Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2014, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Bjelakovic, Goran ^a,b   Gluud, Lise Lotte ^c   Nikolova, Dimitrinka ^b   Whitfield, Kate ^a   Wetterslev, Jørn ^a   Simonetti, Rosa G ^d   Bjelakovic, Marija ^a   Gluud, Christian ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NI   (Serbia)

^b Rigshospitalet   (Denmark)

^c HVIDOVRE HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^d UO Ematologia con Talassemia   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; ALFACALCIDOL; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CARBONATE; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; CALCIUM PLUS COLECALCIFEROL; CITRATE CALCIUM; COLECALCIFEROL; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; CYPROTERONE ACETATE; CYPROTERONE ACETATE PLUS ESTRADIOL VALERATE; D CALSOR; ERGOCALCIFEROL; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; IPRIFLAVONE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PLACEBO; VIGANTOL OEL; VITAMIN D; HYDROXYCOLECALCIFEROL; VITAMIN;

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY; BONE DENSITY; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CANCER MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COMBINATION DRUG THERAPY; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INTERMITTENT THERAPY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FALLING; FOREARM FRACTURE; FRACTURE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEART FAILURE; HIP FRACTURE; HOME SAFETY; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERCALCIURIA; INDEPENDENT LIVING; INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSON; KIDNEY FAILURE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALIGNANT NEOPLASM; MEDICATION COMPLIANCE; MENTAL DISEASE; METABOLIC DISORDER; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; MUSCLE TRAINING; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; POSTMENOPAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESISTANCE TRAINING; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK REDUCTION; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SEX; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SKIN DISEASE; SPINE FRACTURE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; WRIST FRACTURE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CAUSE OF DEATH; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FEMALE; MALE; META ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CALCITRIOL; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHOLECALCIFEROL; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; ERGOCALCIFEROLS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROLS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VITAMINS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84903815441     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (528)

1. Aloia JF, Talwar SA, Pollack S, Feuerman M, Yeh JK. Optimal vitamin D status and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in African American women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;84(3):602-9.
2. Aloia JF, Talwar SA, Pollack S, Yeh J. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(14):1618-23.
3. Talwar SA, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Yeh JK. Dose response to vitamin D supplementation among postmenopausal African American women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;86(6):1657-62.
4. Avenell A, Grant AM, McGee M, McPherson G, Campbell MK, McGee MA. The effects of an open design on trial participant recruitment, compliance and retention-a randomized controlled trial comparison with a blinded, placebo-controlled design. Clinical Trials 2004;1(6):490-8.
5. Alexander C. Prevention of low-trauma fractures in older people. Lancet 2005;366(9485):544.
6. Avenell A, Cook JA, Maclennan GS, Macpherson GC. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent infections: a sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial in older people (RECORD trial, ISRCTN 51647438). Age and Ageing 2007;36(5):574-7.
7. Avenell A, MacLennan GS, Jenkinson DJ, McPherson GC, McDonald AM, Pant PR, et al.Long-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D(3) and/or calcium (RECORD trial). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;97(2):614-22.
8. Cameron ID, Kurrle SE. Prevention of low-trauma fractures in older people. Lancet 2005;366(9485):543.
9. Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, McDonald AM, MacLennan GS, McPherson GC, et al.Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365(9471):1621-8.
10. McDonald A, Campbell MK, Ross S, for the RECORD Study Group. Delivering clinical trial supplies by post to elderly trial participants: a feasibility study. Applied Clinical Trials 2004;Feb:58-9.
11. Sambrook P. Vitamin D and fractures: quo vadis. Lancet 2005;365(9471):1599-600.
12. Scharla S. Prevention of low-trauma fractures in older people. Lancet 2005;366(9485):543.
13. Baeksgaard L, Andersen KP, Hyldstrup L. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation increases spinal BMD in healthy, postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 1998;8(3):255-60.
14. Bischoff HA, Stähelin HB, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M, Salis C, et al.Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003;18(2):343-51.
15. Aspray TJ, Francis RM. Vitamin D deficiency-can old age learn from childhood?. Age and Ageing 2008;37(1):6-7.
16. Björkman M, Sorva A, Risteli J, Tilvis R. Vitamin D supplementation has minor effects on parathyroid hormone and bone turnover markers in vitamin D-deficient bedridden older patients. Age and Ageing 2008;37(1):25-31.
17. Björkman M, Sorva A, Tilvis R. Vitamin D supplementation has no major effect on pain or pain behavior in bedridden geriatric patients with advanced dementia. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2008;20(4):316-21.
18. Bolton-Smith C, McMurdo ME, Paterson CR, Mole PA, Harvey JM, Fenton ST, et al.Two-year randomized controlled trial of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin D3 plus calcium on the bone health of older women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2007;22(4):509-19.
19. Brazier M, Grados F, Kamel S, Mathieu M, Morel A, Maamer M, et al.Clinical and laboratory safety of one year's use of a combination calcium + vitamin D tablet in ambulatory elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clinical Therapeutics 2005;27(12):1885-93.
20. Grados F, Brazier M, Kamel S, Duver S, Heurtebize N, Maamer M, et al.Effects on bone mineral density of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in elderly women with vitamin D deficiency. Joint Bone Spine 2003;70(3):203-8.
21. Grados F, Brazier M, Kamel S, Mathieu M, Hurtebize N, Maamer M, et al.Prediction of bone mass density variation by bone remodeling markers in postmenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency treated with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003;88(11):5175-9.
22. Broe KE, Chen TC, Weinberg J, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Holick MF, Kiel DP. A higher dose of vitamin d reduces the risk of falls in nursing home residents: a randomized, multiple-dose study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(2):234-9.
23. Brohult J, Jonson B. Effects of large doses of calciferol on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind clinical trial. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1973;2(4):173-6.
24. Burleigh E, McColl J, Potter J. Does vitamin D stop inpatients falling? A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2007;36(5):507-13.
25. Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, La Grow SJ, Kerse NM, Sanderson GF, Jacobs RJ, et al.Randomised controlled trial of prevention of falls in people aged > or =75 with severe visual impairment: the VIP trial. BMJ 2005;331(7520):817.
26. La Grow SJ, Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Clarke GA, Kerse NM. Reducing hazard related falls in people 75 years and older with significant visual impairment: how did a successful program work. Injury Prevention 2006;12(5):296-301.
27. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ 1994;308(6936):1081-2.
28. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, et al.Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327(23):1637-42.
29. Torgerson D, Campbell M. Calcium, vitamin D, and hip fractures. Vitamin D alone may be helpful. BMJ 1994;309(6948):193.
30. Chapuy MC, Pamphile R, Paris E, Kempf C, Schlichting M, Arnaud S, et al.Combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation in elderly women: confirmation of reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and hip fracture risk: the Decalyos II study. Osteoporosis International 2002;13(3):257-64.
31. Chel V, Wijnhoven HA, Smit JH, Ooms M, Lips P. Efficacy of different doses and time intervals of oral vitamin D supplementation with or without calcium in elderly nursing home residents. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(5):663-71.
32. Holick MF. Does vitamin D3 dosing schedule influence treatment efficacy in nursing home residents with vitamin D deficiency. Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008;4(12):656-7.
33. Vieth R. Comment on Chel et al.: efficacy of different doses and time intervals of oral vitamin D supplementation with or without calcium in elderly nursing home residents. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(5):721-2.
34. Cherniack EP, Florez HJ, Hollis BW, Roos BA, Troen BR, Levis S. The response of elderly veterans to daily vitamin D3 supplementation of 2, 000 IU: a pilot efficacy study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(2):286-90.
35. Cooper L, Clifton-Bligh PB, Nery ML, Figtree G, Twigg S, Hibbert E, et al.Vitamin D supplementation and bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77(5):1324-9.
36. Corless D, Dawson E, Fraser F, Ellis M, Evans SJ, Perry JD, et al.Do vitamin D supplements improve the physical capabilities of elderly hospital patients. Age and Ageing 1985;14(2):76-84.
37. Daly RM, Bass S, Nowson C. Long-term effects of calcium-vitamin-D3-fortified milk on bone geometry and strength in older men. Bone 2006;39(4):946-53.
38. Daly RM, Brown M, Bass S, Kukuljan S, Nowson C. Calcium- and vitamin D3-fortified milk reduces bone loss at clinically relevant skeletal sites in older men: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006;21(3):397-405.
39. Daly RM, Petrass N, Bass S, Nowson CA. The skeletal benefits of calcium- and vitamin D3-fortified milk are sustained in older men after withdrawal of supplementation: an 18-mo follow-up study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(3):771-7.
40. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Additive benefit of higher testosterone levels and vitamin D plus calcium supplementation in regard to fall risk reduction among older men and women. Osteoporosis International 2008;19(9):1307-14.
41. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Effect of cholecalciferol plus calcium on falling in ambulatory older men and women: a 3-year randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166(4):424-30.
42. Blum M, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B. Body size and serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D response to oral supplements in healthy older adults. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2008;27(2):274-9.
43. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337(10):670-6.
44. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of withdrawal of calcium and vitamin D supplements on bone mass in elderly men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;72(3):745-50.
45. Krall EA, Wehler C, Garcia RI, Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium and vitamin D supplements reduce tooth loss in the elderly. American Journal of Medicine 2001;111(6):452-6.
46. Niramitmahapanya S, Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Type of dietary fat is associated with the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 increment in response to vitamin D supplementation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96(10):3170-4.
47. Pittas AG, Harris SS, Stark PC, Dawson-Hughes B. The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults. Diabetes Care 2007;30(4):980-6.
48. Dukas L, Bischoff HA, Lindpaintner LS, Schacht E, Birkner-Binder D, Damm TN, et al.Alfacalcidol reduces the number of fallers in a community-dwelling elderly population with a minimum calcium intake of more than 500 mg daily. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(2):230-6.
49. Flicker L, MacInnis RJ, Stein MS, Scherer SC, Mead KE, Nowson CA, et al.Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls? Results of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(11):1881-8.
50. Flicker L, Mead K, MacInnis RJ, Nowson C, Scherer S, Stein MS, et al.Serum vitamin D and falls in older women in residential care in Australia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(11):1533-8.
51. Gau JT, Barcikowski RS. Falls and supplementation of vitamin D and calcium. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006;54(6):1020-2.
52. Gallagher JC. The effects of calcitriol on falls and fractures and physical performance tests. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2004;89-90(1-5):497-501.
53. Gallagher JC, Fowler SE, Detter JR, Sherman SS. Combination treatment with estrogen and calcitriol in the prevention of age-related bone loss. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86(8):3618-28.
54. Gallagher JC, Rapuri PB, Haynatzki G, Detter JR. Effect of discontinuation of estrogen, calcitriol, and the combination of both on bone density and bone markers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002;87(11):4914-23.
55. Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Haynatzki G. Effect of vitamins D2 and D3 supplement use on serum 25OHD concentration in elderly women in summer and winter. Calcified Tissue International 2004;74(2):150-6.
56. Sai AJ, Gallagher JC, Fang X. Effect of hormone therapy and calcitriol on serum lipid profile in postmenopausal older women: association with estrogen receptor-α genotypes. Menopause 2011;18(10):1101-12.
57. Glendenning P, Zhu K, Inderjeeth C, Howat P, Lewis JR, Prince RL. Effects of three monthly oral 150, 000 IU cholecalciferol supplementation on falls, mobility and muscle strength in older postmenopausal women: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2012;27(1):170-6.
58. Grady D, Halloran B, Cummings S, Leveille S, Wells L, Black D, et al.1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and muscle strength in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 1991;73(5):1111-7.
59. Grimnes G, Figenschau Y, Almås B, Jorde R. Vitamin D, insulin secretion, sensitivity, and lipids: results from a case-control study and a randomized controlled trial using hyperglycemic clamp technique. Diabetes 2011;60(11):2748-57.
60. Harwood RH, Sahota O, Gaynor K, Masud T, Hosking DJ, The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. A randomised, controlled comparison of different calcium and vitamin D supplementation regimens in elderly women after hip fracture: The Nottingham Neck of Femur (NONOF) Study. Age and Ageing 2004;33(1):45-51.
61. Sahota O, Gaynor K, Harwood RH, Hosking DJ. Hypovitaminosis D and "functional hypoparathyroidism"-the NoNoF (Nottingham Neck of Femur Study). Age and Ageing 2003;32(4):465-6.
62. Brunner RL, Cochrane B, Jackson RD, Larson J, Lewis C, Limacher M, et al.Calcium, vitamin D supplementation, and physical function in the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2008;108(9):1472-9.
63. Brunner RL, Wactawski-Wende J, Caan BJ, Cochrane BB, Chlebowski RT, Gass ML, et al.The effect of calcium plus vitamin D on risk for invasive cancer: results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) calcium plus vitamin D randomized clinical trial. Nutrition and Cancer 2011;63(6):827-41.
64. Caan B, Neuhouser M, Aragaki A, Lewis CB, Jackson R, LeBoff MS. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of postmenopausal weight gain. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(9):893-902.
65. Chlebowski RT, Johnson KC, Kooperberg C, Pettinger M, Wactawski-Wende J, Rohan T, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2008;100(22):1581-91.
66. Ding EL, Mehta S, Fawzi WW, Giovannucci EL. Interaction of estrogen therapy with calcium and vitamin D supplementation on colorectal cancer risk: reanalysis of Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. International Journal of Cancer 2008;122(8):1690-4.
67. Hsia J, Heiss G, Ren H, Allison M, Dolan NC, Greenland P, et al.Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events. Circulation 2007;115(7):846-54.
68. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Cauley JA, McGowan J. The Women's Health Initiative calcium-vitamin D trial: overview and baseline characteristics of participants. Annals of Epidemiology 2003;13 Suppl(9):98-106.
69. Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354(7):669-83.
70. Jackson RD, Shidham S. The role of hormone therapy and calcium plus vitamin D for reduction of bone loss and risk for fractures: lessons learned from the Women's Health Initiative. Current Osteoporosis Reports 2007;5(4):153-9.
71. Jackson RD, Wright NC, Beck TJ, Sherrill D, Cauley JA, Lewis CE, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation has limited effects on femoral geometric strength in older postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative. Calcified Tissue International 2011;88(3):198-208.
72. Manson JE, Allison MA, Carr JJ, Langer RD, Cochrane BB, Hendrix SL, et al.Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification in the Women's Health Initiative. Menopause 2010;17(4):683-91.
73. Margolis KL, Ray RM, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Allison MA, Black HR, et al.Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial. Hypertension 2008;52(5):847-55.
74. Prentice RL, Anderson GL. The women's health initiative: lessons learned. Annual Review of Public Health 2008;29:131-50.
75. Rajpathak SN, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Van Horn L, Robinson JG, Liu S, et al.Effect of 5 y of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on change in circulating lipids: results from the Women's Health Initiative. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(4):894-9.
76. Rohan TE, Negassa A, Chlebowski RT, Ceria-Ulep CD, Cochrane BB, Lane DS, et al.A randomized controlled trial of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of benign proliferative breast disease. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2009;116(2):339-50.
77. Tang JY, Fu T, Leblanc E, Manson JE, Feldman D, Linos E, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancer: post hoc analyses of the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29(22):3078-84.
78. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. Controlled Clinical Trials 1998;19(1):61-109.
79. Twombly R. Negative Women's Health Initiative findings stir consternation, debate among researchers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2006;98(8):508-10.
80. Wallace RB, Wactawski-Wende J, O'Sullivan MJ, Larson JC, Cochrane B, Gass M, et al.Urinary tract stone occurrence in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized clinical trial of calcium and vitamin D supplements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;94(1):270-7.
81. Wittes J, Barrett-Connor E, Braunwald E, Chesney M, Cohen HJ, Demets D, et al.Monitoring the randomized trials of the Women's Health Initiative: the experience of the Data and Safety Monitoring Board. Clinical Trials 2007;4(3):218-34.
82. de Boer IH, Tinker LF, Connelly S, Curb JD, Howard BV, Kestenbaum B, et al.Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of incident diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative. Diabetes Care 2008;31(4):701-7.
83. Janssen HC, Samson MM, Verhaar HJ. Muscle strength and mobility in vitamin D-insufficient female geriatric patients: a randomized controlled trial on vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Aging Clinical an Experimental Research 2010;22(1):78-84.
84. Kärkkäinen M, Tuppurainen M, Salovaara K, Sandini L, Rikkonen T, Sirola J, et al.Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in women aged 65-71 years: a 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS). Osteoporosis International 2010;21(12):2047-55.
85. Kärkkäinen MK, Tuppurainen M, Salovaara K, Sandini L, Rikkonen T, Sirola J, et al.Does daily vitamin D 800IU and calcium 1000mg supplementation decrease the risk of falling in ambulatory women aged 65-71 years? A 3-year randomized population-based trial (OSTPRE-FPS). Maturitas 2010;65(4):359-65.
86. Salovaara K, Tuppurainen M, Kärkkäinen M, Rikkonen T, Sandini L, Sirola J, et al.Effect of vitamin D3 and calcium on fracture risk in 65- to 71-year old women-a population-based 3-year randomized controlled trial: OSTPRE-FPS study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2010;25(7):1487-95.
87. Heikkinen AM, Niskanen L, Ylä-Herttuala S, Luoma J, Tuppurainen MT, Komulainen M, et al.Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and autoantibodies against oxidized LDL. Maturitas 1998;29(2):155-61.
88. Heikkinen AM, Parviainen M, Niskanen L, Komulainen M, Tuppurainen MT, Kröger H, et al.Biochemical bone markers and bone mineral density during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy with and without vitamin D3: a prospective, controlled, randomized study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997;82(8):2476-82.
89. Heikkinen AM, Tuppurainen MT, Niskanen L, Komulainen M, Penttilä I, Saarikoski S, et al.Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation may have adverse effects on serum lipids during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 1997;137(5):495-502.
90. Komulainen M, Kröger H, Tuppurainen MT, Heikkinen AM, Alhava E, Honkanen R, et al.Prevention of femoral and lumbar bone loss with hormone replacement therapy and vitamin D3 in early postmenopausal women: a population-based 5-year randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999;84(2):546-52.
91. Komulainen M, Kröger H, Tuppurainen MT, Heikkinen AM, Honkanen R, Saarikoski S. Identification of early postmenopausal women with no bone response to HRT: results of a five-year clinical trial. Osteoporosis International 2000;11(3):211-8.
92. Komulainen M, Tuppurainen MT, Kröger H, Heikkinen AM, Puntila E, Alhava E, et al.Vitamin D and HRT: no benefit additional to that of HRT alone in prevention of bone loss in early postmenopausal women. A 2.5-year randomized placebo-controlled study. Osteoporosis International 1997;7(2):126-32.
93. Komulainen MH, Kröger H, Tuppurainen MT, Heikkinen AM, Alhava E, Honkanen R, et al.HRT and Vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women; a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas 1998;31(1):45-54.
94. Salmen T, Heikkinen AM, Mahonen A, Kröger H, Komulainen M, Pallonen H, et al.Relation of aromatase gene polymorphism and hormone replacement therapy to serum estradiol levels, bone mineral density, and fracture risk in early postmenopausal women. Annals of Medicine 2003;35(4):282-8.
95. Salmén T, Heikkinen AM, Mahonen A, Kröger H, Komulainen M, Pallonen H, et al.Relation of androgen receptor gene polymorphism to bone mineral density and fracture risk in early postmenopausal women during a 5-year randomized hormone replacement therapy trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003;18(2):319-24.
96. Salmén T, Heikkinen AM, Mahonen A, Kröger H, Komulainen M, Saarikoski S, et al.Early postmenopausal bone loss is associated with PvuII estrogen receptor gene polymorphism in Finnish women: effect of hormone replacement therapy. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(2):315-21.
97. Salmén T, Heikkinen AM, Mahonen A, Kröger H, Komulainen M, Saarikoski S, et al.Relation of estrogen receptor-alpha gene polymorphism and hormone replacement therapy to fall risk and muscle strength in early postmenopausal women. Annals of Medicine 2002;34(1):64-72.
98. Salmén T, Heikkinen AM, Mahonen A, Kröger H, Komulainen M, Saarikoski S, et al.The protective effect of hormone-replacement therapy on fracture risk is modulated by estrogen receptor alpha genotype in early postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(12):2479-86.
99. Tuppurainen M, Heikkinen AM, Penttilä I, Saarikoski S. Does vitamin D3 have negative effects on serum levels of lipids? A follow-up study with a sequential combination of estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate and/or vitamin D3. Maturitas 1995;22(1):55-61.
100. Tuppurainen MT, Komulainen M, Kröger H, Honkanen R, Jurvelin J, Puntila E, et al.Does vitamin D strengthen the increase in femoral neck BMD in osteoporotic women treated with estrogen. Osteoporosis International 1998;8(1):32-8.
101. Krieg MA, Jacquet AF, Bremgartner M, Cuttelod S, Thiébaud D, Burckhardt P. Effect of supplementation with vitamin D3 and calcium on quantitative ultrasound of bone in elderly institutionalized women: a longitudinal study. Osteoporosis International 1999;9(6):483-8.
102. Bolland MJ, Reid IR. Calcium supplementation and cancer incidence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(3):792-3.
103. Lappe JM, Davies KM, Travers-Gustafson D, Heaney RP. Vitamin D status in a rural postmenopausal female population. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2006;25(5):395-402.
104. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM, Recker RR, Heaney RP. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(6):1586-91.
105. Ojha RP, Felini MJ, Fischbach LA. Vitamin D for cancer prevention: valid assertion or premature anointment. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(6):1804-5.
106. Schabas R. Artifact in the control group undermines the conclusions of a vitamin D and cancer study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(3):792.
107. Sood MM, Sood AR. Dietary vitamin D and decreases in cancer rates: Canada as the national experiment. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(5):1549.
108. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Determinants of acceptance of a community-based program for the prevention of falls and fractures among the elderly. Preventive Medicine 2001;33(2 Pt 1):115-9.
109. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents osteoporotic fractures in elderly community dwelling residents: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(3):370-8.
110. Larsen ER, Mosekilde L, Foldspang A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation prevents severe falls in elderly community-dwelling women: a pragmatic population-based 3-year intervention study. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2005;17(2):125-32.
111. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Lee A, Bennett DA, Moseley A, Cameron ID, et al.A randomized, controlled trial of quadriceps resistance exercise and vitamin D in frail older people: the Frailty Interventions Trial in Elderly Subjects (FITNESS). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(3):291-9.
112. Grant WB. Cholecalciferol, not ergocalciferol, should be used for vitamin D supplementation. Age and Ageing 2006;35(6):645.
113. Law M, Withers H, Morris J, Anderson F. Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls: results of a randomised trial in elderly people in residential accommodation. Age and Ageing 2006;35(5):482-6.
114. Zeimer H. Vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of fractures and falls. Age and Ageing 2006;36(2):232-3.
115. Lehouck A, Mathieu C, Carremans C, Baeke F, Verhaegen J, Van Eldere J, et al.High doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2012;156(2):105-14.
116. Graafmans WC, Lips P, Ooms ME, van Leeuwen JP, Pols HA, Uitterlinden AG. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the bone mineral density of the femoral neck is associated with vitamin D receptor genotype. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1997;12(8):1241-5.
117. Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996;124(4):400-6.
118. Lips P, Binkley N, Pfeifer M, Recker R, Samanta S, Cohn DA, et al.Once-weekly dose of 8400 IU vitamin D(3) compared with placebo: effects on neuromuscular function and tolerability in older adults with vitamin D insufficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(4):985-91.
119. Lyons RA, Johansen A, Brophy S, Newcombe RG, Phillips CJ, Lervy B, et al.Preventing fractures among older people living in institutional care: a pragmatic randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporosis International 2007;18(6):811-8.
120. Meier C, Woitge HW, Witte K, Lemmer B, Seibel MJ. Supplementation with oral vitamin D3 and calcium during winter prevents seasonal bone loss: a randomized controlled open-label prospective trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004;19(8):1221-30.
121. Manios Y, Moschonis G, Koutsikas K, Papoutsou S, Petraki I, Bellou E, et al.Changes in body composition following a dietary and lifestyle intervention trial: the postmenopausal health study. Maturitas 2009;62(1):58-65.
122. Manios Y, Moschonis G, Lyritis GP. Seasonal variations of vitamin D status in Greek postmenopausal women receiving enriched dairy products for 30 months: the Postmenopausal Health Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;65(3):412-4.
123. Manios Y, Moschonis G, Panagiotakos DB, Farajian P, Trovas G, Lyritis GP. Changes in biochemical indices of bone metabolism in post-menopausal women following a dietary intervention with fortified dairy products. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2009;22(2):156-65.
124. Manios Y, Moschonis G, Trovas G, Lyritis GP. Changes in biochemical indexes of bone metabolism and bone mineral density after a 12-mo dietary intervention program: the Postmenopausal Health Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;86(3):781-9.
125. Moschonis G, Katsaroli I, Lyritis GP, Manios Y. The effects of a 30-month dietary intervention on bone mineral density: the Postmenopausal Health Study. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(1):100-7.
126. Moschonis G, Manios Y. Skeletal site-dependent response of bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound parameters following a 12-month dietary intervention using dairy products fortified with calcium and vitamin D: the Postmenopausal Health Study. British Journal of Nutrition 2006;96(6):1140-8.
127. Moschonis G, Tanagra S, Koutsikas K, Nikolaidou A, Androutsos O, Manios Y. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and body composition in postmenopausal women: the postmenopausal Health Study. Menopause 2009;16(4):701-7.
128. Tenta R, Moschonis G, Koutsilieris M, Manios Y. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation through fortified dairy products counterbalances seasonal variations of bone metabolism indices: the Postmenopausal Health Study. European Journal of Nutrition 2011;50(5):341-9.
129. Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, Hofstee HM, Bezemer PD, Bouter LM, Lips P. Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology 1996;143(11):1129-36.
130. Lips P, Ooms ME, Ter Schegget RM. Prevention of hip fractures in the elderly by vitamin D supplementation. In: Christiansen C, Overgaard K editor(s). Osteoporosis. Copenhagen, Denmark: Osteopress Aps, 1990:604-6.
131. Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, van der Vijgh WJ, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1995;80(4):1052-8.
132. Ott SM, Chesnut CH 3rd. Calcitriol treatment is not effective in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 1989;110(4):267-74.
133. Allain TJ. Vitamin D and fracture prevention--treatment still indicated but clarification needed. Age and Ageing 2005;34(6):542-4.
134. Dumville JC, Miles JN, Porthouse J, Cockayne S, Saxon L, King C. Can vitamin D supplementation prevent winter-time blues? A randomised trial among older women. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2006;10(2):151-3.
135. Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, Saxon L, Steele E, Aspray T, et al.Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ 2005;330(7498):1003.
136. Radecki TE. Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: vitamin K supplementation has powerful effect. BMJ 2005;331(7508):108.
137. Vasquez A, Cannell J. Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy. BMJ 2005;331(7508):108-9.
138. Prince RL, Austin N, Devine A, Dick IM, Bruce D, Zhu K. Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(1):103-8.
139. Zhu K, Bruce D, Austin N, Devine A, Ebeling PR, Prince RL. Randomized controlled trial of the effects of calcium with or without vitamin D on bone structure and bone-related chemistry in elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2008;23(8):1343-8.
140. Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Merriman EN, Read ML, Kotowicz MA, Young D, et al.Trials and tribulations of recruiting 2, 000 older women onto a clinical trial investigating falls and fractures: Vital D study. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009;9:78.
141. Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Jacka FN, Dodd S, Nicholson G, et al.Annual high-dose vitamin D3 and mental well-being: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2011;198(5):357-64.
142. Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, Simpson JA, Kotowicz MA, Young D, et al.Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;303(18):1815-22.
143. Sato Y, Maruoka H, Oizumi K. Amelioration of hemiplegia-associated osteopenia more than 4 years after stroke by 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium supplementation. Stroke 1997;28(4):736-9.
144. Sato Y, Manabe S, Kuno H, Oizumi K. Amelioration of osteopenia and hypovitaminosis D by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1999;66(1):64-8.
145. Sato Y, Kuno H, Kaji M, Saruwatari N, Oizumi K. Effect of ipriflavone on bone in elderly hemiplegic stroke patients with hypovitaminosis D. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;78(5):457-63.
146. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2005;20(3):187-92.
147. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation is not superior to calcium supplementation alone in improving disturbed bone metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;62(12):1388-94.
148. Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R. Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;83(4):754-9.
149. Vieth R, Kimball S. Vitamin D in congestive heart failure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;83(4):731-2.
150. Francis RM. The vitamin D paradox. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(12):1749-50.
151. Smith H, Anderson F, Raphael H, Maslin P, Crozier S, Cooper C. Effect of annual intramuscular vitamin D on fracture risk in elderly men and women-a population-based, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(12):1852-7.
152. Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7387):469.
153. Witham MD, Crighton LJ, Gillespie ND, Struthers AD, McMurdo ME. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on physical function and quality of life in older heart failure patients: a randomised controlled trial. Circulation Heart Failure 2010;3(2):195-201.
154. Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166(8):869-75.
155. Zhu K, Devine A, Dick IM, Wilson SG, Prince RL. Effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on hip bone mineral density and calcium-related analytes in elderly ambulatory Australian women: a five-year randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(3):743-9.
156. Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Bianchi F, Cividino A, Pillersdorf S, Sebaldt RJ, et al.Vitamin D and calcium in the prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis: a 3 year follow-up. Journal of Rheumatology 1996;23(6):995-1000.
157. Andersen R, Mølgaard C, Skovgaard LT, Brot C, Cashman KD, Jakobsen J, et al.Effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone and vitamin D status among Pakistani immigrants in Denmark: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled intervention study. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;100(1):197-207.
158. Arthur RS, Piraino B, Candib D, Cooperstein L, Chen T, West C, et al.Effect of low-dose calcitriol and calcium therapy on bone histomorphometry and urinary calcium excretion in osteopenic women. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 1990;16(6):385-90.
159. Bacon CJ, Gamble GD, Horne AM, Scott MA, Reid IR. High-dose oral vitamin D(3) supplementation in the elderly. Osteoporosis International 2008;20(8):1407-15.
160. Bernstein CN, Seeger LL, Anton PA, Artinian L, Geffrey S, Goodman W, et al.A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium supplementation for decreased bone density in corticosteroid-using patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a pilot study. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1996;10(5):777-86.
161. Berry SD, Misra D, Hannan MT, Kiel DP. Low acceptance of treatment in the elderly for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fracture in the acute rehabilitation setting. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2010;22(3):231-7.
162. Binkley N, Gemar D, Engelke J, Gangnon R, Ramamurthy R, Krueger D, et al.Evaluation of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol dosing, 1, 600 IU daily or 50, 000 IU monthly in older adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96(4):981-8.
163. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Platz A, Orav EJ, Stähelin HB, Willett WC, et al.Effect of high-dosage cholecalciferol and extended physiotherapy on complications after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(9):813-20.
164. Bizzarri C, Pitocco D, Napoli N, Di Stasio E, Maggi D, Manfrini S, et al.No protective effect of calcitriol on beta-cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes: the IMDIAB XIII trial. Diabetes Care 2010;33(9):1962-3.
165. Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM, Cooper SM. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation prevents bone loss in the spine secondary to low-dose corticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996;125(12):961-8.
166. Caniggia A, Loré F, Nuti R, Martini G, Frediani B, Di Cairano G. Role of the active vitamin D metabolite and 1 alpha-hydroxylated analogs in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 1992;Spec No:232-5.
167. Chapuy MC, Chapuy P, Thomas JL, Hazard MC, Meunier PJ. Biochemical effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in elderly, institutionalized, vitamin D-deficient patients. Revue du Rhumatisme (English ed.) 1996;63(2):135-40.
168. Chen M, Chow SN. Additive effect of alfacalcidol on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in Taiwanese postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement therapy and calcium supplementation: a randomized 2-year study. Clinical Endocrinology 2001;55(2):253-8.
169. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;61(5):1140-5.
170. den Uyl D, Geusens PP, van Berkum FN, Houben HH, Jebbink MC, Lems WF. Patient preference and acceptability of calcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation: a randomised, open, cross-over trial. Clinical Rheumatology 2010;29(5):465-72.
171. Diamond TH, Ho KW, Rohl PG, Meerkin M. Annual intramuscular injection of a megadose of cholecalciferol for treatment of vitamin D deficiency: efficacy and safety data. The Medical Journal of Australia 2005;183(1):10-2.
172. Dykman TR, Haralson KM, Gluck OS, Murphy WA, Teitelbaum SL, Hahn TJ, et al.Effect of oral 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium on glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1984;27(12):1336-43.
173. Falch JA, Odegaard OR, Finnanger AM, Matheson I. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: no effect of three years treatment with 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1987;221(2):199-204.
174. Francis RM, Boyle IT, Moniz C, Sutcliffe AM, Davis BS, Beastall GH, et al.A comparison of the effects of alfacalcidol treatment and vitamin D2 supplementation on calcium absorption in elderly women with vertebral fractures. Osteoporosis International 1996;6(4):284-90.
175. Gallagher JC. Metabolic effects of synthetic calcitriol (Rocaltrol) in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 1990;39 Suppl 1(4):27-9.
176. Gallagher JC, Goldgar D. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with high doses of synthetic calcitriol. A randomized controlled study. Annals of Internal Medicine 1990;113(9):649-55.
177. Gannagé-Yared MH, Azoury M, Mansour I, Baddoura R, Halaby G, Naaman R. Effects of a short-term calcium and vitamin D treatment on serum cytokines, bone markers, insulin and lipid concentrations in healthy post-menopausal women. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2003;26(9):748-53.
178. Geusens P, Dequeker J. Long-term effect of nandrolone decanoate, 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 or intermittent calcium infusion therapy on bone mineral content, bone remodeling and fracture rate in symptomatic osteoporosis: a double-blind controlled study. Bone and MIneral 1986;1(4):347-57.
179. Giusti A, Barone A, Pioli G, Girasole G, Razzano M, Pizzonia M, et al.Heterogeneity in serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D response to cholecalciferol in elderly women with secondary hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(8):1489-95.
180. Glendenning P, Chew GT, Seymour HM, Gillett MJ, Goldswain PR, Inderjeeth CA, et al.Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in vitamin D-insufficient hip fracture patients after supplementation with ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol. Bone 2009;45(5):870-5.
181. Goswami R, Gupta N, Ray D, Singh N, Tomar N. Pattern of 25-hydroxy vitamin D response at short (2 month) and long (1 year) interval after 8 weeks of oral supplementation with cholecalciferol in Asian Indians with chronic hypovitaminosis D. British Journal of Nutrition 2008;100(3):526-9.
182. Goussous R, Song L, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B. Lack of effect of calcium intake on the 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to oral vitamin D3. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005;90(2):707-11.
183. Gupta A, Gupta N, Singh N, Goswami R. Presence of impaired intestinal calcium absorption in chronic hypovitaminosis D and its change after cholecalciferol supplementation: assessment by the calcium load test. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2010;23(1):54-60.
184. Heaney RP, Recker RR, Grote J, Horst RL, Armas LA. Vitamin D(3) is more potent than vitamin D(2) in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96(3):E447-52.
185. Hedström M, Sjöberg K, Brosjö E, Aström K, Sjöberg H, Dalén N. Positive effects of anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium on muscle mass, bone mineral density and clinical function after a hip fracture. A randomised study of 63 women. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume 2002;84(4):497-503.
186. Heikinheimo RJ, Inkovaara JA, Harju EJ, Haavisto MV, Kaarela RH, Kataja JM, et al.Annual injection of vitamin D and fractures of aged bones. Calcified Tissue International 1992;51(2):105-10.
187. Hill DA, Cacciatore M, Lamvu GM. Electronic prescribing influence on calcium supplementation: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;202(3):236.
188. Holecki M, Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Wiecek A, Mizia-Stec K, Nieszporek T, Zak-Golab A. Influence of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on weight and fat loss in obese women. Obesity Facts 2008;1(5):274-9.
189. Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, Klein EK, Young A, Bibuld D, et al.Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(3):677-81.
190. Holvik K, Madar AA, Meyer HE, Lofthus CM, Stene LC. A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 microg cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults. British Journal of Nutrition 2007;98(3):620-5.
191. Inkovaara J, Gothoni G, Halttula R, Heikinheimo R, Tokola O. Calcium, vitamin D and anabolic steroid in treatment of aged bones: double-blind placebo-controlled long-term clinical trial. Age and Ageing 1983;12(2):124-30.
192. Inomata S, Kadowaki S, Yamatani T, Fukase M, Fujita T. Effect of 1 alpha (OH)-vitamin D3 on insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus. Bone and Mineral 1986;1(3):187-92.
193. Ish-Shalom S, Segal E, Salganik T, Raz B, Bromberg IL, Vieth R. Comparison of daily, weekly, and monthly vitamin D3 in ethanol dosing protocols for two months in elderly hip fracture patients. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(9):3430-5.
194. Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2000;5(6):546-51.
195. Javanbakht MH, Keshavarz SA, Djalali M, Siassi F, Eshraghian MR, Firooz A, et al.Randomized controlled trial using vitamins E and D supplementation in atopic dermatitis. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2011;22(3):144-50.
196. Kamel S, Brazier M, Rogez JC, Vincent O, Maamer M, Desmet G, et al.Different responses of free and peptide-bound cross-links to vitamin D and calcium supplementation in elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996;81(10):3717-21.
197. Keane EM, Rochfort A, Cox J, McGovern D, Coakley D, Walsh JB. Vitamin-D-fortified liquid milk-a highly effective method of vitamin D administration for house-bound and institutionalised elderly. Gerontology 1992;38(5):280-4.
198. Kenny AM, Prestwood KM, Biskup B, Robbins B, Zayas E, Kleppinger A, et al.Comparison of the effects of calcium loading with calcium citrate or calcium carbonate on bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 2004;15(4):290-4.
199. Kilpinen-Loisa P, Arvio M, Ilvesmäki V, Mäkitie O. Vitamin D status and optimal supplementation in institutionalized adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2009;53(12):1014-23.
200. Lakatos P, Nagy Z, Kiss L, Horvath C, Takacs I, Foldes J, et al.Prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis by alfacalcidol [Praevention der kortikosteroidinduzierten osteoporose durch alfacalcidol]. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 2000;59 Suppl 1:48-52.
201. Leventis P, Kiely PD. The tolerability and biochemical effects of high-dose bolus vitamin D2 and D3 supplementation in patients with vitamin D insufficiency. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2009;38(2):149-53.
202. Lind L, Wengle B, Lithell H, Ljunghall S. Plasma ionized calcium and cardiovascular risk factors in mild primary hyperparathyroidism: effects of long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol). Journal of Internal Medicine 1992;231(4):427-32.
203. Lind L, Wengle B, Lithell H, Ljunghall S. Reduction in serum alkaline phosphatase levels by treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism and in euparathyroid individuals. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 1991;25(3):233-6.
204. Lind L, Wengle B, Ljunghall S. Blood pressure is lowered by vitamin D (alphacalcidol) during long-term treatment of patients with intermittent hypercalcaemia. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1987;222(5):423-7.
205. Lind L, Wengle B, Sorensen OH, Wide L, Akerström G, Ljunghall S. Treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Acta Endocrinologica 1989;120(2):250-6.
206. Lind L, Wengle B, Wide L, Sörensen OH, Ljunghall S. Hypertension in primary hyperparathyroidism-reduction of blood pressure by long-term treatment with vitamin D (alphacalcidol). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Hypertension 1988;1(4 Pt 1):397-402.
207. Lind L, Pollare T, Hvarfner A, Lithell H, Sørensen OH, Ljunghall S. Long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) in middle-aged men with impaired glucose tolerance. Effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity, glucose tolerance and blood pressure. Diabetes Research 1989;11(3):141-7.
208. Matsumoto T, Takano T, Yamakido S, Takahashi F, Tsuji N. Comparison of the effects of eldecalcitol and alfacalcidol on bone and calcium metabolism. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2010;121(1-2):261-4.
209. Kvaavik E, Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Falch JA, Tverdal A, Pedersen JI. The intervention study "Prevention of Hip Fractures." Method and implementation [Intervensjonsstudien "Forebyggelse av lårhalsbrudd." Metode og praktisk gjennomføring]. Norwegian Journal of Epidemiology 2001;10(1):78-85.
210. Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Kvaavik E, Falch JA, Tverdal A, Pedersen JI. Can vitamin D supplementation reduce the risk of fracture in the elderly? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2002;17(4):709-15.
211. Nugent C, Roche K, Wilson S, Fitzgibbon M, Griffin D, Nichaidhin N. The effect of intramuscular vitamin D (cholecalciferol) on serum 25OH vitamin D levels in older female acute hospital admissions. Irish Journal of Medical Science 2010;179(1):57-61.
212. Nuti R, Bianchi G, Brandi ML, Caudarella R, D'Erasmo E, Fiore C, et al.Superiority of alfacalcidol compared to vitamin D plus calcium in lumbar bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Rheumatology International 2006;26(5):445-53.
213. Orwoll ES, McClung MR, Oviatt SK, Recker RR, Weigel RM. Histomorphometric effects of calcium or calcium plus 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 therapy in senile osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 1989;4(1):81-8.
214. Pekkarinen T, Välimäki VV, Aarum S, Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E, Löyttyniemi E, et al.The same annual dose of 292000 IU of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) on either daily or four monthly basis for elderly women: 1-year comparative study of the effects on serum 25(OH)D concentrations and renal function. Clinical Endocrinology 2010;72(4):455-61.
215. Prestwood KM, Pannullo AM, Kenny AM, Pilbeam CC, Raisz LG. The effect of a short course of calcium and vitamin D on bone turnover in older women. Osteoporosis International 1996;6(4):314-9.
216. Reginster JY, Kuntz D, Verdickt W, Wouters M, Guillevin L, Menkès CJ, et al.Prophylactic use of alfacalcidol in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International 1999;9:75-81.
217. Reginster JY, Zegels B, Lejeune E, Micheletti MC, Kvsaz A, Seidel L, et al.Influence of daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation on parathyroid hormone secretion. Gynecological Endocrinology 2001;15(1):56-62.
218. Reginster JY, Zegels B, Lejeune E, Micheletti MC, Kvsaz A, Seidel L, et al.Influence of daily regimen calcium and vitamin D supplementation on parathyroid hormone secretion. Calcified Tissue International 2002;70(2):78-82.
219. Romagnoli E, Mascia ML, Cipriani C, Fassino V, Mazzei F, D'Erasmo E, et al.Short and long-term variations in serum calciotropic hormones after a single very large dose of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(8):3015-20.
220. Rosenblum JL, Castro VM, Moore CE, Kaplan LM. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased abdominal visceral adipose tissue in overweight and obese adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(1):101-8.
221. Russo S, Carlucci L, Cipriani C, Ragno A, Piemonte S, Fiacco RD, et al.Metabolic changes following 500 μg monthly administration of calcidiol: a study in normal females. Calcified Tissue International 2011;89(3):252-7.
222. Sambrook P, Birmingham J, Kelly P, Kempler S, Nguyen T, Pocock N, et al.Prevention of corticosteroid osteoporosis. A comparison of calcium, calcitriol, and calcitonin. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;328(24):1747-52.
223. Sambrook P, Henderson NK, Keogh A, MacDonald P, Glanville A, Spratt P, et al.Effect of calcitriol on bone loss after cardiac or lung transplantation. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(9):1818-24.
224. Sambrook PN, Kotowicz M, Nash P, Styles CB, Naganathan V, Henderson-Briffa KN, et al.Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a comparison of calcitriol, vitamin D plus calcium, and alendronate plus calcium. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2003;18(5):919-24.
225. Sato Y, Kanoko T, Satoh K, Iwamoto J. The prevention of hip fracture with risedronate and ergocalciferol plus calcium supplementation in elderly women with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005;165(15):1737-42.
226. Sato Y, Kanoko T, Satoh K, Iwamoto J. Menatetrenone and vitamin D2 with calcium supplements prevent nonvertebral fracture in elderly women with Alzheimer's disease. Bone 2005;36(1):61-8.
227. Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K. Alendronate and vitamin D2 for prevention of hip fracture in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled trial. Movement Disorders 2006;21(7):924-9.
228. Sebert JL, Garabedian M, Chauvenet M, Maamer M, Agbomson F, Brazier M. Evaluation of a new solid formulation of calcium and vitamin D in institutionalized elderly subjects. A randomized comparative trial versus separate administration of both constituents. Revue du Rhumatisme (English ed.) 1995;62(4):288-94.
229. Serhan E, Holland MR. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation failed to improve bone mineral density in Indo-Asians suffering from hypovitaminosis D and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Rheumatology International 2005;25(4):276-9.
230. Shipowick CD, Moore CB, Corbett C, Bindler R. Vitamin D and depressive symptoms in women during the winter: a pilot study. Applied Nursing Research 2009;22(3):221-5.
231. Shiraki M, Orimo H. The effect of estrogen and, sex-steroids and thyroid hormone preparation on bone mineral density in senile osteoporosis-a comparative study of the effect of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OHD3) on senile osteoporosis. Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi. Folia Endocrinologica Japonica 1991;67(2):84-95.
232. Sidbury R, Sullivan AF, Thadhani RI, Camargo CA Jr. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation for winter-related atopic dermatitis in Boston: a pilot study. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;159(1):245-7.
233. Slatkovska L, Alibhai SM, Beyene J, Hu H, Demaras A, Cheung AM. Effect of 12 months of whole-body vibration therapy on bone density and structure in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;155(10):668-79.
234. Smith SM, Gardner KK, Locke J, Zwart SR. Vitamin D supplementation during Antarctic winter. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;89(4):1092-8.
235. Stein MS, Liu Y, Gray OM, Baker JE, Kolbe SC, Ditchfield MR, et al.A randomized trial of high-dose vitamin D2 in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2011;77(17):1611-8.
236. Stephens WP, Klimiuk PS, Berry JL, Mawer EB. Annual high-dose vitamin D prophylaxis in Asian immigrants. Lancet 1981;2(8257):1199-202.
237. Tfelt-Hansen J, Tørring O. Calcium and vitamin D3 supplements in calcium and vitamin D3 sufficient early postmenopausal healthy women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;58(10):1420-4.
238. Tilyard MW, Spears GF, Thomson J, Dovey S. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;326(6):357-62.
239. Trang HM, Cole DE, Rubin LA, Pierratos A, Siu S, Vieth R. Evidence that vitamin D3 increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D more efficiently than does vitamin D2. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998;68(4):854-8.
240. Bogaerts A, Delecluse C, Boonen S, Claessens AL, Milisen K, Verschueren SM. Changes in balance, functional performance and fall risk following whole body vibration training and vitamin D supplementation in institutionalized elderly women. A 6 month randomized controlled trial. Gait & Posture 2011;33(4):448-54.
241. Verschueren SM, Bogaerts A, Delecluse C, Claessens AL, Haentjens P, Vanderschueren D, et al.The effects of whole-body vibration training and vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, muscle mass, and bone density in institutionalized elderly women: a 6-month randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2010;26(1):42-9.
242. Vieth R, Kimball S, Hu A, Walfish PG. Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D3 adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients. Nutrition Journal 2004;3:8.
243. Viljakainen HT, Natri AM, Kärkkäinen M, Huttunen MM, Palssa A, Jakobsen J, et al.A positive dose-response effect of vitamin D supplementation on site-specific bone mineral augmentation in adolescent girls: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled 1-year intervention. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006;21(6):836-44.
244. von Restorff C, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Theiler R. High-dose oral vitamin D3 supplementation in rheumatology patients with severe vitamin D3 deficiency. Bone 2009;45(4):747-9.
245. Wejse C, Gomes VF, Rabna P, Gustafson P, Aaby P, Lisse IM, et al.Vitamin D as supplementary treatment for tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2009;179(9):843-50.
246. The interaction between calcium and vitamin D Intake. Ongoing study November 2008. Expected completion: 2009.
247. Vitamin D/calcium polyp prevention study. Ongoing study July 2004. Expected completion: December 2017.
248. Vitamin D supplementation in younger women. Ongoing study October 2007; Expected completion: January 2012.
249. Vitamin D for chemoprevention. Ongoing study October 2007; Expected completion: October 2009.
250. Vitamin D, glucose control and insulin sensitivity in African-Americans. Ongoing study July 2008; Expected completion: February 2011.
251. Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee IM, Cook NR, Albert MA, Gordon D, et al.The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(1):159-71.
252. A trial to study the effect of vitamin D supplementation on glucose and insulin metabolism in centrally obese men. Ongoing study July 2006; Expected completion: September 2006.
253. Effects of vitamin D on lipids. Ongoing study July 2008; Expected completion: April 2010.
254. ViDA (vitamin D assessment) trial. Ongoing study 7/04/2011.
255. The effect of vitamin D supplementation during caloric restriction on intestinal calcium absorption. Ongoing study March 2007; Expected completion: May 2011.
256. The impact of vitamin D supplementation in chronic heart failure. Ongoing study 01.01.2009; Expected completion: 31.12.2012.
257. Abu-Mouch S, Fireman Z, Jarchovsky J, Zeina AR, Assy N. Vitamin D supplementation improves sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C (genotype 1)-naîve patients. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011;17(47):5184-90.
258. Ahn J, Peters U, Albanes D, Purdue MP, Abnet CC, Chatterjee N, et al.Serum vitamin D concentration and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2008;100(11):796-804.
259. Aloia JF, Vaswani A, Yeh JK, Ellis K, Yasumura S, Cohn SH. Calcitriol in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. American Journal of Medicine 1988;84(3 Pt 1):401-8.
260. Aloia JF. Role of calcitriol in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 1990;39(4 Suppl 1):35-8.
261. Aloia JF, Patel M, Dimaano R, Li-Ng M, Talwar SA, Mikhail M, et al.Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(6):1952-8.
262. Aloia J, Bojadzievski T, Yusupov E, Shahzad G, Pollack S, Mikhail M. The relative influence of calcium intake and vitamin D status on serum parathyroid hormone and bone turnover biomarkers in a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group, longitudinal factorial design. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;95(7):3216-24.
263. Amer Muhammad, Qayyum Rehan. Relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. The American Journal of Medicine 2013;x(Epub ahead of print):x.
264. Andersen R, Brot C, Mejborn H, Mølgaard C, Skovgaard LT, Trolle E, et al.Vitamin D supplementation does not affect serum lipids and lipoproteins in Pakistani immigrants. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;63(9):1150-3.
265. Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana MV, Li-Yu J, Schollum LM, Kruger MC. High-calcium milk prevents overweight and obesity among postmenopausal women. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2010;31(3):381-90.
266. Apperly FL. The relation of solar radiation to cancer mortality in North American. Cancer Research 1941;1:191-5.
267. Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP. Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004;89(11):5387-91.
268. Artaza JN, Sirad F, Ferrini MG, Norris KC. 1, 25(OH)(2)vitamin D(3) inhibits cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle arrest without inducing apoptosis and modifies cell morphology of mesenchymal multipotent cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2010;119(1-2):73-83.
269. Arvold DS, Odean MJ, Dornfeld MP, Regal RR, Arvold JG, Karwoski GC, et al.Correlation of symptoms with vitamin D deficiency and symptom response to cholecalciferol treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Endocrine Practice 2009;15(3):203-12.
270. Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(16):1730-7.
271. Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, O'Connell DL. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures associated with involutional and post-menopausal osteoporosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000227.DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000227.pub3.
272. Bang UC, Matzen P, Benfield T, Beck Jensen JE. Oral cholecalciferol versus ultraviolet radiation B: effect on vitamin D metabolites in patients with chronic pancreatitis and fat malabsorption-a randomized clinical trial. Pancreatology 2011;11(4):376-82.
273. Barnes MS, Robson PJ, Bonham MP, Strain JJ, Wallace JM. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and bone turnover markers in young adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60(6):727-33.
274. Barnes MS, Horigan G, Cashman KD, Hill TR, Forsythe LK, Lucey AJ, et al.Maintenance of wintertime vitamin D status with cholecalciferol supplementation is not associated with alterations in serum cytokine concentrations among apparently healthy younger or older adults. Journal of Nutrition 2011;141(3):476-81.
275. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50(4):1088-101.
276. Biancuzzo RM, Young A, Bibuld D, Cai MH, Winter MR, Klein EK, et al.Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(6):1621-6.
277. Binkley N, Krueger D, Lensmeyer G. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D measurement, 2009: a review for clinicians. Journal of Clinical Densitometry 2009;12(4):417-27.
278. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005;293:2257-64.
279. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, et al.Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009;339:843-6.
280. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Stuck AE, Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, et al.Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(6):551-61.
281. Bischoff-Ferrari H. Vitamin D: what is an adequate vitamin D level and how much supplementation is necessary. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology 2009;23(6):789-95.
282. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, Hathcock J, Giovannucci E, Willett WC. Benefit-risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporosis International 2010;21(7):1121-32.
283. Bischoff-Ferrari Heike A, Willett Walter C, Orav Endel J, Lips Paul, Meunier Pierre J, Lyons Ronan A, et al.A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. New England Journal of Medicine 2012;367(1):40-9.
284. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Gluud C. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: ]
285. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Gluud C. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: ; : ]
286. Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, Grey A, MacLennan GS, Gamble GD, et al.Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ 2010;341:c3691.
287. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Avenell A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d2040. [DOI: ]
288. Boonen S, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Cooper C, Lips P, Ljunggren O, Meunier PJ, et al.Addressing the musculoskeletal components of fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D: a review of the evidence. Calcified Tissue International 2006;78:257-70.
289. Bornstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins T, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
290. Braam LA, Hoeks AP, Brouns F, Hamulyak K, Gerichhausen MJ, Vermeer C. Beneficial effects of vitamins D and K on the elastic properties of the vessel wall in postmenopausal women: a follow-up study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2004;91(2):373-80.
291. Bradburn MJ, Deeks JJ, Berlin JA, Russell Localio A. Much ado about nothing: a comparison of the performance of meta-analytical methods with rare events. Statistics in Medicine 2007;26:53-77.
292. Brok J, Thorlund K, Gluud C, Wetterslev J. Trial sequential analysis reveals insufficient information size and potentially false positive results in many meta-analyses. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008;61(8):763-9.
293. Brok J, Thorlund K, Wetterslev J, Gluud C. Apparently conclusive meta-analyses may be inconclusive-Trial sequential analysis adjustment of random error risk due to repetitive testing of accumulating data in apparently conclusive neonatal meta-analyses. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009;38(1):287-98.
294. Bunout D, Barrera G, Leiva L, Gattas V, de la Maza MP, Avendano M, et al.Effects of vitamin D supplementation and exercise training on physical performance in Chilean vitamin D deficient elderly subjects. Experimental Gerontology 2006;41(8):746-52.
295. Burton JM, Kimball S, Vieth R, Bar-Or A, Dosch HM, Cheung R, et al.A phase I/II dose-escalation trial of vitamin D3 and calcium in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2010;74(23):1852-9.
296. Caniggia A, Delling G, Nuti R, Lore F, Vattimo A. Clinical, biochemical and histological results of a double-blind trial with 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, estradiol and placebo in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Acta Vitaminologica et Enzymologica 1984;6(2):117-28.
297. Cashman KD, Hill TR, Lucey AJ, Taylor N, Seamans KM, Muldowney S, et al.Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;88(6):1535-42.
298. Cashman KD, Wallace JM, Horigan G, Hill TR, Barnes MS, Lucey AJ, et al.Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in free-living adults >=64 y of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;89(5):1366-74.
299. Cavalier E, Delanaye P, Chapelle JP, Souberbielle JC. Vitamin D: current status and perspectives. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2009;47(2):120-7.
300. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, Laupacis A, Gøtzsche PC, Krleža-Jerić K, et al.SPIRIT 2013 Statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;158:200-207.
301. Chapuy MC, Chapuy P, Meunier PJ. Calcium and vitamin D supplements: effects on calcium metabolism in elderly people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1987;46(2):324-8.
302. Chen JT, Shiraki M, Hasumi K, Tanaka N, Katase K, Kato T, et al.1-Alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment decreases bone turnover and modulates calcium-regulating hormones in early postmenopausal women. Endocrine Journal 1997;20(6):557-62.
303. Chen W, Dawsey SM, Qiao YL, Mark SD, Dong ZW, Taylor PR, et al.Prospective study of serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentration and risk of oesophageal and gastric cancers. British Journal of Cancer 2007;97(1):123-8.
304. Christiansen C, Christensen MS, McNair P, Hagen C, Stocklund KE, Transbl I. Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss: controlled 2-year study in 315 normal females. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1980;10(4):273-9.
305. Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Rodbro P, Hagen C, Transbl I. Effect of 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 in itself or combined with hormone treatment in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1981;11(4):305-9.
306. Chung M, Balk EM, Brendel M, Ip S, Lau J, Lee J, et al.Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes. Evidence Report No. 183. AHRQ publication No. 09-E015 Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, August 2009.
307. Chung M, Lee J, Terasawa T, Lau J, Trikalinos TA. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: an updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011;155(12):827-38.
308. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1960;20:37-46.
309. Cranney A, Horsley T, O'Donnell S, Weiler H, Puil L, Ooi D, et al.Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 158. AHRQ publication No. 07-E013 Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, August 2007.
310. Davis CD, Dwyer JT. The "sunshine vitamin": benefits beyond bone?. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2007;99(21):1563-5.
311. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Annals of Internal Medicine 1991;115(7):505-12.
312. Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, Lips P, Meunier PJ, Vieth R. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporosis International 2005;16(7):713-6.
313. DeMets DL. Methods for combining randomized clinical trials: strengths and limitations. Statistics in Medicine 1987;6(3):341-50.
314. Deroisy R, Collette J, Albert A, Jupsin I, Reginster JY. Administration of a supplement containing both calcium and vitamin D is more effective than calcium alone to reduce secondary hyperparathyroidism in postmenopausal women with low 25(OH)vitamin D circulating levels. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 2002;14(1):13-7.
315. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials 1986;7(3):177-88.
316. Dhesi JK, Jackson SH, Bearne LM, Moniz C, Hurley MV, Swift CG, et al.Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age and Ageing 2004;33(6):589-95.
317. Di Daniele N, Carbonelli MG, Candeloro N, Iacopino L, De Lorenzo A, Andreoli A. Effect of supplementation of calcium and vitamin D on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in peri- and post-menopause women; a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pharmacological Research 2004;50(6):637-41.
318. DIPART (Vitamin D Individual Patient Analysis of Randomized Trials) Group. Patient level pooled analysis of 68 500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials in US and Europe. BMJ 2010;340:b5463.
319. Doetsch AM, Faber J, Lynnerup N, Wätjen I, Bliddal H, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. The effect of calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on the healing of the proximal humerus fracture: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Calcified Tissue International 2004;75(3):183-8.
320. Domrongkitchaiporn S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Stitchantrakul W, Piaseu N, Chansirikam S, Puavilai G, et al.Risk of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis after calcium or combined calcium and calcitriol supplementation in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International 2000;11(6):486-92.
321. Durup D, Jørgensen HL, Christensen J, Schwarz P, Heegaard AM, Lind B. A reverse J-shaped association of all-cause mortality with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in general practice, the CopD study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;May 9:[Epub ahead of print].
322. Ebeling PR, Wark JD, Yeung S, Poon C, Salehi N, Nicholson GC, et al.Effects of calcitriol or calcium on bone mineral density, bone turnover, and fractures in men with primary osteoporosis: a two-year randomized, double blind, double placebo study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86(9):4098-103.
323. Egger M, Davey SG, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed) 1997;315(7109):629-34.
324. Elamin MB, Abu Elnour NO, Elamin KB, Fatourechi MM, Alkatib AA, Almandoz JP, et al.Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96(7):1931-42.
325. Fedirko V, Bostick RM, Long Q, Flanders WD, McCullough ML, Sidelnikov E, et al.Effects of supplemental vitamin D and calcium on oxidative DNA damage marker in normal colorectal mucosa: a randomized clinical trial. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2010;19(1):280-91.
326. Fleet JC. Molecular actions of vitamin D contributing to cancer prevention. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2008;29(6):388-96.
327. Fliser D, Stefanski A, Franek E, Fode P, Gudarzi A, Ritz E. No effect of calcitriol on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997;27(7):629-33.
328. Forsythe LK, Livingstone MB, Barnes MS, Horigan G, McSorley EM, Bonham MP, et al.Effect of adiposity on vitamin D status and the 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to supplementation in healthy young and older Irish adults. British Journal of Nutrition 2012;107(1):126-34.
329. Friedrich JO, Adhikari NK, Beyene J. Inclusion of zero total event trials in meta-analyses maintains analytic consistency and incorporates all available data. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2007; Vol. 7, issue 5.
330. Gallagher JC, Jerpbak CM, Jee WS, Johnson KA, DeLuca HF, Riggs BL. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1982;79(10):3325-9.
331. Gallagher JC, Riggs BL, Recker RR, Goldgar D. The effect of calcitriol on patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis with special reference to fracture frequency. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1989;191(3):287-92.
332. Gamble C, Hollis S. Uncertainty method improved on best-worst case analysis in a binary meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005;58(6):579-88.
333. Garland CF, Garland FC. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer?. International Journal of Epidemiology 1980;9:227-31.
334. Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, Grant WB, Giovannucci EL, Lipkin M, et al.Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007;103(3-5):708-11.
335. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: a review (United States). Cancer Causes & Control 2005;16(2):83-95.
336. Gluud C. The culture of designing hepato-biliary randomised trials. Journal of Hepatology 2006;44(3):607-15.
337. Gluud C, Hilden J. Povl Heiberg's 1897 methodological study on the statistical method as an aid in therapeutic trials. JLL Bulletin: Commentaries on the history of treatment evaluation 2008:www.jameslindlibrary.org.
338. Gluud C, Nikolova D, Klingenberg SL, Alexakis N, Als-Nielsen B, Colli A, et al.Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group. About The Cochrane Collaboration (Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs)). 2011, Issue 10. Art. No.: LIVER.
339. Goodwin PJ, Ennis M, Pritchard KI, Koo J, Hood N. Prognostic effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27(23):3757-63.
340. Gorai I, Chaki O, Taguchi Y, Nakayama M, Osada H, Suzuki N, et al.Early postmenopausal bone loss is prevented by estrogen and partially by 1alpha-OH-vitamin D3: therapeutic effects of estrogen and/or 1alpha-OH-vitamin D3. Calcified Tissue International 1999;65(1):16-22.
341. Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, et al.Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32(3):210-6.
342. Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Rockell JE. Milk fortified with the current adequate intake for vitamin D (5 microg) increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D compared to control milk but is not sufficient to prevent a seasonal decline in young women. Asian Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;19(2):195-9.
343. Haentjens P, Magaziner J, Colon-Emeric CS, Vanderschueren D, Milisen K, Velkeniers B, et al.Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;152(6):380-90.
344. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B, Perrone GA. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D responses of younger and older men to three weeks of supplementation with 1800 IU/day of vitamin D. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1999;18(5):470-4.
345. Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Plasma vitamin D and 25OHD responses of young and old men to supplementation with vitamin D3. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2002;21(4):357-62.
346. Heaney RP. Vitamin D in health and disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2008;3(5):1535-41.
347. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(11):1539-58.
348. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analysis. BMJ 2003;327:557-60.
349. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1. [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane-handbook.org.
350. Himeno M, Tsugawa N, Kuwabara A, Fujii M, Kawai N, Kato Y, et al.Effect of vitamin D supplementation in the institutionalized elderly. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2009;27(6):733-7.
351. Himmelstein S, Clemens TL, Rubin A, Lindsay R. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly nursing home residents increases 25(OH)D but not 1, 25(OH)2D. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52(4):701-6.
352. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;80 Suppl(6):1678-88.
353. Holick MF. Vitamin D: Its role in cancer prevention and treatment. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006;92:49-59.
354. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357(3):266-81.
355. Holick MF, Chen TC, Lu Z, Sauter E. Vitamin D and skin physiology: a D-lightful story. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2007;22 Suppl 2:V28-33.
356. Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;87(4):1080S-6S.
357. Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, Klein EK, Young A, Bibuld D, et al.Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008;93(3):677-81.
358. Holick MF. Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Annals of Epidemiology 2009;19(2):73-8.
359. Holick Michael F, Binkley Neil C, Bischoff-Ferrari Heike A, Gordon Catherine M, Hanley David A, Heaney Robert P, et al.Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011;96(7):1911-30.
360. Holmberg I, Berlin T, Ewerth S, Björkhem I. 25-Hydroxylase activity in subcellular fractions from human liver. Evidence for different rates of mitochondrial hydroxylation of vitamin D2 and D3. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1986;46(8):785-90.
361. Horst RL, Reinhardt TA, Satyanarayana Reddy G. Vitamin D metabolism. In: Feldman D, Wesley Pike J, Glorieux FH editor(s). Vitamin D. 2nd Edition. Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005:15-36.
362. Houghton LA, Vieth R. The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;84(4):694-7.
363. Hoy DA, Ramberg CF, Horst RL. Evidence that discrimination against ergocalciferol by the chick is the result of enhanced metabolic clearance rates for its mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites. Journal of Nutrition 1988;118(5):633-8.
364. Hulshof MM, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Bergman W, Masclee AA, Heickendorff L, et al.Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral calcitriol for the treatment of localized and systemic scleroderma. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2000;43(6):1017-23.
365. Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T, MacGregor AJ, et al.A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism using identical twin pairs. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(11):2276-83.
366. Hutchinson MS, Grimnes G, Joakimsen RM, Figenschau Y, Jorde R. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with increased all-cause mortality risk in a general population: the Tromsø study. European Journal of Endocrinology 2010;162(5):935-42.
367. IARC . Vitamin D and Cancer. IARC Working Group Reports. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008; Vol. 5.
368. International Committee on Harmonization. Code of Federal Regulations & Guidelines. Vol. 1, Philadelphia, US: Barnett International/PAREXEL, 1997.
369. World Health Organization. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), 2011. http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/.
370. Ingraham BA, Bragdon B, Nohe A. Molecular basis of the potential of vitamin D to prevent cancer. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2008;24(1):139-49.
371. Ioannidis JP, Trikalinos TA, Zintzaras E. Extreme between-study homogeneity in meta-analyses could offer useful insights. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(10):1023-32.
372. Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011.
373. Ishida Y, Kawai S. Comparative efficacy of hormone replacement therapy, etidronate, calcitonin, alfacalcidol, and vitamin K in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: The Yamaguchi Osteoporosis Prevention Study. American Journal of Medicine 2004;117(8):549-55.
374. Islam MZ, Shamim AA, Viljakainen HT, Akhtaruzzaman M, Jehan AH, Khan HU. Effect of vitamin D, calcium and multiple micronutrient supplementation on vitamin D and bone status in Bangladeshi premenopausal garment factory workers with hypovitaminosis D: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled 1-year intervention. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(2):241-7.
375. Izaks GJ. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: considering the inconsistent results. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2007; Vol. 8, issue 26.
376. Jackson C, Gaugris S, Sen SS, Hosking D. The effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on the risk of fall and fracture: a meta-analysis. The Quarterly Journal of Medicine 2007;100:185-92.
377. Jensen GF, Christiansen C, Transbl . 1, 25(OH)2D3 and renal function. A controlled clinical study in normal elderly women. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1982;211(1-2):51-4.
378. Jensen GF, Christiansen C, Transbl I. Treatment of post menopausal osteoporosis. A controlled therapeutic trial comparing oestrogen/gestagen, 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and calcium. Clinical Endocrinology 1982;16(5):515-24.
379. Jensen GF, Meinecke B, Boesen J, TransbÇl I. Does 1, 25(OH)2D3 accelerate spinal bone loss? A controlled therapeutic trial in 70-year-old women. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1985;192:215-21.
380. Johansson H, Odén A, Kanis J, McCloskey E, Lorentzon M, Ljunggren Ö, et al.Low serum vitamin D is associated with increased mortality in elderly men: MrOS Sweden. Osteoporosis International 2012;23(3):991-9.
381. Johnson KR, Jobber J, Stonawski BJ. Prophylactic vitamin D in the elderly. Age and Ageing 1980;9:121-7.
382. Jorde R, Sneve M, Figenschau Y, Svartberg J, Waterloo K. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms of depression in overweight and obese subjects: randomized double blind trial. Journal of Internal Medicine 2008;264(6):599-609.
383. Jorde R, Figenschau Y. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not improve glycaemic control in diabetic subjects with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. European Journal of Nutrition 2009;48(6):349-54.
384. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen P, Figenschau Y, Hansen JB. Parameters of the thrombogram are associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at baseline, but not affected during supplementation with vitamin D. Thrombosis Research 2010;125(5):e210-3.
385. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen P, Figenschau Y. No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year. Journal of Internal Medicine 2010;267(5):462-72.
386. Jorde R, Sneve M, Emaus N, Figenschau Y, Grimnes G. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and body mass index: the Troms study. European Journal of Nutrition 2010;49(7):401-7.
387. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen PA, Figenschau Y, Goransson LG, Omdal R. No effect of supplementation with cholecalciferol on cytokines and markers of inflammation in overweight and obese subjects. Cytokines 2010;50(2):175-80.
388. Jorde R, Sneve M, Torjesen PA, Figenschau Y, Hansen JB, Grimnes G. No significant effect on bone mineral density by high doses of vitamin D3 given to overweight subjects for one year. Nutrition Journal 2010;9(1):1-1.
389. Judd SE, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Medical Sciences 2009;338(1):40-4.
390. Keane EM, Healy M, O'Moore R, Coakley D, Walsh JB. Vitamin D-fortified liquid milk: benefits for the elderly community-based population. Calcified Tissue International 1998;62(4):300-2.
391. Kenny AM, Biskup B, Robbins B, Marcella G, Burleson JA. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical function, and health perception in older, community-dwelling men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51(12):1762-7.
392. Keus F, Wetterslev J, Gluud C, Gooszen HG, van Laarhoven CJ. Robustness assessments are needed to reduce bias in meta-analyses that include zero-event randomized trials. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;104(3):546-51.
393. Khaw KT, Scragg R, Murphy S. Single-dose cholecalciferol suppresses the winter increase in parathyroid hormone concentrations in healthy older men and women: a randomized trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59(5):1040-4.
394. Kimball S, Vieth R, Dosch HM, Bar-Or A, Cheung R, Gagne D, et al.Cholecalciferol plus calcium suppresses abnormal PBMC reactivity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96(9):2826-34.
395. Kjaergard LL, Villumsen J, Gluud C. Reported methodologic quality and discrepancies between large and small randomized trials in meta-analyses. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001;135(11):982-9.
396. Kovesdy Csaba P, Quarles Leigh Darryl. Fibroblast growth factor-23: what we know, what we don't know, and what we need to know. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;Apr 25:Epub ahead of print.
397. Kruger MC, Schollum LM, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Hestiantoro A, Wijanto P, Li-Yu J, et al.The effect of a fortified milk drink on vitamin D status and bone turnover in post-menopausal women from South East Asia. Bone 2010;46(3):759-67.
398. Kuwabara A, Tsugawa N, Tanaka K, Fujii M, Kawai N, Mukae S, et al.Improvement of vitamin D status in Japanese institutionalized elderly by supplementation with 800 IU of vitamin D(3). Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2009;55(6):453-8.
399. Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Mattila V, Auvinen A, Ylikomi T, Pihlajamaki H. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2010;202(5):809-14.
400. Lamberg-Allardt C. Vitamin D in foods and as supplements. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006;92:33-8.
401. Lambrinoudaki I, Chan DT, Lau CS, Wong RW, Yeung SS, Kung AW. Effect of calcitriol on bone mineral density in premenopausal Chinese women taking chronic steroid therapy. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27(7):1759-65.
402. Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Recker R, Ahlf R, Thompson K. Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2008;23(5):741-9.
403. Latham NK, Anderson CS, Reid IR. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: a systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003;51:1219-26.
404. Lau J, Ioannidis JPA, Terrin N, Schmid CH, Olkin I. The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ 2006;333:597-600.
405. Li-Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh J, et al.A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections. Epidemiology and Infection 2009;137(10):1396-404.
406. Lilliu H, Pamphile R, Chapuy MC, Schulten J, Arlot M, Meunier PJ. Calcium-vitamin D3 supplementation is cost-effective in hip fractures prevention. Maturitas 2003;44(4):299-305.
407. Lind L, Wengle B, Wide L, Ljunghall S. Reduction of blood pressure during long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) is dependent on plasma renin activity and calcium status. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Hypertension 1989;2(1):20-5.
408. Lind L, Wengle B, Sorensen OH, Ljunghall S. Serum levels of 1, 25-(OH)2-vitamin D are not altered by long-term supplementation with alphacalcidol (1-OH-vitamin D3). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology 1992;99(3):151-3.
409. Lips P, Wiersinga A, van Ginkel FC, Jongen MJ, Netelenbos JC, Hackeng WH, et al.The effect of vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D status and parathyroid function in elderly subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1988;67(4):644-50.
410. Lips P, Chapuy MC, Dawson-Hughes B, Pols HA, Holick MF. An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements. Osteoporosis International 1999;9(5):394-7.
411. Lips P. Which circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is appropriate. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2004;89-90(1-5):611-4.
412. Lips P. Vitamin D physiology. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006;92(1):4-8.
413. Ljunghall S, Lind L, Lithell H, Skarfors E, Selinus I, Sorensen OH, et al.Treatment with one-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in middle-aged men with impaired glucose tolerance-a prospective randomized double-blind study. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1987;222(4):361-7.
414. Lundh A, Sismondo S, Lexchin J, Busuioc OA, Bero L. Industry sponsorship and research outcome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. [DOI: ]
415. Major GC, Alarie F, Dore J, Phouttama S, Tremblay A. Supplementation with calcium + vitamin D enhances the beneficial effect of weight loss on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007;85(1):54-9.
416. Major GC, Alarie FP, Dore J, Tremblay A. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fat mass loss in female very low-calcium consumers: potential link with a calcium-specific appetite control. British Journal of Nutrition 2009;101(5):659-63.
417. Maki KC, Rubin MR, Wong LG, McManus JF, Jensen CD, Lawless A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and other cardiovascular disease risk markers in subjects with elevated waist circumference. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2011;62(4):318-27.
418. Malhotra N, Mithal A, Gupta S, Shukla M, Godbole M. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health parameters of healthy young Indian women. Archives of Osteoporosis 2009;4(1-2):47-53.
419. Marshall TG. Vitamin D discovery outpaces FDA decision making. Bioessays 2008;30(2):173-82.
420. Martin-Bautista E, Munoz-Torres M, Fonolla J, Quesada M, Poyatos A, Lopez-Huertas E. Improvement of bone formation biomarkers after 1-year consumption with milk fortified with eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, oleic acid, and selected vitamins. Nutrition Research 2010;30(5):320-6.
421. Marx SJ, Jones G, Weinstein RS, Chrousos GP, Renquist DM. Differences in mineral metabolism among nonhuman primates receiving diets with only vitamin D3 or only vitamin D2. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1989;69(6):1282-90.
422. McAlister FA, Straus SE, Sackett DL, Altman DG. Analysis and reporting of factorial trials-A systematic review. JAMA 2003;289:2545-53.
423. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(15):1629-37.
424. Menczel J, Foldes J, Steinberg R, Leichter I, Shalita B, Bdolah-Abram T, et al.Alfacalcidol (alpha D3) and calcium in osteoporosis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1994;300:241-7.
425. Michaëlsson K, Baron JA, Snellman G, Gedeborg R, Byberg L, Sundström J, et al.Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community-based prospective cohort study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;92(4):841-8.
426. Michos ED, Melamed ML. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2008;11(1):7-12.
427. Mistretta VI, Delanaye P, Chapelle JP, Souberbielle JC, Cavalier E. Vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 [Vitamine D2 ou vitamine D3]. La Revue de Medicine Interne 2008;29(10):815-20.
428. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA, et al.Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(11):1807-20.
429. Mitri J, Dawson-Hughes B, Hu FB, Pittas AG. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic ×ý cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: the Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;94(2):486-94.
430. Moher D, Pham B, Jones A, Cook DJ, Jadad A, Moher M, et al.Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analysis. Lancet 1998;352(9128):609-13.
431. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Medicine 2009;6(7):e1000097.
432. Moreira-Pfrimer LD, Pedrosa MA, Teixeira L, Lazaretti-Castro M. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency increases lower limb muscle strength in institutionalized older people independently of regular physical activity: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2009;54(4):291-300.
433. Moyer Virginia A. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;158(9):691-6.
434. Myung SK, Ju W, Cho B, Oh SW, Park SM, Koo BK, et al.Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013;346:f10.
435. Nagpal J, Pande JN, Bhartia A. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy, middle-aged, centrally obese men. Diabetic Medicine 2009;26(1):19-27.
436. Nelson ML, Blum JM, Hollis BW, Rosen C, Sullivan SS. Supplements of 20 microg/d cholecalciferol optimized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in 80% of premenopausal women in winter. Journal of Nutrition 2009;139(3):540-6.
437. Nnoaham KE, Clarke A. Low serum vitamin D levels and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 2008;37:113-9.
438. Nordin BE, Baker MR, Horsman A, Peacock M. A prospective trial of the effect of vitamin D supplementation on metacarpal bone loss in elderly women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1985;42(3):470-4.
439. Norman AW. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008;88(2):491S-9S.
440. O'Donnell S, Moher D, Thomas K, Hanley DA, Cranney A. Systematic review of the benefits and harms of calcitriol and alfacalcidol for fractures and falls. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2008;26(6):531-42.
441. Ongphiphadhanakul B, Piaseu N, Tung SS, Chailurkit L, Rajatanavin R. Prevention of postmenopausal bone loss by low and conventional doses of calcitriol or conjugated equine estrogen. Maturitas 2000;34(2):179-84.
442. Orimo H, Shiraki M, Hayashi Y, Hoshino T, Onaya T, Miyazaki S, et al.Effects of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on lumbar bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International 1994;54(5):370-6.
443. Orwoll ES, Weigel RM, Oviatt SK, McClung MR, Deftos LJ. Calcium and cholecalciferol: effects of small supplements in normal men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1988;48(1):127-30.
444. Orwoll ES, Oviatt S. Relationship of mineral metabolism and long-term calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation to blood pressure in normotensive men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52(4):717-21.
445. Orwoll E, Riddle M, Prince M. Effects of vitamin D on insulin and glucagon secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59(5):1083-7.
446. Pan L, Matloob AF, Du J, Pan H, Dong Z, Zhao J, et al.Vitamin D stimulates apoptosis in gastric cancer cells in synergy with trichostatin A /sodium butyrate-induced and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced PTEN upregulation. FEBS J 2010;277(4):989-99.
447. Patel R, Collins D, Bullock S, Swaminathan R, Blake GM, Fogelman I. The effect of season and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in healthy women: a double-masked crossover study. Osteoporosis International 2001;12(4):319-25.
448. Patel VB, Vacek JL, Graves L, Bhattacharya RK. Calcium effects on vascular endpoints. Nutrition and Metabolism 2012;9(1):24.
449. Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, McClintock R, Ambrosius W, Hui S, et al.Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000;85(9):3011-9.
450. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Abrams C, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2000;15(6):1113-8.
451. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C. Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001;86(4):1633-7.
452. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Suppan K, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dobnig H. Effects of a long-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls and parameters of muscle function in community-dwelling older individuals. Osteoporosis International 2009;20(2):315-22.
453. Pignotti GA, Genaro PS, Pinheiro MM, Szejnfeld VL, Martini LA. Is a lower dose of vitamin D supplementation enough to increase 25(OH)D status in a sunny country. European Journal of Nutrition 2010;49(5):277-83.
454. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Stehouwer CD, Snijder MB, et al.Vitamin D and mortality in older men and women. Clinical Endocrinology 2009;71(5):666-72.
455. Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Dobnig H, Pieber TR. Epidemiology of vitamin D insufficiency and cancer mortality. Anticancer Research 2009;29(9):3699-704.
456. Pilz S, Frisch S, Koertke H, Kuhn J, Dreier J, Obermayer-Pietsch B, et al.Effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone levels in men. Hormone and Metabolic Research 2011;43(3):223-5.
457. Pilz S, Dobnig H, Tomaschitz A, Kienreich K, Meinitzer A, Friedl C, et al.Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased mortality in female nursing home residents. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;97(4):E653-7.
458. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007;92(6):2017-29.
459. Pittas AG, Chung M, Trikalinos T, Mitri J, Brendel M, Patel K, et al.Systematic review: vitamin D and cardiometabolic outcomes. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;152(5):307-14.
460. Pocock SJ. Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
461. Ried IR, Bolland MJ, Grey A. Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet 2013;(in press):doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61647-5.
462. Rejnmark L, Avenell A, Masud T, Anderson F, Meyer HE, Sanders KM, et al.Vitamin D with calcium reduces mortality: patient level pooled analysis of 70, 528 patients from eight major vitamin D trials. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;May 17:[Epub ahead of print].
463. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
464. Richy F, E.Schacht E, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, Gourlay M, Reginster JY. Vitamin D analogs versus native vitamin D in preventing bone loss and osteoporosis-related fractures: a comparative meta-analysis. Calcified Tissue International 2005;76:176-86.
465. Rosen CJ. Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 2011;364(3):248-54.
466. Rosen CJ. Vitamin D supplementation: bones of contention. The Lancet 2013;(in press):doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61721-3.
467. Sanders KM, Nicholson GC, Ebeling PR. Is high dose vitamin D harmful?. Calcified Tissue International 2013;92(2):191-206.
468. Savović J, Jones H, Altman D, Harris R, Juni P, Pildal J, et al.Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomised controlled trials: combined analysis of meta-epidemiological studies. Health Technology Assessment 2012;16(35):1-82.
469. Schaafsma A, Muskiet FA, Storm H, Hofstede GJ, Pakan I, Van der Veer E. Vitamin D(3) and vitamin K(1) supplementation of Dutch postmenopausal women with normal and low bone mineral densities: effects on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and carboxylated osteocalcin. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;54(8):626-31.
470. Schottker B, Haug U, Schomburg L, Kohrle J, Perna L, Muller H, et al.Strong associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;97(4):782-93.
471. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273(5):408-12.
472. Schwartz GG, Skinner HG. Vitamin D status and cancer: new insights. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2007;10(1):6-11.
473. Scragg R, Khaw KT, Murphy S. Life-style factors associated with winter serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in elderly adults. Age and Ageing 1995;24(4):271-5.
474. Scragg R, Khaw KT, Murphy S. Effect of winter oral vitamin D3 supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;49(9):640-6.
475. Scragg RK, Camargo CA Jr, Simpson RU. Relation of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to heart rate and cardiac work (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys). American Journal of Cardiology 2010;105(1):122-8.
476. Shiomi S, Masaki K, Habu D, Takeda T, Nishiguchi S, Kuroki T, et al.Calcitriol for bone loss in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Journal of Gastroenterology 1999;34(2):241-5.
477. Shiomi S, Masaki K, Habu D, Takeda T, Nishiguchi S, Kuroki T, et al.Calcitriol for bone disease in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1999;14(6):547-52.
478. Shiraki M, Orimo H, Ito H, Akiguchi I, Nakao J, Takahashi R, et al.Long-term treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with active vitamin D3, 1-alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OHD3) and 1, 24-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1, 24(OH)2D3). Endocrinologia Japonica 1985;32(2):305-15.
479. Shiraki M, Kushida K, Yamazaki K, Nagai T, Inoue T, Orimo H. Effects of 2 years treatment of osteoporosis with 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 on bone mineral density and incidence of fracture: a placebo-controlled, double-blind prospective study. Endocrine Journal 1996;43(2):211-20.
480. Shiraki M, Fukuchi M, Kiriyama T, Okamoto S, Ueno T, Sakamoto H, et al.Alfacalcidol reduces accelerated bone turnover in elderly women with osteoporosis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2004;22(4):352-9.
481. Skaaby T, Lise Lotte Nystrup H, Charlotta P, Torben J, Thuensen BH, Mogens F, et al.Vitamin D status and cause-specific mortality: a general population study. PLoS ONE 2012;7(12):e52423.
482. Sneve M, Figenschau Y, Jorde R. Supplementation with cholecalciferol does not result in weight reduction in overweight and obese subjects. European Journal of Endocrinology 2008;159(6):675-84.
483. Son SM, Chun YM. Effect of oral therapy with alphacalcidol or calcium in Korean elderly women with osteopenia and low dietary calcium. Nutrition Research 2001;21:1347-55.
484. Songpatanasilp T, Chailurkit LO, Nichachotsalid A, Chantarasorn M. Combination of alfacalcidol with calcium can improve quadriceps muscle strength in elderly ambulatory Thai women who have hypovitaminosis D: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2009;92(Suppl 5):S30-41.
485. Sorva A, Risteli J, Risteli L, Valimaki M, Tilvis R. Effects of vitamin D and calcium on markers of bone metabolism in geriatric patients with low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Calcified Tissue International 1991;49(Supp 1):S88-9.
486. Souberbielle JC, Body JJ, Lappe JM, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Wang TJ, et al.Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmunity Reviews 2010;9(11):709-15.
487. Starfield B, Hyde J, Gérvas J, Heath I. The concept of prevention: a good idea gone astray. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008;62(7):580-3.
488. Stechschulte SA, Kirsner RS, Federman DG. Vitamin D: bone and beyond, rationale and recommendations for supplementation. American Journal of Medicine 2009;122(9):793-802.
489. Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Vieth R, Azad A, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, et al.A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Cancer Research 2006;66(20):10213-9.
490. Sugden JA, Davies JI, Witham MD, Morris AD, Struthers AD. Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabetic Medicine 2008;25(3):320-5.
491. Sweeting MJ, Sutton AJ, Lambert PC. What to add to nothing? Use and avoidance of continuity corrections in meta-analyses of sparse data. Statistics in Medicine 2004;23:1351-75.
492. Tang BMP, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;370:657-66.
493. Thorlund K, Devereaux PJ, Wetterslev J, Guyatt G, Ioannidis JP, Thabane L, et al.Can trial sequential monitoring boundaries reduce spurious inferences from meta-analyses. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009;38(1):276-86.
494. Thorlund K, Imberger G, Walsh M, Chu R, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, et al.The number of patients and events required to limit the risk of overestimation of intervention effects in meta-analysis-a simulation study. PloS One 2011;6(10):e25491.
495. Thorlund K, Engstrøm J, Wetterslev J, Brok J, Imberger G, Gluud C. User Manual for Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA). Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2011. www.ctu.dk/tsa.
496. Toner CD, Davis CD, Milner JA. The vitamin D and cancer conundrum: aiming at a moving target. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2010;110(10):1492-500.
497. Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, Smith CP, Bucca G, Penson S, et al.Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(6):1357-64.
498. Copenahgen Trial Unit, 2011 . Trial Sequential Analysis, version 0.9 beta.
499. Urbain P, Singler F, Ihorst G, Biesalski HK, Bertz H. Bioavailability of vitamin D'' from UV-B-irradiated button mushrooms in healthy adults deficient in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2011;65(8):965-71.
500. Ushiroyama T, Okamura S, Ikeda A, Ueki M. Efficacy of ipriflavone and 1 alpha vitamin D therapy for the cessation of vertebral bone loss. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 1995;48(3):283-8.
501. Ushiroyama T, Ikeda A, Sakai M, Higashiyama T, Ueki M. Effects of the combined use of calcitonin and 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on vertebral bone loss and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteopenia and osteoporosis: a prospective study of long-term and continuous administration with low dose calcitonin. Maturitas 2001;40(3):229-38.
502. Ushiroyama T, Ikeda A, Ueki M. Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K(2) and vitamin D(3) on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2002;41(3):211-21.
503. Van Der Klis FR, Jonxis JH, Van Doormaal JJ, Sikkens P, Saleh AE, Muskiet FA. Changes in vitamin-D metabolites and parathyroid hormone in plasma following cholecalciferol administration to pre- and postmenopausal women in the Netherlands in early spring and to postmenopausal women in Curacao. British Journal of Nutrition 1996;75(4):637-46.
504. Vieth R. What is the optimal vitamin D status. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006;92(1):26-32.
505. Viljakainen HT, Palssa A, Karkkainen M, Jakobsen J, Lamberg-Allardt C. How much vitamin D3 do the elderly need. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2006;25(5):429-35.
506. Viljakainen HT, Vaisanen M, Kemi V, Rikkonen T, Kroger H, Laitinen EK, et al.Wintertime vitamin D supplementation inhibits seasonal variation of calcitropic hormones and maintains bone turnover in healthy men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2009;24(2):346-52.
507. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Matthys C, Conlon C, Kruger MC, Coad J. Study protocol-metabolic syndrome, vitamin D and bone status in South Asian women living in Auckland, New Zealand: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind vitamin D intervention. BMC Public Health 2008;8:267.
508. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D status and attitudes towards sun exposure in South Asian women living in Auckland, New Zealand. Public Health Nutrition 2009;13(4):531-6.
509. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Kruger MC, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation suppresses age-induced bone turnover in older women who are vitamin D deficient. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2010;121:293-6.
510. von Hurst PR, Stonehouse W, Coad J. Vitamin D supplementation reduces insulin resistance in South Asian women living in New Zealand who are insulin resistant and vitamin D deficient-a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;103(4):549-55.
511. Wang S. Epidemiology of vitamin D in health and disease. Nutrition Research Reviews 2009;22(2):188-203.
512. Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD. Systematic review: vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular events. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;152(5):315-23.
513. Webb AR. Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006;92(1):17-25.
514. Weisman Y, Schen RJ, Eisenberg Z, Amarilio N, Graff E, Edelstein-Singer M, et al.Single oral high-dose vitamin D3 prophylaxis in the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1986;34(7):515-8.
515. Wesley Pike J, Shevde NK. The vitamin D receptor. In: Feldman D, Wesley Pike J, Glorieux FH editor(s). Vitamin D. 2nd Edition. Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005:167-91.
516. Wetterslev J, Thorlund K, Brok J, Gluud C. Trial sequential analysis may establish when firm evidence is reached in cumulative meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2008;61(1):64-75. [MEDLINE: 18083463]
517. Wetterslev J, Thorlund K, Brok J, Gluud C. Estimating required information size by quantifying diversity in random-effects model meta-analyses. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2009;9:86.
518. Wicherts IS, Boeke AJ, van der Meer IM, van Schoor NM, Knol DL, Lips P. Sunlight exposure or vitamin D supplementation for vitamin D-deficient non-western immigrants: a randomized clinical trial. Osteoporosis International 2011;22(3):873-82.
519. Wood L, Egger M, Gluud LL, Schulz KF, Jüni P, Altman DG, et al.Empirical evidence of bias in treatment effect estimates in controlled trials with different interventions and outcomes: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ 2008;336(7644):601-5.
520. World Health Organization. Expert committee on biological standardization, report of the subcommittee on fat-soluble vitamins. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 1950; Vol. 3:1-9.
521. Yusupov E, Li-Ng M, Pollack S, Yeh JK, Mikhail M, Aloia JF. Vitamin D and serum cytokines in a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Endocrinology 2010;2010:7.
522. Zittermann A. Vitamin D and disease prevention with special reference to cardiovascular disease. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2006;92(1):39-48.
523. Zittermann A, Gummert JF, Börgermann J. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 2009;12(6):634-9.
524. Zittermann A, Frisch S, Berthold HK, Gotting C, Kuhn J, Kleesiek K, et al.Vitamin D supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk markers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;89(5):1321-7.
525. Zittermann A, Gummert JF. Sun, vitamin D, and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology 2010;101(2):124-9.
526. Zittermann A, Iodice S, Pilz S, Grant WB, Bagnardi V, Gandini S. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(1):91-100.
527. Zubillaga P, Garrido A, Mugica I, Ansa J, Zabalza R, Emparanza JI. Effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on bone turnover in institutionalized adults with Down's Syndrome. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;60(5):605-9.
528. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, et al.Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 7. [DOI: ]