Magnesium homeostasis in cattle: Absorption and excretion

Nutrition Research Reviews

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 114-130

  Martens, Holger ^a   Leonhard Marek, Sabine ^b   Röntgen, Monika ^c   Stumpff, Friederike ^a  

^a FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HANNOVER   (Germany)

^c LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR FARM ANIMAL BIOLOGY FBN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cows; Epithelial transport; Kidneys; Rumen; Tetany

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; CALCIUM; CARBOHYDRATE; IONOPHORE; MAGNESIUM ION; POTASSIUM ION; PROTEIN; SODIUM ION; VITAMIN D; MAGNESIUM;

ABSORPTION; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASE; BOVINE; BREEDING; CATION TRANSPORT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; DIGESTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FERMENTATION; FILTRATION; HUMAN; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; MAGNESIUM BLOOD LEVEL; MAGNESIUM EXCRETION; MAGNESIUM INTAKE; MAGNESIUM METABOLISM; MILK; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PH; PHASE SEPARATION; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RUMINANT STOMACH; TETANY; URINARY EXCRETION; ANIMAL; BLOOD; HOMEOSTASIS; KIDNEY; LARGE INTESTINE; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; METABOLISM; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; RUMEN; RUMINANT; SMALL INTESTINE;

ANIMALS; CATTLE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; INTESTINE, LARGE; INTESTINE, SMALL; KIDNEY; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; RUMEN; RUMINANTS;

EID: 85048044507     PISSN: 09544224     EISSN: 14752700     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954422417000257     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. Leroy J (1926) Nécessite du magnesium pour la croissance de la souris (Requirement of magnesium for the growth of the mouse). C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 94, 432-433.
2. McGuigan JA, Kay JW, Elder HY, et al. (2007) Comparison between measured and calculated ionised concentrations in Mg2+/ATP, Mg2+/EDTA and Ca2+/EGTA buffers; influence of changes in temperature, pH and pipetting errors on the ionised concentrations. Magnes Res 20, 72-81.
3. Morris ME (1992) Brain and CSF magnesium concentrations during magnesium deficit in animals and humans: neurological symptoms. Magnes Res 5, 303-313.
4. Möykkynen T, Uusi-Oukari M, Heikkila J, et al. (2001) Magnesium potentiation of the function of native and recombinant GABA(A) receptors. Neuroreport 12, 2175-2179.
5. Lamb GD&Stephenson DG (1994) Effects of intracellular pH and [Mg2+] on excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle fibres of the rat. J Physiol 478, 331-339.
6. Li FY, Chaigne-Delalande B, Kanellopoulou C, et al. (2011) Second messenger role for Mg2+ revealed by human T-cell immunodeficiency. Nature 475, 471-476.
7. Feeney KA, Hansen LL, Putker M, et al. (2016) Daily magnesium fluxes regulate cellular timekeeping and energy balance. Nature 532, 375-379.
8. Vemana S, Pandey S&Larsson HP (2008) Intracellular Mg2+ is a voltage-dependent pore blocker of HCN channels. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 295, C557-C565.
9. Voets T, Janssens A, Prenen J, et al. (2003) Mg2+-dependent gating and strong inward rectification of the cation channel TRPV6. J Gen Physiol 121, 245-260.
10. Rosendahl J, Braun HS, Schrapers KT, et al. (2016) Evidence for the functional involvement of members of the TRP channel family in the uptake of Na+ and NH4 + by the ruminal epithelium. Pflugers Arch 468, 1333-1352.
11. Stumpff F&Martens H (2007) The rumen and potassium homeostasis: A model. J Anim Feed Sci 16, Suppl. 2, 436-441.
12. Leonhard-Marek S, Stumpff F, Brinkmann I, et al. (2005) Basolateral Mg2+/Na+ exchange regulates apical nonselective cation channel in sheep rumen epithelium via cytosolic Mg2+. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288, G630-G645.
13. Sjollema B (1930) On the nature and therapy of grass staggers. Vet Rec 10, 425-430.
14. Sjollema B (1932) Untersuchungen über die Ursache der Grastetanie und der großen Frequenzzunahme dieser Krankheit (Studies on the cause of grass tetany and the large increase in the frequency of this disease). Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 40, 225-250.
15. Meyer TE, Verwoert GC, Hwang SJ, et al. (2010) Genomewide association studies of serum magnesium, potassium, and sodium concentrations identify six loci influencing serum magnesium levels. PLoS Genet 6, e1001045.
16. Tsiamadis V, Banos G, Panousis N, et al. (2016) Genetic parameters of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium serum concentrations during the first 8 days after calving in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 99, 5535-5544.
17. Rayssiguier Y (1977) Hypomagnesemia resulting from adrenaline infusion in ewes: its relation to lipolysis. Horm Metab Res 9, 309-314.
18. Persson J&Luthman J (1974) The effects of insulin, glucose and catecholamines on some blood minerals in sheep. Acta Vet Scand 15, 519-532.
19. Goff JP, Littledike ET&Horst RL (1986) Effect of synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone in dairy cows: prevention of hypocalcemic parturient paresis. J Dairy Sci 69, 2278-2289.
20. Groenestege WM, Thebault S, van der Wijst J, et al. (2007) Impaired basolateral sorting of pro-EGF causes isolated recessive renal hypomagnesemia. J Clin Invest 117, 2260-2267.
21. Houillier P (2014) Mechanisms and regulation of renal magnesium transport. Annu Rev Physiol 76, 411-430.
22. Blaxter KL&McGill RF (1956) Magnesium metabolism in cattle. Vet Rev Annot 2, 35-55.
23. Martens H&Stössel EM (1988) Magnesium absorption from the temporarily isolated rumen of sheep: no effect of hyperor hypomagnesaemia. Q J Exp Physiol 73, 217-223.
24. Schonewille JT, Everts H, Jittakhot S, et al. (2008) Quantitative prediction of magnesium absorption in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 91, 271-278.
25. Smith RH (1962) Net exchange of certain inorganic ions and water in the alimentary tract of the milk-fed calf. Biochem J 83, 151-163.
26. Storry JE (1961) Studies on calcium and magnesium in the alimentary tract of sheep. I. The distribution of calcium and magnesium in the contents taken from various parts of the alimentary tract. J Agric Sci 57, 97-102.
27. Harrison FA, Hill KJ&Mangan JL (1963) Absorption and excretion of lithium and magnesium in the sheep. Biochem J 89, 99-100.
28. Marongiu A (1971) Assorbimento del magnesio nei diversi segmenti del tubo digerente nell'ovino (Magnesium absorption in different segments of the digestive tract in sheep). Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 47, 768-770.
29. Rogers PAM&van't Klooster A (1969) The fate of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P in the digesta. Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool 69, 26-39.
30. Martens H (1978) Lokalisation und Mechanismen der Magnesiumresorption bei Wiederkäuern (Localization and mechanisms of magnesium absorption in ruminants). Übers Tierernähr 6, 75-90.
31. Martens H (1981) Neue Erkenntnisse über den Magnesiumstoffwechsel bei Wiederkäuern (New insights into magnesium metabolism in ruminants). Übers Tierernähr 9, 233-258.
32. Edrise BM&Smith RH (1979) Absorption and secretion in the omasum of the young steer. Ann Rech Vet 10, 354-355.
33. Field AC&Munro CS (1977) The effect of site and quantity on the extent of absorption of Mg infused into the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. J Agric Sci 89, 365-371.
34. Martens H&Rayssiguier Y (1980) Magnesium metabolism and hypomagnesemia, In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants, pp. 447-466 [Y Ruckebusch and P Thivend, editors]. Lancaster: MTP Press.
35. Pfeffer E&Rahman KA (1974) Untersuchungen zur Lokalisierung der Magnesium Absorption beim Wiederkäuer (Studies on the localisation of magnesium absorption in ruminants). Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd 33, 209-213.
36. Tomas FM&Potter BJ (1976) The effect and site of action of potassium upon magnesium absorption in sheep. Aust J Agric Res 27, 873-880.
37. Smith RH (1959) The development and function of the rumen in milk-fed calves. J Agric Sci 52, 72-78.
38. Dillon J&Scott D (1979) Digesta flow and mineral absorption in lambs before and after weaning. J Agric Sci 92, 289-297.
39. Meyer H&Busse FW (1975) Rectal absorption of magnesium in ruminants. Brief report. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 82, 140-141.
40. Scott D (1965) Factors influencing the secretion and absorption of calcium and magnesium in the small intestine of the sheep. Q J Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 50, 312-329.
41. Martens H&Harmeyer J (1978) Magnesium transport by isolated rumen epithelium of sheep. Res Vet Sci 24, 161-168.
42. Care AD, Brown RC, Farrar AR, et al. (1984) Magnesium absorption from the digestive tract of sheep. Q J Exp Physiol 69, 577-587.
43. Martens H (1985) The effect of dinitrophenol on magnesium transport across an isolated preparation of sheep rumen epithelium. Q J Exp Physiol 70, 567-573.
44. Martens H (1985) Magnesium absorption from the temporarily isolated rumen of sheep. The effect of water absorption and osmotic pressure. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 32, 631-635.
45. Behar J (1974) Magnesium absorption by the rat ileum and colon. Am J Physiol 227, 334-340.
46. Frizzell RA&Schultz SG (1972) Ionic conductances of extracellular shunt pathway in rabbit ileum. Influence of shunt on transmural sodium transport and electrical potential differences. J Gen Physiol 59, 318-346.
47. Martens H, Gäbel G&Strozyk H (1987) The effect of potassium and the transmural potential difference on magnesium transport across an isolated preparation of sheep rumen epithelium. Q J Exp Physiol 72, 181-188.
48. Leonhard-Marek S&Martens H (1996) Effects of potassium on magnesium transport across rumen epithelium. Am J Physiol 271, G1034-G1038.
49. Schweigel M, Lang I&Martens H (1999) Mg2+ transport in sheep rumen epithelium: evidence for an electrodiffusive uptake mechanism. Am J Physiol 277, G976-G982.
50. Hoenderop JG&Bindels RJ (2008) Calciotropic and magnesiotropic TRP channels. Physiology (Bethesda) 23, 32-40.
51. Konrad M, Schlingmann KP&Gudermann T (2004) Insights into the molecular nature of magnesium homeostasis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286, F599-F605.
52. Schweigel M, Kolisek M, Nikolic Z, et al. (2008) Expression and functional activity of the Na/Mg exchanger, TRPM7 and MagT1 are changed to regulate Mg homeostasis and transport in rumen epithelial cells. Magnes Res 21, 118-123.
53. Demeuse P, Penner R&Fleig A (2006) TRPM7 channel is regulated by magnesium nucleotides via its kinase domain. J Gen Physiol 127, 421-434.
54. Ryazanova LV, Rondon LJ, Zierler S, et al. (2010) TRPM7 is essential for Mg2+ homeostasis in mammals. Nat Commun 1, 109.
55. Dimke H, Hoenderop JG&Bindels RJ (2011) Molecular basis of epithelial Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport: insights from the TRP channel family. J Physiol 589, 1535-1542.
56. Schweigel M, Kuzinski J, Deiner C, et al. (2009) Rumen epithelial cells adapt magnesium transport to high and low extracellular magnesium conditions. Magnes Res 22, 133-150.
57. Giduck SA&Fontenot JP (1987) Utilization of magnesium and other macrominerals in sheep supplemented with different readily-fermentable carbohydrates. J Anim Sci 65, 1667-1673.
58. Martens H, Heggemann G&Regier K (1988) Studies on the effect of K, Na, NH4 +, VFA and CO2 on the net absorption of magnesium from the temporarily isolated rumen of heifers. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 35, 73-80.
59. Leonhard-Marek S, Gäbel G&Martens H (1998) Effects of short chain fatty acids and carbon dioxide on magnesium transport across sheep rumen epithelium. Exp Physiol 83, 155-164.
60. Leonhard-Marek S (1999) Do forestomach epithelia exhibit a Mg2+/2H+-exchanger Magnes Res 12, 99-108.
61. Schweigel M&Martens H (2003) Anion-dependent Mg2+ influx and a role for a vacuolar H+-ATPase in sheep ruminal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285, G45-G53.
62. Stumpff F, Martens H, Bilk S, et al. (2009) Cultured ruminal epithelial cells express a large-conductance channel permeable to chloride, bicarbonate, and acetate. Pflugers Arch 457, 1003-1022.
63. Georgi MI, Rosendahl J, Ernst F, et al. (2014) Epithelia of the ovine and bovine forestomach express basolateral maxi-anion channels permeable to the anions of shortchain fatty acids. Pflugers Arch 466, 1689-1712.
64. Ram L, Schonewille JT, Martens H, et al. (1998) Magnesium absorption by wethers fed potassium bicarbonate in combination with different dietary magnesium concentrations. J Dairy Sci 81, 2485-2492.
65. Ussing HH&Zerahn K (1951) Active transport of sodium as the source of electric current in the short-circuited isolated frog skin. Acta Physiol Scand 23, 110-127.
66. Graham C&Simmons NL (2005) Functional organization of the bovine rumen epithelium. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288, R173-R181.
67. Leonhard-Marek S&Martens H (1994) Influences of Na on Mg transport across sheep rumen epithelium. Proc Soc Nutr Physiol 3, 88.
68. Schweigel M, Vormann J&Martens H (2000) Mechanisms of Mg2+ transport in cultured ruminal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 278, G400-G408.
69. Kolisek M, Nestler A, Vormann J, et al. (2012) Human gene SLC41A1 encodes for the Na+/Mg2+ exchanger. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 302, C318-C326.
70. Schweigel-Röntgen M&Kolisek M (2014) SLC41 transporters-molecular identification and functional role. Curr Top Membr 73, 383-410.
71. Baker PF&Crawford AC (1972) Mobility and transport of magnesium in squid giant axons. J Physiol 227, 855-874.
72. Martens H (1979) In-vivo studies on the absorption of magnesium from the ovine rumen. Estimation of the maximum absorption capacity of the rumen. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 92, 152-155.
73. Martens H (1983) Saturation kinetics of magnesium efflux across the rumen wall in heifers. Br J Nutr 49, 153-158.
74. Weiss WP (2004) Macromineral digestion by lactating dairy cows: factors affecting digestibility of magnesium. J Dairy Sci 87, 2167-2171.
75. Leonhard S, Smith E, Martens H, et al. (1990) Transport of magnesium across an isolated preparation of sheep rumen: A comparison of MgCl2, Mg aspartate, Mg pidolate, and Mg-EDTA. Magnes Trace Elem 9, 265-271.
76. Head MJ&Rook JAF (1955) Hypomagnesæmia in dairy cattle and its possible relationship to ruminal ammonia production. Nature 176, 262-263.
77. Care A, Vowles L, Mann S, et al. (1967) Factors affecting magnesium absorption in relation to the aetiology of acute hypomagnesemia. J Agric Sci 68, 195-204.
78. Johnson CL, Helliwell SH&Jones DA (1988) Magnesium metabolism in the rumens of lactating dairy cows fed on spring grass. Q J Exp Physiol 73, 23-31.
79. Fontenot JP, Miller RW, Whitehair CK, et al. (1960) Effect of a high-protein high-potassium ration on the mineral metabolism of lambs. J Anim Sci 19, 127-133.
80. Schonewille JT, Van't Klooster AT, Wouterse H, et al. (1999) Effects of intrinsic potassium in artificially dried grass and supplemental potassium bicarbonate on apparent magnesium absorption in dry cows. J Dairy Sci 82, 1824-1830.
81. Newton GL, Fontenot JP, Tucker RE, et al. (1972) Effects of high dietary potassium intake on the metabolism of magnesium by sheep. J Anim Sci 35, 440-445.
82. Wylie MJ, Fontenot JP&Greene LW (1985) Absorption of magnesium and other macrominerals in sheep infused with potassium in different parts of the digestive tract. J Anim Sci 61, 1219-1229.
83. Rahnema SH&Fontenot JP (1986) Effect of potassium on association of minerals with various fractions of digesta and feces of sheep fed hay. J Anim Sci 63, 1491-1501.
84. Schonewille JT, Ram L, van't Kloster AT, et al. (1997) Intrinsic potassium in grass silage and magnesium absorption in dry cows. Livest Prod Sci 48, 99-110.
85. Lang I&Martens H (1999) Na transport in sheep rumen is modulated by voltage-dependent cation conductance in apical membrane. Am J Physiol 277, G609-G618.
86. Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie (GfE) (1978) Empfehlungen zur Mineralstoffversorgung (Recommendationsfor Mineral Intake). Energie-und Nährstoffbedarf landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere 1 (Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Farm Animals 1). Frankfurt am Main: Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie.
87. Schonewille JT&Beynen AC (2005) Reviews on the mineral provision in ruminants (III): Magnesium metabolism and requirement in ruminants. In CVB Documention Report, no. 35, pp. 13-26. Lelystad: Central Veevoederbureau Lelystad.
88. Bailey CB (1961) Saliva secretion and its relation to feeding in cattle. 4. The relationship between the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and inorganic phosphate in mixed saliva and rumen fluid. Br J Nutr 15, 489-498.
89. Denton DA (1956) The effect of Na+ depletion on the Na+: K+ ratio of the parotid saliva of the sheep. J Physiol 131, 516-525.
90. Martens H, Kubel OW, Gäbel G, et al. (1987) Effects of low sodium intake on magnesium metabolism in sheep. J Agric Sci 108, 237-243.
91. Charlton JA&Armstrong DG (1989) The effect of an intravenous infusion of aldosterone upon magnesium metabolism in the sheep. Q J Exp Physiol 74, 329-337.
92. Martens H&Hammer U (1981) Magnesium and sodium absorption from the isolated sheep rumen during intravenous aldosterone infusion (author's transl). Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 88, 404-407.
93. Kemp A&Geurink JH (1966) Further information on the sodium requirement and sodium supply of lactating cows. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 91, 580-613.
94. Morris JG&Gartner RW (1975) The effect of potassium on the sodium requirements of growing steers with and without-tocopherol supplementation. Br J Nutr 34, 1-14.
95. Metson AJ, Saunders WMA, Collie TW, et al. (1966) Chemical composition of pastures in relation to grass tetany in beef breeding cows. NZ J Agric Res 9, 410-436.
96. Butler EJ (1963) The mineral element content of spring pasture in relation to the occurrence of grass tetany and hypomagnesemia in dairy cows. J Agric Sci 60, 329-340.
97. Paterson R&Crichton C (1960) Grass staggers in large scale dairying on grass. J Br Grassl Soc 15, 100-105.
98. Annison EF, Lewis D&Lindsay DB (1959) The metabolic changes which occur in sheep transferred to lush spring grass. I. Changes in blood and rumen constituents. J Agric Sci 53, 34-41.
99. Kemp A (1960) Influence of fertiliser treatment of grassland on the incidence of hypomagnesaemic tetany (grass tetany in milking cows). Neth J Agric Sci 8, 281-304.
100. Moore WF, Fontenot JP&Webb KE Jr (1972) Effect of form and level of nitrogen on magnesium utilization. J Anim Sci 35, 1046-1053.
101. Gäbel G&Martens H (1986) The effect of ammonia on magnesium metabolism in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 55, 278-287.
102. Abdoun K, Stumpff F, Wolf K, et al. (2005) Modulation of electroneutral Na transport in sheep rumen epithelium by luminal ammonia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289, G508-G520.
103. Lu Z, Stumpff F, Deiner C, et al. (2014) Modulation of sheep ruminal urea transport by ammonia and pH. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 307, R558-R570.
104. Grace ND, Caple IW&Care AD (1988) Studies in sheep on the absorption of magnesium from a low molecular weight fraction of the reticulo-rumen contents. Br J Nutr 59, 93-108.
105. Dalley DE, Isherwood P, Sykes AR, et al. (1997) Effect of in vitro manipulation of pH on magnesium solubility in ruminal and caecal digesta in sheep. J Agric Sci 129, 107-111.
106. Xin Z, Tucker WB&Hemken RW (1989) Effect of reactivity rate and particle size of magnesium oxide on magnesium availability, acid-base balance, mineral metabolism, and milking performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 72, 462-470.
107. Horn JP&Smith RH (1978) Absorption of magnesium by the young steer. Br J Nutr 40, 473-484.
108. Johnson CL&Aubrey Jones DA (1989) Effect of change of diet on the mineral composition of rumen fluid, on magnesium metabolism and on water balance in sheep. Br J Nutr 61, 583-594.
109. Wilcox GE&Hoff JE (1974) Grass tetany: An hypothesis concerning its relationship with ammonium nutrition of spring grasses. J Dairy Sci 57, 1085-1089.
110. Li M, Jiang J&Yue L (2006) Functional characterization of homo-and heteromeric channel kinases TRPM6 and TRPM7. J Gen Physiol 127, 525-537.
111. Nijenhuis T, Renkema KY, Hoenderop JG, et al. (2006) Acid-base status determines the renal expression of Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport proteins. J Am Soc Nephrol 17, 617-626.
112. Dai LJ, Friedman PA&Quamme GA (1997) Acid-base changes alter Mg2+ uptake in mouse distal convoluted tubule cells. Am J Physiol 272, F759-F766.
113. Atkinson NS, Reynolds DJ&Travis SP (2015) 'Lemonade legs': why do some patients get profound hypomagnesaemia on proton-pump inhibitors Intest Res 13, 227-232.
114. Balch DA&Rowland SJ (1957) Volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in the rumen of dairy cows receiving a variety of diets. Br J Nutr 11, 288-298.
115. Wilson GF, Reid CSW, Molloy C, et al. (1969) Influence of starch and peanut oil on plasma magnesium in grazing dairy cows. NZ J Agric Res 12, 467-488.
116. House WA&Mayland HF (1976) Magnesium utilization in wethers fed diets with varying ratios of nitrogen to readily fermentable carbohydrate. J Anim Sci 43, 842-849.
117. Giduck SA, Fontenot JP&Rahnema S (1988) Effect of ruminal infusion of glucose, volatile fatty acids and hydrochloric acid on mineral metabolism in sheep. J Anim Sci 66, 532-542.
118. Martens H, Rabbani I, Shen Z, et al. (2012) Changes in rumen absorption processes during transition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 172, 95-102.
119. Gäbel G, Martens H, Suendermann M, et al. (1987) The effect of diet, intraruminal pH and osmolarity on sodium, chloride and magnesium absorption from the temporarily isolated and washed reticulo-rumen of sheep. Q J Exp Physiol 72, 501-511.
120. Rayssiguier Y&Poncet C (1980) Effect of lactose supplement on digestion of lucerne hay by sheep. II. Absorption of magnesium and calcium in the stomach. J Anim Sci 51, 186-192.
121. Demigné C, Rémésy C&Rayssiguier Y (1980) Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on volatile fatty acids, ammonia and mineral absorption in the rat caecum. Reprod Nutr Dev 20, 1351-1359.
122. Rondon LJ, Rayssiguier Y&Mazur A (2008) Dietary inulin in mice stimulates Mg2+ absorption and modulates TRPM6 and TRPM7 expression in large intestine and kidney. Magnes Res 21, 224-231.
123. Schonewille JT, Ram L, Van't Klooster AT, et al. (1997) Native corn starch versus either cellulose or glucose in the diet and the effects on apparent magnesium absorption in goats. J Dairy Sci 80, 1738-1743.
124. Bessac BF&Fleig A (2007) TRPM7 channel is sensitive to osmotic gradients in human kidney cells. J Physiol 582, 1073-1086.
125. Stumpff F&McGuigan JA (2014) Measuring Ca2+ binding to short chain fatty acids and gluconate with a Ca2+ electrode: role of the reference electrode. Anal Biochem 459, 46-52.
126. Leonhard-Marek S, Marek M&Martens H (1998) Effect of transmural potential difference on Mg transport across rumen epithelium from four different breeds of sheep. J Agric Sci 130, 241-247.
127. McAleese DM, Bell MC&Forbes RM (1961) Magnesium-28 studies in lambs. J Nutr 74, 505-514.
128. Schweigel M, Park HS, Etschmann B, et al. (2006) Characterization of the Na+-dependent Mg2+ transport in sheep ruminal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290, G56-G65.
129. Allsop TF&Rook JA (1979) The effect of diet and bloodplasma concentration on the endogenous faecal loss of magnesium and plasma magnesium concentration in sheep. J Agric Sci 92, 403-408.
130. Care A (1960) The kinetic of magnesium distribution within sheep. Res Vet Sci 1, 338-349.
131. Dua K&Care AD (1998) Secretion of magnesium and calcium in the total saliva of sheep and its relevance to hypomagnesaemia. Vet J 156, 217-221.
132. Allsop TF&Rook JA (1970) Influence of the diet on the relationship between endogenous faecal loss of magnesium in sheep. J Agric Sci 92, 403-408.
133. Greene LW, Baker JF&Hardt PF (1989) Use of animal breeds and breeding to overcome the incidence of grass tetany: A review. J Anim Sci 67, 3463-3469.
134. Schneider KM, Parkinson GB, Houston JC, et al. (1985) 1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases plasma magnesium and calcium in sheep fed liquid diets low in calcium and magnesium. Aust Vet J 62, 82-85.
135. Moate PJ, Schneider KM, Leaver DD, et al. (1987) Effect of 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the calcium and magnesium metabolism of lactating cows. Aust Vet J 64, 73-75.
136. Littledike ET&Goff J (1987) Interactions of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and vitamin D that influence their status in domestic meat animals. J Anim Sci 65, 1727-1743.
137. Hardwick LL, Jones MR, Brautbar N, et al. (1991) Magnesium absorption: mechanisms and the influence of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate. J Nutr 121, 13-23.
138. Sansom BF, Allen WM, Davies DC, et al. (1976) Use of 1-OH cholecalciferol in preventing post parturient hypocalcaemia and its potential value for the prevention of milk fever in dairy cows. Vet Rec 99, 310-312.
139. Yano F, Horiuchi K, Matsui T, et al. (1984) Effect of 1(OH)D3 injection on Ca and Mg absorption in thyroparathyroidectomized sheep. Canad J Anim Sci 64, 223-224.
140. Beardsworth P (1987) Physiological factors involved in the aetiology of hypomagesaemia in sheep. PhD Thesis, University of Leeds.
141. Dua K, Leonhard S, Martens H, et al. (1994) Effects of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein on the rates of absorption of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and phosphate ions from the reticulorumen of sheep. Exp Physiol 79, 401-408.
142. Greene LW, Schelling GT&Byers FM (1986) Effects of dietary monensin and potassium on apparent absorption of magnesium and other macroelements in sheep. J Anim Sci 63, 1960-1967.
143. Larvor P (1976) 28Mg kinetics in ewes fed normal or tetany prone grass. Cornell Vet 66, 413-429.
144. Elliott DA&Rizack MA (1974) Epinephrine and adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated magnesium accumulation in adipocytes and their plasma membranes. J Biol Chem249, 3985-3990.
145. Larvor P&Rayssiguier Y (1972) Hypomagnesaemia following theophylline or furosemide injection in ewes: renal versus extrarenal effect. J Physiol 227, 365-375.
146. Takezawa R, Schmitz C, Demeuse P, et al. (2004) Receptormediated regulation of the TRPM7 channel through its endogenous protein kinase domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101, 6009-6014.
147. Ali BH, Al-Qarawi AA&Mousa HM (2006) Stress associated with road transportation in desert sheep and goats, and the effect of pretreatment with xylazine or sodium betaine. Res Vet Sci 80, 343-348.
148. Murayama I, Miyano A, Sasaki Y, et al. (2013) Glomerular filtration rate in Holstein dairy cows estimated from a single blood sample using iodixanol. J Dairy Sci 96, 5120-5128.
149. Günzel D&Yu AS (2013) Claudins and the modulation of tight junction permeability. Physiol Rev 93, 525-569.
150. Konrad M, Schaller A, Seelow D, et al. (2006) Mutations in the tight-junction gene claudin 19 (CLDN19) are associated with renal magnesium wasting, renal failure, and severe ocular involvement. Am J Hum Genet 79, 949-957.
151. Quamme GA (1981) Effect of furosemide on calcium and magnesium transport in the rat nephron. Am J Physiol 241, F340-F347.
152. Shareghi GR&Agus ZS (1982) Magnesium transport in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop of the rabbit. J Clin Invest 69, 759-769.
153. Efrati E, Hirsch A, Kladnitsky O, et al. (2010) Transcriptional regulation of the claudin-16 gene by Mg2+ availability. Cell Physiol Biochem 25, 705-714.
154. Kladnitsky O, Rozenfeld J, Azulay-Debby H, et al. (2015) The claudin-16 channel gene is transcriptionally inhibited by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Exp Physiol 100, 79-94.
155. Quamme GA (1997) Renal magnesium handling: new insights in understanding old problems. Kidney Int 52, 1180-1195.
156. Ikari A, Hirai N, Shiroma M, et al. (2004) Association of paracellin-1 with ZO-1 augments the reabsorption of divalent cations in renal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem279, 54826-54832.
157. Ferrè S, Hoenderop JG&Bindels RJ (2012) Sensing mechanisms involved in Ca2+ and Mg2+ homeostasis. Kidney Int 82, 1157-1166.
158. Kausalya PJ, Amasheh S, Günzel D, et al. (2006) Diseaseassociated mutations affect intracellular traffic and paracellular Mg2+ transport function of claudin-16. J Clin Invest 116, 878-891.
159. Ohba Y, Kitagawa H, Kitoh K, et al. (2000) A deletion of the paracellin-1 gene is responsible for renal tubular dysplasia in cattle. Genomics 68, 229-236.
160. Hirano T, Kobayashi N, Itoh T, et al. (2000) Null mutation of PCLN-1/claudin-16 results in bovine chronic interstitial nephritis. Genome Res 10, 659-663.
161. Ohba Y, Kitoh K, Nakamura H, et al. (2002) Renal reabsorption of magnesium and calcium by cattle with renal tubular dysplasia. Vet Rec 151, 384-387.
162. Groenestege WM, Hoenderop JG, van den Heuvel L, et al. (2006) The epithelial Mg2+ channel transient receptor potential melastatin 6 is regulated by dietary Mg2+ content and estrogens. J Am Soc Nephrol 17, 1035-1043.
163. Rondon LJ, Groenestege WM, Rayssiguier Y, et al. (2008) Relationship between low magnesium status and TRPM6 expression in the kidney and large intestine. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294, R2001-R2007.
164. Yamazaki D, Funato Y, Miura J, et al. (2013) Basolateral Mg2+ extrusion via CNNM4 mediates transcellular Mg2+transport across epithelia: A mouse model. PLoS Genet 9, e1003983.
165. Cole DE&Quamme GA (2000) Inherited disorders of renal magnesium handling. J Am Soc Nephrol 11, 1937-1947.
166. Stuiver M, Lainez S, Will C, et al. (2011) CNNM2, encoding a basolateral protein required for renal Mg2+ handling, is mutated in dominant hypomagnesemia. Am J Hum Genet 88, 333-343.
167. Sponder G, Mastrototaro L, Kurth K, et al. (2016) Human CNNM2 is not a Mg2+ transporter per se. Pflugers Arch 468, 1223-1240.
168. Schonewille JT, van't Klooster AT, Wouterse H, et al. (2000) Time courses of plasma magnesium concentrations and urinary magnesium excretion in cows subjected to acute changes in potassium intake. Vet Q 22, 136-140.
169. Holtenius K, Kronqvist C, Briland E, et al. (2008) Magnesium absorption by lactating dairy cows on a grass silage-based diet supplied with different potassium and magnesium levels. J Dairy Sci 91, 743-748.
170. Storry JE&Rook JAF (1963) Magnesium metabolism in the dairy cow. V. Experimental observations with a purified diet low in magnesium. J Agric Sci 61, 167-171.
171. Zhang X, Del Gobbo LC, Hruby A, et al. (2016) The circulating concentration and 24-h urine excretion of magnesium dose-and time-dependently respond to oral magnesium supplementation in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Nutr 146, 595-602.
172. Rook JAF&Balch CC (1958) Magnesium metabolism in the dairy cow. II. Metabolism during the spring grazing season. J Agric Sci 51, 199-207.
173. Kemp A (1983) The effect of fertilizer treatment of grassland on the biological availability of magnesium to ruminants. In Proceedings of John Lee Pratt International Symposium on the Role of Magnesium in Animal Nutrition, pp. 143-157 [JP Fontenot, GE Bunce, KE Webb Jr and VG Allen, editors]. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
174. Quamme GA (1982) Effect of hypercalcemia on renal tubular handling of calcium and magnesium. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 60, 1275-1280.
175. Bonny O, Rubin A, Huang CL, et al. (2008) Mechanism of urinary calcium regulation by urinary magnesium and pH. J Am Soc Nephrol 19, 1530-1537.
176. Roche JR, Morton J&Kolver ES (2002) Sulfur and chlorine play a non-acid base role in periparturient calcium homeostasis. J Dairy Sci 85, 3444-3453.
177. Oehlschlaeger V, Wilkens M, Schroeder B, et al. (2014) Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on localisation and extent of gastrointestinal calcium absorption in dairy cattle. Anim Prod Sci 54, 1394-1398.
178. van Hulzen KJ, Sprong RC, van der Meer R, et al. (2009) Genetic and nongenetic variation in concentration of selenium, calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus in milk of Dutch Holstein-Friesian cows. J Dairy Sci 92, 5754-5759.
179. Cerbulis J&Farrell J (1976) Composition of the milk of dairy cows. II. Ash, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous. J Dairy Sci 59, 589-593.
180. Rook JAF&Storry JE (1962) Magnesium in nutrition of ruminants. Nutr Abstr Rev 32, 1055-1076.
181. Goff JP&Horst RL (1997) Physiological changes at parturition and their relationship to metabolic disorders. J Dairy Sci 80, 1260-1268.
182. Shappell NW, Herbein JH, Deftos LJ, et al. (1987) Effects of dietary calcium and age on parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and serum and milk minerals in the periparturient dairy cow. J Nutr 117, 201-207.
183. Kehoe SI, Jayarao BM&Heinrichs AJ (2007) A survey of bovine colostrum composition and colostrum management practices on Pennsylvania dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 90, 4108-4116.
184. Halse K (1970) Individual variation in blood magnesium and susceptibility to hypomagnesaemia in cows. Acta Vet Scand 11, 394-414.
185. Allcroft R&Burns KN (1968) Hypomagnesaemia in cattle. NZ Vet J 16, 109-128.
186. Schweigel M, Voigt J&Mohr E (2009) Indication of intracellular magnesium deficiency in lactating dairy cows revealed by magnesium loading and renal fractional excretion. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 93, 105-112.
187. Fontenot JP, Allen VG, Bunce GE, et al. (1989) Factors influencing magnesium absorption and metabolism in ruminants. J Anim Sci 67, 3445-3455.
188. Kopic S&Geibel JP (2013) Gastric acid, calcium absorption, and their impact on bone health. Physiol Rev 93, 189-268.
189. Meyer H (1977) Pathogenesis of the clinical symptoms of hypomagneaemia in ruminants. Vet Sci Commun 1, 43-50.
190. Hemingway RG&Ritchie NS (1965) The importance of hypocalcaemia in the development of hypomagnesaemic tetany. Proc Nutr Soc 24, 54-63.
191. Todd JR&Horvath DJ (1970) Magnesium and neuromuscular irritability in calves, with particular reference to hypomagnesaemic tetany. Br Vet J 126, 333-346.
192. Chutkow JG&Meyers S (1968) Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain in magnesium deficiency. Neurology 18, 963-974.
193. Meyer H&Scholz H (1972) Research into the pathogenesis of hypomagnesaemic tetany. I. Relationships between the magnesium content of blood and cerebrospinal fluid in sheep. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 79, 55-61.
194. Allsop TF&Pauli JV (1975) Responses to the lowering of magnesium and calcium concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of unanesthetized sheep. Aust J Biol Sci 28, 475-481.
195. Reynolds CK, Bell MC&Sims MH (1984) Changes in plasma, red blood cell and cerebrospinal fluid mineral concentrations in calves during magnesium depletion followed by repletion with rectally infused magnesium chloride. J Nutr 114, 1334-1341.
196. Thomson AM (1986) A magnesium-sensitive post-synaptic potential in rat cerebral cortex resembles neuronal responses to N-methylaspartate. J Physiol 370, 531-549.
197. Mayer ML, Westbrook GL&Guthrie PB (1984) Voltagedependent block by Mg2+ of NMDA responses in spinal cord neurones. Nature 309, 261-263.
198. Allen WM, Sansom BF&Davies DC (1981) Hypomagnesaemia in cows. Vet Rec 109, 342.
199. Anast CS, Mohs JM, Kaplan SL, et al. (1972) Evidence for parathyroid failure in magnesium deficiency. Science 177, 606-608.
200. Rayssiguier Y, Garel JM, Davicco MJ, et al. (1977) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in magnesiumdeficient calves. Horm Metab Res 9, 438-439.
201. MacManus J, Heaton FW&Lucas PW (1971) A decreased response to parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. J Endocrinol 49, 253-258.
202. Goff JP (2008) The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows. Vet J 176, 50-57.
203. Horsting M&DeLuca HF (1969) In vitro production of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 36, 251-256.
204. Johannesson AJ&Raisz LG (1983) Effects of low medium magnesium concentration on bone resorption in response to parathyroid hormone and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D in organ culture. Endocrinology 113, 2294-2298.
205. Sansom BF, Manston R&Vagg MJ (1983) Magnesium and milk fever. Vet Rec 112, 447-449.
206. van de Braak AE, van't Klooster AT&Malestein A (1987) Influence of a deficient supply of magnesium during the dry period on the rate of calcium mobilisation by dairy cows at parturition. Res Vet Sci 42, 101-108.
207. House WA&Bell AW (1993) Mineral accretion in the fetus and adnexa during late gestation in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 76, 2999-3010.