Polyphenol-Mediated Beneficial Effects in Healthy Status and Disease with Special Reference to Immune-Based Mechanisms

Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease

Volumn 1, Issue , 2013, Pages 467-479

  Magrone, Thea ^a   Kumazawa, Yosho ^b,c   Jirillo, Emilio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^b JUNTENDO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c IWAKI MEISEI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Bioavailability; Fermented grape marc; Immune system; Intestinal microbiota; Oral tolerance; Polyphenols; Receptors; Wine

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902560292     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-398456-2.00035-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Brandtzaeg P. Development and basic mechanisms of human gut immunity. Nutr Rev 1998, 56(1 Pt 2):S5-S18.
2. Plat J., Mensink R.P. Food components and immune function. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005, 16(1):31-37.
3. Pabst O., Mowat A.M. Oral tolerance to food protein. Mucosal Immunol 2012, 5(3):232-239.
4. Brandtzaeg P., Kiyono H., Pabst R., Russell M.W. Terminology: nomenclature of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Mucosal Immunol 2008, 1(1):31-37.
5. Macpherson A.J., McCoy K.D., Johansen F.E., Brandtzaeg P. The immune geography of IgA induction and function. Mucosal Immunol 2008, 1(1):11-22.
6. Fujihashi K., Dohi T., Rennert P.D., Yamamoto M., Koga T., Kiyono H., et al. Peyer's patches are required for oral tolerance to proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98(6):3310-3315.
7. Spahn T.W., Fontana A., Faria A.M., Slavin A.J., Eugster H.P., Zhang X., et al. Induction of oral tolerance to cellular immune responses in the absence of Peyer's patches. Eur J Immunol 2001, 31(4):1278-1287.
8. Spahn T.W., Weiner H.L., Rennert P.D., Lügering N., Fontana A., Domschke W., et al. Mesenteric lymph nodes are critical for the induction of high-dose oral tolerance in the absence of Peyer's patches. Eur J Immunol 2002, 32(4):1109-1113.
9. Kraus T.A., Brimnes J., Muong C., Liu J.H., Moran T.M., Tappenden K.A., et al. Induction of mucosal tolerance in Peyer's patch-deficient, ligated small bowel loops. J Clin Invest 2005, 115(8):2234-2243.
10. Miron N., Cristea V. Enterocytes: active cells in tolerance to food and microbial antigens in the gut. Clin Exp Immunol 2011, 167(3):405-412.
11. Marques R., Boneca I.G. Expression and functional importance of innate immune receptors by intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011, 68(22):3661-3673.
12. Wells J.M., Rossi O., Meijerink M., van Baarlen P. Epithelial crosstalk at the microbiota-mucosal interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108(Suppl. 1):4607-4614.
13. Williams A., Flavell R.A., Eisenbarth S.C. The role of NOD-like receptors in shaping adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2010, 22(1):34-40.
14. Lala S., Ogura Y., Osborne C., Hor S.Y., Bromfield A., Davies S., et al. Crohn's disease and the NOD2 gene: a role for paneth cells. Gastroenterology 2003, 125(1):47-57.
15. Abreu M.T., Vora P., Faure E., Thomas L.S., Arnold E.T., Arditi M. Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and D-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 2001, 167(3):1609-1616.
16. Cario E., Rosenberg I.M., Brandwein S.L., Beck P.L., Reinecker H.C., Podolsky D.K. Lipopolysaccharide activates distinct signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cell lines expressing Toll-like receptors. J Immunol 2000, 164(2):966-972.
17. Cario E., Brown D., McKee M., Lynch-Devaney K., Gerken G., Podolsky D.K. Commensal-associated molecular patterns induce selective Toll-like receptor-trafficking from apical membrane to cytoplasmic compartments in polarized intestinal epithelium. Am J Pathol 2002, 160(1):165-173.
18. Cario E., Gerken G., Podolsky D.K. Toll-like receptor 2 controls mucosal inflammation by regulating epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 2007, 132(4):1359-1374.
19. Rescigno M. Dendritic cells in tolerance induction for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2010, 40(8):2119-2123.
20. Iliev I.D., Spadoni I., Mileti E., Matteoli G., Sonzogni A., Sampietro G.M., et al. Human intestinal epithelial cells promote the differentiation of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Gut 2009, 58(11):1481-1489.
21. Rimoldi M., Chieppa M., Salucci V., Avogadri F., Sonzogni A., Sampietro G.M., et al. Intestinal immune homeostasis is regulated by the crosstalk between epithelial cells and dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2005, 6(5):507-514.
22. Manicassamy S., Reizis B., Ravindran R., Nakaya H., Salazar-Gonzalez R.M., Wang Y.C., et al. Activation of β-catenin in dendritic cells regulates immunity versus tolerance in the intestine. Science 2010, 329(5993):849-853.
23. + regulatory T cells via a TGFβ and retinoic acid dependent mechanism. J Exp Med 2007, 204(8):1757-1764.
24. Sun C.M., Hall J.A., Blank R.B., Bouladoux N., Oukka M., Mora J.R., et al. Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid. J Exp Med 2007, 204(8):1775-1785.
25. Iliev I.D., Mileti E., Matteoli G., Chieppa M., Rescigno M. Intestinal epithelial cells promote colitis protective regulatory T-cell differentiation through dendritic cell conditioning. Mucosal Immunol 2009, 2(4):340-350.
26. Rescigno M. Dendritic cells in oral tolerance in the gut. Cell Microbiol 2011, 13(9):1312-1318.
27. + dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase which influences T regulatory/T effector cell balance and oral tolerance induction. Gut 2010, 59(5):595-604.
28. Brandtzaeg P. Homeostatic impact of indigenous microbiota and secretory immunity. Beneficial Microbes 2010, 1(3):211-227.
29. Doi T., Kanai T., Mikami Y., Sujino T., Jun L., Ono Y., et al. IgA plasma cells express the negative regulatory co-stimulatory molecule programmed cell death 1 ligand and have a potential tolerogenic role in the intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012, 425(4):918-923.
30. Berin M.C. Mucosal antibodies in the regulation of tolerance and allergy to foods. Semin Immunopathol 2012, 34(5):633-642.
31. Serafini M., Del Rio D., Yao D.N.'D., Bettuzzi S., Peluso I. Health benefits of tea. Herbal medicine, biomolecular and clinical aspects 2011, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2nd ed. I.F.F. Benzie, S. Wachtel-Galor (Eds.).
32. Perez-Jimenez, Neveu V., Vos F., Scalbert A. Systematic analysis of the content of 502 polyphenols in 452 foods and beverages: an application of the phenol-explorer database. J Agric Food Chem 2010, 58(8):4959-4969.
33. Walle T. Absorption and metabolism of flavonoids. Free Radic Biol Med 2004, 36(7):829-837.
34. Manach C., Scalbert A., Morand C., Rémésy C., Jiménez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79(5):727-747.
35. Wu X., Beecher G.R., Holden J.M., Haytowitz D.B., Gebhardt S.E., Prior R.L. Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption. J Agric Food Chem 2006, 54(11):4069-4075.
36. Aiyer H.S., Warri A.M., Woode D.R., Hilakivi-Clarke L., Clarke R. Influence of berry polyphenols on receptor signaling and cell-death pathways: implications for breast cancer prevention. J Agric Food Chem 2012, [Epub ahead of print].
37. Stalmach A., Troufflard S., Serafini M., Crozier A. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of Choladi green tea flavan-3-ols by humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009, 53(Suppl. 1):S44-S53.
38. Yang C.S., Chen L., Lee M.J., Balentine D., Kuo M.C., Schantz S.P. Blood and urine levels of tea catechins after ingestion of different amounts of green tea by human volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998, 7(4):351-354.
39. Lee M.J., Wang Z.Y., Li H., Chen L., Sun Y., Gobbo S., et al. Analysis of plasma and urinary tea polyphenols in human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995, 4(4):393-399.
40. Chow H.H., Cai Y., Hakim I.A., Crowell J.A., Shahi F., Brooks C.A., et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of green tea polyphenols after multiple-dose administration of epigallocatechin gallate and polyphenon E in healthy individuals. Clin Cancer Res 2003, 9(9):3312-3319.
41. 3H](-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis 1998, 19(10):1771-1776.
42. Possemiers S., Bolca S., Eeckhaut E., Depypere H., Verstraete W. Metabolism of isoflavones, lignans and prenylflavonoids by intestinal bacteria: producer phenotyping and relation with intestinal community. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007, 61(2):372-383.
43. Bolca S., Wyns C., Possemiers S., Depypere H., De Keukeleire D., Bracke M., et al. Cosupplementation of isoflavones, prenylflavonoids, and lignans alters human exposure to phytoestrogen-derived 17β-estradiol equivalents. J Nutr 2009, 139(12):2293-2300.
44. Possemiers S., Bolca S., Verstraete W., Heyerick A. The intestinal microbiome: a separate organ inside the body with the metabolic potential to influence the bioactivity of botanicals. Fitoterapia 2011, 82:53-66.
45. Hollman P.C., van Trijp J.M., Buysman M.N., van der Gaag M.S., Mengelers M.J., de Vries J.H., et al. Relative bioavailability of the antioxidant flavonoid quercetin from various foods in man. FEBS Lett 1997, 418(1-2):152-156.
46. Koren E., Kohen R., Ginsburg I. Polyphenols enhance total oxidant-scavenging capacities of human blood by binding to red blood cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010, 235(6):689-699.
47. Saija A., Scalese M., Lanza M., Marzullo D., Bonina F., Castelli F. Flavonoids as antioxidant agents: importance of their interaction with biomembranes. Free Radic Biol Med 1995, 19(4):481-486.
48. Ermakova S., Choi B.Y., Choi H.S., Kang B.S., Bode A.M., Dong Z. The intermediate filament protein vimentin is a new target for epigallocatechin gallate. J Biol Chem 2005, 280(17):16882-16890.
49. Li M., He Z., Ermakova S., Zheng D., Tang F., Cho Y.Y., et al. Direct inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase activity by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate regulates cell transformation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007, 16(3):598-605.
50. He Z., Tang F., Ermakova S., Li M., Zhao Q., Cho Y.Y., et al. Fyn is a novel target of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in the inhibition of JB6 Cl41 cell transformation. Mol Carcinog 2008, 47(3):172-183.
51. Ermakova S.P., Kang B.S., Choi B.Y., Choi H.S., Schuster T.F., Ma W.Y., et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate overcomes resistance to etoposide-induced cell death by targeting the molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78. Cancer Res 2006, 66(18):9260-9269.
52. Tachibana H. Green tea polyphenol sensing. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011, 87(3):66-80.
53. Ménard S., Tagliabue E., Colnaghi M.I. The 67kDa laminin receptor as a prognostic factor in human cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1998, 52(1-3):137-145.
54. Mafune K., Ravikumar T.S. Anti-sense R.N.A. of 32-kDa laminin-binding protein inhibits attachment and invasion of a human colon carcinoma cell line. J Surg Res 1992, 52(4):340-346.
55. Huard T.K., Malinoff H.L., Wicha M.S. Macrophages express a plasma membrane receptor for basement membrane laminin. Am J Pathol 1986, 123(2):365-370.
56. Yoon P.S., Boxer L.A., Mayo L.A., Yang A.Y., Wicha M.S. Human neutrophil laminin receptors: activation-dependent receptor expression. J Immunol 1987, 138(1):259-265.
57. Thompson H.L., Burbelo P.D., Metcalfe D.D. Regulation of adhesion of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells to laminin. J Immunol 1990, 145(10):3425-3431.
58. Chen A., Ganor Y., Rahimipour S., Ben-Aroya N., Koch Y., Levite M. The neuropeptides GnRH-II and GnRH-I are produced by human T cells and trigger laminin receptor gene expression, adhesion, chemotaxis and homing to specific organs. Nat Med 2002, 8(12):1421-1426.
59. Umeda D., Tachibana H., Yamada K. Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate disrupts stress fibers and the contractile ring by reducing myosin regulatory light chain phosphorylation mediated through the target molecule 67kDa laminin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 333(2):628-635.
60. Umeda D., Yano S., Yamada K., Tachibana H. Involvement of 67-kDa laminin receptor-mediated myosin phosphatase activation in antiproliferative effect of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate at a physiological concentration on Caco-2 colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 371(1):172-176.
61. Shammas M.A., Neri P., Koley H., Batchu R.B., Bertheau R.C., Munshi V., et al. Specific killing of multiple myeloma cells by (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea: biologic activity and therapeutic implications. Blood 2006, 108(8):2804-2810.
62. Fujimura Y., Umeda D., Yano S., Maeda-Yamamoto M., Yamada K., Tachibana H. The 67kDa laminin receptor as a primary determinant of anti-allergic effects of O-methylated EGCG. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007, 364(1):79-85.
63. Hong Byun E., Fujimura Y., Yamada K., Tachibana H. TLR4 signaling inhibitory pathway induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate through 67-kDa laminin receptor. J Immunol 2010, 185(1):33-45.
64. Ranjith-Kumar C.T., Lai Y., Sarisky R.T., Cheng Kao C. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, suppresses signaling by the dsRNA innate immune receptor RIG-I. PLoS One 2010, 5(9):e12878.
65. Rönnblom L., Pascual V. The innate immune system in SLE: type I interferons and dendritic cells. Lupus 2008, 17(5):394-399.
66. Denis M., Cuthill S., Wikström A.C., Poellinger L., Gustafsson J.A. Association of the dioxin receptor with the Mr 90,000 heat shock protein: a structural kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988, 155(2):801-807.
67. Okino S.T., Whitlock J.P. The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor, transcription, and endocrine aspects of dioxin action. Vitam Horm 2000, 59:241-264.
68. Shimada T., Inoue K., Suzuki Y., Kawai T., Azuma E., Nakajima T., et al. Arylhydrocarbon receptor-dependent induction of liver and lung cytochromes P450 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in genetically engineered C57BL/6J mice. Carcinogenesis 2002, 23(7):1199-1207.
69. Furumatsu K., Nishiumi S., Kawano Y., Ooi M., Yoshie T., Shiomi Y., et al. A role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in attenuation of colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2011, 56(9):2532-2544.
70. Wang H.K., Yeh C.H., Iwamoto T., Satsu H., Shimizu M., Totsuka M. Dietary flavonoid naringenin induces regulatory T cells via an aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2012, 60(9):2171-2178.
71. Zhang L., Ma J., Takeuchi M., Usui Y., Hattori T., Okunuki Y., et al. Suppression of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis by inducing differentiation of regulatory T cells via activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010, 51(4):2109-2117.
72. Cherayil B.J. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in intestinal immunity and inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009, 15(9):1391-1396.
73. Li L., Davie J.R. The role of Sp1 and Sp3 in normal and cancer cell biology. Ann Anat 2010, 192(5):275-283.
74. Lee K.A., Lee Y.J., Ban J.O., Lee Y.J., Lee S.H., Cho M.K., et al. The flavonoid resveratrol suppresses growth of human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells through direct inhibition of specificity protein 1. Int J Mol Med 2012, 30(1):21-27.
75. Bastianetto S., Dumont Y., Duranton A., Vercauteren F., Breton L., Quirion R. Protective action of resveratrol in human skin: possible involvement of specific receptor binding sites. PLoS One 2010, 5(9):e12935.
76. Gong S.Q., Sun W., Wang M., Fu Y.Y. Role of TLR4 and TCR or BCR against baicalin-induced responses in T and B cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2011, 11(12):2176-2180.
77. Shim J.H., Choi H.S., Pugliese A., Lee S.Y., Chae J.I., Choi B.Y., et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate regulates CD3-mediated T cell receptor signaling in leukemia through the inhibition of ZAP-70 kinase. J Biol Chem 2008, 283(42):28370-28379.
78. Wu D., Guo Z., Ren Z., Guo W., Meydani S.N. Green tea EGCG suppresses T cell proliferation through impairment of IL-2/IL-2 receptor signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2009, 47(5):636-643.
79. Bhaskar S., Shalini V., Helen A. Quercetin regulates oxidized LDL induced inflammatory changes in human PBMCs by modulating the TLR-NFκB signaling pathway. Immunobiology 2011, 216(3):367-373.
80. Park S.J., Youn H.S. Suppression of homodimerization of Toll-like receptor 4 by isoliquiritigenin. Phytochemistry 2010, 71(14-15):1736-1740.
81. Park S.J., Youn H.S. Isoliquiritigenin suppresses the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferonβ (TRIF)-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors by targeting TBK1. J Agric Food Chem 2010, 58(8):4701-4705.
82. Diebolt M., Bucher B., Andriantsitohaina R. Wine polyphenols decrease blood pressure, improve NO vasodilatation, and induce gene expression. Hypertension 2001, 38(2):159-165.
83. Wang Y., Lee K.W., Chan F.L., Chen S., Leung L.K. The red wine polyphenol resveratrol displays bilevel inhibition on aromatase in breast cancer cells. Toxicol Sci 2006, 92(1):71-77.
84. Magrone T., Jirillo E. Potential application of dietary polyphenols from red wine to attaining healthy ageing. Curr Top Med Chem 2011, 11(14):1780-1796.
85. Halliwell B. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now?. J Neurochem 2006, 97(6):1634-1658.
86. Nijveldt R.J., van Nood E., van Hoorn D.E., Boelens P.G., van Norren K., van Leeuwen P.A. Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74(4):418-425.
87. Orallo F., Alvarez E., Camiña M., Leiro J.M., Gómez E., Fernández P. The possible implication of trans-resveratrol in the cardioprotective effects of long-term moderate wine consumption. Mol Pharmacol 2002, 61(2):294-302.
88. Schini-Kerth V.B., Auger C., Kim J.H., Etienne-Selloum N., Chataigneau T. Nutritional improvement of the endothelial control of vascular tone by polyphenols: role of NO and EDHF. Pflugers Arch 2010, 459(6):853-862.
89. Fitzpatrick D.F., Fleming R.C., Bing B., Maggi D.A., O'Malley R.M. Isolation and characterization of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing compounds from grape seeds. J Agric Food Chem 2000, 48(12):6384-6390.
90. Ndiaye M., Chataigneau T., Andriantsitohaina R., Stoclet J.C., Schini-Kerth V.B. Red wine polyphenols cause endothelium-dependent EDHF-mediated relaxations in porcine coronary arteries via a redox-sensitive mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 310(2):371-377.
91. Soares de Moura R., Costa Viana F.S., Souza M.A., Kovary K., Guedes D.C., Oliveira E.P., et al. Antihypertensive, vasodilator and antioxidant effects of a vinifera grape skin extract. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002, 54(11):1515-1520.
92. Burns J., Gardner P.T., O'Neil J., Crawford S., Morecroft I., McPhail D.B., et al. Relationship among antioxidant activity, vasodilation capacity, and phenolic content of red wines. J Agric Food Chem 2000, 48(2):220-230.
93. Nicholson S.K., Tucker G.A., Brameld J.M. Effects of dietary polyphenols on gene expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Proc Nutr Soc 2008, 67(1):42-47.
94. Magrone T., Tafaro A., Jirillo F., Panaro M.A., Cuzzuol P., Cuzzuol A.C., et al. Red wine consumption and prevention of atherosclerosis: an in vitro model using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Curr Pharm Des 2007, 13(36):3718-3725.
95. Magrone T., Candore G., Caruso C., Jirillo E., Covelli V. Polyphenols from red wine modulate immune responsiveness: biological and clinical significance. Curr Pharm Des 2008, 14(26):2733-2748.
96. Magrone T., Panaro M.A., Jirillo E., Covelli V. Molecular effects elicited in vitro by red wine on human healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells: potential therapeutical application of polyphenols to diet-related chronic diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2008, 14(26):2758-2766.
97. Bharrhan S., Chopra K., Arora S.K., Toor J.S., Rishi P. Down-regulation of NFκB signalling by polyphenolic compounds prevents endotoxin-induced liver injury in a rat model. Innate Immun 2012, 18(1):70-79.
98. Kim T.H., Yoon S.J., Lee S.M. Genipin attenuates sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor signaling. Mol Med 2012, 18:455-465.
99. Mullen W., McGinn J., Lean M.E., MacLean M.R., Gardner P., Duthie G.G., et al. Ellagitannins, flavonoids, and other phenolics in red raspberries and their contribution to antioxidant capacity and vasorelaxation properties. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50(18):5191-5196.
100. Bell D.R., Gochenaur K. Direct vasoactive and vasoprotective properties of anthocyanin-rich extracts. J Appl Physiol 2006, 100(4):1164-1170.
101. Chiva-Blanch G., Urpi-Sarda M., Llorach R., Rotches-Ribalta M., Guillén M., Casas R., et al. Differential effects of polyphenols and alcohol of red wine on the expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines related to atherosclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012, 95(2):326-334.
102. Broekhuizen L.N., van Wijk D.F., Vink H., Stalmach A., Crozier A., Hutten B.A., et al. Reduction of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor by a polyphenol-rich extract in subjects with clustered cardiometabolic risk factors. Br J Nutr 2011, 106(9):1416-1422.
103. - mice. Brain Behav Immun 2012, 26(1):72-82.
104. Svajger U., Obermajer N., Jeras M. Dendritic cells treated with resveratrol during differentiation from monocytes gain substantial tolerogenic properties upon activation. Immunology 2010, 129(4):525-535.
105. Marzulli G., Magrone T., Kawaguchi K., Kumazawa Y., Jirillo E. Fermented grape marc (FGM): immunomodulating properties and its potential exploitation in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2012, 18(1):43-50.
106. Ichikawa S., Miyake M., Fuji R., Konishi Y. Orally administered Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 induces in vivo IL-12 production. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009, 73(7):1561-1565.
107. Matthews A., Grimaldi A., Walker M., Bartowsky E., Grbin P., Jiranek V. Lactic acid bacteria as a potential source of enzymes for use in vinification. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70(10):5715-5731.
108. Moreno-Arribas M.V., Polo M.C. Winemaking biochemistry and microbiology: current knowledge and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005, 45(4):265-286.
109. Sun B., Spranger I., Roque-do-Vale F., Leandro C., Belchior P. Effect of different winemaking technologies on phenolic composition in Tinta Miúda red wines. J Agric Food Chem 2001, 49(12):5809-5816.
110. Tominaga T., Kawaguchi K., Kanesaka M., Kawauchi H., Jirillo E., Kumazawa Y. Suppression of type-I allergic responses by oral administration of grape marc fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010, 32(4):593-599.
111. Kawaguchi K., Matsumoto T., Kumazawa Y. Effects of antioxidant polyphenols on TNFα-related diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2011, 11(14):1767-1779.
112. Hogan S., Zhang L., Li J., Sun S., Canning C., Zhou K. Antioxidant rich grape pomace extract suppresses postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by specifically inhibiting α-glucosidase. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010, 7:71.
113. Whitman W.B., Coleman D.C., Wiebe W.J. Prokaryotes: The unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95(12):6578-6583.
114. Turnbaugh P.J., Hamady M., Yatsunenko T., Cantarel B.L., Duncan A., Ley R.E., et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009, 457(7228):480-484.
115. Bäckhed F., Ley R.E., Sonnenburg J.L., Peterson D.A., Gordon J.I. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 2005, 307(5717):1915-1920.
116. Salminen S., Bouley C., Boutron-Ruault M.C., Cummings J.H., Franck A., Gibson G.R., et al. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. Br J Nutr 1998, 80(Suppl. 1):S147-S171.
117. Massot-Cladera M., Pérez-Berezo T., Franch A., Castell M., Pérez-Cano F.J. Cocoa modulatory effect on rat faecal microbiota and colonic crosstalk. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012, 527(2):105-112.
118. Tuohy K.M., Conterno L., Gasperotti M., Viola R. Up-regulating the human intestinal microbiome using whole plant foods, polyphenols, and/or fiber. J Agric Food Chem 2012, 60(36):8776-8782.
119. Pozuelo M.J., Agis-Torres A., Hervert-Hernández D., Elvira López-Oliva M., Muñoz-Martínez E., Rotger R., et al. Grape antioxidant dietary fiber stimulates Lactobacillus growth in rat cecum. J Food Sci 2012, 77(2):H59-62.
120. Kutschera M., Engst W., Blaut M., Braune A. Isolation of catechin-converting human intestinal bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2011, 111(1):165-175.
121. Larrosa M., Luceri C., Vivoli E., Pagliuca C., Lodovici M., Moneti G., et al. Polyphenol metabolites from colonic microbiota exert anti-inflammatory activity on different inflammation models. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009, 53(8):1044-1054.
122. Monagas M., Khan N., Andrés-Lacueva C., Urpí-Sardá M., Vázquez-Agell M., Lamuela-Raventós R.M., et al. Dihydroxylated phenolic acids derived from microbial metabolism reduce lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Br J Nutr 2009, 102(2):201-206.
123. Rastmanesh R. High polyphenol, low probiotic diet for weight loss because of intestinal microbiota interaction. Chem Biol Interact 2011, 189(1-2):1-8.
124. Félétou M., Vanhoutte P.M. Endothelial dysfunction: a multifaceted disorder (The Wiggers Award Lecture). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006, 291(3):H985-1002.
125. Hamilton C.A., Brosnan M.J., McIntyre M., Graham D., Dominiczak A.F. Superoxide excess in hypertension and aging: a common cause of endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 2001, 37(2 Pt 2):529-534.
126. Idris Khodja N., Chataigneau T., Auger C., Schini-Kerth V.B. Grape-derived polyphenols improve aging-related endothelial dysfunction in rat mesenteric artery: role of oxidative stress and the angiotensin system. PLoS One 2012, 7(2):e32039.
127. Caradonna L., Amati L., Lella P., Jirillo E., Caccavo D. Phagocytosis, killing, lymphocyte-mediated antibacterial activity, serum autoantibodies, and plasma endotoxins in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95(8):1495-1502.
128. Amati L., Caradonna L., Leandro G., Magrone T., Minenna M., Faleo G., et al. Immune abnormalities and endotoxemia in patients with ulcerative colitis and in their first degree relatives: attempts at neutralizing endotoxin-mediated effects. Curr Pharm Des 2003, 9(24):1937-1945.
129. Jirillo E., Caccavo D., Magrone T., Piccigallo E., Amati L., Lembo A., et al. The role of the liver in the response to LPS: experimental and clinical findings. J Endotoxin Res 2002, 8(5):319-327.
130. Amati L., Caradonna L., Magrone T., Mastronardi M.L., Cuppone R., Cozzolongo R., et al. Modifications of the immune responsiveness in patients with hepatitis C virus infection following treatment with IFNα/ribavirin. Curr Pharm Des 2002, 8(11):981-993.
131. Caradonna L., Mastronardi M.L., Magrone T., Cozzolongo R., Cuppone R., Manghisi O.G., et al. Biological and clinical significance of endotoxemia in the course of hepatitis C virus infection. Curr Pharm Des 2002, 8(11):995-1005.
132. Candore G., Caruso C., Jirillo E., Magrone T., Vasto S. Low grade inflammation as a common pathogenetic denominator in age-related diseases: novel drug targets for anti-ageing strategies and successful ageing achievement. Curr Pharm Des 2010, 16(6):584-596.
133. Magrone T., Jirillo E. Polyphenols from red wine are potent modulators of innate and adaptive immune responsiveness. Proc Nutr Soc 2010, 69(3):279-285.
134. Magrone T., Marzulli G., Jirillo E. Immunopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases: current therapeutic models of neuroprotection with special reference to natural products. Curr Pharm Des 2012, 18(1):34-42.
135. Sommer A.P., Bieschke J., Friedrich R.P., Zhu D., Wanker E.E., Fecht H.J., et al. 670nm laser light and EGCG complementarily reduce amyloidβ aggregates in human neuroblastoma cells: basis for treatment of Alzheimer's disease?. Photomed Laser Surg 2012, 30(1):54-60.
136. Sommer A.P. A novel approach for addressing Alzheimer's disease: the chemo-optical synergism. J Neurosci Res 2012, 90(7):1297-1298.
137. Allen C.L., Bayraktutan U. Oxidative stress and its role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke. Int J Stroke 2009, 4(6):461-470.
138. Amati L., Marzulli G., Martulli M., Pugliese V., Caruso C., Candore G., et al. Administration of a synbiotic to free-living elderly and evaluation of serum cytokines. A pilot study. Curr Pharm Des 2010, 16(7):854-858.