jpsa.009025.
126. Lee, S. H., H. S., Lillehoj, S. I., Jang, E. P., Lillehoj, W., Min, and D. M., Bravo. 2013. Dietary supplementation of young broiler chickens with Capsicum and turmeric oleoresins increases resistance to necrotic enteritis. British Journal of Nutrition 110:840–47. doi:10.1017/S0007114512006083.
127. Lee, Y., S. H., Lee, U. D., Gadde, S. T., Oh, S. J., Lee, and H. S., Lillehoj. 2017. Dietary Allium hookeri reduces inflammatory response and increases expression of intestinal tight junction proteins in LPS-induced young broiler chicken. Research in Veterinary Science 112:149–55. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.019.
128. Lee, Y., S. H., Lee, S. J., Lee, U. D., Gadde, S. T., Oh, H., Han, and H. S., Lillehoj.2018b. Effects of dietary Allium hookeri root on growth performance and antioxidant activity in young broiler chickens. Research in Veterinary Science 118:345–50. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.03.007.
129. Lee, Y. S., S. H., Lee, U. D., Gadde, S. T., Oh, S. J., Lee, and H. S., Lillehoj. 2018a. Allium hookeri supplementation improves intestinal immune response against necrotic enteritis in young broiler chickens. Poultry Science 97:1899–908. doi:10.3382/ps/pey031.
130. Ley, R. E., D. A., Peterson, and J. I., Gordon. 2006. Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine. Cell 124:837–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.017.
131. Li, H. L., Z. J., Li, Z. S., Wei, T., Liu, X. Z., Zou, Y., Liao, Y., Luo. 2015. Long-term effects of oral tea polyphenols and Lactobacillus brevis M8 on biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, and cytokines expression in broilers. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B 16:1019–26. doi:10.1631/jzus.B1500160.
132. Li, X., Y., Yang, S., Liu, J., Yang, C., Chen, and Z., Sun. 2014. Grape seed extract supplementation attenuates the heat stress-induced responses of jejunum epithelial cells in Simmental × Qinchuan steers. British Journal of Nutrition 112:347–57. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001032.
133. Li, Y., J., Revalde, and J. W., Paxton. 2017. The effects of dietary and herbal phytochemicals on drug transporters. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 116:45–62. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.004.
134. Liehr, M., A., Mereu, J. J., Pastor, J. C., Quintela, S., Staats, G., Rimbach, and I. R., Ipharraguerre. 2017. Olive oil bioactives protect pigs against experimentally-induced chronic inflammation independently of alterations in gut microbiota. Plos One 12:e0174239. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174239.
135. Ling, K. H., M. L., Wan, H., El-Nezami, and M., Wang. 2016. Protective capacity of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, against deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and bacterial translocation. Chemical Research in Toxicology 29:823–33. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00001.
136. Liu, D., S., Guo, and Y., Guo. 2012. Xylanase supplementation to a wheat-based diet alleviated the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment of broiler chickens challenged by Clostridium perfringens. Avian Pathology 41:291–98. doi:10.1080/03079457.2012.684089.
137. Liu, F., and J., Gu. 2011. Retinoic acid inducible gene-I more than a virus sensor. Protein & Cell 2:351–57. doi:10.1007/s13238-011-1045-y.
138. Liu, H. W., K., Li, J. S., Zhao, and W., Deng. 2017. Effects of chestnut tannins on intestinal morphology, barrier function, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, microflora and antioxidant capacity in heat-stressed broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition doi:10.1111/jpn.12839.
139. Liu, L., C., Fu, M., Yan, H., Xie, S., Li, Q., Yu, S., He, and J., He. 2016. Resveratrol modulates intestinal morphology and HSP70/90, NF-κB and EGF expression in the jejunal mucosa of black-boned chickens on exposure to circular heat stress. Food & Function 7:1329–38. doi:10.1039/C5FO01338K.
140. Liu, L., J., Shen, C., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Yao, Y., Gong, and X., Yang. 2015. Dietary Astragalus polysaccharide alleviated immunological stress in broilers exposed to lipopolysaccharide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72:624–32. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.057.
141. Liu, X., L., Jia, Y., Gao, B., Li, and Y., Tu. 2014b. Anti-inflammatory activity of total flavonoids from seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel. Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica 46:920–22. doi:10.1093/abbs/gmu071.
142. Liu, Y., M., Song, T. M., Che, J. A. S., Almeida, J. J., Lee, D., Bravo, C. W., Maddox, and J. E., Pettigrew. 2013. Dietary plant extracts alleviate diarrhea and alter immune responses of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Animal Science 91:5294–306. doi:10.2527/jas.2012-6194.
143. Liu, Y., M., Song, T. M., Che, J. J., Lee, D., Bravo, C. W., Maddox, and J. E., Pettigrew. 2014a. Dietary plant extracts modulate gene expression profiles in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs after an Escherichia coli infection. Journal of Animal Science 92:2050–62. doi:10.2527/jas.2013-6422.
144. Madara, J. L., 1987. Intestinal absorptive cell tight junctions are linked to cytoskeleton. American Journal of Physiology 253:C171–75. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1987.253.1.C171.
145. Madara, J. L., and J. R., Pappenheimer. 1987. Structural basis for physiological regulation of paracellular pathways in intestinal epithelia. Journal of Membrane Biology 100:149–64. doi:10.1007/BF02209147.
146. Mantovani, A., M. A., Cassatella, C., Costantini, and S., Jaillon. 2011. Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology 11:519–31. doi:10.1038/nri3024.
147. Manzanilla, E. G., M., Nofrarías, M., Anguita, M., Castillo, J. F., Perez, S. M., Martín-Orúe, C., Kamel, and J., Gasa. 2006. Effects of butyrate, avilamycin, and a plant extract combination on the intestinal equilibrium of early-weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84:2743–51. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-509.
148. Martens, H., S., Leonhard-Marek, M., Röntgen, and F., Stumpff. 2018. Magnesium homeostasis in cattle: absorption and excretion. Nutrition Research Reviews doi:10.1017/S0954422417000257.
149. McLaughlin, N., B., Annabi, M., Bouzeghrane, A., Temme, J. P., Bahary, R., Moumdjian, and R., Beliveau. 2006. The Survivin-mediated radioresistant phenotype of glioblastomas is regulated by RhoA and inhibited by the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Brain Research 1071:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.009.
150. Meddings, J. B., and H., Westergaard. 1989. Intestinal glucose transport using perfused rat jejunum in vivo: model analysis and derivation of corrected kinetic constants. Clinical Science (London, England: 1979) 76:403–13. doi:10.1042/cs0760403.
151. Middleton, E., C., Kandaswami, and T. C., Heoharides. 2000. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacological Reviews 52:673–751.
152. Mirzaei-Alamouti, H., S., Moradi, Z., Shahalizadeh, M., Razavian, H., Amanlou, T., Harkinezhad, I., Jafari-Anarkooli, C., Deiner, and J. R., Aschenbach. 2016. Both monensin and plant extract alter ruminal fermentation in sheep but only monensin affects the expression of genes involved in acid-base transport of the ruminal epithelium. Animal Feed Science and Technology 219:132–43. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.06.009.
153. Mohd Yusof, Y. A., 2016. Gingerol and its role in chronic diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 929:177–207. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_8.
154. Montagne, L., F. S., Cavaney, D. J., Hampson, J. P., Lallès, and J. R., Pluske. 2004. Effect of diet composition on post weaning colibacillosis in piglets. Journal of Animal Science 82:2364–74. doi:10.2527/2004.8282364x.
155. Mullin, J. M., M. C., Valenzano, J. J., Verrecchio, and R., Kothari. 2002. Age- and diet related increase in transepithelial colon permeability of Fischer 344 rats. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 47:2262–70. doi:10.1023/A:1020191412285.
156. Neefjes, J., M. L., Jongsma, P., Paul, and O., Bakke. 2011. Towards a systems understanding of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation. Nature Reviews Immunology 11:823–36. doi:10.1038/nri3084.
157. Netea, M. G., C., van der Graaf, J. W. M., van der Meer, and B. J., Kullberg. 2004. Toll-like receptors and the host defense against microbial pathogens: bringing specificity to the innate-immune system. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 75:749–55. doi:10.1189/jlb.1103543.
158. Ning, S., J. S., Pagano, and G. N., Barber. 2011. IRF7: Activation, regulation, modification and function. Genes & Immunity 12:399–414. doi:10.1038/gene.2011.21.
159. Nishida, K., M., Kamizato, T., Kawai, K., Masuda, K., Takeo, S., Teshima-Kondo, T., Tanahashi, and K., Rokutan. 2009. Interleukin-18 is a crucial determinant of vulnerability of the mouse rectum to psychosocial stress. The FASEB Journal 23:1797–805. doi:10.1096/fj.08-125005.
160. Noda, S., S., Tanabe, and T., Suzuki. 2013. Naringenin enhances intestinal barrier function through the expression and cytoskeletal association of tight junction proteins in Caco-2 cells. Molecular Nutrition &; Food Research 57:2019–28. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201300045.
161. Nusrat, A., M., Giry, J. R., Turner, S. P., Colgan, C. A., Parkos, D., Carnes, E., Lemichez, P., Boquet, and J. L., Madara. 1995. Rho protein regulates tight junctions and perijunctional actin organization in polarized epithelia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 192:10629–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.23.10629.
162. Nusrat, A., J. R., Turner, and J. L., Madara. 2000. Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. IV. Regulation of tight junctions by extracellular stimuli: nutrients, cytokines, and immune cells. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279:G851–57. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.5.G851.
163. Oda, H., and M., Takeichi. 2011. Structural and functional diversity of cadherin at the adherens junction. Journal of Cell Biology 193:1137–46. doi:10.1083/jcb.201008173.
164. Paiva, D., C., Walk, and A., McElroy. 2014. Dietary calcium, phosphorus, and phytase effects on bird performance, intestinal morphology, mineral digestibility, and bone ash during a natural necrotic enteritis episode. Poultry Science 93:2752–62. doi:10.3382/ps.2014-04148.
165. Park, E. J., A. B., Thomson, and M. T., Clandinin. 2010. Protection of intestinal occludin tight junction protein by dietary gangliosides in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 50:321–28. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181ae2ba0.
166. Pasare, C., and R., Medzhitov. 2004. Toll-like receptors: linking innate and adaptive immunity. Microbes and Infection 6:1382–87. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.08.018.
167. Pastorelli, G., R., Rossi, and C., Corino. 2012. Influence of Lippia citriodora verbascoside on growth performance, antioxidant status, and serum immunoglobulins content in piglets. Czech Journal of Animal Science 57:312–32. doi:10.17221/6006-CJAS.
168. Pathak, M., G. P., Mandal, A. K., Patra, I., Samanta, S., Pradhan, and S., Haldar. 2016. Effects of dietary supplementation of cinnamaldehyde and formic acid on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and immune response in broiler chickens. Animal Production Science 57:821–27. doi:10.1071/AN15816.
169. Patra, A. K., 2012. An overview of antimicrobial properties of different classes of phytochemicals. In: Dietary Phytochemicals and Microbes (A. K., Patra, ed.), 1–32, The Netherlands: Springer.
170. rd Symposium of the Specialist Group Physiology and Biochemistry of the German Veterinary Society, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, 21–23 February 2018, Vienna, Austria, V25 (abstract).
171. Patra, A. K., and J., Saxena. 2009a. Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: a review of the effects on microbial populations. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 96:363–75. doi:10.1007/s10482-009-9364-1.
172. Patra, A. K., and J., Saxena. 2009b. The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutrition Research Reviews 22:204–19. doi:10.1017/S0954422409990163.
173. Patra, A. K., and J., Saxena. 2010. A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogenesis in the rumen. Phytochemistry 71:1198–222. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.010.
174. Patra, A. K., and J., Saxena. 2011. Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91:24–37. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4152.
175. Patra, A. K., and Z., Yu. 2012. Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by, and abundance and diversity of, rumen microbial populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78:4271–80. doi:10.1128/AEM.00309-12.
176. Patra, A. K., and Z., Yu. 2013. Effect s of vanillin, quillaja saponin, and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein degrading microorganisms of the rumen. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98:897–905. doi:10.1007/s00253-013-4930-x.
177. Patra, A. K., and Z., Yu. 2015. Essential oils affect populations of some rumen bacteria in vitro as revealed by microarray (RumenBactArray) analysis. Frontiers in Microbiology 6:297. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00297.
178. Paur, I., T. R., Balstad, M., Kolberg, M. K., Pedersen, L. M., Austenaa, D. R., Jacobs, and R., Blomhoffl. 2010. Extract of oregano, coffee, thyme, clove, and walnuts inhibits NF-κB in monocytes and in transgenic reporter mice. Cancer Prevention Research 3:653–63. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0089.
179. Peebles, E. D., R., Jacob, S. L., Branton, and P. D., Gerard. 2014. Effect of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination on serum α1-acid glycoprotein concentration in commercial layer chickens. Poultry Science 93:1396–402. doi:10.3382/ps.2014-03906.
180. Peeters, E., B., Driessen, and R., Geers. 2006. Influence of supplemental magnesium, tryptophan, vitamin C, vitamin E, and herbs on stress responses and pork quality. Journal of Animal Science 84:1827–38. doi:10.2527/jas.2005-600.
181. Perez-Moreno, M., and E., Fuchs. 2006. Catenins: keeping cells from getting their signals crossed. Developmental Cell 11:601–12. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2006.10.010.
182. Peterson, L. W., and D., David Artis. 2014. Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis. Nature Reviews Immunology 14:141–53. doi:10.1038/nri3608.
183. Phalipon, A., A., Cardona, J., Kraehenbuhl, L., Edelman, P. J., Sansonetti, and B., Corthésy. 2002. Secretory component: a new role in secretory IgA-mediated immune exclusion in vivo. Immunity 17:107–15. doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00341-2.
184. Pichlmair, A. P., C., Lassing, C., Eberle, M. W., Górna, C. L., Baumann, T. R., Burkard, T., Bürckstümmer, A., Stefanovic, S., Krieger, K. L., Bennett, et al. 2011. IFIT1 is an antiviral protein that recognizes 5’-triphosphate RNA. Nature Immunology 12:624–32. doi:10.1038/ni.2048.
185. Placha, I., L., Chrastinova, A., Laukova, K., Cobanova, J., Takacova, V., Strompfova, M., Chrenkova, Z., Formelova, and S., Faix. 2013. Effect of thyme oil on small intestine integrity and antioxidant status, phagocytic activity and gastrointestinal microbiota in rabbits. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 61:197–208. doi:10.1556/AVet.2013.012.
186. Placha, I., M., Pogany Simonova, K., Cobanova, A., Laukova, and S., Faix. 2010. Effect of Enterococcus faecium AL41 and Thymus vulgaris essential oil on small intestine integrity and antioxidative status of laying hens. Research in Veterinary Science 89:257–61. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.03.006.
187. Placha, I., M., Ryzner, K., Cobanova, Z., Faixova, and S., Faix. 2015. Effects of dietary supplementation with sage (Salvia officinalis L.) essential oil on antioxidant status and duodenal wall integrity of laying strain growers. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18:741–49. doi:10.1515/pjvs-2015-0096.
188. Placha, I., J., Takacova, M., Ryzner, K., Cobanova, A., Laukova, V., Strompfova, K., Venglovska, and S., Faix. 2014. Effect of thyme essential oil and selenium on intestine integrity and antioxidant status of broilers. British Poultry Science 55:105–14. doi:10.1080/00071668.2013.873772.
189. Plotnikov, A., E., Zehorai, S., Procaccia, and R., Seger. 2010. The MAPK cascades: signaling components, nuclear roles and mechanisms of nuclear translocation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1813:1619–33. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.012.
190. Porter, A. G., and R. U., Jänicke. 1999. Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis. Cell Death & Differentiation 6:99–104. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400476.
191. Qi, S., Y., Xin, Y., Guo, Y., Diao, X., Kou, L., Luo, and Z., Yin. 2012. Ampelopsin reduces endotoxic inflammation via repressing ROS-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways. International Immunopharmacology 12:278–87. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.001.
192. Qin, S., and D. X., Hou. 2017. The biofunctions of phytochemicals and their applications in farm animals: the nrf2/keap1 system as a target. Engineering 3:738–52. doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2017.03.011.
193. Riella, K. R., R. R., Marinho, J. S., Santos, R. N., Pereira-Filho, J. C., Cardoso, R. L., Albuquerque-Junior, and S. M., Thomazzi. 2012. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of thymol, a monoterpene of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis, in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143:656–63. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.028.
194. Rios, D., M. B., Wood, J., Li, B., Chassaing, A. T., Gewirtz, and I. R., Williams. 2016. Antigen sampling by intestinal M cells is the principal pathway initiating mucosal IgA production to commensal enteric bacteria. Mucosal Immunology 9:907–16. doi:10.1038/mi.2015.121.
195. Röder, P. V., K. E., Geillinger, T. S., Zietek, B., Thorens, H., Koepsell, and H., Daniel. 2014. The role of SGLT1 and GLUT2 in intestinal glucose transport and sensing. Plos One 9:e89977. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089977.
196. Roselli, M., M. S., Britti, I., Le Huërou-Luron, H., Marfaing, W. Y., Zhu, and E., Mengheri. 2007. Effect of different plant extracts and natural substances (PENS) against membrane damage induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 in pig intestinal cells. Toxicology in Vitro 21:224–29. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2006.09.012.
197. + by the ruminal epithelium. Pflugers Archiv 468:1333–52. doi:10.1007/s00424-016-1835-4.
198. Ruh, J., F., Vogel, E., Schmidt, M., Werner, E., Klar, A., Secchi, M. M., Gebhard, F., Glaser, and C., Herfarth. 2000. Effects of hydrogen peroxide scavenger catalase on villous microcirculation in the rat small intestine in a model of inflammation bowel disease. Microvascular Research 59:329–37. doi:10.1006/mvre.1999.2201.
199. Sarma, J. V., and P. A., Ward. 2011. The complement system. Cell and Tissue Research 343:227–35. doi:10.1007/s00441-010-1034-0.
200. Saunders, P. R., U., Kosecka, D. M., McKay, and M. H., Perdue. 1994. Acute stressors stimulate ion secretion and increase epithelial permeability in rat intestine. American Journal of Physiology 267:G794–99.
201. Scaldaferri, F., M., Pizzoferrato, V., Gerardi, L., Lopetuso, and A., Gasbarrini. 2012. The gut barrier: new acquisitions and therapeutic approaches. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 46 Suppl:S12–17. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e31826ae849.
202. 4+. Plos One 13:e0193519. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193519.
203. Scott, K. G., J. B., Meddings, D. R., Kirk, S. P., Lees-Miller, and A. G., Buret. 2002. Intestinal infection with Giardia spp. reduces epithelial barrier function in a myosin light chain kinase-dependent fashion. Gastroenterology 123:1179–90. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.36002.
204. Shen, L., E. D., Black, E. D., Witkowski, W. I., Lencer, V., Guerriero, E. E., Schneeberger, and J. R., Turner. 2006. Myosin light chain phosphorylation regulates barrier function by remodeling tight junction structure. Journal of Cell Science 119:2095–106. doi:10.1242/jcs.02915.
205. Shin, D. Y., J. N., Lu, G. Y., Kim, J. M., Jung, H. S., Kang, W. S., Lee, and Y. H., Choi. 2011. Antiinvasive activities of anthocyanins through modulation of tight junctions and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase activities in HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells. Oncology Reports 25:567–72.
206. Son, Y., Y. K., Cheong, N. H., Kim, H. T., Chung, D. G., Kang, and H. O., Pae. 2011. Mitogen-activated protein kinases and reactive oxygen species: how can ROS activate MAPK pathways? Journal of Signal Transduction 2011:792639. doi:10.1155/2011/792639.
207. Song, J. C., C. M., Hanson, V., Tsai, O. C., Farokhzad, M., Lotz, and J. B., Matthews. 2001. Regulation of epithelial transport and barrier function by distinct protein kinase C isoforms. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 281:C649–61. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.2.C649.
208. Song, W. B., Y. Y., Wang, F. S., Meng, Q. H., Zhang, J. Y., Zeng, L. P., Xiao, X. P., Yu, D. D., Peng, L., Su, B., Xiao, et al. 2010. Curcumin protects intestinal mucosal barrier function of rat enteritis via activation of MKP-1 and attenuation of p38 and NF-κB activation. Plos One 5:e12969. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012969.
209. Song, Z., K., Cheng, L., Zhang, and T., Wang. 2017. Dietary supplementation of enzymatically treated Artemisia annua could alleviate the intestinal inflammatory response in heat-stressed broilers. Journal of Thermal Biology 69:184–90. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.015.
210. Song, Z. H., K., Cheng, X. C., Zheng, H., Ahmad, L. L., Zhang, and T., Wang. 2018. Effects of dietary supplementation with enzymatically treated Artemisia annua on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of heat-stressed broilers. Poultry Science 97:430–37. doi:10.3382/ps/pex312.
211. Sosinsky, G. E., and B. J., Nicholson. 2005. Structural organization of gap junction channels. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1711:99–125. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.04.001.
212. Srikumar, T., and J., Padmanabhan. 2016. Potential use of flavopiridol in treatment of chronic diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 929:209–28. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_9.
213. Sterling, D., and J. R., Casey. 2002. Bicarbonate transport proteins. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80:483–97. doi:10.1139/o02-152.
214. Stevenson, B. R., J. M., Anderson, I. D., Braun, and M. S., Mooseker. 1989. Phosphorylation of the tight-junction protein ZO-1 in two strains of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells which differ in transepithelial resistance. Biochemical Journal 263:597–99. doi:10.1042/bj2630597.
215. Su, L., L., Shen, D. R., Clayburgh, S. C., Nalle, E. A., Sullivan, J. B., Meddings, C., Abraham, and J. R., Turner. 2009. Targeted epithelial tight junction dysfunction causes immune activation and contributes to development of experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 136:551–63. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.081.
216. Sun, Q., D., Liu, S., Guo, Y., Chen, and Y., Guo. 2015. Effects of dietary essential oil and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and gut health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 207:234–44. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.021.
217. Suresh, G., R. K., Das, S., Kaur Brar, T., Rouissi, A., Avalos Ramirez, Y., Chorfi, and S., Godbout. 2018. Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry feed: molecular perspectives. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 44:318–35. doi:10.1080/1040841X.2017.1373062.
218. Suzuki, T., 2013. Regulation of intestinal epithelial permeability by tight junctions. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 70:631–59. doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1070-x.
219. Suzuki, T., and K., Hara. 2011. Role of flavonoids in intestinal tight junction regulation. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 22:401–408. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.08.001.
220. Suzuki, T., S., Tanabe, and H., Hara. 2011. Kaempferol enhances intestinal barrier function through the cytoskeletal association and expression of tight junction proteins in Caco-2 cells. Journal of Nutrition 141:87–94. doi:10.3945/jn.110.125633.
221. Sydora, B. C., S. M., MacFarlane, M., Lupicki, A. L., Dmytrash, L. A., Dieleman, and R. N., Fedorak. 2010. An imbalance in mucosal cytokine profile causes transient intestinal inflammation following an animal's first exposure to fecal bacteria and antigens. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 161:187–96. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04140.x.
222. Takeuchi, O., and S., Akira. 2010. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140:805–20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022.
223. Tsai, M. L., C. C., Lin, W. C., Lin, and C. H., Yang. 2011. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from five selected herbs. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 75:1977–83. doi:10.1271/bbb.110377.
224. Tsukita, S., and M., Furuse. 1999. Occludin and claudins in tight-junction strands: leading or supporting players? Trends Cell Biol. 9:268–73.
225. Tungsukruthai, S., N., Petpiroon, and P., Chanvorachote. 2018. Molecular mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis and potential anti-metastatic compounds. Anticancer Research 38:2607–18.
226. Turner, J. R., 2009. Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 9:799–809. doi:10.1038/nri2653.
227. Turner, J. R., B. K., Rill, S. L., Carlson, D., Carnes, R., Kerner, R. J., Mrsny, and J. L., Madara. 1997. Physiological regulation of epithelial tight junctions is associated with myosin light-chain phosphorylation. American Journal of Physiology 273:C1378–85. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.4.C1378.
228. Ulluwishewa, D., R. C., Anderson, W. C., McNabb, P. J., Moughan, J. M., Wells, and N. C., Roy. 2011. Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. Journal of Nutrition 141:769–76. doi:10.3945/jn.110.135657.
229. Utepbergenov, D. I., A. S., Fanning, and J. M., Anderson. 2006. Dimerization of the scaffolding protein ZO-1 through the second PDZ domain. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281:24671–77. doi:10.1074/jbc.M512820200.
230. Vaarala, O., 2012. Is the origin of type 1 diabetes in the gut? Immunology and Cell Biology 90:271–76. doi:10.1038/icb.2011.115.
231. Valenzuela-Grijalva, N. V., A., Pinelli-Saavedra, A., Muhlia-Almazan, D., Domínguez-Díaz, H., González-Ríos. 2017. Dietary inclusion effects of phytochemicals as growth promoters in animal production. Journal of Animal Science and Technology 59:8. doi:10.1186/s40781-017-0133-9.
232. van der Flier, L. G., and H., Clevers. 2009. Stem cells, self-renewal and differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. Annual Review of Physiology 71:241–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163145.
233. van der Sluis, M., A., Vincent, J., Bouma, A. B., Korteland-Van Male, J. B., Van Goudoever, I., Renes, and I., Van Seuningen. 2008. Forkhead box transcription factors Foxa1 and Foxa2 are important regulators of Muc2 mucin expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 369:1108–13. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.158.
234. Van Itallie, C. M., J., Holmes, A., Bridges, J. L., Gookin, M. R., Coccaro, W., Proctor, O. R., Colegio, and J. M., Anderson. 2008. The density of small tight junction pores varies among cell types and is increased by expression of claudin-2. Journal of Cell Science 121:298–305. doi:10.1242/jcs.021485.
235. Vazquez-Prieto, M. A., and R. M., Miatello. 2010. Organosulfur compounds and cardiovascular disease. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 31:540–45. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.009.
236. Visioli, F., and C., Galli. 2002. Biological properties of olive oil phytochemicals. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 42:209–21. doi:10.1080/10408690290825529.
237. Wajant, H., and P., Scheurich. 2011. TNFR1-induced activation of the classical NF-κB pathway. The Febs Journal 278:862–76. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08015.x.
238. Walker, E. H., M. E., Pacold, O., Perisic, L., Stephens, P. T., Hawkins, M. P., Wymann, and R. L., Williams. 2000. Structural determinants of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition by wortmannin, LY294002, quercetin, myricetin, and staurosporine. Molecular Cell 6:909–19. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(05)00089-4.
239. Walsh, S. V., A. M., Hopkins, J., Chen, S., Narumiya, C. A., Parkos, and A., Nusrat. 2001. Rho kinase regulates tight junction function and is necessary for tight junction assembly in polarized intestinal epithelia. Gastroenterology 121:566–79. doi:10.1053/gast.2001.27060.
240. Wan, M. L. Y., K. H., Ling, M. F., Wang, and H., El-Nezami. 2016. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves epithelial barrier function by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptide pBD-1 and pBD-2 in monolayers of porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells. Molecular Nutrition &; Food Research 60:1048–58. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500992.
241. Wang, F., W. V., Graham, Y., Wang, E. D., Witkowski, B. T., Schwarz, and J. R., Turner. 2005. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergize to induce intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by up-regulating myosin light chain kinase expression. American Journal of Pathology 166:409–19. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62264-X.
242. Wang, K., G., Wei, and D., Liu. 2012. CD19: a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy. Experimental Hematology & Oncology 1:36. doi:10.1186/2162-3619-1-36.
243. Watson, C. J., C. J., Hoare, D. R., Garrod, G. L., Carlson, and G., Warhurst. 2005. Interferon-γ selectively increases epithelial permeability to large molecules by activating different populations of paracellular pores. Journal of Cell Science 118:5221–30. doi:10.1242/jcs.02630.
244. Wei, H. K., H. X., Xue, Z. X., Zhou, and J., Peng. 2017. A carvacrol-thymol blend decreased intestinal oxidative stress and influenced selected microbes without changing the messenger RNA levels of tight junction proteins in jejunal mucosa of weaning piglets. Animal 11:193–201. doi:10.1017/S1751731116001397.
245. Wein, S., and S., Wolffram. 2014. concomitant intake of quercetin with a grain-based diet acutely lowers postprandial plasma glucose and lipid concentrations in pigs. BioMed Research International 2014:748742. doi:10.1155/2014/748742.
246. Wells, J. M., O., Rossi, M., Meijerink, and P., van Baarlen. 2010. Epithelial crosstalk at the microbiota-mucosal interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (Suppl 1):4607–14.
247. WHO. 2012. The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance: options for action. Available online at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503181_eng.pdf. Last accessed: 4 November 2017.
248. Wijtten, P. J., J., van der Meulen, and M. W., Verstegen. 2011. Intestinal barrier function and absorption in pigs after weaning: a review. British Journal of Nutrition 105:967–81. doi:10.1017/S0007114510005660.
249. Williams, A. R., T. V. A., Hansen, L., Krych, H. F. B., Ahmad, D. S., Nielsen, K., Skovgaard, and S. M., Thamsborg. 2017. Dietary cinnamaldehyde enhances acquisition of specific antibodies following helminth infection in pigs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 189:43–52. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.06.004.
250. Windisch, W., K., Schedle, C., Plitzner, and A., Kroismayr. 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science 86 (suppl.):E140–48. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0459.
251. Wink, M., 2003. Evolution of secondary metabolites from an ecological and molecular phylogenetic perspective. Phytochemistry 64:3–19. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00300-5.
252. Wong, V., 1997. Phosphorylation of occludin correlates with occludin localization and function at the tight junction. American Journal of Physiology 273:C1859–67. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1997.273.6.C1859.
253. Xun, W., L., Shi, H., Zhou, G., Hou, T., Cao, and C., Zhao. 2015. Effects of curcumin on growth performance, jejunal mucosal membrane integrity, morphology and immune status in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. International Immunopharmacology 27:46–52. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.038.
254. Yang, G., S., Bibi, M., Du, T., Suzuki, and M. J., Zhu. 2017. Regulation of the intestinal tight junction by natural polyphenols: A mechanistic perspective. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 57:3830–39. doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1152230.
255. Zeng, Z., S., Zhang, H., Wang, and X., Piao. 2015. Essential oil and aromatic plants as feed additives in non-ruminant nutrition: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 6:7. doi:10.1186/s40104-015-0004-5.
256. Zhang, C., X. H., Zhao, L., Yang, X. Y., Chen, R. S., Jiang, S. H., Jin, and Z. Y., Geng. 2017. Resveratrol alleviates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal morphology, microflora, and barrier integrity in broilers. Poultry Science 96:4325–32. doi:10.3382/ps/pex266.
257. Zhu, C., Y., Wu, Z., Jiang, C., Zheng, L., Wang, X., Yang, X., Ma, K., Gao, and Y., Hu. 2015. Dietary soy isoflavone attenuated growth performance and intestinal barrier functions in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. International Immunopharmacology 28:288–94. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.054.
258. Zou, Y., H. K., Wei, Q. H., Xiang, J., Wang, Y. F., Zhou, and J., Peng. 2016a. Protective effect of quercetin on pig intestinal integrity after transport stress is associated with regulation oxidative status and inflammation. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 78:1487–94. doi:10.1292/jvms.16-0090.
259. Zou, Y., Q., Xiang, J., Wang, J., Peng, and H., Wei. 2016b. Oregano essential oil improves intestinal morphology and expression of tight junction proteins associated with modulation of selected intestinal bacteria and immune status in a pig model. BioMed Research International 2016:5436738. doi:10.1155/2016/5436738.