Compensation and advancement of women in academic medicine: Is there equity?

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 141, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 205-212

  Ash, Arlene S ^a   Carr, Phyllis L ^a   Goldstein, Richard ^a   Friedman, Robert H ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; CAREER; COMPENSATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FEMALE PHYSICIAN; FEMALE WORKER; FEMININITY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICAL EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW; SALARY; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; TEACHER; UNIVERSITY; WORK SCHEDULE;

EID: 3543082715     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-141-3-200408030-00009     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Promotion and tenure of women and minorities on medical school faculties. The American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:63-8. [PMID: 1983936]
2. Tosi LL, Mankin HJ. Ensuring the success of women in academic orthopaedics. Clin Orthop. 1998:254-63. [PMID: 9917692]
3. Kaplan SH, Sullivan LM, Dukes KA, Phillips CF, Kelch RP, Schaller JG. Sex differences in academic advancement. Results of a national study of pediatricians. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1282-9. [PMID: 8857009]
4. Wilkinson CJ, Linde HW. Status of women in academic anesthesiology. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:496-500. [PMID: 3963456]
5. Dial TH, Bickel J, Lewicki AM. Sex differences in rank attainment among radiology and internal medicine faculty. Acad Med. 1989;64:198-202. [PMID: 2923647]
6. Fried LP, Francomano CA, MacDonald SM, Wagner EM, Stokes EJ, Carbone KM, et al. Career development for women in academic medicine: Multiple interventions in a department of medicine. JAMA. 1996;276:898-905. [PMID: 8782639]
7. Carr P, Friedman RH, Moskowitz MA, Kazis LE, Weed HG. Research, academic rank, and compensation of women and men faculty in academic general internal medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 1992;7:418-23. [PMID: 1506948]
8. Carr PL, Friedman RH, Moskowitz MA, Kazis LE. Comparing the status of women and men in academic medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:908-13. [PMID: 8215004]
9. Bickel J, Clark V, Marshall Lawson R. Women in U.S. academic statistics, 1999-2000. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2000.
10. Nonnemaker L. Women physicians in academic medicine: new insights from cohort studies. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:399-405. [PMID: 10666431]
11. Baker LC. Differences in earnings between male and female physicians. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:960-4. [PMID: 8596598]
12. Carr PL, Ash AS, Friedman RH, Szalacha L, Barnett RC, Palepu A, et al. Faculty perceptions of gender discrimination and sexual harassment in academic medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:889-96. [PMID: 10836916]
13. Petersdorf RG, Turner KS, Nickens HW, Ready T. Minorities in medicine: past, present, and future. Acad Med. 1990;65:663-70. [PMID: 2102089]
14. AAMC faculty roster system: U.S. medical school faculty 1998. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; 1998.
15. Nickerson KG, Bennett NM, Estes D, Shea S. The status of women at one academic medical center. Breaking through the glass ceiling. JAMA. 1990;264:1813-7. [PMID: 2402039]
16. Tesch BJ, Wood HM, Helwig AL, Nattinger AB. Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine. Glass ceiling or sticky floor? JAMA. 1995;273:1022-5. [PMID: 7897785]
17. Levey BA, Gentile NO, Jolly HP, Beaty HN, Levey GS. Comparing research activities of women and men faculty in departments of internal medicine. Acad Med. 1990;65:102-6. [PMID: 2302295]
18. Beaty HN, Babbott D, Higgins EJ, Jolly P, Levey GS. Research activities of faculty in academic departments of medicine. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:90-7. [PMID: 3940508]
19. Long JS, Allison PD, McGinnis R. Rank advancement in academic careers: sex differences and the effects of productivity. American Sociology Review. 1993;58:703-22.
20. Graves PL, Thomas CB. Correlates of midlife career achievement among women physicians. JAMA. 1985;254:781-7. [PMID: 4009912]
21. Levinson W, Tolle SW, Lewis C. Women in academic medicine. Combining career and family. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1511-7. [PMID: 2811971]
22. Ochberg RL, Barton GM, West AN. Women physicians and their mentors. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1989;44:123-6. [PMID: 2754173]
23. Levinson W, Kaufman K, Clark B, Tolle SW. Mentors and role models for women in academic medicine. West J Med. 1991;154:423-6. [PMID: 1877183]
24. Komaromy M, Bindman AB, Haber RJ, Sande MA. Sexual harassment in medical training. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:322-6. [PMID: 8419819]
25. Grant L. The gender climate of medical school: perspectives of women and men students. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1988;43:109-10, 115-9. [PMID: 3411075]
26. Baldwin DC Jr, Daugherty SR, Eckenfels EJ. Student perceptions of mistreatment and harassment during medical school. A survey of ten United States schools. West J Med. 1991;155:140-5. [PMID: 1926843]
27. Cole JR, Zuckerman H. Marriage, motherhood and research performance in science. Sci Am. 1987;256:119-25. [PMID: 3810117]
28. Neumayer L, Konishi G, L'Archeveque D, Choi R, Ferrario T, McGrath J, et al. Female surgeons in the 1990s. Academic role models. Arch Surg. 1993;128:669-72. [PMID: 8503771]
29. Cole JR, Singer BA. A theory of limited differences: explaining the productivity puzzle in science. In: Zuckerman H, Cole JR, Bruer RT, eds. The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community. New York: W.W. Norton; 1991.
30. Barnett RC, Carr P, Boisnier AD, Ash A, Friedman RH, Moskowitz MA, et al. Relationships of gender and career motivation to medical faculty members' production of academic publications. Acad Med. 1998;73:180-6. [PMID: 9484191]
31. Palepu A, Friedman RH, Barnett RC, Carr PL, Ash AS, Szalacha L, et al. Junior faculty members' mentoring relationships and their professional development in U.S. medical schools. Acad Med. 1998;73:318-23. [PMID: 9526459]
32. Carr PL, Ash AS, Friedman RH, Scaramucci A, Barnett RC, Szalacha L, et al. Relation of family responsibilities and gender to the productivity and career satisfaction of medical faculty. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:532-8. [PMID: 9758572]
33. Kehrer BH. Factors affecting the incomes of men and women physicians: an exploratory analysis. J Hum Resour. 1976;11:526-45. [PMID: 977939]
34. Langwell KM. Factors affecting the incomes of men and women physicians: further explorations. J Hum Resour. 1982;17:261-75. [PMID: 7130708]
35. Ohsfeldt RL, Culler SD. Differences in income between male and female physicians. J Health Econ. 1986;5:335-46. [PMID: 10282333]
36. Dial TH, Grimes PE, Leibenluft E, Pincus HA. Sex differences in psychiatrists' practice patterns and incomes. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:96-101. [PMID: 8267142]
37. Paetzold RL, Willborn SL. Tainted variables. In: The Statistics of Discrimination. Eagan, MN: West Group; 1999.
38. Fish et al. vs. St. Cloud State University. Described on the American Association of University Women Legal Advocacy Fund Web site: www.aauw.org/laf/cases/fish.cfm.
39. Valian V. Why So Slow: The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Pr; 1998.
40. Etzkowitz H, Kemelgor C, Uzzi B. Athena Unbound: The Advancement of Women in Science and Technology. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge Univ Pr; 2000.
41. Cain JM, Schulkin J, Parisi V, Power ML, Holzman GB, Williams S. Effects of perceptions and mentorship on pursuing a career in academic medicine in obstetrics and gynecology. Acad Med. 2001;76:628-34. [PMID: 11401809]