Diversity, ethnicity, migration and work: International perspectives

Diversity, Ethnicity, Migration and Work: International Perspectives

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-363

  Healy, Geraldine ^a   Oikelome, Franklin ^a,b  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b EASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994735109     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230321472     Document Type: Book

References (548)

1. Abbott, D. (1997) Racism is real, Nursing Standard, 11(17): 17.
2. Abele, A., Andrä, M., and Schute, M. (1999) Wer hat nach dem Examen schnell eine Stelle? Erste Ergebnisse der Erlanger Längsschnittstudie (BELA-E), Z Arbeits-Organisationspsychol, 43: 95.
3. Aboderin, I. (2007) Contexts, motives and experiences of Nigerian overseas nurses: understanding links to globalization, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(12): 2237-2245.
4. Acker, J. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: a theory of gendered organizations, Gender and Society, 4: 139-158.
5. Acker, J. (2006a) Inequality regimes: gender, class, and race in organizations, Gender Society, 20: 441-464.
6. Acker, J. (2006b) Class Questions: Feminist Answers, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
7. Ademiluyi, I.A. and Aluko-Arowolo, S.O. (2009) Infrastructural distribution of healthcare services in Nigeria: an overview, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2(5): 104-110.
8. Adeola, G. (2008) Military legacies and the challenge of managing diversities in Nigerias federation, Fribourg: Institute of Federalism, available at http://www. federalism.ch/files/FileDownload/887/Gbadamosi_Nigeria.pdf.
9. Adéyanju, C. (2002) Hegemony and transnational practices of Nigerian- Yorubas in Toronto, available at http://www.africamigration.com/archive_02/ c_adeyanju.htm.
10. Afigbo, A.E. (1988) Federal character: its meaning and history, in P.P. Ekeh and E.E. Osaghae (eds), Federal Character and Federalism in Nigeria, Ibadan: Heinemann.
11. African Executive (2006) Teething Problems in Africas Healthcare, available at http://africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=699.
12. AFL/CIO (2009) http://www.aflcio.org/issues/healthcare/survey/images/ 2009results.pdf (accessed 16 September 2010).
13. Agocs, C. and Burr, C. (1996) Employment equity, affirmative action and managing diversity: assessing the differences, International Journal of Manpower, 17(4): 30-45.
14. Agrawal, S. (2008) International medical graduates perception of health policy, OPUS 12 Scientist, 2(1): 9-12.
15. Ahmad, O.B. (2005) Managing medical migration from poor countries, British Medical Journal, 331: 43-45.
16. Ahmed, S. (2007) You end up doing the document rather than doing the doing: diversity, race equality and the politics of documentation, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30: 590-609.
17. Alele-Williams, Grace (1987) Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) Education for All, Including Women and Girls in Africa, Accra: Commonwealth Regional Workshop on Women and STM Education.
18. Allen, I. (2000) The Handling of Complaints by the GMC: A Study of Decision-making and Outcomes, London: Policy Studies Institute.
19. Allen, I. (2005) Women doctors and their careers: what now?, British Medical Journal, 331: 569-572.
20. Allen, S. (1994) Race, ethnicity and nationality: some questions of identity, in H. Ashfer and M. Maynard (eds), The Dynamics of Race and Gender: Some Feminist Interventions, London: Taylor & Francis.
21. American College of Healthcare Executives, Association of Hispanic Healthcare Executives, Institute for Diversity in Healthcare Management, and National Association of Health Services Executives (1998) A Race/Ethnic Comparison of Career Attainment in Healthcare Management, Chicago: ACHE.
22. American College of Healthcare Executives and National Association of Health Services Executives (1993) A Racial Comparison of Career Attainment in Healthcare Management: Findings of a National Survey of Black and White Healthcare Executives, Chicago: ACHE.
23. American College of Physicians (2006) Creating A New National Workforce for Internal Medicine, American College of Physicians Position Paper, Philadelphia: ACP.
24. American Medical Association (2007) IMGs-US physician workforce issues, available at http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/img/pres07-rao.pdf.
25. American Medical Association (2008a) Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the US, Chicago: American Medical Association.
26. American Medical Association (2008b) Survey of Women Physicians, Chicago: American Medical Association.
27. American Medical Association (2009) International medical graduates in American medicine: contemporary challenges and opportunities, available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ resources/doc/img/img-workforce-paper.pdf.
28. Anderson, G.F., Reinhardt, U.W., Hussey, P.S. and Petrosyan, V. (2008) Its the prices, stupid: why the united states is so different from other countries, Health Affairs, 22(3): 89-105, May/June 2003.
29. Annabelle, A. and Evans, B. (2007) Globalization: The Key Concepts, London: Routledge.
30. Appelbaum, E., Brenhardt, A., and Murnane, R.J. (2003) Low-wage America-How Employers Are Reshaping Opportunity in the Workplace, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
31. Appleby, J., Crawford, R., and Emmerson, C. (2009) How Cold Will It Be? Prospects for NHS Funding: 2011-17, Kings Fund: London, available at: www.kingsfund. org.uk/research/publications/how_cold_will_it_be.html (accessed on 24 March 2010).
32. Ash, A., Carr, P., Goldstein, R., and Friedman, R. (2004) Compensation and advancement of women in academic medicine: is there equity?, Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(3): 205-212.
33. Association of American Medical Colleges (2006) Diversity in the physician workforce: facts & figures AAMC, available online at: https://services.aamc. org/Publications/index.cfm?fuseaction=Product.displayForm&rd_id=161&prv_ id=191.
34. Association of American Medical Colleges (2008) Women in Academic Medicine Statistics and Medical School Benchmarking, 2004-2005, Washington, DC: AAMC.
35. Asuzu, M.C. (2004) The necessity for a health systems reform in Nigeria, Journal of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care, 16(1): 1-3.
36. Abbott, D. (1997) Racism is real, Nursing Standard, 11(17): 17.
37. Abele, A., Andrä, M., and Schute, M. (1999) Wer hat nach dem Examen schnell eine Stelle? Erste Ergebnisse der Erlanger Längsschnittstudie (BELA-E), Z Arbeits-Organisationspsychol, 43: 95.
38. Aboderin, I. (2007) Contexts, motives and experiences of Nigerian overseas nurses: understanding links to globalization, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(12): 2237-2245.
39. Acker, J. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: a theory of gendered organizations, Gender and Society, 4: 139-158.
40. Acker, J. (2006a) Inequality regimes: gender, class, and race in organizations, Gender Society, 20: 441-464.
41. Acker, J. (2006b) Class Questions: Feminist Answers, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.
42. Ademiluyi, I.A. and Aluko-Arowolo, S.O. (2009) Infrastructural distribution of healthcare services in Nigeria: an overview, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2(5): 104-110.
43. Adeola, G. (2008) Military legacies and the challenge of managing diversities in Nigerias federation, Fribourg: Institute of Federalism, available at http://www. federalism.ch/files/FileDownload/887/Gbadamosi_Nigeria.pdf.
44. Adéyanju, C. (2002) Hegemony and transnational practices of Nigerian- Yorubas in Toronto, available at http://www.africamigration.com/archive_02/ c_adeyanju.htm.
45. Afigbo, A.E. (1988) Federal character: its meaning and history, in P.P. Ekeh and E.E. Osaghae (eds), Federal Character and Federalism in Nigeria, Ibadan: Heinemann.
46. African Executive (2006) Teething Problems in Africas Healthcare, available at http://africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=699.
47. AFL/CIO (2009) http://www.aflcio.org/issues/healthcare/survey/images/ 2009results.pdf (accessed 16 September 2010).
48. Agocs, C. and Burr, C. (1996) Employment equity, affirmative action and managing diversity: assessing the differences, International Journal of Manpower, 17(4): 30-45.
49. Agrawal, S. (2008) International medical graduates perception of health policy, OPUS 12 Scientist, 2(1): 9-12.
50. Ahmad, O.B. (2005) Managing medical migration from poor countries, British Medical Journal, 331: 43-45.
51. Ahmed, S. (2007) You end up doing the document rather than doing the doing: diversity, race equality and the politics of documentation, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30: 590-609.
52. Alele-Williams, Grace (1987) Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) Education for All, Including Women and Girls in Africa, Accra: Commonwealth Regional Workshop on Women and STM Education.
53. Allen, I. (2000) The Handling of Complaints by the GMC: A Study of Decision-making and Outcomes, London: Policy Studies Institute.
54. Allen, I. (2005) Women doctors and their careers: what now?, British Medical Journal, 331: 569-572.
55. Allen, S. (1994) Race, ethnicity and nationality: some questions of identity, in H. Ashfer and M. Maynard (eds), The Dynamics of Race and Gender: Some Feminist Interventions, London: Taylor & Francis.
56. American College of Healthcare Executives and National Association of Health Services Executives (1993) A Racial Comparison of Career Attainment in Healthcare Management: Findings of a National Survey of Black and White Healthcare Executives, Chicago: ACHE.
57. American College of Healthcare Executives, Association of Hispanic Healthcare Executives, Institute for Diversity in Healthcare Management, and National Association of Health Services Executives (1998) A Race/Ethnic Comparison of Career Attainment in Healthcare Management, Chicago: ACHE.
58. American College of Physicians (2006) Creating A New National Workforce for Internal Medicine, American College of Physicians Position Paper, Philadelphia: ACP.
59. American Medical Association (2007) IMGs-US physician workforce issues, available at http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/img/pres07-rao.pdf.
60. American Medical Association (2008a) Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the US, Chicago: American Medical Association.
61. American Medical Association (2008b) Survey of Women Physicians, Chicago: American Medical Association.
62. American Medical Association (2009) International medical graduates in American medicine: contemporary challenges and opportunities, available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ resources/doc/img/img-workforce-paper.pdf.
63. Anderson, G.F., Reinhardt, U.W., Hussey, P.S. and Petrosyan, V. (2008) Its the prices, stupid: why the united states is so different from other countries, Health Affairs, 22(3): 89-105, May/June 2003.
64. Annabelle, A. and Evans, B. (2007) Globalization: The Key Concepts, London: Routledge.
65. Appelbaum, E., Brenhardt, A., and Murnane, R.J. (2003) Low-wage America-How Employers Are Reshaping Opportunity in the Workplace, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
66. Appleby, J., Crawford, R., and Emmerson, C. (2009) How Cold Will It Be? Prospects for NHS Funding: 2011-17, Kings Fund: London, available at: www.kingsfund. org.uk/research/publications/how_cold_will_it_be.html (accessed on 24 March 2010).
67. Ash, A., Carr, P., Goldstein, R., and Friedman, R. (2004) Compensation and advancement of women in academic medicine: is there equity?, Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(3): 205-212.
68. Association of American Medical Colleges (2006) Diversity in the physician workforce: facts & figures AAMC, available online at: https://services.aamc. org/Publications/index.cfm?fuseaction=Product.displayForm&rd_id=161&prv_ id=191.
69. Association of American Medical Colleges (2008) Women in Academic Medicine Statistics and Medical School Benchmarking, 2004-2005, Washington, DC: AAMC.
70. Asuzu, M.C. (2004) The necessity for a health systems reform in Nigeria, Journal of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care, 16(1): 1-3.
71. Awofeso, N. (2008) Managing brain drain and brain waste of health workers in Nigeria, World Health Organisation, available at: http://www.who.int/ bulletin/bulletin_board/82/stilwell1/en/.
72. Bach, S. (2003) International Migration of Health Workers: Labour and Social Issues, ILO Working Paper No. 209.
73. Awofeso, N. (2004a) Employment Relations and the Health Service-The Management of Reforms, London: Routledge.
74. Awofeso, N. (2004b) Migration patterns of physicians and nurses: still the same story?, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(8): 624-625.
75. Awofeso, N.(2007) Going global? The regulation of nurse migration in the UK, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45(2): 383-403.
76. Awofeso, N. (2008) International mobility of health professionals: brain drain or brain exchange? in A. Solimano (ed.), The International Mobility of Talent: Types, Causes, and Development Impact, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
77. Backus, L., Osmond, D., Grumbach, K., Vranizan, K., Phuong, L., and Bindman, A.B. (2001) Specialists and primary care physicians participation in Medicaid managed care, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(12): 815-821.
78. Bain, G. and Clegg, H.A. (1974) A strategy for industrial relations research in Great Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 12(1): 91-113.
79. Balogun, M.J. (1987) Public Administration in Nigeria: A Developmental Approach, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan.
80. Bande, T.M. (2001) Managing diversity in the civil service: a brief examination of the Nigerian case, United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Managing Diversity in the Civil Service, United Nations Headquarters, New York.
81. Bate, P. (2000), Changing the culture of a hospital: from hierarchy to networked community, Public Administration, 78(3): 485-512.
82. Baxter, C. (1988) The Black Nurse: An Endangered Species, Cambridge: Training in Health and Race.
83. Baxter, C. and Baxter, D. (1988) Racial inequalities in health: a challenge to the British NHS, International Journal of Health Services, 18(4): 563-571.
84. Beishon, S., Virdee, S., and Hagelli, A. (1995) Nursing in A Multi-ethnic NHS, London: Policy Studies Institute.
85. Bell, E.L. (1990) The bicultural life experience of career-oriented black women, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(6): 459-477.
86. Bell, Enich Moberly (1953) Storming the Citadel: The Rise of the Woven Doctor, Constable and Co Ltd. London.
87. Bell, M.P. (2007) Diversity in Organizations, Mason: Thompson South-Western.
88. Berry, S.H. (1987) Physicians response to a mailed survey an experiment in timing of payment, The Public Opinion Quarterly, 51(1): 102-114.
89. Bilchik, G.S. (2000) The slow road to executive diversity, Hospitals and Health Networks, 74(5): 34040.
90. Brach, C. and Fraser, I. (2000) Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities? Medical Care Research and Review, 57(1): 181-217.
91. Brah, A. & Phoenix, A. (2004) Aint I a woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Womens Studies, 5(3), 75-86.
92. Blackaby, D., Clark, K., Leslie, D., and Murphy, P. (1994) Black-white male earnings and employment prospects in the 1970s and 1980s, Economics Letters, 46: 73-79.
93. Blackaby, D., Clark, K., Leslie, D., and Murphy, P. (1996) The changing distribution of Black and white earnings and the ethnic wage gap: evidence for Britain, paper presented at the Conference of the European Association of Labour Economics, China, September 1996.
94. Blackaby, D., Drinkwater, S., Leslie, D., and Murphy, P. (1997) A picture of male and female unemployment among Britains ethnic minorities, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 44: 182-197.
95. Blanco, C., Blanco, A., Peinado, A.C., and Mas, J. (1999) Practice patterns of international and U.S. medical graduate psychiatrists, American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(3): 445-450.
96. Blunt, P. (1980) Bureaucracy and ethnicity in Kenya: some conjectures of the eighties, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 16(3): 336-53.
97. Boston Globe (2006) Corruption costs Nigeria 40 percent of oil wealth, official says, available at: http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/ 2004/12/17/corruption_costs_nigeria_40_percent_of_oil_wealth_official_says/ (accessed 22 June 2010).
98. Boswell, C. (2002) Addressing the causes of migratory and refugee movements: the role of the European Union, New Issues in Refugee Research,Working Paper No. 73, Germany: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy.
99. Boulis, A.K. and Jacobs, J.A. (2008) The Changing Face of Medicine: women doctors and the evolution of health care in America, Ithica, NY and London.
100. Bradley, H. and Healy, G. (2008) Ethnicity and Gender at Work: Inequalities, Careers and Employment Relations, London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
101. Bradley, H., Healy, G., and Mukherjee, N. (2002) A Double Disadvantage? Black and Minority Ethnic Women in Trade Unions, Final Report, University of Bristol.
102. Briggs, V.M. (2001) Immigration and American Unionism, Ithica: Cornell University Press.
103. British Medical Association (BMA) (2003) Career Barriers and Opportunities: Doctors Experiences. Equal opportunities Committee, London: BMA.
104. British Medical Association (BMA) (2004) Guidance Note Supplement, Doctors Pay: Current Levels, London: British Medical Association.
105. British Medical Association (BMA) (2005) Tackling racism in medical careers: the role of consultants, Policy paper, London: BMA, available at: http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/ TacklingRacisminMedicalCareers.
106. British Medical Association (BMA)(2007) SAS doctors tell government to let us vote on our new contract, available at http://www.bma.org.uk/pressrel.nsf/wlu/STRE-6ZVEJW? OpenDocument (accessed 7 June 2007).
107. British Medical Association(2009) Equality and Diversity in UK Medical Schools, London: British Medical Association.
108. British Medical Association (BMA) (2010) http://www.bma.org.uk/equality_diversity/index.jsp (accessed 1 November 2010).
109. Brooke, J. (1988) Ethnic quota for Nigerians is challenged, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/06/world/ethnic-quota-for-nigerians-ischallenged. html (accessed on 9 April 2009).
110. Brotherton, S.E., Stoddard, J.J., and Tang, S.S. (2000) Minority and nonminority pediatricians care of minority and poor children, Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 154(9): 912-917.
111. Brubaker, R. (2005) The Diaspora Diaspora, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1): 1-19.
112. Brush, B.L., Sochalski, J., and Berger, A.M. (2004) Imported care: recruiting foreign nurses to U.S. health care facilities, Health Affairs, 23(379): 78-87.
113. Bryman, A. and Cramer, D. (2001) Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10 for Windows, London: Routledge.
114. Buchan, J. and Dovlo, D. (2004) International Recruitment of Health Workers, to the UK, London: Department of International Development.
115. Budrys, G. (1997) When Doctors Join Unions, Ithica: Cornell University Press.
116. Bundred, P.E. and Levitt, C. (2000) Medical migration: who are the real losers?, Lancet, 356: 245-246.
117. Buraway, M. (2005) For Public Sociology, American Sociological Review, 70, pp. 4-28.
118. Burke, L. (2005) Understanding the physician labour market: results of the 2004 National Physician Survey, CERF Conference on Health Human Resources.
119. Burr, W. (2003) Non-standard grade (trust grade) doctors: a postgraduate deans view, British Medical Journal, 327: 133.
120. Caiden, G. and Caiden, N. (2001) The experience of the United States and the united kingdom in the area of diversity, Politics, Administration and Change, 35: 1-19.
121. Calveley, M. and Healy, G. (2003) Political activism and workplace industrial relations in a UK failing school, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 41: 97-113.
122. Campbell, D. (2011) Leading medics challenge GPs to fight reforms, The Guardian, Manchester, 6 January.
123. Campbell, D. and Gupta, G. (2009) Is public healthcare in the UK as sick as rightwing America claims? The Guardian, Manchester.
124. Campion, M., Pursell, E., and Brown, B. (1988) Structured interviews: raising the psychometric properties of the employment interview, Personnel Psychology, 41: 25-42.
125. Carmichael, F. and Woods, R. (2000) Ethnic penalties in unemployment and occupational attainment: evidence for Britain, International Review of Applied Economics, 14(1): 71-98.
126. Carter, R. and Spence, M. (1996) Cultural diversity process improves organizational community in urban teaching medical center, Journal of Cultural Diversity, 3(2): 35-39.
127. Cassell, C. and Biswas, R. (2000) Editorial: Managing Diversity in the New Millennium, Personnel Review, 29(3): 268-273.
128. Cassell, C.M. (1996) A fatal attraction? Strategic HRM and the business case for womens progression at work, Personnel Review, 25(5): 51-66.
129. Chankova, S., Nguyen, H., Chipanta, D., Kombe, G., Onoja, A., and Ogungbemi, K. (2007) Catalyzing Human Resources Mobilization: A Look at the Situation in Nigeria, Washington, DC: Abt Associates Inc.
130. Charlesworth, R. Colgan, F., Creegan, C., and Robinson, G. (2003) Race equality policies at work: employee perceptions of the implementation gap in a UK local authority work, Work, Employment and Society, 17(4): 617-640.
131. Chen, F.M., Fryer, G.E., Phillips, R.L., Wilson, E., and Pathman, D.E. (2005) Patients beliefs about racism, preferences for physician race, and satisfaction with care, Annals of Family Medicine, 3(2): 138-143.
132. Chen, L., Evans, T., Anand, S., Boufford, J.I., Brown, H., and Chowdhury, M. (2004) Human resources for health: overcoming the crisis, Lancet, 364: 1984-1990.
133. Chilee, N.F. (2010) Corruption and recruitment of the unemployed Nigeria Masterweb Daily News, available at: http://nigeriamasterweb.com/blog/ index.php/2010/02/18/corruption_and_recruitment_of_the_unempl (accessed 02 March 2010).
134. Clark, P.F., Stewart, J.B., and Clark, D.A. (2006) The globalization of the labour market for health-care professionals, International Labour Review, 145(1-2): 37-64.
135. Clawson, D. (2003) The Next Upsurge-Labor and the New Social Movements, Ithica: Cornell University Press.
136. CNN International (2007) Africa losing nurses to Britain, available at http:// edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/africa/08/03/nurses.uk/index.html (accessed 17 September 2009).
137. Cockburn, C. (1989) Equal opportunities: the short and the long agenda, Industrial Relations Journal, 10(3 August): 213-225.
138. Cohen, J.J. (2006) The role and contributions of IMGs: a U.S. perspective, Academic Medicine, 81(12): S17-S21, 10.1097/01.ACM.0000243339.63320.98.
139. Cohen, J.J., Gabriel, B.A., and Terrell, C. (2002) The case for diversity in the health care workforce, Health Affairs, 21: 90-102.
140. Coker, N. (2001) Understanding race and racism, in N. Coker (ed.), Racism in Medicine: An Agenda for Change, London: Kings fund.
141. Colgan, F. and Ledwith, S. (2002) Gender, Diversity and Trade Unions-International Perspectives, London: Routledge.
142. Collier, V.U., Hojat, M., Rattner, S.L., Gonnella, J.S., Erdmann, J.B., Nasca, T., and Veloski, J.J. (2001) Correlates of young physicians support for unionization to maintain professional influence, Academic Medicine, 76: 1039-1044.
143. Collins, P.H. (2004) Learning from the outsider within: the sociological significance of black feminist thought, in S. Harding (ed.), The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader-Intellectual and Political Controversies, New York and London: Routledge.
144. Collinson, D., Knights, D., and Collinson, M. (1990) Managing to Discriminate, London: Routledge.
145. Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) (1987) Overseas Doctors Experience and Expectations, London: Committee for Racial Equality.
146. Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) (1996) Appointing NHS Consultants and Registrars: Report of a Formal Investigation, London: Commission for Racial Equality.
147. Conley, H. (2011) The road to equality: legislating for change?, in T. Wright and H. Conley (eds), Handbook of Discrimination at Work, Hants: Gower Publishing.
148. Connor, W. (1986) The impact of homelands upon diasporas, in G. Sheffer (ed.), Modern Diasporas in International Politics, New York: St. Martins Press, pp. 16-46.
149. Cooke, L., Halford, S., and Leonard, P. (2003) Racism in the Medical Profession: the Experience of UK Graduates, London: British Medical Association.
150. Coombs, A. and King, R. (2005) Workplace discrimination: Experiences of practicing Physicians, Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(4): 467-477.
151. Cooper, N. and Burr, B. (2003a) The rise of trust doctors, British Medical Journal, 327: 943-944.
152. Cooper, N. and Burr, B. (2003b) The employment, attitudes and aspirations of non-training grade doctors, Hospital Medicine, 64: 43-45.
153. Corbie-Smith, G., Frank, E., and Nickens, H. (2000) The intersection of race, gender, and primary care, Journal of National Medical Association, 92: 472-480.
154. Council on Graduate Medical Education (2005) Sixteenth Report: Physician Workforce Policy Guidelines for the United States, 2000-2020, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
155. Coussey, M. (2002) Tackling racial equality: international comparisons, Home Office Research Study 238, Home Office Research: Development and Statistics Directorate.
156. Cox, T.H. (1991) The multicultural organization, Academy of Management Executive, 5(2): 34-47.
157. Cox, T.H. (1992) The multi-cultural organization, Academy of Management Executive, 5(2): 23-40.
158. Cox, T.H. (1993) Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research and Practice, San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
159. Cox, T. and Blake, S. (1991) Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness, The Executive, 5(3): 45-55.
160. Cox, T. and Nkomo, S. (1990) Invisible men and women: a status report on race as a variable in organization behaviour research, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(6): 419-432.
161. Cox, A., Grimshaw, D., Carroll, M., and McBride, A. (2008) Reshaping internal labour markets in the National Health Service: new prospects for pay and training for lower skilled service workers?, Human Resource Management Journal, 18: 347-365.
162. Cox, T., Lobel, S., and McLeod, P. (1991) Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 827-847.
163. Cranford, C.J. (2005) Networks of exploitation: immigrant labor and the restructuring of the Los Angeles janitorial industry, Social Problems, 52: 379-397.
164. CRE (1988) Investigation into St. Georges Hospital Medical School, London, London: Commission for Racial Equality.
165. CRE(2007) A Lot Done, A Lot to Do-Our Vision for An Integrated Britain, London: Commission for Racial Equality.
166. Crenshaw, K. (1991) Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics and violence against women of colour, Stanford Law Review, 43: 1241-1299.
167. Crisp, J. (1999) Policy challenges of the new diasporas: migrant networks and their impact on asylum flows and regimes, New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper, No.73. Germany: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy.
168. Crompton, R. and Sanderson, K. (1990) Gendered Jobs and Social Change, London: Unwin Hyman.
169. Culley, L. (2001) Equal opportunities policies and nursing employment within the British National Service, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(1): 130-137.
170. Daily Trust (2009) Why we demand for nurses salary structure, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/200902260054.html (accessed 7 March 2010).
171. Dass, P. and Parker, B. (1999) Strategies for managing human resource diversity: from resistance to learning, The Academy of Management Executive, 13(2): 68-84.
172. Corbie-Smith, G., Frank, E., and Nickens, H. (2000) The intersection of race, gender, and primary care, Journal of National Medical Association, 92: 472-480.
173. Council on Graduate Medical Education (2005) Sixteenth Report: Physician Workforce Policy Guidelines for the United States, 2000-2020, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
174. Coussey, M. (2002) Tackling racial equality: international comparisons, Home Office Research Study 238, Home Office Research: Development and Statistics Directorate.
175. Cox, T.H. (1991) The multicultural organization, Academy of Management Executive, 5(2): 34-47.
176. Cox, T.H. (1992) The multi-cultural organization, Academy of Management Executive, 5(2): 23-40.
177. Cox, T.H. (1993) Cultural Diversity in Organizations: Theory, Research and Practice, San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
178. Cox, T. and Blake, S. (1991) Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness, The Executive, 5(3): 45-55.
179. Cox, T. and Nkomo, S. (1990) Invisible men and women: a status report on race as a variable in organization behaviour research, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(6): 419-432.
180. Cox, A., Grimshaw, D., Carroll, M., and McBride, A. (2008) Reshaping internal labour markets in the National Health Service: new prospects for pay and training for lower skilled service workers?, Human Resource Management Journal, 18: 347-365.
181. Cox, T., Lobel, S., and McLeod, P. (1991) Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 827-847.
182. Cranford, C.J. (2005) Networks of exploitation: immigrant labor and the restructuring of the Los Angeles janitorial industry, Social Problems, 52: 379-397.
183. CRE (1988) Investigation into St. Georges Hospital Medical School, London, London: Commission for Racial Equality.
184. CRE (2007) A Lot Done, A Lot to Do-Our Vision for An Integrated Britain, London: Commission for Racial Equality.
185. Crenshaw, K. (1991) Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics and violence against women of colour, Stanford Law Review, 43: 1241-1299.
186. Crisp, J. (1999) Policy challenges of the new diasporas: migrant networks and their impact on asylum flows and regimes, New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper, No.73. Germany: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy.
187. Crompton, R. and Sanderson, K. (1990) Gendered Jobs and Social Change, London: Unwin Hyman.
188. Culley, L. (2001) Equal opportunities policies and nursing employment within the British National Service, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(1): 130-137.
189. Daily Trust (2009) Why we demand for nurses salary structure, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/200902260054.html (accessed 7 March 2010).
190. Dass, P. and Parker, B. (1999) Strategies for managing human resource diversity: from resistance to learning, The Academy of Management Executive, 13(2): 68-84.
191. Dass, P. and Parker, B.(2010) NHS Hospital and Community Health Services: Medical and Dental staff England 1999-2009, The Health and Social Care Information Centre, London: Department of Health.
192. Dickens, L. (1994) Wasted resources? Equal opportunities in employment, in K. Sisson (ed.), Personnel Management-a Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice in Britain, London: Blackwell.
193. Dickens, L. (1999) Beyond the business case: a three-pronged approach to equality action, Human Resource Management Journal, 9: 9-19.
194. Dickens, L. (2007) The road is long: thirty years of equality legislation in Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45: 463-494.
195. Dillner, L. (1993) Ethnic composition of NHS Boards, British Medical Journal, 307: 1295-1296.
196. Dosani, S., Schroter, S., MacDonald, R., and Connor, J. (2003) Factors contributing to non-standard grade recruitment: a survey, British Medical Journal, 327: 961-964.
197. Dovlo, D. (2003) Substitute health workers in Africa, Consultancy Report, OHS: World Health Organization.
198. Dovlo, D. and Martineau, T. (2004) Human resources for health and development: a review of the migration of Africas health professionals, Working Paper, Liverpool: Joint Learning Initiative.
199. Dovlo, D. and Nyonator, F. (1999) Migration by graduates of the University of Ghana medical School: a preliminary rapid appraisal, Human Resources for Health, 3: 40-51.
200. Dow, W.H and Harris, D.M. (2002) Exclusion of international medical graduates from federal health-care programs, Medical Care, 40(1): 68-72.
201. Dreachslin, J.L. (1999) Diversity and organizational transformation: performance indicators for health services organizations. Journal of Healthcare Management, 44(6): 427-439.
202. Dreachslin, J.L., Jimpson, G., Sprainer, E., and Evans, R. (2001) Race, ethnicity, and careers in healthcare management/practitioner response, Journal of Healthcare Management, 46(6): 397-410.
203. Dreachslin, J.L., Sprainer, E., and Jimpson, G. (2002) Communication: bridging the racial/ethnic divide in health care management, Health Care Manager, 20(4): 10-18.
204. Dreachslin, J., Weech-Maldonado, R., and Dansky, K. (2004) Racial and ethnic diversity and organizational behavior: a focused research agenda for health services management, Social Science and Medicine, 59: 961-971.
205. Dresler, C.M., Padgett, D.L., Mackinnon, S.E., and Patterson, G.A. (1996) Experiences of women in cardiothoracic surgery, Archives of Surgery, 131: 1128-1134.
206. Ducie, A. (2009) Never Good Enough: Health Care Workers and the False Promise of Job Training, New York: Cornell University Press.
207. Dumelow, C. and Griffiths, S. (1995) We all need a good wife to support us, Journal of Management in Medicine, 9(1): 50-57.
208. Eaton, L. (2010) Talks are under way for salaried GPs to join rival union to BMA, BMJ, 340: c2417.
209. Eckhert, N.L. (2002) The global pipeline: too narrow, too wide or just right? Medical Education, 36(7): 606-613.
210. Edwards, P. (2005) The challenging but promising future of industrial relations: developing theory and method in context-sensitive research, Industrial Relations Journal, 36(4): 264-282.
211. Eldridge, J.E.T. (1968) The demarcation dispute in the shipbuilding industry: a study in the sociology of conflict, in J.E.T. Eldridge (ed.), Industrial Disputes: Essays in the Sociology of Industrial Relations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
212. Elliott, R. (2010) The utilization of migrant labour in healthcare: a commentary, in M. Ruhs and B. Anderson (eds), Who Needs MigrantWorkers? Labour Shortages, Immigration, and Public Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 119-124.
213. Ellis, B. (1990) Racial Equality: The Nursing Profession, London: Kings Fund Equal Opportunities Task Force.
214. Ellis, C. and Sonnenfeld, J.A. (1994) Diverse approaches to manage diversity, Human Resource Management, 33(1): 79-109.
215. Elston, M.A. (2009) Women and Medicine: The Future, London: Royal College of Physicians.
216. Equality and Human Rights Commission (2009) NHS trusts face enforcement action, Press Release, EHRC http://www.eastridingofyorkshire.nhs.uk/ upload/HERHIS/East%20Riding%20PCTs/Document%20Store/E%20&%20D/ E&D%20Joint%20Board%20Papers/11%20January%202010%20-%205c%20- %20EHRC%20Press%20release%20NHS%20Trust%20enforcement%20notice: v1_.pdf, accessed 22 August 2010.
217. EHRC (2010) http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/advice-and-guidance/ public-sector-duties/what-are-the-public-sector-duties/race-equality-duty/ Equal Employment Opportunities.
218. (EEOC) (2003) EEOC Sues Chicago Area Hospital for Post 9/11 Backlash Discrimination, Washington: EEOC.
219. EHRC (2007), available at http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/race.html (accessed 15 September 2009).
220. EHRC (2008a) Performance and Accountability Report, Washington: EEOC.
221. EHRC (2008b), available at http://www.eeoc.gov/index.html (accessed 15 September 2009).
222. Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) (2007) Key Statistics-Moving on up? Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Black Caribbean Women and Work, Manchester: EOC (press release).
223. Essed, P. (1991) Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory, Sage Publications, Inc.
224. Esmail, A. and Everington, S. (1993) Racial discrimination against doctors from ethnic minorities, British Medical Journal, 306: 691-692.
225. Esmail, A. and Everington, S. (1997) Asian doctors are still being discriminated against, British Medical Journal, 314: 16-19.
226. Esmail, A., Abel, P., and Everington, S. (2003) Discrimination in the discretionary points award scheme: comparison of white with non-white consultants and men with women, British Medical Journal, 326: 687-688.
227. Fairlie, R.W. and London, R.A. (2009) Who is at risk of losing and gaining health insurance? Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 48(2): 287-310.
228. Fantasia, R. and Voss, K. (2004) Hard Work-Remaking the American Labor Movement, Berkeley: University of California Press.
229. FCC (2008) Federal character commission, Press Briefing by the Executive Chairman Federal Character Commission, available at www.fccnigeria.org/docs/ Chairmans%201st%20Press%20Briefing (last accessed 09 April 2009).
230. Fearfull, A. and Kamenou, N. (2006) How do you account for it?: a critical exploration of career opportunities for and experiences of ethnic minority women, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 17: 883-901.
231. Federal Ministry of Health (2010) The Private Health Sector In Nigeria-An Assessment of its Workforce and Service Provision, Abuja: FMO.
232. Fine, J. (2006) Worker Centers-Organizing Communities at the Edge of the Dream, Cornell University Press, Ithica.
233. Fine, M.G., Johnson, F.L., and Ryan, M.S. (1990) Cultural diversity in the workplace, Public Personnel Management, 19(3): 305-320.
234. Fiscella, K., Roman-Diaz, M., Lue, B.H., Botelho, R., and Frankel, R. (1997) Being a foreigner, I may be punished if I make a small mistake: assessing transcultural experiences in caring for patients, Family Practice, 14(2): 112-116.
235. Fletcher, B., Jr and Hurd, R.W. (2000) Is organising enough? Race, gender, and union, New Labor Forum, 6: 59-69.
236. Flynn, G. (1995) Do you have the right approach to Diversity, Personnel Journal, 74(10): 68-75.
237. Forster, M. (1994) Signficant Sisters-Active Feminism 1839-1939. London: Secker& Warberg.
238. Forte, G.J., McGinnis, S.L., Armstrong, D.P., and Moore, J. (2006) A Profile of New Yorks Underrepresented Minority Physicians, New York: Center for Health Workforce Studies, School of Public Health.
239. Fox, A. (1985) History and Heritage-The Social Origins of the British Industrial Relations System, London: Allen and Unwin.
240. Frank, E., McMurray, J.E., Linzer, M., and Elon, L., (1999) Career satisfaction of US women physicians: results from the women physicians, Archives of Internal Medicine, 159: 1417-1426.
241. Freidson, E. (1994) Professionalism Reborn-Theory, Prophesy and Policy, Cambridge: Polity.
242. Friedman, A.L., (1977a) Industry & Labour, Class Struggle at Work and Monopoly Capitalism, London: Macmillan Press.
243. Friedman, A.L. (1977b) Responsible autonomy versus direct control over the labour process, Capital & Class, 1: 43-57.
244. Friedman, R. (1996a), Defining the scope and logic of minority and female network groups: does separation enhance integration?, in Ferris, G. (ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 307-349.
245. Friedman, R. (1996b), Network groups: an emerging form of employee representation, Proceedings of the Industrial Relations Research Association, Madison, WI: IRRA, pp. 241-250.
246. Friedman, R. and Deinard, C. (1991) Black Caucus Groups at Xerox Corporation (A) and (B), Case no. 491-047 and 491-048, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
247. Friedman, R., Kane, M., and Cornfield, D. (1998) Social support and career optimism: examining the effectiveness of network groups among black managers, Human Relations, 51(9): 1155-1177.
248. Fryer, P. (1984) Staying Power, London: Pluto Press.
249. Furnival, J.S. (1948) Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative Study of Burma and Nertherlands, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
250. Garibaldi, R.A., Subhiyah, R., Moore, M.E., and Waxman, H. (2002) The intraining examination in internal medicine: an analysis of resident performance over time, Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(6): 505-510.
251. Gathers, D. (2003) Diversity management: an imperative for healthcare organizations, Hospital Topics, 81(3): 14-21.
252. Gaze, J.P. (2009) A diversity audit in a hospital setting http://www.stuffofheroes. com/a_diversity_audit_in_a_hospital.htm.
253. Gboyega, A. (1988) The public service and federal character, in P.P. Ekeh and E.E. Osaghae (eds), Federal Character and Federalism in Nigeria, Ibadan: Heinemann.
254. General Medical Council (GMC) (2003) Registration Figures, London: General Medical Council.
255. General Medical Council (GMC) (2010) List of registered medical practitioners-statistics, available at http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/search_stats.asp (last accessed 16th July 2010).
256. Gentile, M. (1994) Differences that work. Boston: Harvard Business Review.
257. Gerzina, G. (1995) Black England-Life before Emancipation, London: John Murray (Publishers) Ltd.
258. Gilbert, J.A. and Ivancevich, J.M. (2001) Effects of diversity management on attachment, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31: 1331-1349.
259. Gilbert, J.A. and Stead, B.A. (1999) Stigmatization revisited-Does diversity management make a difference in applicant success?, Group & Organization Management, 24: 239-256.
260. Gill, P. (2001) General practitioners, ethnic diversity and racism, in N. Coker (ed.), Racism in Medicine, London: Kings Fund.
261. Gilroy, P. (1987) There Aint No Black in the Union Jack, London and New York: Routledge.
262. Gilroy, P. (2004) After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture, London and New York: Routledge.
263. Giscombe, K. and Mattis, M. (2002) Leveling the playing field for women of color in corporate management: is the business case enough? Journal of Business Ethics, 37: 103-119.
264. Gjerberg, E. (2002) Gender similarities in doctors preferences-and gender differences in final specialisation, Social Science and Medicine, 54(4): 591-605.
265. Goodman, D.C. (2005) The paediatrician workforce: current status and future prospects, Pediatrics, 116(1): 156-173.
266. Gordon, S. (2005) Nursing Against the Odds: How Health Care Cost Cutting, Media Stereotypes, and Medical Hubris Undermine Nurses and Patient Care, Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.
267. Granovetter, M.S. (1973) The strength of weak ties, The American Journal of Sociology, 78: 1360-1380.
268. Green, G. (1999) TheWoman Who Knew Too Much: Alice Stewart and the Secrets of Radiation. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
269. Greene, A.-m. and G. Kirton (2009) Diversity Management in the UK: Organizational and Stakeholder Experiences, London: Routledge.
270. Greenhaus, J.H., Parasuraman, S., and Wormley, W.M. (1990) Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes, Academy of Management Journal, 33(1): 64-86.
271. Grumbach, K.,Vranizan, K., and Bindman, A.B. (1997) Physician supply and access to care in urban communities, Health Affairs, 16(1): 71-86.
272. Grumbach, K.M. and Drake, M. (1996) The role of black and hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations, New England Journal of Medicine, 334(2): 1305-1310.
273. Guardian Newspaper (2009) Tiv rulers ask court to halt recruitment in Prisons, available at http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article18/ indexn3_html?pdate=150109&ptitle=Tiv%20rulers%20ask%20court%20to%20 halt%20recruitment%20in%20Prisons%20&cpdate=150109 (accessed 09 April 2009).
274. Gupta, S., Davoodi, H., and Tiongron, E. (2000) Corruption and the provision of health care and education services, IMF Working Paper, International Monetary Fund.
275. Hagopian, A., Ofosu, A., Fatus, A., Biritwum, R., Essel, A., Hart, G., and Watts, C. (2005) The flight of physicians fromWest Africa: views of African physicians and implications for policy, Social Science and Medicine, 61(8): 1750-1760.
276. Hagopian, A., Thompson, M.J., Johnson, K.E., and Lishner D.M. (2003) International medical graduates in the United States: a review of the literature, Working Paper No. 83. Seattle: University of Washington Center for Health Workforce.
277. Halford, S., Savage, M., and Witz, A. (1997) Gender, Careers and Organisations, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
278. Harris, L. (2000) Procedural justice and perceptions of fairness in selection practice, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(3): 148-157.
279. Hart, L.G., Skillman, S.M., Fordyce, M., Thompson, M., Hagopian, A., Konrad, T.R. (2007) International medical graduate physicians in the United States: changes since 1981, Health Affairs, 26(4): 1159-1169.
280. Harvey, R.J. (1991) Job analysis, in M.D. Dinette and L.M. Hough (eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
281. Healey, J.F. (2006) Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.
282. Healthcare Commission (2009) Tackling the Challenge: Promoting Race Equality in the NHS in England, London: Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection.
283. Healy, G. (1997) The industrial relations of appraisal-the case of teachers, Industrial Relations Journal, 28: 206-220.
284. Healy, G. (1999) Structuring commitments in interruped careers: the case of teachers, Gender Work and Organisation, 6(3): 185-201.
285. Healy, G., Bradley, H., and Forson, C. (2011) Intersectional sensibilities in analysing inequality regimes in public sector organizations, Gender Work and Organization, 18(5): 467-487.
286. Healy, G. and Kirton, G. (2000) Women, power and trade union government in the UK, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 38: 343-360.
287. Healy, G. and Oikelome, F. (2005) New equality actors-a challenge to industrial relations? Paper to the BJIR Workshop on New Actors in Industrial Relations, London.
288. Healy, G. and Oikelome, F. (2006) Ethnicity, Career and Work in the Health Services, London: Centre for Research in Equality and Diversity, Queen Mary, University of London.
289. Healy, G. and Oikelome, F. (2007a) A global link between national diversity policies? The case of the migration of Nigerian physicians to the UK and USA, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(11): 1917-1933.
290. Healy, G. and Oikelome, F. (2007b) Equality and diversity actors: a challenge to traditional industrial relations?, Equal Opportunities International, 26: 44-65.
291. Healy, G., Bradley, H. and Mukherjee, N. (2004a) Individualism and collectivism revisited: a study of black and minority ethnic women, Industrial Relations Journal, 35(5): 451-466.
292. Healy, G., Bradley, H. and Mukherjee, N. (2004b) Inspiring activists: the experience of minority ethnic Women in Trade Unions, in G. Healy, E. Heery, P. Taylor, and W. Brown (eds), The Future of Worker Representation, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
293. Heath, A. and Cheung, S.Y. (2006) Ethnic penalties in the labour market: employers and discrimination, London: Department for Work and Pensions Report No. 124.
294. Herod, A., Rainnie, A., and McGrath-Champ, S. (2007) Working space: why incorporating the geographical is central to theorizing work and employment practices, Work Employment Society, 21(2): 247-264.
295. Hicks-Clarke, D. and Iles, P. (2000) Climate for diversity and its effects on career and organizational attitudes and perceptions, Personnel Review, 29(3): 324-345.
296. Hing, E. and Lin, S. (2009) Role of International Medical Graduates Providing Office-based Medical Care: United States, 2005-2006. NCHS Data Brief. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
297. Hoel, H. and Cooper, C. (2000) Destructive Conflict and Bullying at Work, Manchester: Manchester School of Management, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
298. Holgate, J. (2005) Organizing migrant workers: a case study of working conditions and unionization in a London sandwich factory, Work Employment Society, 19: 463-480.
299. Holoweiko, M. (1996) Which doctors are quitting medicine? Medical Economics, 73(23): 176-186.
300. Hooks, B. (2000) Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, Cambridge: South End Press Classics.
301. Hopkins,W.E., Hopkins, S., and Mallette, P. (2001) Diversity and managerial value commitment: a test of some proposed relationships. Journal of Managerial Issues, 13(3): 288-306.
302. Hopkins,W.E., Sterkel-Powell, K., and Hopkins, S.A. (1994) Training priorities for a diverse workforce, Public Personnel Management, 23: 429-435.
303. Howard, D.L., Bunch, C.D., Mundia, W.O., Konrad, T.R., Edwards, L.J., Amamoo, M.A., and Jallah, Y. (2006) Comparing United States versus international medical school graduate physicians who serve African-American and white elderly, Health Services Research, 41(6): 2155-2181.
304. Human Rights Watch (2000) Unfair Advantage-Workers Freedom of Association int he United States under International Human rights Standards, http:// www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/unitedstates/farmworkers/ unfairAdvantage.pdf, accessed 29 September 2010.
305. Human Rights Watch (2006) They do not own this place: government discrimination against Non-Indigenes in Nigeria, available at http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2006/ 04/24/they-do-not-own-place-0 (accessed 09 April 2009).
306. Human Rights Watch (2010) Everyones in on the Game Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigeria Police Force, New York: Human Rights Watch.
307. Iles, P. and Salaman, G. (1995) Recruitment, selection and assessment, in J. Storey (ed.) Human Resource Management: A Critical Text, London: Routledge.
308. Imison, C., Buchan, J., and Xavier, S. (2009) NHS workforce planning: limitations and possibilities, Kings Fund: London, available at: http://www.kingsfund.org. uk/publications/nhs_workforce.html (accessed 24 March 2010).
309. Isaac, J.E. (2001) Performance related pay: the importance of fairness, Journal of Industrial Relations, 43(2): 111-123.
310. Jackson, C., Ball, J., Hirsh, W., and Kidd, M.J. (2003) Informing Choices: The Need for Career Advice in Medical Training, Cambridge: National Institute of Careers Education and Counselling (NICEC).
311. Jayne, M.E.A. and Dipboye, R.L. (2004) Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: Research findings and recommendations for organizations, Human Resource Management, 43: 409-424.
312. Jewson, N. and Mason, D. (1986) Modes of discrimination in the recruitment process: formalisation, fairness and efficiency, Sociology, 20: 43-63.
313. Jewson, N., Mason, D., Bourke, H., Bracebridge, C., Brosnan, F., and Milton, K. (1993) Changes in ethnic minorities membership of Health Authorities (1989- 1992), British Medical Journal, 307: 604-605.
314. Johnson, K., Kaltenbach, E., Hoogstra, K., Thompson, M.J., Hagopian, A., and Hart, L.G. (2003) How international medical graduates enter U.S. graduate medical education or employment, Working Paper No.76. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Center for Health Workforce Studies.
315. Johnson, M.R.D., Biggerstaff, D., Clay, D., Collins, G., Gumber, A., Hamilton, M., Jones, K., and Szczepura, A. (2004) Racial and ethnic inequalities in health. A critical review of the evidence. De Montfort University and Warwick University Medical School.
316. Johnson, K., A. Hagopian, C. Veninga and Hart, L.G. (2006) The changing geography of Americans graduating from foreign medical schools, Academic Medicine, 81: 179-184.
317. Jones, D., Pringle, J., and Shepherd, D. (2000) Managing Diversity meets Aotearoa/New Zealand, Personnel Review, 29(3): 364-380.
318. Jowell, R. and Prescott-Clarke, P. (1970) Racial discrimination and white-collar workers in Britain, Race, 11: 397-417.
319. Kalev, A., Dobbin, F., and Kelly, E. (2006) Best practices or best guesses? Assessing the efficacy of corporate affirmative action and diversity policies, American Sociological Review, 71: 589-617.
320. Kalra, V.S., Kaur, R., and Hutnyk, J. (2005) Diasporas & Hybridity, London: Sage Publications.
321. Kamoche, K. (1992) Human resource management: an assessment of the Kenyan case, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(3): 497-521.
322. Kandola, R. and Fullerton, J. (1994) Managing the Mosaic: Diversity in Action, London: Institute of Personnel and Development.
323. Kassirer, J.P. (2005) On the Take: How Medicines Complicity with Big Business Can Endanger Your Health, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
324. Kauzya, J.M. (2001) Holistic model for managing ethnic diversity in the public service in Africa, United Nations Expert Group on Managing Diversity in the Civil Service, United Nations Headquarters, New York, May.
325. Keehan, S., Sisko, A., Truffer, C., Smith, S., Cowan, C., Poisal, J. and Clemens, K. (2008) Health spending projections through 2017: the baby-boom generation is coming to medicare, Health Affairs, 27(2): 145-155.
326. Keith-Jennings, B. (2010) Are We Ready for a Disaster? Recommendations for Improving Disaster Preparation of Limited English Proficient Communities. A Tomás Rivera Policy Institute and Asian Pacific American Legal Center Report. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
327. Kelly, J. (1998) Rethinking industrial relations: mobilization, collectivism and long waves. London: Routledge.
328. Kelly, E. and Dobbin, F. (1998) How affirmative action became diversity management, American Behavioral Scientist, 41(7): 960-985.
329. Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix, G. and Oxenbridge, S. (2006) Inside the Workplace: Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey, London: Routledge.
330. Khorana, A.A. (2008) Disorientation, Health Affairs, 27(4): 1154-1159.
331. Kingma, M. (2006) Nurses on the Move: Migration and the Global Health Care Industry, New York: Cornell University Press.
332. Kingsley, S. (2001) Creating the climate for diversity and race equality in health care, Ethnicity and Health, 6(3/4): 255-263.
333. Kingsley, S. and Pawar, A. (2002) Putting Race Equality to Work in the NHS: a Resource for Action, London: Department of Health.
334. Kirton, G. (2006) The Making of Women Trade Unionists, Aldershot: Ashgate.
335. Kirton, G. (2008) Managing multi-culturally in organizations in a diverse society, in S. Clegg and C. Cooper (eds), Handbook of Macro Organizational Behaviour, London: Sage, pp. 309-322.
336. Kirton, G. and Greene, A.-M. (2000) The Dynamics of Managing Diversity, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
337. Kirton, G. and Greene, A.-M. (2006) The discourse of diversity in unionised contexts: views from trade union equality officers, Personnel Review, 35(4): 431-448.
338. Kirton, G. and Healy, G. (2012) Gender, Identity and Leadership in American and British Unions, London: Routledge.
339. Kossek, E.E. and Lobel, S. (eds) (1996) Managing Diversity-Human Resource Strategies for Transforming the Workplace, Oxford: Blackwell.
340. Kramar, R. (2001) Managing diversity: challenges and future directions, in B. Millett and R. Wiesner (eds), Management and Organizational Behavior, John Brisbane: Wiley & Sons.
341. Kvaerner, K.J., Aasland, O.G., and Botten, G.S. (1999) Female medical leadership: cross sectional study, British Medical Journal, 318: 91-94.
342. Labiran, A., Mafe, M., Onajole, B., and Lambo, E. (2008) Health workforce country profile for Nigeria, Lagos: Africa Health Workforce Observatory.
343. Lambert, T., Goldacre, M., and Turner, G. (2006) Career choices of United Kingdom medical graduates of 2002: questionnaire survey, Medical Education, 40(6): 514-521.
344. Langer, A., Mustapha, A.R., and Stewart, F. (2007) Horizontal inequalities in Nigeria, Ghana and Côte dIvoire: issues and policies, Crise Working Paper No. 45, University of Oxford, available at http://www.crise.ox.ac.uk/pubs/ workingpaper45.pdf (last accessed 09 April 2009).
345. Lavender, B. (2009) American healthcare is in truth already rationed, Manchester: The Guardian.
346. Lawrence, E. (2000) Equal opportunities officers and managing equality changes, Personnel Review, 29(3): 381-401.
347. Layder, D. (1993) New Strategies in Social Research, Cambridge: Polity Press.
348. Layder, D. (2006) Understanding Social Theory, London: Sage Publications.
349. Lemos, G. and Crane, P. (2000) Tackling racial harassment in the NHS - evaluating black and minority ethnic staffs attitudes and experiences, Final Report for the NHS Executive, London.
350. Liff, S. (1997) Two routes to managing diversity: individual differences versus social group characteristics, Employee Relations, 19(1): 11-26.
351. Liff, S. (1999) Diversity and equal opportunities: room for a constructive compromise? Human Resource Management Journal, 9(1): 65-75.
352. Liff, S. and Wajcman, J. (1996) Sameness and difference revisited: which ways forward for equal opportunity initiatives?, Journal of Management Studies, 33(1): 79-94.
353. Limacher, M.C., Zaher, C.A.,Walsh, M.N.,Wolf,W.J., Douglas, P.S., Schwartz, J.B., et al. (1998) The ACC professional life survey: career decisions of women and men in cardiology. A report of the comittee on women in cardiology, Journal of American College of Cardiology, 32: 827-835.
354. Litven, D. (2006) Diversity: making space for a better place, in J. Prasad, J. Pringle, and A.M. Konrad (eds), Handbook of Workplace Diversity, London: Sage, pp. 75-94.
355. Loden, M. and Rosener, J. (1991) Workforce America! Managing Employee Diversity As a Vital Resource, Homewood, IL: Business One-Irwin.
356. Lucas, A.O. (2005) Human resources for health in Africa (editorial), British Medical Journal, 331: 1037-1038.
357. Luce, S. (2005) The role of community involvement in implementing living wage ordinances, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 44: 32-58.
358. Lucio, M.M. and Perrett, R. (2009) The diversity and politics of trade unions responses to minority ethnic and migrant workers: the context of the UK, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 30: 324-347.
359. MacDonald, R. (2004) The way forward for non-standard grade (trust) doctors, British Medical Journal, 328: 9.
360. MacPherson, W. (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, London: HMSO.
361. Malleson, K. (2003) Justifying gender equality on the bench-why difference wont do, Feminist Legal Studies, 11: 1-24.
362. Marger, M.N. (1994) Race and Ethnic Relations: American and Global Perspectives, California: Wadsworth.
363. Margolis, E. (2006) Images of African Americans: post civl war to World War II, in J.F. Healey (eds), Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class-The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change, Vol. 4, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.
364. Martin, T. (2008) When the Personal Was Political: Five Women Doctors Look Back, Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.
365. Martineau, T., Decker, K., and Bundred, P. (2002) Briefing Note on International Migration of Health Professionals: Levelling the Playing Field for Developing Country Health Systems, Liverpool: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
366. Mavromaras, K. and Scott, A. (2006) Promotion to hospital consultant: regression analysis using NHS administrative data, British Medical Journal, 332(7534): 148-151.
367. McBride, A. (1999) Women Work and Trade Unions, London: Routledge.
368. McClenahan, J. and Yardumian, A. (2001) Recruiting doctors: fair selection, in N. Coker (ed.), Racism in Medicine, London: Kings Fund.
369. McMahon, G.T. (2004) Coming to America-international medical graduates in the United States, New England Journal of Medicine, 350(24): 2435-2437.
370. McManus, I.C. and Sproston, K.A. (2000) Women in hospital medicine in the United Kingdom: glass ceiling, preference, prejudice or cohort effect?, Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 54(1): 10-16.
371. Medical News (2004) A & E Departments Face New Staffing Crisis as Doctors Leave to Become GPs, available at http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews. php?newsid=15711.
372. Medscape News (2009) International healthcare systems: Nigeria, available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/703712_8.
373. Meeus, W. (2003) Pull factors in international migration of health professionals: an analysis of developed countries policies influencing migration of health professionals, Masters Thesis, University of Western Cape School of Public Health.
374. Meulman, W. and Heiser, W. (1999) SPSS Categories 10.0, Chicago: SPSS Inc.
375. Mick, S.S. and Comfort, M.E. (1997) The quality of care of international medical graduates: how does it compare to that of US medical graduates?, Medical Care Research and Review, 54(4): 379-413.
376. Milkman, R. (2006) LA story: Immigrant workers and the future of the US labor movement, Russell Sage Foundation Publications.
377. Miller, D. (2001) Disrespect and the experience of injustice, Annual Review of Psychology, 52: 527-553.
378. Mills, C.W. (1959) The Sociological Imagination, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
379. Mills, C.W. (1970) The Sociological Imagination, Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd.
380. Mirza, H.S. (ed.) (1997) Black British Feminism, London: Routledge.
381. Monye, F. (2006) An Appraisal of the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria, Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 32(3): 415-427.
382. Moody, K. (1997) Workers in a Lean World, London/New York: Verso.
383. Mooney, A. and Evans, B. (2007) Globalization: the key concepts, London: Routledge.
384. Moore, J.D. (1999) Tapping hidden resources, Modern Healthcare, 29(50): 30-36.
385. Moore, R. and Rhodenbaugh, E. (2002) The unkindest cut of all: are international medical school graduates subjected to discrimination by general surgery residency programs?, Journal of Surgical Education, 59(2): 228-236.
386. Moreno, P.D. (2006) Black Americans and Organized Labor, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.
387. Moss, P. and Tilly, C. (2001) Stories Employers Tell-Race, Skill and Hiring in America, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
388. Motwani, J., Hodge, J., and Crampton, S. (1995) Managing diversity in the health care industry, The Health Care Supervisor, 13(3): 16-24.
389. Mouzelis, N. (1995) Sociological Theory. What Went Wrong? Routledge: London.
390. Mullan, F., Politzer, R.M., and Davis, C.H. (1995) Medical migration and the physician workforce. International medical graduates and American medicine, The Journal of American Medical Association, 273(1): 1521-1527.
391. Muller, H. and Haase, B. (1994) Managing diversity in health services organizations, Hospital and Health Services Administration, 39(4): 415-424.
392. Munro, A. (1999) Women Work and Trade Unions, London: Routledge.
393. Munro, A. (2001), A feminist trade union agenda? The continued significance of class, gender and race, Gender, Work and Organization, 8(4): 454-471.
394. Munro, A., Holly, L., and Rainbird, H. (2000) My ladies arent interested in learning: managers, supervisors and the social context of learning, International Review of Education, 46: 515-528.
395. National Health Service Confederation (1998) Equal Opportunities and Monitoring in NHS Trusts. Briefing no. 14 May, Birmingham: NHS Confederation.
396. National Health Service Employers (2004), Pay and Conditions of Service for Non- Consultant Career Grade Doctors, London: Department of Health.
397. National Health Service Employers (2005) Equality and Diversity in Employment: Legislations Overview, London: Department of Health.
398. National Midwifery Council (2009) Statistical analysis of the register 1 April 2007 to 31 March 2008, available at http://www.nmc-uk.org/ Documents/Statistical%20analysis%20of%20the%20register/NMC-Statisticalanalysis- of-the-register-2007-2008.pdf (accessed 16 July 2010).
399. New York Times (1988) Ethnic quota for Nigerians is challenged, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/06/world/ethnic-quota-for-nigerians-is challenged.html (accessed on 09 April 2009).
400. NHS Employers (2009a) Equality Impact Assessments in the NHS-A Guide for Employers, London: NHS Employers.
401. National Health Service Employers. (2009b) Staff vacancy statistics published. Retrieved 20 August 2009, from http://www.nhsemployers.org/PlanningYourWorkforce/Nursing/ Latest-news/Pages/Staffvacancyratespublished.aspx.
402. Nigerian Newsday (2005) Non-indigenes in Plateau allege continued discrimination, available at http://www.nasarawastate.org/newsday/news/nasarawa/ 11129162738.html (accessed 07 March 2010).
403. Nnoli, O. (1995) Ethnicity and Development in Nigeria, Aldershot: Avebury.
404. Noon, M. (2007). The fatal flaws of diversity and the business case for ethnic minorities, Work, Employment and Society, 21(4), pp. 773-784.
405. Norcliffe, G. and Finlan, C. (2001) Non-standard grade posts, British Medical Journal, 323(Suppl.): S2.
406. Nwokoye, V. (2008) Their racism, our tribalism, The Vanguard, available at http:// www.vanguardngr.com/content/view/23847/87/ (accessed 09 April 2009).
407. Nyambegera, S.M. (2002) Ethnicity and human resource management practice in sub-Saharan Africa: the relevance of the managing diversity discourse, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(7): 1077-1090.
408. Obama, B. (1995) Dreams from My Father, New York: Times Books.
409. Obi, C.I. (2001) Changing Forms of Identity Politics in Nigeria, Goteborg: Elanders Digitaltryck AB.
410. Odinkalu, C.A. (2008) The impact of economic and social rights in Nigeria: an assessment of legal framework for implementing education and health as human rights, in V. Gauri and D.M. Brinks (eds), Courting Social Justice: Judicial Enforcements of Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World, London: Cambridge University Press.
411. OECD (2009) Health Data 2009, Volume, DOI: http://www.oecd.org/document/ 54/0,3343,en_2649_34487_43220022_1_1_1_1,00.html.
412. Office of National Statistics (2006a) Patterns of pay: results of the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, 1997-2006, Economic & Labour Market Review, 1(2) http://www.statistics.gov.uk/elmr/02_07/downloads/ELMR02_07Dobbs.pdf.
413. OECD (2006b) Working lives half of womens jobs are part time, available at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1654.
414. Ogunjuyigbe, P.O., Liasu, A.S., and Sulaiman, A. (2008) Gender differentials in science, mathematics and technology: why do fewer females participate in science, mathematics and technology courses in Nigeria?, International NGO Journal, 3(2): 21-26.
415. Oikelome, F. (2003) Antecedents and consequences of trade union commitment in a developing country: the case of Nigeria, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, London: LSE.
416. Oikelome, F. and Flynn, R. (2008) Equality record and the NHS, Health Service Journal Supplement, 21(2): 17.
417. Oikelome, F. and Healy, G. (2007) Second-class doctors? The impact of professional career structure on the employment conditions of overseas- and UK qualified doctors, Human Resource Management Journal, 17(2): 134-154.
418. Okediji, T. (2005) The dynamics of ethnic fragmentation-a proposal for an expanded measurement index, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 64(2): 637-662.
419. Oluwagbemi, M. (2009) Finding a legislative alternative to federal character and indigenization policies Nigerian Village Square: http://www. nigeriavillagesquare.com/articles/michael-oluwagbemi/finding-a-legislativealternative- to-federal-character-and-indigenization-policies.html (accessed 21 March 2010).
420. Oluwo, B. (2001) Pride and performance in African public services: analysis of institutional breakdown and rebuilding efforts in Nigeria and Uganda, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 67(1): 117-134.
421. Omofuma Tessy, E. (2007) Basic Theories and Principles in Nursing and Midwifery Practice, Benin City: Lenqueen prints.
422. öresland S., Jakobsson, A., and Segesten, K. (1999) To see or not to see: perceptions of equality in a Swedish University Hospital, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 13(4): 227-233.
423. Osaghae, E. (1995) Structural adjustment and ethnicity in Nigeria, Research Report No. 98. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute.
424. Osegie, H., Fasawe, O., and Dare, O. (2003) Migration of health professionals (Medical Doctors and Nurses) in Nigeria: an exploratory case study, Working Group Commissioned Paper, JLI(suppl.): S2.
425. Oswick, C. (2010) The social construction of diversity, equality and inclusion: an exploration of academic and public discourses, in G. Healy, G. Kirton and M. Noon (eds), Equality, Inequalities and Diversity-Contemporary Challenges and Strategies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
426. özbilgin, M. (2005) Global Diversity Management: the case of automobile manufacturing companies in Japan, JILPT Working Papers, Japan JILPT Working Papers, Japan.
427. özbilgin, M. and Tatli, A. (2008) Global Diversity Management-An Evidence-based Approach, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
428. Padarath, A. and Chamberlain, C. (2003) Health personnel in Southern Africa: confronting maldistribution and brain drain, Discussion Paper, No. 3, EQUINET: Health Systems Trust (South Africa) and MEDACT (UK).
429. Parsi, K. (2008) International medical graduates and global migration of physicians: fairness, equity and justice, Medscape Journal of Medicine, 10(12): 284.
430. Parsi, K. (2006b) Working lives half of womens jobs are part time, available at http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1654 Ogunjuyigbe, P.O., Liasu, A.S., and Sulaiman, A. (2008) Gender differentials in science, mathematics and technology: why do fewer females participate in science, mathematics and technology courses in Nigeria?, International NGO Journal, 3(2): 21-26.
431. Oikelome, F. (2003) Antecedents and consequences of trade union commitment in a developing country: the case of Nigeria, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, London: LSE.
432. Oikelome, F. and Flynn, R. (2008) Equality record and the NHS, Health Service Journal Supplement, 21(2): 17.
433. Oikelome, F. and Healy, G. (2007) Second-class doctors? The impact of professional career structure on the employment conditions of overseas- and UK qualified doctors, Human Resource Management Journal, 17(2): 134-154.
434. Okediji, T. (2005) The dynamics of ethnic fragmentation-a proposal for an expanded measurement index, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 64(2): 637-662.
435. Oluwagbemi, M. (2009) Finding a legislative alternative to federal character and indigenization policies Nigerian Village Square: http://www. nigeriavillagesquare.com/articles/michael-oluwagbemi/finding-a-legislativealternative- to-federal-character-and-indigenization-policies.html (accessed 21 March 2010).
436. Oluwo, B. (2001) Pride and performance in African public services: analysis of institutional breakdown and rebuilding efforts in Nigeria and Uganda, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 67(1): 117-134.
437. Omofuma Tessy, E. (2007) Basic Theories and Principles in Nursing and Midwifery Practice, Benin City: Lenqueen prints.
438. öresland S., Jakobsson, A., and Segesten, K. (1999) To see or not to see: perceptions of equality in a Swedish University Hospital, Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 13(4): 227-233.
439. Osaghae, E. (1995) Structural adjustment and ethnicity in Nigeria, Research Report No. 98. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute.
440. Osegie, H., Fasawe, O., and Dare, O. (2003) Migration of health professionals (Medical Doctors and Nurses) in Nigeria: an exploratory case study, Working Group Commissioned Paper, JLI(suppl.): S2.
441. Oswick, C. (2010) The social construction of diversity, equality and inclusion: an exploration of academic and public discourses, in G. Healy, G. Kirton and M. Noon (eds), Equality, Inequalities and Diversity-Contemporary Challenges and Strategies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
442. özbilgin, M. (2005) Global Diversity Management: the case of automobile manufacturing companies in Japan, JILPT Working Papers, Japan JILPT Working Papers, Japan.
443. özbilgin, M. and Tatli, A. (2008) Global Diversity Management-An Evidence-based Approach, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
444. Padarath, A. and Chamberlain, C. (2003) Health personnel in Southern Africa: confronting maldistribution and brain drain, Discussion Paper, No. 3, EQUINET: Health Systems Trust (South Africa) and MEDACT (UK).
445. Parsi, K. (2008) International medical graduates and global migration of physicians: fairness, equity and justice, Medscape Journal of Medicine, 10(12): 284.
446. Patterson, O. (2006) Why we still need affirmative action, in J.F. Healey (ed.), Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change, Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Pressm, pp. 209-210.
447. Pitts, D.W., Hicklin, A.K., Hawes, D.P., and Melton, E. (2010) What drives the implementation of diversity management programs? Evidence from public organizations, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 20(4): 867-886.
448. Price, D. and Pollock, A.M. (2002) Extending choice in the NHS, British Medical Journal, 325: 293-294.
449. Price Waterhouse Coopers (2001) Survey on the Relative Job Weight, Workload and Work Demands of NCCGs, London: DDRB.
450. Price, E.G., Gozu, A., Kern, D.E., Powe, N.R., Wand, G.S., Golden, S., and Cooper, L.A. (2005) The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of faculty in academic medicine, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(7): 565-571.
451. Pudney, S. and Shields, M. (2000) Gender, race, pay and promotion in the British Nursing profession: estimation of a generalized ordered probit model, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 15(4): 367-399.
452. Raghu, R.P. (2004) Surgical training for overseas doctors in the UK-facts, realities and solutions, Indian Journal of Surgery, 66(5): 265-269.
453. Raghuram, P., Henry, L., and Bornat, J. (2010) Difference and distinction?, Sociology, 44: 623-641.
454. Randall, V. (2009) Institutional Racism in US Health Care http://academic. udayton.edu/health/07humanrights/WCAR02.htm, Retrieved August, 2009.
455. Rao, C.V. (2005) Analysis of means-a review. Journal of Quality Technology, 37(4): 308-315.
456. Rao, N.R., Kramer, M., Saunders, R., Twemlow, S.W., Lomax, J.W., Dewan, M.J., Myers, M.F., Goldberg, J., Cassimir, G., Kring, B., and Alami, O. (2007) An annotated bibliography of professional literature on international medical graduates, Acad Psychiatry, 31(1): 68-83.
457. Raufu, A. (2002) Nigerian health authorities worry over exodus of doctors and nurses, British Medical Journal, 325: 65.
458. Raymer, S. (2004) Indian doctors help fill US Health Care needs, Yale Global, available at: Source: http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=3340, (accessed 18 August 2008).
459. Reed, V. and Buddeberg-Fischer, B. (2001) Career obstacles for women in medicine: an overview, Medical Education, 35: 139-147.
460. Reichenbach, L. and Brown, H. (2004) Gender and academic medicine: impacts on the health workforce, British Medical Journal, 329: 792-795.
461. Resources for Cross Cultural Health Care (RCCHC) (1999) Cultural and Linguistic Competence Standards and Research Agenda Project, Silver Spring, MD: RCCHC.
462. Riley, J.D., Hannis, M., and Rice, K.G. (1996) Are international medical graduates a factor in residency program selection? A survey of fourth-year medical students, Academic Medicine, 71(4): 381-386.
463. Roosens, E.E. (1989) Creating Ethnicity: The Process of Ethnogenesis, Newbury, CA: Sage.
464. Route, U. (1999) Gender differences in stress, satisfaction and mental wellbeing among general practitioners in England, Psychology, Health and Medicine, 4(4): 345-354.
465. Royal College of Nursing (2003) Nurses Employed Outside of the NHS Recommended Pay, Terms and Conditions, London: Royal College of Nursing, available at www. rcn.org.uk/downloads/pay/non-nhs-pay.pdf.
466. Russell, S. (2004) Workers remittances, remittance decay and financial deepening in developing countries, online at http//www.remodeling.hw.net/ industry-news.asp (accessed September 2006).
467. Russett, Cynthia Eagle (1989) Sexual Science, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
468. Ruthledge, E. and Wesley, N. (2001) The struggle for equality in healthcare continues, Journal of Healthcare Management, 46(5): 313-325.
469. Safran,W. (1991) Diasporas in modern societies: myths of homeland and return, Diasporas, 1(1): 83-99.
470. Sandhu, S. (2003) London Calling: How Black and Asian Writers Imagined A City, London: HarperCollins.
471. SASC (2003) Annual Report, London: British Medical Association (Staff and Annual Associate Specialist Committee).
472. SASC (2006) Newsletter, March (Staff and Associate Specialist Committee).
473. Schiebinger, L. (1999) Has Feminism Changed Science? Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press.
474. SCOPME (1994) Meeting the Educational Needs of Staff Grade Doctors and Dentists, London: Standing Committee on Postgraduate Medical Education.
475. SCPMDE (1996) The Educational Needs of Staff Grade Doctors and Dentists in Scotland, Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Postgraduate Medical and Dental Education.
476. SERTUC (2008) Treading Water, London: Southern and Eastern Council of the TUC.
477. Shields, M.A. and Wheatley Price, S. (2002) The determinants of racial harassment at the workplace-evidence from the British nursing profession, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 40(1): 1-21.
478. Sikes, P., Measor, L., and Woods, P. (1985) Teacher Careers Crises and Continuities, Lewes: The Falmer Press.
479. Silke, A. (2001) Women and Medicine in Cambridge 1869-1925. History and Philosophy of Science, dissertation, Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
480. Skellington, R. (1996) Race in Britain Today, London: Sage.
481. Sogolo, G. (1989) Justice, equity and the logic of reverse discrimination in Nigerian politics, in P. Ekeh and E. Osaghae (eds), Federal Character and Federalism in Nigeria, Lagos: Heinemann Educational Books.
482. Solomos, J. (1992) The politics of immigration since 1945, in P. Braham, A. Rattansi, and R. Skellington (eds), Racism and Antiracism-Inqualities, Opportunities and Policies, London: Sage.
483. Soni, V. (2000) A twenty-first century reception for diversity in the public sector: case study, Public Administration Review, 60(5): 395-403.
484. Staff and Associate Specialist Committee (SASC) (2003) Annual Report, London: British Medical Association.
485. Stalker, P. (2001) The No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration, Oxford: New Internationalist Publications.
486. Stilwell, B., Diallo, K., Zurn, P., Dal Poz, M.R., Adams, O., and Buchan, J. (2003) Developing evidence-based ethical policies on the migration of healthworkers: conceptual and practical challenges, Human Resources for Health, 1(8): 1478-4491.
487. Stilwell, B., Diallo, K., Zurn, P., Vujicic, M., Adams, O., and Dal Poz, M. (2004) Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: strategic approaches to its management, World Health Organization bulletin, 82(8): 595-600.
488. Strachan-Bennett, S. and Doherty, L. (2006) Overseas nurses face severe delays to NMC registration, Nursing Times, 102: 1,2.
489. Svehla, T. (1994) Diversity management: key to future success, Frontiers of Health Services Management, 11(2): 3-34.
490. Taylor, J.E. (2000) Migration: New Dimensions and Characteristics, Causes, Consequences and Implications for Rural Poverty, Food and Agricultural Organization. http://www. fao. org/documents.htm.
491. Taylor, D.H. and Esmail, A. (1999) Retrospective analysis of census data on general practitioners who qualified in South Asia: who will replace them as they retire?, British Medical Journal, 318(7179): 306-310.
492. Tesch, B.J., Wood, H.M., Helwig, A.L., and Nattinger, A.B. (1995) Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine: glass ceiling or sticky floor? Journal of the American Medical Association, 273: 1022-1025.
493. The News (2008) Federal character provision is being disregarded, available at http://thenewsng.com/cover-story/federal-character-provision-is-beingdisregarded/ 2008/06 (last accessed 09 April 2009).
494. This Day (2009) Nigeria: Minister petitioned over teachers recruitment, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/200903090714.html (last accessed 09 April 2009).
495. Thomas, R.R. (1990) From affIrmative action to affIrming diversity, Harvard Business Review, March-April: 107-117.
496. Thomas, R.R. (1991) Beyond Race and Gender: Unleashing the Power of Your TotalWork Force by Managing Diversity, New York: AMACOM.
497. Thomas, K.M., Willis, L.A. and Davis, J. (2007) Mentoring minority graduate students: issues and strategies for institutions, faculty, and students, Equal Opportunities International, 26(3): 178-192.
498. Thomas-Hope, E. (2002) Skilled labour migration from developing countries: study on the Caribbean region, International Migration Papers No. 50. Geneva: International Labour Office.
499. Toynbee, P. (2011) Tory free-market hurricane will blow our NHS apart, The Guardian, 18 January.
500. Trewby, P. (2004) Overseas doctors in the UK: setting the scene, BMJ Career Focus, 328: 244.
501. Tribunal Services (2009) Employment Tribunal and EAT Statistics (GB) 1 April 2008 to 31 March 2009, London: Ministry of Justice.
502. Tribunal Services (2010) Employment Tribunal and EAT Statistics 2009-10 (GB) 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2010, London: Ministry of Justice.
503. Tuch, S.A and Hughes, M. (1996) Whites racial policy attitudes, Social Science Quarterly, 77(4): 723-745.
504. Uneke, C., Ogbonna, A., Ezeoha, A., Oyibo, P., Onwe, F., and Ngwu, B. (2008) The Nigeria health sector and human resource challenges, The Internet Journal of Health, 8(1): 1-11.
505. UNISON (2010) http://www.unison.org.uk/equality/index.asp (accessed 1 November 2010).
506. United Nations (2005) Press Release from Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
507. US Census Bureau (2009) Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2008, available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/ p60-236.pdf.
508. US Department of Health and Human Services (2007) Health, United States, 2007, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus07.pdf.
509. Usman, Y.B. (1994), The Federation of Nigeria and the lessons of historical experiences of the people of Nigeria, in J. Isawa Elaigwu, P.C. Logams, and H.S. Galadima (eds), Federalism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, Abuja: NCIR.
510. Van den Bos, K. and Lind, E.A. (2001) Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments, in M.P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
511. Van den Bos, K. and Lind, E.A. (2002) Uncertainty management by means of fairness judgments, in M.P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
512. Verghese, A. (1997) Cowpath to America, The New Yorker.
513. Vian, T. (2005) Corruption and the health sector, in Bertram, S. (ed.), Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries, Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press Inc.
514. Vogel, R.G. (1993) Financing Health Care in Sub-Saharan Africa, Westport: Greenwood Press.
515. Vujicic, M., Zurn, P., Diallo, K., and Dal Poz, M. (2004) The role of wages in slowing the migration of health care professionals from developing countries, Human Resources for Health (Online journal), 2: 3, available from: http://www. human-resources-health.com/content/2/1/3.
516. Waddington, J. and Whitson, C. (1997) Why do people join trade unions in a period of membership decline?, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 35: 515-546.
517. Wajcman, J. (2000) Feminism facing industrial relations in Britain, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 38: 183-201.
518. Walby, S. (1997) Gender Transformations, London: Routledge.
519. Waldinger, R.D. (1997) Social Capital or Social Closure? Immigrant Networks in the Labor Market. The Ralph and Goldy Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/06z6331r ed. Los Angeles:.
520. UC Waldinger, R. (2008), Between Here and There: Immigrant Cross-Border Activities and Loyalties. International Migration Review, 42: 3-29.
521. Walker, D.M. (2005) Nonprofit, for-profit, and government hospitals: uncompensated care and other community benefits, United States Government Accountability Office, GAO, available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/ d05743t.pdf (last accessed 14 July 2010).
522. Walsh, J. (2007) Equality and diversity in British workplaces: the 2004Workplace Employment Relations Survey, Industrial Relations Journal, 38: 303-319.
523. Waters, M.C. (2004) Race, ethnicity and immigration in the United States, in F. Devine and M.C. Waters (eds), Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
524. Weber, D.O. (2000) The lack of diversity at the top, Health Forum Journal, 43(5): 31-34.
525. Weech-Maldonado, R., Dreachslin, J., and Dansky, K. (2002) Racial/ethnic diversity management and culture competency: the case of Pennsylvania hospitals/practitioner application, Journal of Healthcare Management, 47(2): 111-126.
526. Weinberg, D.B. (2003) Code Green: Money-Driven Hospitals and the Dismantling of Nursing, Ithica: Cornell University Press.
527. Weintraub, W. (1986) Recruitment of public physchitrists: the impact of university and state collaboration on FMGS in Maryland, Hospital Community Psychiatry, 37: 1017-1021.
528. Weston, G. (2009) Direct Red: a Surgeons Story, London: Jonathan Cape.
529. Wheeler, M. (1994) Diversity Training: A Research Report, New York: The Conference Board.
530. Whitcomb, M.E. and Miller, R.S. (1996) Comparison of IMG-dependent and non-IMG-dependent residencies in the National Resident Matching Program, Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(9): 700-703.
531. Williams, S. and Adam-Smith, D. (2010) Contemporary Employment Relations, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
532. Wills, J. (2004) Organising the low paid: East Londons living wage campaign as a vehicle for change, in G. Healy, E. Heery, P. Taylor and W. Brown (eds.), The Future of Worker Representation, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 264-282.
533. Wills, J., Datta, K., Evans, Y., Herberts, J., May, J., and McIlwaine, C. (2010) Global Cities at Work-New Migrant Divisions of Labour, London: Pluto Press.
534. Wilson, E. (2000) Inclusion, exclusion and ambiguity-The role of organisational culture, Personnel Review, 29: 274-303.
535. Wilson, E. and Iles, P. (1999) Managing diversity-an employment and service delivery challenge, The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 12(1): 27-48.
536. Woodhams, C. and Danieli, A. (2000) Disability and diversity: a difference too far?, Personnel Review, 29(3): 402-416.
537. Woods, S.E., Aaron, H., Shoba, R., Koo, J., and Kini, D. (2006) Perceived biases and prejudices experienced by international medical graduates in the US postgraduate medical education system, Medical Education Online [serial online], 11: 20, available from http://www.med-ed-online.org, last (accessed 18 August 2008).
538. World Health Organization (WHO) (2003) En-gendering the millennium development goals (MDGs) on health. www.who.int/mip/2003/other_documents/ en/MDG3.pdf (accessed 30 July 2007).
539. World Health Organization (WHO) (2008a) World Health Statistics 2008: Global Health Indicators. http://www. who.int/entity/whosis/whostat/4.xls. Retrieved on 30 August 2008.
540. World Health Organization (WHO) (2008b) World Health Statistics, available at http://www.who.int/whosis/ whostat/EN_WHS08_Table4_HSR.pdf, (accessed 18 August 2008).
541. World Health Organization (WHO) (2009), World Health Statistics, available at http://www.who.int/whosis/ whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.
542. World Health Organization-Africa Regional Office (2003) The people who work for our health- placing health workers at the heart of health services delivery in Africa, Research Report, Africa regional Office, WHO.
543. Wright, P. (1995) Competitiveness through management of diversity: effects on stock price valuation, Academy of Management Journal, 38(1): 272-287.
544. Xu, G., Hoja, M., Veloski, J.J., and Brose, J. (1996) A national study of factors influencing primary care career choices among underrepresented-minority, white, and Asian American physicians, Academic Medicine, 71(Suppl. 10), S10-S12.
545. Yedidia, M.J. and Bickel, J. (2001) Why arent there more women leaders in academic medicine? The views of clinical department chairs, Academic Medicine, 76(5): 453-465.
546. Young, I.M. (1990), Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
547. Young, R.,Weir, H., and Buchan, J. (2010) Health professional mobility in Europe and the UK: a scoping study of issues and evidence, National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation programme.
548. Zuger, A. (2004) Dissatisfaction with medical practice, New England Journal of Medicine, 350: 69-75.