The human paraoxonase gene cluster as a target in the treatment of atherosclerosis

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 597-632

  She, Zhi Gang ^a   Chen, Hou Zao ^a   Yan, Yunfei ^a   Li, Hongliang ^a   Liu, De Pei ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; APOENZYME; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 1; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 2; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 3; ASCORBIC ACID; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLAVONOID; FUNGAL ENZYME; GLUCONOLACTONASE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HOMOCYSTEINE THIOLACTONE; LACTONE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; POLYPHENOL; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; PROBUCOL; SIMVASTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGING; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOMIMETICS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CATALYSIS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DETOXIFICATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DIET RESTRICTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG USE; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; EXERCISE; FAT INTAKE; GENE CLUSTER; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE STRUCTURE; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYDROLYSIS; LIFESTYLE; LIPID OXIDATION; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MACROMOLECULE; MEDICINAL PLANT; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; METABOLITE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SMOKING; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY;

FUNGI;

EID: 84863037390     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: 15577716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3774     Document Type: Review

References (365)

1. Ackerman Z, Oron-Herman M, Pappo O, Peleg E, Safadi R, Schmilovitz-Weiss H, and Grozovski M. Hepatic effects of rosiglitazone in rats with the metabolic syndrome. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 107: 663-668, 2010.
2. Adkins S, Gan KN, Mody M, and La Du BN. Molecular basis for the polymorphic forms of human serum paraoxonase/ arylesterase: glutamine or arginine at position 191, for the respective A or B allozymes. Am J Hum Genet 52: 598-608, 1993. (Pubitemid 23311330)
3. Aharoni A, Gaidukov L, Yagur S, Toker L, Silman I, and Tawfik DS. Directed evolution of mammalian paraoxonases PON1 and PON3 for bacterial expression and catalytic specialization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 482-487, 2004. (Pubitemid 38084662)
4. Ahmad S, Carter JJ, and Scott JE. A homogeneous cellbased assay for measurement of endogenous paraoxonase 1 activity. Anal Biochem 400: 1-9, 2010.
5. Ahmed Z, Babaei S, Maguire GF, Draganov D, Kuksis A, La Du BN, and Connelly PW. Paraoxonase-1 reduces monocyte chemotaxis and adhesion to endothelial cells due to oxidation of palmitoyl, linoleoyl glycerophosphorylcholine. Cardiovasc Res 57: 225-231, 2003. (Pubitemid 36009454)
6. Ahmed Z, Ravandi A, Maguire GF, Emili A, Draganov D, La Du BN, Kuksis A, and Connelly PW. Multiple substrates for paraoxonase-1 during oxidation of phosphatidylcholine by peroxynitrite. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290: 391-396, 2002. (Pubitemid 34694511)
7. Aksoy N, Aksoy M, Bagci C, Gergerlioglu HS, Celik H, Herken E, Yaman A, Tarakcioglu M, Soydinc S, Sari I, and Davutoglu V. Pistachio intake increases high density lipoprotein levels and inhibits low-density lipoprotein oxidation in rats. Tohoku J Exp Med 212: 43-48, 2007. (Pubitemid 46711724)
8. Aldridge WN. Serum esterases. I. Two types of esterase (A and B) hydrolysing p-nitrophenyl acetate, propionate and butyrate, and a method for their determination. Biochem J 53: 110-117, 1953.
9. Aldridge WN. Serum esterases. II. An enzyme hydrolyzing diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (E600) and its identity with the A-esterase of mammalian sera. Biochem J 53: 117-124, 1953.
10. Altenhofer S, Witte I, Teiber JF, Wilgenbus P, Pautz A, Li H, Daiber A, Witan H, Clement AM, Forstermann U, and Horke S. One enzyme, two functions: PON2 prevents mitochondrial superoxide formation and apoptosis independent from its lactonase activity. J Biol Chem 285: 24398-24403, 2010.
11. Antoniades C, Antonopoulos AS, Tousoulis D, Marinou K, and Stefanadis C. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis: from folate fortification to the recent clinical trials. Eur Heart J 30: 6-15, 2009.
12. Antoniades C, Shirodaria C, Warrick N, Cai S, de Bono J, Lee J, Leeson P, Neubauer S, Ratnatunga C, Pillai R, Refsum H, and Channon KM. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate rapidly improves endothelial function and decreases superoxide production in human vessels: effects on vascular tetrahydrobiopterin availability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling. Circulation 114: 1193-1201, 2006. (Pubitemid 44386484)
13. Arca M, Ombres D, Montali A, Campagna F, Mangieri E, Tanzilli G, Campa PP, Ricci G, Verna R, and Pannitteri G. PON1 L55M polymorphism is not a predictor of coronary atherosclerosis either alone or in combination with Q192R polymorphism in an Italian population. Eur J Clin Invest 32: 9-15, 2002. (Pubitemid 36228377)
14. Argmann CA, Sawyez CG, Li S, Nong Z, Hegele RA, Pickering JG, and Huff MW. Human smooth muscle cell subpopulations differentially accumulate cholesteryl ester when exposed to native and oxidized lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 1290-1296, 2004. (Pubitemid 38880023)
15. Arii K, Suehiro T, Ikeda Y, Kumon Y, Inoue M, Inada S, Takata H, Ishibashi A, Hashimoto K, and Terada Y. Role of protein kinase C in pitavastatin-induced human paraoxonase I expression in Huh7 cells. Metabolism 59: 1287-1293, 2010.
16. Arii K, Suehiro T, Ota K, Ikeda Y, Kumon Y, Osaki F, Inoue M, Inada S, Ogami N, Takata H, Hashimoto K, and Terada Y. Pitavastatin induces PON1 expression through p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade in Huh7 cells. Atherosclerosis 202: 439-445, 2009.
17. Audikovszky M, Pados G, Seres I, Harangi M, Fulop P, Katona E, Illyes L, Winkler G, Katona EM, and Paragh G. Orlistat increases serum paraoxonase activity in obese patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 17: 268-273, 2007. (Pubitemid 46551690)
18. Autio I, Jaakkola O, Solakivi T, and Nikkari T. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein is chemotactic for arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. FEBS Lett 277: 247-249, 1990.
19. Aviram M. Does paraoxonase play a role in susceptibility to cardiovascular disease? Mol Med Today 5: 381-386, 1999. (Pubitemid 29399986)
20. Aviram M, Billecke S, Sorenson R, Bisgaier C, Newton R, Rosenblat M, Erogul J, Hsu C, Dunlop C, and La Du B. Paraoxonase active site required for protection against LDL oxidation involves its free sulfhydryl group and is different from that required for its arylesterase/paraoxonase activities: selective action of human paraoxonase allozymes Q and R. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 1617-1624, 1998. (Pubitemid 28465415)
21. Aviram M, Hardak E, Vaya J, Mahmood S, Milo S, Hoffman A, Billicke S, Draganov D, and Rosenblat M. Human serum paraoxonases (PON1) Q and R selectively decrease lipid peroxides in human coronary and carotid atherosclerotic lesions: PON1 esterase and peroxidase-like activities. Circulation 101: 2510-2517, 2000. (Pubitemid 30366256)
22. Aviram M and Rosenblat M. Paraoxonases 1, 2, and 3, oxidative stress, and macrophage foam cell formation during atherosclerosis development. Free Radic Biol Med 37: 1304-1316, 2004. (Pubitemid 39349234)
23. Aviram M and Rosenblat M. Paraoxonases and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and nutritional influences. Curr Opin Lipidol 16: 393-399, 2005. (Pubitemid 41017622)
24. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Billecke S, Erogul J, Sorenson R, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS, and La Du B. Human serum paraoxonase (PON 1) is inactivated by oxidized low density lipoprotein and preserved by antioxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 26: 892-904, 1999. (Pubitemid 29198362)
25. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS, Primo- Parmo SL, and La Du BN. Paraoxonase inhibits highdensity lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions. A possible peroxidative role for paraoxonase. J Clin Invest 101: 1581-1590, 1998. (Pubitemid 28198486)
26. Ayub A, Mackness MI, Arrol S, Mackness B, Patel J, and Durrington PN. Serum paraoxonase after myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 330-335, 1999. (Pubitemid 29072747)
27. Bajnok L, Csongradi E, Seres I, Varga Z, Jeges S, Peti A, Karanyi Z, Juhasz A, Mezosi E, Nagy EV, and Paragh G. Relationship of adiponectin to serum paraoxonase 1. Atherosclerosis 197: 363-367, 2008. (Pubitemid 351284476)
28. Balogh Z, Seres I, Harangi M, Kovacs P, Kakuk G, and Paragh G. Gemfibrozil increases paraoxonase activity in type 2 diabetic patients. A new hypothesis of the beneficial action of fibrates? Diabetes Metab 27: 604-610, 2001. (Pubitemid 33051711)
29. Bao XM, Wu CF, and Lu GP. Atorvastatin inhibits homocysteine- induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in endothelial progenitor cells involving Nox4 and p38MAPK. Atherosclerosis 210: 114-121, 2010.
30. Barbieri M, Bonafe M, Marfella R, Ragno E, Giugliano D, Franceschi C, and Paolisso G. LL-paraoxonase genotype is associated with a more severe degree of homeostasis model assessment IR in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 222-225, 2002. (Pubitemid 34084694)
31. Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC, Maroni J, Szarek M, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ, Bittner V, and Fruchart JC. HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 357: 1301-1310, 2007. (Pubitemid 47481452)
32. Barter PJ, Nicholls S, Rye KA, Anantharamaiah GM, Navab M, and Fogelman AM. Antiinflammatory properties of HDL. Circ Res 95: 764-772, 2004. (Pubitemid 39390578)
33. Bear M, Butcher M, and Shaughnessy SG. Oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein acts synergistically with beta-glycerophosphate to induce osteoblast differentiation in primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 105: 185-193, 2008.
34. Bellas RE, Harrington EO, Sheahan KL, Newton J, Marcus C, and Rounds S. FAK blunts adenosine-homocysteineinduced endothelial cell apoptosis: requirement for PI 3-kinase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 282: L1135-L1142, 2002. (Pubitemid 34654632)
35. Beltowski J, Wojcicka G, and Jakubowski H. Modulation of paraoxonase 1 and protein N-homocysteinylation by leptin and the synthetic liver X receptor agonist T0901317 in the rat. J Endocrinol 204: 191-198, 2010.
36. Beltowski J, Wojcicka G and Jamroz A. Leptin decreases plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and induces oxidative stress: the possible novel mechanism for proatherogenic effect of chronic hyperleptinemia. Atherosclerosis 170: 21-29, 2003. (Pubitemid 37086705)
37. Bhattacharyya T, Nicholls SJ, Topol EJ, Zhang R, Yang X, Schmitt D, Fu X, Shao M, Brennan DM, Ellis SG, Brennan ML, Allayee H, Lusis AJ, and Hazen SL. Relationship of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms and functional activity with systemic oxidative stress and cardiovascular risk. JAMA 299: 1265-1276, 2008. (Pubitemid 351439073)
38. Bienvenu T, Ankri A, Chadefaux B, Montalescot G, and Kamoun P. Elevated total plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for thrombosis. Relation to coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters. Thromb Res 70: 123-129, 1993. (Pubitemid 23145134)
39. Biggadike K, Angell RM, Burgess CM, Farrell RM, Hancock AP, Harker AJ, Irving WR, Ioannou C, Procopiou PA, Shaw RE, Solanke YE, Singh OM, Snowden MA, Stubbs RJ, Walton S, and Weston HE. Selective plasma hydrolysis of glucocorticoid gamma-lactones and cyclic carbonates by the enzyme paraoxonase: an ideal plasma inactivation mechanism. J Med Chem 43: 19-21, 2000. (Pubitemid 30055759)
40. Billecke S, Draganov D, Counsell R, Stetson P, Watson C, Hsu C, and La Du BN. Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) isozymes Q and R hydrolyze lactones and cyclic carbonate esters. Drug Metab Dispos 28: 1335-1342, 2000.
41. Binder CJ, Chang MK, Shaw PX, Miller YI, Hartvigsen K, Dewan A, and Witztum JL. Innate and acquired immunity in atherogenesis. Nat Med 8: 1218-1226, 2002. (Pubitemid 35373552)
42. Blatter-Garin MC, Kalix B, De Pree S, and James RW. Aspirin use is associated with higher serum concentrationsof the anti-oxidant enzyme, paraoxonase-1. Diabetologia 46: 593-594, 2003. (Pubitemid 36577806)
43. Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Egert S, Schrader C, Coumoul X, Barouki R, Muller MJ, Wolffram S, and Rimbach G. Effect of quercetin on paraoxonase 1 activity-studies in cultured cells, mice and humans. J Physiol Pharmacol 61: 99-105, 2010.
44. Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Niering J, Minihane AM, Wiswedel I, Gardeman A, Wolffram S, and Rimbach G. Impact of apolipoprotein E genotype and dietary quercetin on paraoxonase 1 status in apoE3 and apoE4 transgenic mice. Atherosclerosis 211: 110-113, 2010.
45. Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Pospissil RT, Graeser AC, Canali R, Boomgaarden I, Doering F, Wolffram S, Egert S, Mueller MJ, and Rimbach G. Effect of quercetin on paraoxonase 2 levels in RAW264.7 macrophages and in human monocytes- role of quercetin metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 10: 4168-4177, 2009.
46. Bonafe M, Marchegiani F, Cardelli M, Olivieri F, Cavallone L, Giovagnetti S, Pieri C, Marra M, Antonicelli R, Troiano L, Gueresi P, Passeri G, Berardelli M, Paolisso G, Barbieri M, Tesei S, Lisa R, De Benedictis G, and Franceschi C. Genetic analysis of Paraoxonase (PON1) locus reveals an increased frequency of Arg192 allele in centenarians. Eur J Hum Genet 10: 292-296, 2002. (Pubitemid 34778047)
47. Boright AP, Connelly PW, Brunt JH, Scherer SW, Tsui LC, and Hegele RA. Genetic variation in paraoxonase-1 and paraoxonase-2 is associated with variation in plasma lipoproteins in Alberta Hutterites. Atherosclerosis 139: 131-136, 1998. (Pubitemid 28341875)
48. Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, and Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 274: 1049-1057, 1995.
49. Bowers JL, Tyulmenkov VV, Jernigan SC, and Klinge CM. Resveratrol acts as a mixed agonist/antagonist for estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 141: 3657-3667, 2000.
50. Brattstrom L and Wilcken DE. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: cause or effect? Am J Clin Nutr 72: 315-323, 2000. (Pubitemid 30620632)
51. Braunwald E. Shattuck lecture-cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med 337: 1360-1369, 1997. (Pubitemid 27467771)
52. Brewer HB, Jr. Increasing HDL Cholesterol Levels. N Engl J Med 350: 1491-1494, 2004.
53. Brophy VH, Hastings MD, Clendenning JB, Richter RJ, Jarvik GP, and Furlong CE. Polymorphisms in the human paraoxonase (PON1) promoter. Pharmacogenetics 11: 77-84, 2001. (Pubitemid 32108664)
54. Brophy VH, Jampsa RL, Clendenning JB, McKinstry LA, Jarvik GP, and Furlong CE. Effects of 5' regulatory-region polymorphisms on paraoxonase-gene (PON1) expression. Am J Hum Genet 68: 1428-1436, 2001. (Pubitemid 32510618)
55. Caliebe A, Kleindorp R, Blanche H, Christiansen L, Puca AA, Rea IM, Slagboom E, Flachsbart F, Christensen K, Rimbach G, Schreiber S, and Nebel A. No or only population- specific effect of PON1 on human longevity: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 9: 238-244, 2010.
56. Camps J, Marsillach J, and Joven J. Pharmacological and lifestyle factors modulating serum paraoxonase-1 activity. Mini Rev Med Chem 9: 911-920, 2009.
57. Cardenas GA, Lavie CJ, Cardenas V, Milani RV, and McCullough PA. The importance of recognizing and treating low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a new era in atherosclerosis management. Rev Cardiovasc Med 9: 239-258, 2008.
58. Carluccio MA, Siculella L, Ancora MA, Massaro M, Scoditti E, Storelli C, Visioli F, Distante A, and De Caterina R. Olive oil and red wine antioxidant polyphenols inhibit endothelial activation: antiatherogenic properties of Mediterranean diet phytochemicals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 622-629, 2003. (Pubitemid 36438075)
59. Carreon-Torres E, Rendon-Sauer K, Monter-Garrido M, Toledo-Ibelles P, Gamboa R, Menjivar M, Lopez-Marure R, Luc G, Fievet C, Cruz D, Vargas-Alarcon G, and Perez- Mendez O. Rosiglitazone modifies HDL structure and increases HDL-apo AI synthesis and catabolic rates. Clin Chim Acta 401: 37-41, 2009.
60. Casper RF, Quesne M, Rogers IM, Shirota T, Jolivet A, Milgrom E, and Savouret JF. Resveratrol has antagonistactivity on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: implications for prevention of dioxin toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 56: 784-790, 1999. (Pubitemid 29491181)
61. Chai YC, Howe PH, DiCorleto PE, and Chisolm GM. Oxidized low density lipoprotein and lysophosphatidylcholine stimulate cell cycle entry in vascular smooth muscle cells. Evidence for release of fibroblast growth factor-2. J Biol Chem 271: 17791-17797, 1996. (Pubitemid 26250754)
62. Chen C, Halkos ME, Surowiec SM, Conklin BS, Lin PH, and Lumsden AB. Effects of homocysteine on smooth muscle cell proliferation in both cell culture and artery perfusion culture models. J Surg Res 88: 26-33, 2000. (Pubitemid 30046535)
63. Chen J, Mehta JL, Haider N, Zhang X, Narula J, and Li D. Role of caspases in Ox-LDL-induced apoptotic cascade in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circ Res 94: 370-376, 2004. (Pubitemid 38240729)
64. Chen Q, Reis SE, Kammerer CM, McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Sharaf BL, Sopko G, Pauly DF, Merz CN, and Kamboh MI. Association between the severity of angiographic coronary artery disease and paraoxonase gene polymorphisms in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Am J Hum Genet 72: 13-22, 2003. (Pubitemid 36056839)
65. Cherki M, Berrougui H, Isabelle M, Cloutier M, Koumbadinga GA, and Khalil A. Effect of PON1 polymorphism on HDL antioxidant potential is blunted with aging. Exp Gerontol 42: 815-824, 2007. (Pubitemid 47058863)
66. Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, and Hennekens CH. Blood levels of homocysteine and increased risks of cardiovascular disease: causal or casual? Arch Intern Med 160: 422-434, 2000. (Pubitemid 30112266)
67. Cole TB, Jampsa RL, Walter BJ, Arndt TL, Richter RJ, Shih DM, Tward A, Lusis AJ, Jack RM, Costa LG, and Furlong CE. Expression of huan paraoxonase (PON1) during development. Pharmacogenetics 13: 357-364, 2003. (Pubitemid 36724529)
68. Colles SM, Maxson JM, Carlson SG, and Chisolm GM. Oxidized LDL-induced injury and apoptosis in atherosclerosis. Potential roles for oxysterols. Trends Cardiovasc Med 11: 131-138, 2001. (Pubitemid 33070336)
69. Cominacini L, Garbin U, Pasini AF, Davoli A, Campagnola M, Contessi GB, Pastorino AM, and Lo Cascio V. Antioxidants inhibit the expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induced by oxidized LDL on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 22: 117-127, 1997.
70. Cominacini L, Pasini AF, Garbin U, Davoli A, Tosetti ML, Campagnola M, Rigoni A, Pastorino AM, Lo Cascio V, and Sawamura T. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) binding to ox-LDL receptor-1 in endothelial cells induces the activation of NF-kappaB through an increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 275: 12633-12638, 2000. (Pubitemid 30241412)
71. Connelly PW, Draganov D, and Maguire GF. Paraoxonase- 1 does not reduce or modify oxidation of phospholipids by peroxynitrite. Free Radic Biol Med 38: 164-174, 2005. (Pubitemid 39656128)
72. Costa LG, Cole TB, Jarvik GP, and Furlong CE. Functional genomic of the paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms: effects on pesticide sensitivity, cardiovascular disease, and drug metabolism. Annu Rev Med 54: 371-392, 2003. (Pubitemid 37386402)
73. Costa LG, Giordano G, and Furlong CE. Pharmacological and dietary modulators of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and expression: the hunt goes on. Biochem Pharmacol 81: 337-344, 2011.
74. Costa LG, Vitalone A, Cole TB, and Furlong CE. Modulation of paraoxonase (PON1) activity. Biochem Pharmacol 69: 541-550, 2005.
75. Cui MZ, Penn MS, and Chisolm GM. Native and oxidized low density lipoprotein induction of tissue factor gene expression in smooth muscle cells is mediated by both Egr-1 and Sp1. J Biol Chem 274: 32795-32802, 1999. (Pubitemid 129535312)
76. Cushing SD, Berliner JA, Valente AJ, Territo MC, Navab M, Parhami F, Gerrity R, Schwartz CJ, and Fogelman AM. Minimally modified low density lipoprotein induces monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in human endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87: 5134-5138, 1990.
77. Davies HG, Richter RJ, Keifer M, Broomfield CA, Sowalla J, and Furlong CE. The effect of the human serum paraoxonase polymorphism is reversed with diazoxon, soman and sarin. Nat Genet 14: 334-336, 1996.
78. De Geest B, Stengel D, Landeloos M, Lox M, Le Gat L, Collen D, Holvoet P, and Ninio E. Effect of overexpression of human apo A-I in C57BL/6 and C57BL/6 apo E-deficient mice on 2 lipoprotein-associated enzymes, plateletactivating factor acetylhydrolase and paraoxonase. Comparison of adenovirus-mediated human apo A-I gene transfer and human apo A-I transgenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: E68-E75, 2000.
79. Deakin S, Leviev I, Brulhart-Meynet MC, and James RW. Paraoxonase-1 promoter haplotypes and serumparaoxonase: a predominant role for polymorphic position - 107, implicating the Sp1 transcription factor. Biochem J 372: 643-649, 2003. (Pubitemid 36723911)
80. Deakin S, Leviev I, Gomaraschi M, Calabresi L, Franceschini G, and James RW. Enzymatically active paraoxonase- 1 is located at the external membrane of producing cells and released by a high affinity, saturable, desorption mechanism. J Biol Chem 277: 4301-4308, 2002. (Pubitemid 34968695)
81. Deakin S, Leviev I, Guernier S, and James RW. Simvastatin modulates expression of the PON1 gene and increases serum paraoxonase: a role for sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 2083-2089, 2003. (Pubitemid 37433204)
82. Devarajan A, Bourquard N, Hama S, Navab M, Grijalva VR, Morvardi S, Clarke CF, Vergnes L, Reue K, Teiber JF, and Reddy ST. Paraoxonase 2 deficiency alters mitochondrial function and exacerbates the development of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 14: 341-351, 2011.
83. Dorup I and Sorensen KE. [Non-invasive assessment of endothelial function]. Ugeskr Laeger 160: 3376-3382, 1998.
84. Draganov DI and La Du BN. Pharmacogenetics of paraoxonases: a brief review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 369: 78-88, 2004. (Pubitemid 38161225)
85. Draganov DI, Stetson PL, Watson CE, Billecke SS, and La Du BN. Rabbit serum paraoxonase 3 (PON3) is a high density lipoprotein-associated lactonase and protects low density lipoprotein against oxidation. J Biol Chem 275: 33435-33442, 2000.
86. Draganov DI, Teiber JF, Speelman A, Osawa Y, Sunahara R, and La Du BN. Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. J Lipid Res 46: 1239-1247, 2005. (Pubitemid 43109838)
87. Dullaart RP, de Vries R, Sluiter WJ, and Voorbij HA. High plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) is related to low paraoxonase- I (PON-I) activity independently of high leptinand low adiponectin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ) 70: 221-226, 2009.
88. Durrington PN, Mackness B, and Mackness MI. Paraoxonase and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 473-480, 2001. (Pubitemid 32323376)
89. Durrington PN, Mackness MI, Bhatnagar D, Julier K, Prais H, Arrol S, Morgan J, and Wood GN. Effects of two different fibric acid derivatives on lipoproteins, cholesteryl ester transfer, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor and paraoxonase activity in type IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis 138: 217-225, 1998. (Pubitemid 28255170)
90. Essler M, Retzer M, Bauer M, Heemskerk JW, Aepfelbacher M, and Siess W. Mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein induces contraction of human endothelial cells through activation of Rho/Rho kinase and inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase. J Biol Chem 274: 30361-30364, 1999.
91. Fanella S, Harris SB, Young TK, Hanley AJ, Zinman B, Connelly PW, and Hegele RA. Association between PON1 L/M55 polymorphism and plasma lipoproteins in two Canadian aboriginal populations. Clin Chem Lab Med 38: 413-420, 2000. (Pubitemid 30599366)
92. Feng J, Han J, Pearce SF, Silverstein RL, Gotto AM Jr., Hajjar DP, and Nicholson AC. Induction of CD36 expression by oxidized LDL and IL-4 by a common signaling pathway dependent on protein kinase C and PPAR-gamma. J Lipid Res 41: 688-696, 2000.
93. Fenkci IV, Serteser M, Fenkci S, and Akyol AM. Effects of intranasal estradiol treatment on serum paraoxonase and lipids in healthy, postmenopausal women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 61: 203-207, 2006.
94. Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Masciangelo S, and Bicchiega V. HDL-paraoxonase and membrane lipid peroxidation: a comparison between healthy and obese subjects. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18: 1079-1084, 2010.
95. Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Moroni C, Savino S, Liuzzi A, Balzola F, and Bicchiega V. Paraoxonase activity in highdensity lipoproteins: a comparison between healthy and obese females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 1728-1733, 2005. (Pubitemid 40464045)
96. Flekac M, Skrha J, Zidkova K, Lacinova Z, and Hilgertova J. Paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms and enzyme activities in diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 57: 717-726, 2008.
97. Fryer RH, Wilson BD, Gubler DB, Fitzgerald LA, and Rodgers GM. Homocysteine, a risk factor for premature vascular disease and thrombosis, induces tissue factor activity in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb 13: 1327-1333, 1993. (Pubitemid 23271135)
98. Fuhrman B, Gantman A, Khateeb J, Volkova N, Horke S, Kiyan J, Dumler I, and Aviram M. Urokinase activates macrophage PON2 gene transcription via the PI3K/ROS/ MEK/SREBP-2 signalling cascade mediated by the PDGFR-beta. Cardiovasc Res 84: 145-154, 2009.
99. Fuhrman B, Khateeb J, Shiner M, Nitzan O, Karry R, Volkova N, and Aviram M. Urokinase plasminogen activator upregulates paraoxonase 2 expression in macrophages via an NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28: 1361-1367, 2008.
100. Furlong CE, Cole TB, Jarvik GP, and Costa LG. Pharmacogenomic considerations of the paraoxonase polymorphisms. Pharmacogenomics 3: 341-348, 2002. (Pubitemid 34567571)
101. Garin MC, Kalix B, Morabia A, and James RW. Small, dense lipoprotein particles and reduced paraoxonase-1 in patients with the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 2264-2269, 2005. (Pubitemid 40586272)
102. Ghorbanihaghjo A, Argani H, Rahbaninoubar M, and Rashtchizadeh N. Effect of nandrolone decanonate on paraoxonase activity in hemodialysis patients. Clin Biochem 38: 1076-1080, 2005. (Pubitemid 41797747)
103. Ginsberg G, Neafsey P, Hattis D, Guyton KZ, Johns DO, and Sonawane B. Genetic polymorphism in paraoxonase 1 (PON1): population distribution of PON1 activity. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 12: 473-507, 2009.
104. Glass CK and Witztum JL. Atherosclerosis. the road ahead. Cell 104: 503-516, 2001.
105. Glueck CJ, Gartside P, Fallat RW, Sielski J, and Steiner PM. Longevity syndromes: familial hypobeta and familial hyperalpha lipoproteinemia. J Lab Clin Med 88: 941-957, 1976. (Pubitemid 8002485)
106. Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, Neaton JD, Castelli WP, Knoke JD, Jacobs DR, Jr., Bangdiwala S, and Tyroler HA. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. Circulation 79: 8-15, 1989. (Pubitemid 19043669)
107. Goswami B, Tayal D, Gupta N, and Mallika V. Paraoxonase: a multifaceted biomolecule. Clin Chim Acta 410: 1-12, 2009.
108. Gotto AM Jr. and Brinton EA. Assessing low levels of highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol as a risk factor in coronary heart disease: a working group report and update. J Am Coll Cardiol 43: 717-724, 2004. (Pubitemid 38296465)
109. Gotto AM Jr., Pownall HJ, and Havel RJ. Introduction to the plasma lipoproteins. Methods Enzymol 128: 3-41, 1986. (Pubitemid 16100885)
110. Gouedard C, Barouki R, and Morel Y. Induction of the paraoxonase-1 gene expression by resveratrol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 2378-2383, 2004. (Pubitemid 39658045)
111. Gouedard C, Barouki R, and Morel Y. Dietary polyphenols increase paraoxonase 1 gene expression by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 24: 5209-5222, 2004. (Pubitemid 38738157)
112. Gouedard C, Koum-Besson N, Barouki R, and Morel Y. Opposite regulation of the human paraoxonase-1 gene PON-1 by fenofibrate and statins. Mol Pharmacol 63: 945-956, 2003. (Pubitemid 36369002)
113. Grundy SM. Hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 83: 25F-29F, 1999. (Pubitemid 29247378)
114. Gugliucci A, Lunceford N, Kinugasa E, Ogata H, Schulze J, and Kimura S. Acrolein inactivates paraoxonase 1: changes in free acrolein levels after hemodialysis correlate with increases in paraoxonase 1 activity in chronic renal failure patients. Clin Chim Acta 384: 105-112, 2007. (Pubitemid 47260577)
115. Gusman J, Malonne H, and Atassi G. A reappraisal of the potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties of resveratrol. Carcinogenesis 22: 1111-1117, 2001. (Pubitemid 32737324)
116. Hamelet J, Ait-Yahya-Graison E, Matulewicz E, Noll C, Badel-Chagnon A, Camproux AC, Demuth K, Paul JL, Delabar JM, and Janel N. Homocysteine threshold value based on cystathionine beta synthase and paraoxonase 1 activities in mice. Eur J Clin Invest 37: 933-938, 2007. (Pubitemid 350151181)
117. Han J, Hajjar DP, Febbraio M, and Nicholson AC. Native and modified low density lipoproteins increase the functional expression of the macrophage class B scavenger receptor, CD36. J Biol Chem 272: 21654-21659, 1997. (Pubitemid 27374044)
118. Harangi M, Seres I, Varga Z, Emri G, Szilvassy Z, Paragh G, and Remenyik E. Atorvastatin effect on high-density lipoprotein-associated paraoxonase activity and oxidative DNA damage. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 60: 685-691, 2004.
119. Harel M, Aharoni A, Gaidukov L, Brumshtein B, Khersonsky O, Meged R, Dvir H, Ravelli RB, McCarthy A, Toker L, Silman I, Sussman JL, and Tawfik DS. Structure and evolution of the serum paraoxonase family of detoxifying and anti-atherosclerotic enzymes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11: 412-419, 2004. (Pubitemid 38568944)
120. Harker LA, Slichter SJ, Scott CR, and Ross R. Homocystinemia. Vascular injury and arterial thrombosis. N Engl J Med 291: 537-543, 1974.
121. Harman D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol 11: 298-300, 1956.
122. Harpel PC, Zhang X, and Borth W. Homocysteine and hemostasis: pathogenic mechanisms predisposing to thrombosis. J Nutr 126: 1285S-1289S, 1996. (Pubitemid 26105674)
123. Hassett C, Richter RJ, Humbert R, Chapline C, Crabb JW, Omiecinski CJ, and Furlong CE. Characterization of cDNA clones encoding rabbit and human serum paraoxonase: the mature protein retains its signal sequence. Biochemistry 30: 10141-10149, 1991.
124. He F, Guo R, Wu SL, Sun M, and Li M. Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 50: 314-320, 2007. (Pubitemid 47428981)
125. Hedrick CC, Thorpe SR, Fu MX, Harper CM, Yoo J, Kim SM, Wong H, and Peters AL. Glycation impairs highdensity lipoprotein function. Diabetologia 43: 312-320, 2000. (Pubitemid 30163474)
126. Hegele RA. Paraoxonase genes and disease. Ann Med 31: 217-224, 1999. (Pubitemid 29304460)
127. Heinecke JW and Lusis AJ. Paraoxonase-gene polymorphisms associated with coronary heart disease: support for the oxidative damage hypothesis? Am J Hum Genet 62: 20-24, 1998. (Pubitemid 28093829)
128. Hessler JR, Morel DW, Lewis LJ, and Chisolm GM. Lipoprotein oxidation and lipoprotein-induced cytotoxicity. Arteriosclerosis 3: 215-222, 1983. (Pubitemid 13099583)
129. Hessler JR, Robertson AL Jr., and Chisolm GM 3rd. LDLinduced cytotoxicity and its inhibition by HDL in human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells in culture. Atherosclerosis 32: 213-229, 1979. (Pubitemid 9129780)
130. Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 288: 2015-2022, 2002.
131. Hong SC, Zhao SP, and Wu ZH. Probucol up-regulates paraoxonase 1 expression in hepatocytes of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47: 77-81, 2006.
132. Horke S, Witte I, Altenhofer S, Wilgenbus P, Goldeck M, Forstermann U, Xiao J, Kramer GL, Haines DC, Chowdhary PK, Haley RW, and Teiber JF. Paraoxonase 2 is downregulated by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorumsensing signal N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone and attenuates oxidative stress induced by pyocyanin. Biochem J 426: 73-83, 2010.
133. Horke S, Witte I, Wilgenbus P, Kruger M, Strand D, and Forstermann U. Paraoxonase-2 reduces oxidative stress in vascular cells and decreases endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced caspase activation. Circulation 115: 2055-2064, 2007. (Pubitemid 46625957)
134. Humbert R, Adler DA, Disteche CM, Hassett C, Omiecinski CJ, and Furlong CE. The molecular basis of the human serum paraoxonase activity polymorphism. Nat Genet 3: 73-76,1993. (Pubitemid 23063292)
135. Hundal RS, Salh BS, Schrader JW, Gomez-Munoz A, Duronio V, and Steinbrecher UP. Oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits macrophage apoptosis through activation of the PI 3-kinase/PKB pathway. J Lipid Res 42: 1483-1491, 2001. (Pubitemid 34007680)
136. Ikeda T, Obayashi H, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Yoshikawa T, Imamura Y, Koizumi K, and Kinoshita S. Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein level as possible risk factors for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 132: 191-195, 2001. (Pubitemid 32706513)
137. Ikeda Y, Inoue M, Suehiro T, Arii K, Kumon Y, and Hashimoto K. Low human paraoxonase predicts cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 46: 239-242, 2009.
138. Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Inoue M, Nakauchi Y, Morita T, Arii K, Ito H, Kumon Y, and Hashimoto K. Serum paraoxonase activity and its relationship to diabetic complications in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 47: 598-602, 1998. (Pubitemid 28213122)
139. Imai Y, Morita H, Kurihara H, Sugiyama T, Kato N, Ebihara A, Hamada C, Kurihara Y, Shindo T, Oh-hashi Y, and Yazaki Y. Evidence for association between paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and atherosclerotic diseases. Atherosclerosis 149: 435-442, 2000. (Pubitemid 30145555)
140. Ishii N, Matsumura T, Kinoshita H, Motoshima H, Kojima K, Tsutsumi A, Kawasaki S, Yano M, Senokuchi T, Asano T, Nishikawa T, and Araki E. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses oxidized low-density lipoprotein- induced macrophage proliferation. J Biol Chem 284: 34561-34569, 2009.
141. Ito T, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Nakamura S, Nakayama M, Shimasaki Y, Harada E, Mizuno Y, Kawano H, and Ogawa H. Paraoxonase gene Gln192Arg (Q192R) polymorphism is associated with coronary artery spasm. Hum Genet 110: 89-94, 2002. (Pubitemid 36067423)
142. Iwashima Y, Eto M, Hata A, Kaku K, Horiuchi S, Ushikubi F, and Sano H. Advanced glycation end products-induced gene expression of scavenger receptors in cultured human monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277: 368-380, 2000.
143. Jaichander P, Selvarajan K, Garelnabi M, and Parthasarathy S. Induction of paraoxonase 1 and apolipoprotein A-I gene expression by aspirin. J Lipid Res 49: 2142-2148,2008.
144. Jakubowski H. Calcium-dependent human serum homocysteine thiolactone hydrolase. A protective mechanism against protein N-homocysteinylation. J Biol Chem 275: 3957-3962, 2000. (Pubitemid 30094622)
145. Jakubowski H. The pathophysiological hypothesis of homocysteine thiolactone-mediated vascular disease. J Physiol Pharmacol 59 Suppl 9: 155-167, 2008.
146. Jakubowski H. The role of paraoxonase 1 in the detoxification of homocysteine thiolactone. Adv Exp Med Biol 660: 113-127, 2010.
147. Jakubowski H, Ambrosius WT, and Pratt JH. Genetic determinants of homocysteine thiolactonase activity in humans: implications for atherosclerosis. FEBS Lett 491: 35-39, 2001. (Pubitemid 32171996)
148. Jakubowski H, Zhang L, Bardeguez A, and Aviv A. Homocysteine thiolactone and protein homocysteinylation in human endothelial cells: implications for atherosclerosis. Circ Res 87: 45-51, 2000. (Pubitemid 30456934)
149. James RW, Blatter Garin MC, Calabresi L, Miccoli R, von Eckardstein A, Tilly-Kiesi M, Taskinen MR, Assmann G, and Franceschini G. Modulated serum activities and concentrations of paraoxonase in high density lipoprotein deficiency states. Atherosclerosis 139: 77-82, 1998. (Pubitemid 28341869)
150. James RW, Leviev I, and Righetti A. Smoking is associated with reduced serum paraoxonase activity and concentra-tion in patients with coonary artery disease. Circulation 101: 2252-2257, 2000. (Pubitemid 30317126)
151. James RW, Leviev I, Ruiz J, Passa P, Froguel P, and Garin MC. Promoter polymorphism T(-107)C of the paraoxonase PON1 gene is a risk factor for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 49: 1390-1393, 2000. (Pubitemid 30624241)
152. Jaouad L, de Guise C, Berrougui H, Cloutier M, Isabelle M, Fulop T, Payette H, and Khalil A. Age-related decrease in high-density lipoproteins antioxidant activity is due to an alteration in the PON1's free sulfhydryl groups. Atherosclerosis 185: 191-200, 2006. (Pubitemid 43117568)
153. Jarvik GP, Rozek LS, Brophy VH, Hatsukami TS, Richter RJ, Schellenberg GD, and Furlong CE. Paraoxonase (PON1) phenotype is a better predictor of vascular disease than is PON1(192) or PON1(55) genotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 2441-2447, 2000.
154. Jarvik GP, Tsai NT, McKinstry LA, Wani R, Brophy VH, Richter RJ, Schellenberg GD, Heagerty PJ, Hatsukami TS, and Furlong CE. Vitamin C and E intake is associated with increased paraoxonase activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 1329-1333, 2002. (Pubitemid 34875745)
155. Jeon SM, Park YB, Kwon OS, Huh TL, Lee WH, Do KM, Park T, and Choi MS. Vitamin E supplementation alters HDL-cholesterol concentration and paraoxonase activity in rabbits fed high-cholesterol diet: comparison with probucol. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19: 336-346, 2005. (Pubitemid 41654268)
156. Jiang C, Zhang H, Zhang W, Kong W, Zhu Y, Xu Q, Li Y, and Wang X. Homocysteine promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration by induction of the adipokine resistin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 297: C1466-C1476, 2009.
157. Jiang H, Wang XF, Fang L, Tang C, Zhu Y, and Wang X. Upregulation of aldose reductase by homocysteine in type II alveolar epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 337: 1084-1091, 2005. (Pubitemid 41505237)
158. Jimi S, Saku K, Uesugi N, Sakata N, and Takebayashi S. Oxidized low density lipoprotein stimulates collagen production in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 116: 15-26, 1995.
159. Josse D, Xie W, Masson P, and Lockridge O. Human serum paraoxonase (PON1): identification of essential amino acid residues by group-selective labelling and site-directed mutagenesis. Chem Biol Interact 119-120: 71-78, 1999. (Pubitemid 29278540)
160. Josse D, Xie W, Renault F, Rochu D, Schopfer LM, Masson P, and Lockridge O. Identification of residues essential for human paraoxonase (PON1) arylesterase/organophosphatase activities. Biochemistry 38: 2816-2825, 1999.
161. Kao YL, Donaghue K, Chan A, Knight J, and Silink M. A variant of paraoxonase (PON1) gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy in IDDM. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 2589-2592, 1998. (Pubitemid 28503069)
162. Karikas GA, Kriebardis A, Samara I, Schulpis K, Papachristodoulou M, and Fytou-Pallikari A. Serum homocysteine levels and paraoxonase 1 activity in preschool aged children in Greece. Clin Chem Lab Med 44: 623-627, 2006. (Pubitemid 43735637)
163. Kassai A, Illyes L, Mirdamadi HZ, Seres I, Kalmar T, Audikovszky M, and Paragh G. The effect of atorvastatin therapy on lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and the antioxidant paraoxonase. Clin Biochem 40: 1-5, 2007. (Pubitemid 46014148)
164. Kerkeni M, Addad F, Chauffert M, Chuniaud L, Miled A, Trivin F, and Maaroufi K. Hyperhomocysteinemia, paraoxonase activity and risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 39: 821-825, 2006. (Pubitemid 44201194)
165. Khan M, Pelengaris S, Cooper M, Smith C, Evan G, and Betteridge J. Oxidised lipoproteins may promote inflammation through the selective delay of engulfment but not binding of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Atherosclerosis 171: 21-29, 2003. (Pubitemid 37464626)
166. Khersonsky O and Tawfik DS. Structure-reactivity studies of serum paraoxonase PON1 suggest that its native activity is lactonase. Biochemistry 44: 6371-6382, 2005. (Pubitemid 40570731)
167. Kiranoglu S, Sinan S, Gencer N, Kockar F, and Arslan O. In vivo effects of oral contraceptives on paraoxonase, catalase and carbonic anhydrase enzyme activities on mouse. Biol Pharm Bull 30: 1048-1051, 2007. (Pubitemid 46883866)
168. Kobayashi M, Shinohara M, Sakoh C, Kataoka M, and Shimizu S. Lactone-ring-cleaving enzyme: genetic analysis, novel RNA editing, and evolutionary implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 12787-12792, 1998. (Pubitemid 28509475)
169. Koncsos P, Seres I, Harangi M, Illyes I, Jozsa L, Gonczi F, Bajnok L, and Paragh G. Human paraoxonase-1 activity in childhood obesity and its relation to leptin and adiponectin levels. Pediatr Res 67: 309-313, 2010.
170. Kordonouri O, James RW, Bennetts B, Chan A, Kao YL, Danne T, Silink M, and Donaghue K. Modulation by blood glucose levels of activity and concentration of paraoxonase in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 50: 657-660, 2001. (Pubitemid 32551818)
171. Kosaka T, Yamaguchi M, Motomura T, and Mizuno K. Investigation of the relationship between atherosclerosis and paraoxonase or homocysteine thiolactonase activity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using a commercially available assay. Clin Chim Acta 359: 156-162, 2005. (Pubitemid 41116308)
172. Kosugi K, Morel DW, DiCorleto PE, and Chisolm GM. Toxicity of oxidized low-density lipoprotein to cultured fibroblasts is selective for S phase of the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 130: 311-320, 1987. (Pubitemid 17051282)
173. Kume N and Kita T. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in atherogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 11: 22-25, 2001. (Pubitemid 32544950)
174. Kumon Y, Suehiro T, Ikeda Y, and Hashimoto K. Human paraoxonase-1 gene expression by HepG2 cells is downregulated by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factoralpha, but is upregulated by interleukin-6. Life Sci 73: 2807-2815, 2003. (Pubitemid 37153355)
175. Kumru S, Aydin S, Aras A, Gursu MF, and Gulcu F. Effects of surgical menopause and estrogen replacement therapy on serum paraoxonase activity and plasma malondialdehyde concentration. Gynecol Obstet Invest 59: 108-112, 2005. (Pubitemid 40868080)
176. Kunes JP, Cordero-Koning KS, Lee LH, and Lynch SM. Vitamin C attenuates hypochlorite-mediated loss of paraoxonase-1 activity from human plasma. Nutr Res 29: 114-122, 2009.
177. Kuo CL and La Du BN. Comparison of purified human and rabbit serum paraoxonases. Drug Metab Dispos 23: 935-944, 1995.
178. Kuo CL and La Du BN. Calcium binding by human and rabbit serum paraoxonases. Structural stability and enzymatic activity. Drug Metab Dispos 26: 653-660, 1998.
179. Kurban S and Mehmetoglu I. Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on serum paraoxonase activity, Ox-LDL, coenzyme Q10 and other oxidative stress markers in healthy volunteers. Clin Biochem 43: 287-290, 2010.
180. La Du BN. Structural and functional diversity of paraoxonases. Nat Med 2: 1186-1187, 1996 (Pubitemid 26375395)
181. Lacinski M, Skorupski W, Cieslinski A, Sokolowska J, Trzeciak WH, and Jakubowski H. Determinants of homocysteine- thiolactonase activity of the paraoxonase-1 (PON1) protein in humans. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 50: 885-893, 2004.
182. Lafont AM, Chai YC, Cornhill JF, Whitlow PL, Howe PH, and Chisolm GM. Effect of alpha-tocopherol on restenosis after angioplasty in a model of experimental atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 95: 1018-1025, 1995.
183. Lagos KG, Filippatos TD, Tsimihodimos V, Gazi IF, Rizos C, Tselepis AD, Mikhailidis DP, and Elisaf MS. Alterations in the high density lipoprotein phenotype and HDL-associated enzymes in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Lipids 44: 9-16, 2009.
184. Lakshman MR, Gottipati CS, Narasimhan SJ, Munoz J, Marmillot P, and Nylen ES. Inverse correlation of serum paraoxonase and homocysteine thiolactonase activities and antioxidant capacity of high-density lipoprotein with the severity of cardiovascular disease in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 55: 1201-1206, 2006. (Pubitemid 44215939)
185. Leckey LC, Garige M, Varatharajalu R, Gong M, Nagata T, Spurney CF, and Lakshman RM. Quercetin and ethanol attenuate the progression of atherosclerotic plaques with concomitant up regulation of paraoxonase1 (PON1) gene expression and PON1 activity in LDLR-/- mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34: 1535-1542, 2010.
186. Lee JM and Choudhury RP. Prospects for atherosclerosis regression through increase in high-density lipoprotein and other emerging therapeutic targets. Heart 93: 559-564, 2007. (Pubitemid 46707106)
187. Lee SJ, Kim KM, Namkoong S, Kim CK, Kang YC, Lee H, Ha KS, Han JA, Chung HT, Kwon YG, and Kim YM. Nitric oxide inhibition of homocysteine-induced human endothelial cell apoptosis by down-regulation of p53- dependent Noxa expression through the formation of Snitrosohomocysteine. J Biol Chem 280: 5781-5788, 2005. (Pubitemid 40280058)
188. Leus FR, Zwart M, Kastelein JJ, and Voorbij HA. PON2 gene variants are associated with clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Atherosclerosis 154: 641-649, 2001. (Pubitemid 32232161)
189. Leviev I and James RW. Promoter polymorphisms of human paraoxonase PON1 gene and serum paraoxonase activities and concentrations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 516-521, 2000. (Pubitemid 30086111)
190. Leviev I, Kalix B, Brulhart Meynet MC, and James RW. The paraoxonase PON1 promoter polymorphism C(-107)T is associated with increased serum glucose concentrations in non-diabetic patients. Diabetologia 44: 1177-1183, 2001. (Pubitemid 32835511)
191. Leviev I, Negro F, and James RW. Two alleles of the human paraoxonase gene produce different amounts of mRNA. An explanation for differences in serum concentrations of paraoxonase associated with the (Leu-Met54) polymorphism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 2935-2939, 1997. (Pubitemid 28016045)
192. Leviev I, Poirier O, Nicaud V, Evans A, Kee F, Arveiler D, Morrisson C, Cambien F, and James RW. High expressor paraoxonase PON1 gene promoter polymorphisms are associated with reduced risk of vascular disease in younger coronary patients. Atherosclerosis 161: 463-467, 2002. (Pubitemid 34219202)
193. Leviev I, Righetti A, and James RW. Paraoxonase promoter polymorphism T(-107)C and relative paraoxonase deficiency as determinants of risk of coronary artery disease. J Mol Med 79: 457-463, 2001. (Pubitemid 32757471)
194. Li D and Mehta JL. Upregulation of endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (LOX-1) by oxidized LDL and implications in apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells: evidence from use of antisense LOX-1 mRNA and chemical inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20: 1116-1122, 2000. (Pubitemid 30207591)
195. Li HL, Liu DP, and Liang CC. Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms, oxidative stress, and diseases. J Mol Med 81: 766-779, 2003.
196. Li HL, Wang AB, Zhang R, Wei YS, Chen HZ, She ZG, Huang Y, Liu DP, and Liang CC. A20 inhibits oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced apoptosis through negative Fas/Fas ligand-dependent activation of caspase-8 and mitochondrial pathways in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. J Cell Physiol 208: 307-318, 2006. (Pubitemid 43993421)
197. Li WF, Costa LG, Richter RJ, Hagen T, Shih DM, Tward A, Lusis AJ, and Furlong CE. Catalytic efficiency determines the in-vivo efficacy of PON1 for detoxifying organophosphorus compounds. Pharmacogenetics 10: 767-779, 2000. (Pubitemid 32042829)
198. Liao L, Aw TY, Kvietys PR, and Granger DN. Oxidized LDL-induced microvascular dysfunction. Dependence on oxidation procedure. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15: 2305-2311, 1995. (Pubitemid 26001435)
199. Libby P. Managing the risk of atherosclerosis: the role of high-density lipoprotein. Am J Cardiol 88: 3N-8N, 2001. (Pubitemid 34088189)
200. Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420: 868-874, 2002. (Pubitemid 36019640)
201. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature 407: 233-241, 2000.
202. Lusis AJ, Fogelman AM, and Fonarow GC. Genetic basis of atherosclerosis: part I: new genes and pathways. Circulation 110: 1868-1873, 2004. (Pubitemid 39299231)
203. Mackness B, Davies GK, Turkie W, Lee E, Roberts DH, Hill E, Roberts C, Durrington PN, and Mackness MI. Paraoxonase status in coronary heart disease: are activity and concentration more important than genotype? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 1451-1457, 2001. (Pubitemid 34219807)
204. Mackness B, Durrington P, McElduff P, Yarnell J, Azam N, Watt M, and Mackness M. Low paraoxonase activity predicts coronary events in the Caerphilly Prospective Study. Circulation 107: 2775-2779, 2003. (Pubitemid 36705985)
205. Mackness B, Durrington PN, and Mackness MI. The paraoxonase gene family and coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 13: 357-362, 2002. (Pubitemid 34831938)
206. Mackness B, McElduff P, and Mackness MI. The paraoxonase- 2-310 polymorphism is associated with the presence of microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 258: 363-368, 2005. (Pubitemid 41368687)
207. Mackness B, Quarck R, Verreth W, Mackness M, and Holvoet P. Human paraoxonase-1 overexpression inhibits atherosclerosis in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26: 1545-1550, 2006. (Pubitemid 44288981)
208. Mackness MI, Arrol S, and Durrington PN. Paraoxonase prevents accumulation of lipoperoxides in low-density lipoprotein. FEBS Lett 286: 152-154, 1991.
209. Mackness MI, Mackness B, Durrington PN, Fogelman AM, Berliner J, Lusis AJ, Navab M, Shih D, and Fonarow GC. Paraoxonase and coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 9: 319-324, 1998. (Pubitemid 28403351)
210. Macphee CH, Nelson JJ, and Zalewski A. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as a target of therapy. Curr Opin Lipidol 16: 442-446, 2005.
211. Maier JA, Barenghi L, Pagani F, Bradamante S, Comi P, and Ragnotti G. The protective role of high-density lipoproteinon oxidized-low-density-lipoprotein- induced U937/endothelial cell interactions. Eur J Biochem 221: 35-41, 1994. (Pubitemid 24120545)
212. Majors A, Ehrhart LA, and Pezacka EH. Homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Enhanced collagen production and accumulation by smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17: 2074-2081, 1997. (Pubitemid 28057110)
213. Malin R, Knuuti J, Janatuinen T, Laaksonen R, Vesalainen R, Nuutila P, Jokela H, Laakso J, Jaakkola O, Solakivi T, and Lehtimaki T. Paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and coronary reactivity in young healthy men. J Mol Med 79: 449-458, 2001.
214. Malin R, Laaksonen R, Knuuti J, Janatuinen T, Vesalainen R, Nuutila P, and Lehtimaki T. Paraoxonase genotype modifies the effect of pravastatin on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Pharmacogenetics 11: 625-633, 2001. (Pubitemid 32953588)
215. Marathe GK, Zimmerman GA, and McIntyre TM. Plateletactivating factor acetylhydrolase, and not paraoxonase-1, is the oxidized phospholipid hydrolase of high density lipoprotein particles. J Biol Chem 278: 3937-3947, 2003. (Pubitemid 36801125)
216. Marchegiani F, Marra M, Spazzafumo L, James RW, Boemi M, Olivieri F, Cardelli M, Cavallone L, Bonfigli AR, and Franceschi C. Paraoxonase activity and genotype predispose to successful aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61: 541-546, 2006.
217. Marinou K, Antoniades C, Tousoulis D, Pitsavos C, Goumas G, and Stefanadis C. Homocysteine: a risk factor for coronary artery disease? Hellenic J Cardiol 46: 59-67, 2005. (Pubitemid 41657715)
218. Maritim AC, Sanders RA, and Watkins JB 3rd. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17: 24-38, 2003. (Pubitemid 36410972)
219. Marsillach J, Ferre N, Vila MC, Lligona A, Mackness B, Mackness M, Deulofeu R, Sola R, Pares A, Pedro-Botet J, Joven J, Caballeria J, and Camps J. Serum paraoxonase-1 in chronic alcoholics: relationship with liver disease. Clin Biochem 40: 645-650, 2007. (Pubitemid 46839097)
220. Marsillach J, Martinez-Vea A, Marcas L, Mackness B, Mackness M, Ferre N, Joven J, and Camps J. Administration of exogenous erythropoietin beta affects lipid peroxidation and serum paraoxonase-1 activity and concentration in predialysis patients with chronic renal disease and anaemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34: 347-349, 2007.
221. Martens JS, Lougheed M, Gomez-Munoz A, and Steinbrecher UP. A modification of apolipoprotein B accounts for most of the induction of macrophage growth by oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 274: 10903-10910, 1999.
222. Martens JS, Reiner NE, Herrera-Velit P, and Steinbrecher UP. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is involved in the induction of macrophage growth by oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 273: 4915-4920, 1998. (Pubitemid 28108643)
223. Martinelli N, Girelli D, Olivieri O, Cavallari U, Biscuola M, Trabetti E, Friso S, Pizzolo F, Tenuti I, Bozzini C, Villa G, Ceradini B, Sandri M, Cheng S, Grow MA, Pignatti PF, and Corrocher R. Interaction between metabolic syndrome and PON1 polymorphisms as a determinant of the risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Exp Med 5: 20-30, 2005. (Pubitemid 40869071)
224. Martinet W and Kockx MM. Apoptosis in atherosclerosis: focus on oxidized lipids and inflammation. Curr Opin Lipidol 12: 535-541, 2001. (Pubitemid 32980302)
225. Maziere C, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Frey-Fressart V, Delattre J and Maziere JC. Copper and cell-oxidized low-density lipoprotein induces activator protein 1 in fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett 409: 351-356, 1997. (Pubitemid 27285884)
226. Mazur A. An enzyme in animal tissues capable of hydrolyze the phosphorus-fluorine bond of alkyl fluorophosphates. J Biol Chem 164: 271-289, 1946.
227. McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 56: 111-128, 1969.
228. McDonald L, Bray C, Field C, Love F, and Davies B. Homocystinuria, Thrombosis, and the Blood-Platelets. Lancet 1: 745-746, 1964.
229. Mertens A and Holvoet P. Oxidized LDL and HDL: antagonists in atherothrombosis. Faseb J 15: 2073-2084, 2001. (Pubitemid 32927925)
230. Meye C, Schumann J, Wagner A, and Gross P. Effects of homocysteine on the levels of caveolin-1 and eNOS in caveolae of human coronary artery endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 190: 256-263, 2007. (Pubitemid 46074040)
231. Milochevitch C and Khalil A. Study of the paraoxonase and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activities with aging. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 65: 241-246, 2001. (Pubitemid 34258920)
232. Miura D, Miura Y, and Yagasaki K. Hypolipidemic action of dietary resveratrol, a phytoalexin in grapes and red wine, in hepatoma-bearing rats. Life Sci 73: 1393-1400, 2003. (Pubitemid 36798126)
233. Mochizuki H, Scherer SW, Xi T, Nickle DC, Majer M, Huizenga JJ, Tsui LC, and Prochazka M. Human PON2 gene at 7q21.3: cloning, multiple mRNA forms, and missense polymorphisms in the coding sequence. Gene 213: 149-157, 1998. (Pubitemid 28284734)
234. Murata M, Maruyama T, Suzuki Y, Saruta T, and Ikeda Y. Paraoxonase 1 Gln/Arg polymorphism is associated with the risk of microangiopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 21: 837-844, 2004. (Pubitemid 39036996)
235. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106: 3143-3421, 2002.
236. Navab M, Ananthramaiah GM, Reddy ST, Van Lenten BJ, Ansell BJ, Fonarow GC, Vahabzadeh K, Hama S, Hough G, Kamranpour N, Berliner JA, Lusis AJ, and Fogelman AM. The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL. J Lipid Res 45: 993-1007, 2004. (Pubitemid 38679495)
237. Navab M, Berliner JA, Subbanagounder G, Hama S, Lusis AJ, Castellani LW, Reddy S, Shih D, Shi W, Watson AD, Van Lenten BJ, Vora D, and Fogelman AM. HDL and the inflammatory response induced by LDL-derived oxidized phospholipids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 481-488, 2001. (Pubitemid 32323377)
238. Navab M, Hama-Levy S, Van Lenten BJ, Fonarow GC, Cardinez CJ, Castellani LW, Brennan ML, Lusis AJ, Fogelman AM, and La Du BN. Mildly oxidized LDL induces an increased apolipoprotein J/paraoxonase ratio. J Clin Invest 99: 2005-2019, 1997. (Pubitemid 27175949)
239. Negre-Salvayre A, Lopez M, Levade T, Pieraggi MT, Dousset N, Douste-Blazy L, and Salvayre R. Ultraviolettreated lipoproteins as a model system for the study of the biological effects of lipid peroxides on cultured cells. II. Uptake and cytotoxicity of ultraviolet-treated LDL on lymphoid cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta 1045: 224-232, 1990. (Pubitemid 20249365)
240. Nevado JB Jr. and Imasa MS. Homocysteine predicts adverse clinical outcomes in unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: implications from the folate intervention in non-ST elevation myocardialinfarction and unstable angina study. Coron Artery Dis 19: 153-161, 2008. (Pubitemid 351555968)
241. Ng CJ, Bourquard N, Grijalva V, Hama S, Shih DM, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Lusis AJ, Young S, and Reddy ST. Paraoxonase-2 deficiency aggravates atherosclerosis in mice despite lower apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins: anti-atherogenic role for paraoxonase-2. J Biol Chem 281: 29491-29500, 2006. (Pubitemid 44536957)
242. Ng CJ, Bourquard N, Hama SY, Shih D, Grijalva VR, Navab M, Fogelman AM, and Reddy ST. Adenovirus-mediated expression of human paraoxonase 3 protects against the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27: 1368-1374, 2007. (Pubitemid 46809427)
243. Ng CJ, Hama SY, Bourquard N, Navab M, and Reddy ST. Adenovirus mediated expression of human paraoxonase 2 protects against the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol Genet Metab 89: 368-373, 2006. (Pubitemid 44767734)
244. Ng CJ, Shih DM, Hama SY, Villa N, Navab M, and Reddy ST. The paraoxonase gene family and atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 38: 153-163, 2005. (Pubitemid 39656127)
245. Ng CJ, Wadleigh DJ, Gangopadhyay A, Hama S, Grijalva VR, Navab M, Fogelman AM, and Reddy ST. Paraoxonase- 2 is a ubiquitously expressed protein with antioxidant properties and is capable of preventing cell-mediated oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 276: 44444-44449, 2001.
246. Nicholson AC and Hajjar DP. CD36, oxidized LDL and PPAR gamma: pathological interactions in macrophages and atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 41: 139-146, 2004. (Pubitemid 39643389)
247. Nishio E and Watanabe Y. Cigarette smoke extract inhibits plasma paraoxonase activity by modification of the enzyme's free thiols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 236: 289-293, 1997. (Pubitemid 27373286)
248. Noll C, Hamelet J, Matulewicz E, Paul JL, Delabar JM, and Janel N. Effects of red wine polyphenolic compounds on paraoxonase-1 and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in hyperhomocysteinemic mice. J Nutr Biochem 20: 586-596, 2009.
249. Noll C, Messaoudi S, Milliez P, Samuel JL, Delcayre C, and Janel N. Eplerenone administration has beneficial effect on hepatic paraoxonase 1 activity in diabetic mice. Atherosclerosis 208: 26-27, 2010.
250. Oda MN, Bielicki JK, Ho TT, Berger T, Rubin EM, and Forte TM. Paraoxonase 1 overexpression in mice and its effect on high-density lipoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290: 921-927, 2002. (Pubitemid 34687449)
251. Okura Y, Brink M, Itabe H, Scheidegger KJ, Kalangos A, and Delafontaine P. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein is associated with apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 102: 2680-2686, 2000.
252. Osaki F, Ikeda Y, Suehiro T, Ota K, Tsuzura S, Arii K, Kumon Y, and Hashimoto K. Roles of Sp1 and protein kinase C in regulation of human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene transcription in HepG2 cells. Atherosclerosis 176: 279-287, 2004. (Pubitemid 39369517)
253. Osei-Hyiaman D, Hou L, Mengbai F, Zhiyin R, Zhiming Z, and Kano K. Coronary artery disease risk in Chinese type 2 diabetics: is there a role for paraxonase 1 gene (Q192R) polymorphism? Eur J Endocrinol 144: 639-644, 2001. (Pubitemid 32514819)
254. Ozols J. Isolation and complete covalent structure of liver microsomal paraoxonase. Biochem J 338 (Pt 2): 265-272, 1999.
255. Pan JP, Lai ST, Chiang SC, Chou SC, and Chiang AN. The risk of coronary artery disease in population of Taiwan is associated with Cys-Ser 311 polymorphism of human paraoxonase (PON)-2 gene. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 65: 415-421, 2002.
256. Panini SR and Sinensky MS. Mechanisms of oxysterol-induced apoptosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 12: 529-533, 2001. (Pubitemid 32980301)
257. Paoli P, Sbrana F, Tiribilli B, Caselli A, Pantera B, Cirri P, De Donatis A, Formigli L, Nosi D, Manao G, Camici G, and Ramponi G. Protein N-homocysteinylation induces the formation of toxic amyloid-like protofibrils. J Mol Biol 400: 889-907, 2010.
258. Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Rizzo MR, and Giugliano D. Advancing age and insulin resistance: new facts about an ancient history. Eur J Clin Invest 29: 758-769, 1999. (Pubitemid 29425517)
259. Paragh G, Seres I, Harangi M, Balogh Z, Illyes L, Boda J, Szilvassy Z, and Kovacs P. The effect of micronised fenofibrate on paraoxonase activity in patients with coronary heart disease. Diabetes Metab 29: 613-618, 2003. (Pubitemid 38082164)
260. Paragh G, Seres I, Harangi M, Erdei A, Audikovszky M, Debreczeni L, Kovacsay A, Illyes L, and Pados G. Ciprofibrate increases paraoxonase activity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Br J Clin Pharmacol 61: 694-701, 2006. (Pubitemid 43794796)
261. Paragh G, Torocsik D, Seres I, Harangi M, Illyes L, Balogh Z, and Kovacs P. Effect of short term treatment with simvastatin and atorvastatin on lipids and paraoxonase activity in patients with hyperlipoproteinaemia. Curr Med Res Opin 20: 1321-1327, 2004. (Pubitemid 39120797)
262. Park SA, Choi MS, Jung UJ, Kim MJ, Kim DJ, Park HM, Park YB, and Lee MK. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver leaf extract increases endogenous antioxidant activity in type 2 diabetic mice. J Med Food 9: 474-479, 2006. (Pubitemid 46095354)
263. Perla-Kajan J and Jakubowski H. Paraoxonase 1 protects against protein N-homocysteinylation in humans. Faseb J 24: 931-936, 2010.
264. Perla-Kajan J, Stanger O, Luczak M, Ziolkowska A, Malendowicz LK, Twardowski T, Lhotak S, Austin RC, and Jakubowski H. Immunohistochemical detection of Nhomocysteinylated proteins in humans and mice. Biomed Pharmacother 62: 473-479, 2008.
265. Pervaiz S. Resveratrol: from grapevines to mammalian biology. Faseb J 17: 1975-1985, 2003. (Pubitemid 37392442)
266. Pinizzotto M, Castillo E, Fiaux M, Temler E, Gaillard RC, and Ruiz J. Paraoxonase2 polymorphisms are associated with nephropathy in Type II diabetes. Diabetologia 44: 104-107, 2001. (Pubitemid 32141891)
267. Precourt LP, Seidman E, Delvin E, Amre D, Deslandres C, Dominguez M, Sinnett D, and Levy E. Comparative expression analysis reveals differences in the regulation of intestinal paraoxonase family members. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41: 1628-1637, 2009.
268. Primo-Parmo SL, Sorenson RC, Teiber J, and La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase gene (PON1) is one member of a multigene family. Genomics 33: 498-507, 1996. (Pubitemid 26159866)
269. Qin Q, Li YL, Zhao FM, Wang H, Li Y, Cui RZ, and Zhao BR. [Association of paraoxonase polymorphisms and serum homocysteine thiolactone complex with coronary heart disease]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 34: 803-807, 2006.
270. Rainwater DL, Rutherford S, Dyer TD, Rainwater ED, Cole SA, Vandeberg JL, Almasy L, Blangero J, Maccluer JW, and Mahaney MC. Determinants of variation in human serum paraoxonase activity. Heredity 102: 147-154, 2009.
271. Rajavashisth TB, Andalibi A, Territo MC, Berliner JA, Navab M, Fogelman AM, and Lusis AJ. Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factors by modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature 344: 254-257, 1990.
272. Ramos P, Gieseg SP, Schuster B, and Esterbauer H. Effect of temperature and phase transition on oxidation resistance of low density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 36: 2113-2128, 1995.
273. Rangaswamy S, Penn MS, Saidel GM, and Chisolm GM. Exogenous oxidized low-density lipoprotein injures and alters the barrier function of endothelium in rats in vivo. Circ Res 80: 37-44, 1997. (Pubitemid 27030366)
274. Rao MN, Marmillot P, Gong M, Palmer DA, Seeff LB, Strader DB, and Lakshman MR. Light, but not heavy alcohol drinking, stimulates paraoxonase by upregulating liver mRNA in rats and humans. Metabolism 52: 1287-1294, 2003. (Pubitemid 37351096)
275. Rea IM, McKeown PP, McMaster D, Young IS, Patterson C, Savage MJ, Belton C, Marchegiani F, Olivieri F, Bonafe M, and Franceschi C. Paraoxonase polymorphisms PON1 192 and 55 and longevity in Italian centenarians and Irish nonagenarians. A pooled analysis. Exp Gerontol 39: 629-635, 2004. (Pubitemid 38402090)
276. Reddy ST, Devarajan A, Bourquard N, Shih D, and Fogelman AM. Is it just paraoxonase 1 or are other members of the paraoxonase gene family implicated in atherosclerosis? Curr Opin Lipidol 19: 405-408, 2008.
277. Reddy ST, Wadleigh DJ, Grijalva V, Ng C, Hama S, Gangopadhyay A, Shih DM, Lusis AJ, Navab M, and Fogelman AM. Human paraoxonase-3 is an HDL-associated enzyme with biological activity similar to paraoxonase-1 protein but is not regulated by oxidized lipids. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21: 542-547, 2001. (Pubitemid 32323386)
278. Refsum H, Smith AD, Ueland PM, Nexo E, Clarke R, McPartlin J, Johnston C, Engbaek F, Schneede J, McPartlin C, and Scott JM. Facts and recommendations about total homocysteine determinations: an expert opinion. Clin Chem 50: 3-32, 2004. (Pubitemid 38125696)
279. Rensen SS, Doevendans PA, and van Eys GJ. Regulation and characteristics of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic diversity. Neth Heart J 15: 100-108, 2007. (Pubitemid 47253691)
280. Rizos E, Tambaki AP, Gazi I, Tselepis AD, and Elisaf M. Lipoprotein-associated PAF-acetylhydrolase activity in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 72: 203-209, 2005. (Pubitemid 40139085)
281. Rock W, Rosenblat M, Miller-Lotan R, Levy AP, Elias M, and Aviram M. Consumption of wonderful variety pomegranate juice and extract by diabetic patients increases paraoxonase 1 association with high-density lipoprotein and stimulates its catalytic activities. J Agric Food Chem 56: 8704-8713, 2008.
282. Rodrigo L, Gil F, Hernandez AF, Lopez O, and Pla A. Identification of paraoxonase 3 in rat liver microsomes: purification and biochemical properties. Biochem J 376: 261-268, 2003. (Pubitemid 37487222)
283. Rodrigo L, Hernandez AF, Lopez-Caballero JJ, Gil F, and Pla A. Immunohistochemical evidence for the expression and induction of paraoxonase in rat liver, kidney, lung and brain tissue. Implications for its physiological role. Chem Biol Interact 137: 123-137, 2001. (Pubitemid 32825504)
284. Rosenblat M, Draganov D, Watson CE, Bisgaier CL, La Du BN, and Aviram M. Mouse macrophage paraoxonase 2 activity is increased whereas cellular paraoxonase 3 activity is decreased under oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 468-474, 2003. (Pubitemid 36337224)
285. Rosenblat M, Hayek T, Hussein K, and Aviram M. Decreased macrophage paraoxonase 2 expression in patients with hypercholesterolemia is the result of their increased cellular cholesterol content: effect of atorvastatin therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 175-180, 2004. (Pubitemid 38082430)
286. Rozenberg O, Shih DM, and Aviram M. Human serum paraoxonase 1 decreases macrophage cholesterol biosynthesis: possible role for its phospholipase-A2-like activity and lysophosphatidylcholine formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 461-467, 2003. (Pubitemid 36337223)
287. Rozenberg O, Shiner M, Aviram M, and Hayek T. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) attenuates diabetes development in mice through its antioxidative properties. Free Radic Biol Med 44: 1951-1959, 2008.
288. Sacks FM, Tonkin AM, Craven T, Pfeffer MA, Shepherd J, Keech A, Furberg CD, and Braunwald E. Coronary heart disease in patients with low LDL-cholesterol: benefit of pravastatin in diabetics and enhanced role for HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors. Circulation 105: 1424-1428, 2002. (Pubitemid 34263272)
289. Sakai M, Miyazaki A, Hakamata H, Kodama T, Suzuki H, Kobori S, Shichiri M, and Horiuchi S. The scavenger receptor serves as a route for internalization of lysophosphatidylcholine in oxidized low density lipoproteininduced macrophage proliferation. J Biol Chem 271: 27346-27352, 1996. (Pubitemid 26367289)
290. Sander CS, Chang H, Hamm F, Elsner P, and Thiele JJ. Role of oxidative stress and the antioxidant network in cutaneous carcinogenesis. Int J Dermatol 43: 326-335, 2004. (Pubitemid 38714593)
291. Sangvanich P, Mackness B, Gaskell SJ, Durrington P, and Mackness M. The effect of high-density lipoproteins on the formation of lipid/protein conjugates during in vitro oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300: 501-506, 2003. (Pubitemid 38375837)
292. Santanam N and Parthasarathy S. Aspirin is a substrate for paraoxonase-like activity: implications in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 191: 272-275, 2007. (Pubitemid 46415635)
293. Sarandol E, Serdar Z, Dirican M, and Safak O. Effects of red wine consumption on serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities and on lipoprotein oxidizability in healthy-men. J Nutr Biochem 14: 507-512, 2003. (Pubitemid 37162649)
294. Sarandol E, Tas S, Dirican M, and Serdar Z. Oxidative stress and serum paraoxonase activity in experimental hypothyroidism: effect of vitamin E supplementation. Cell Biochem Funct 23: 1-8, 2005. (Pubitemid 40068799)
295. Satoh T, Taylor P, Bosron WF, Sanghani SP, Hosokawa M, and La Du BN. Current progress on esterases: from molecular structure to function. Drug Metab Dispos 30: 488-493, 2002. (Pubitemid 34456967)
296. Schrader C, Schiborr C, Frank J, and Rimbach G. Curcumin induces paraoxonase 1 in cultured hepatocytes in vitro but not in mouse liver in vivo. Br J Nutr 105: 167-170, 2011.
297. Senokuchi T, Matsumura T, Sakai M, Matsuo T, Yano M, Kiritoshi S, Sonoda K, Kukidome D, Nishikawa T, and Araki E. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediate macrophage proliferation induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 176: 233-245, 2004. (Pubitemid 39369512)
298. Senti M, Tomas M, Fito M, Weinbrenner T, Covas MI, Sala J, Masia R, and Marrugat J. Antioxidant paraoxonase 1 activity in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 5422-5426, 2003. (Pubitemid 37452748)
299. Seres I, Paragh G, Deschene E, Fulop T Jr., and Khalil A. Study of factors influencing the decreased HDL associated PON1 activity with aging. Exp Gerontol 39: 59-66, 2004. (Pubitemid 38068260)
300. Shaposhnik Z, Wang X, Trias J, Fraser H, and Lusis AJ. The synergistic inhibition of atherogenesis in apoE-/- mice between pravastatin and the sPLA2 inhibitor varespladib (A- 002). J Lipid Res 50: 623-629, 2009.
301. She ZG, Zheng W, Wei YS, Chen HZ, Wang AB, Li HL, Liu G, Zhang R, Liu JJ, Stallcup WB, Zhou Z, Liu DP, and Liang CC. Human paraoxonase gene cluster transgenic overexpression represses atherogenesis and promotes atherosclerotic plaque stability in ApoE-null mice. Circ Res 104: 1160-1168, 2009.
302. Shih DM, Gu L, Hama S, Xia YR, Navab M, Fogelman AM, and Lusis AJ. Genetic-dietary regulation of serum paraoxonase expression and its role in atherogenesis in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 97: 1630-1639, 1996. (Pubitemid 26105474)
303. Shih DM, Gu L, Xia YR, Navab M, Li WF, Hama S, Castellani LW, Furlong CE, Costa LG, Fogelman AM, and Lusis AJ. Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature 394: 284-287, 1998. (Pubitemid 28335041)
304. Shih DM, Kast-Woelbern HR, Wong J, Xia YR, Edwards PA, and Lusis AJ. A role for FXR and human FGF-19 in the repression of paraoxonase-1 gene expression by bile acids. J Lipid Res 47: 384-392, 2006. (Pubitemid 43276924)
305. Shih DM, Xia YR, Wang XP, Miller E, Castellani LW, Subbanagounder G, Cheroutre H, Faull KF, Berliner JA, Witztum JL, and Lusis AJ. Combined serum paraoxonase knockout/apolipoprotein E knockout mice exhibit increased lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 275: 17527-17535, 2000. (Pubitemid 30430794)
306. Shih DM, Xia YR, Wang XP, Wang SS, Bourquard N, Fogelman AM, Lusis AJ, and Reddy ST. Decreased obesity and atherosclerosis in human paraoxonase 3 transgenic mice. Circ Res 100: 1200-1207, 2007. (Pubitemid 46684133)
307. Shin BS, Oh SY, Kim YS, and Kim KW. The paraoxonase gene polymorphism in stroke patients and lipid profile. Acta Neurol Scand 117: 237-243, 2008.
308. Shiner M, Fuhrman B, and Aviram M. Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) expression is upregulated via a reduced-nicotinamide- adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate (NADPH)-oxidasedependent mechanism during monocytes differentiation into macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 37: 2052-2063, 2004. (Pubitemid 39491324)
309. Shiner M, Fuhrman B, and Aviram M. A biphasic U-shape effect of cellular oxidative stress on the macrophage antioxidant paraoxonase 2 (PON2) enzymatic activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 349: 1094-1099, 2006. (Pubitemid 44380208)
310. Shiner M, Fuhrman B, and Aviram M. Macrophage paraoxonase 2 (PON2) expression is up-regulated by pomegranate juice phenolic anti-oxidants via PPAR gamma and AP-1 pathway activation. Atherosclerosis 195: 313-321, 2007. (Pubitemid 350087961)
311. Shiner M, Fuhrman B, and Aviram M. Macrophage paraoxonase 2 (PON2) expression is upregulated by unesterified cholesterol through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3K) pathway. Biol Chem 388: 1353-1358, 2007. (Pubitemid 350135567)
312. Sierksma A, van der Gaag MS, van Tol A, James RW, and Hendriks HF. Kinetics of HDL cholesterol and paraoxonase activity in moderate alcohol consumers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26: 1430-1435, 2002.
313. Sinan S, Kockar F, and Arslan O. Novel purification strategy for human PON1 and inhibition of the activity by cephalosporin and aminoglikozide derived antibiotics. Biochimie 88: 565-574, 2006. (Pubitemid 43870393)
314. Sinan S, Kockar F, Gencer N, Yildirim H, and Arslan O. Effects of some antibiotics on paraoxonase from human serum in vitro and from mouse serum and liver in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 29: 1559-1563, 2006. (Pubitemid 44166351)
315. Sinan S, Kockar F, Gencer N, Yildirim H, and Arslan O. Amphenicol and macrolide derived antibiotics inhibit paraoxonase enzyme activity in human serum and human hepatoma cells (HepG2) in vitro. Biochemistry (Mosc) 71: 46-50, 2006. (Pubitemid 43333801)
316. Sorenson RC, Aviram M, Bisgaier CL, Billecke S, Hsu C, and La Du BN. Properties of the retained N-terminal hydrophobic leader sequence in human serum paraoxonase/ arylesterase. Chem Biol Interact 119-120: 243-249, 1999. (Pubitemid 29278558)
317. Sorenson RC, Bisgaier CL, Aviram M, Hsu C, Billecke S, and La Du BN. Human serum Paraoxonase/Arylesterase's retained hydrophobic N-terminal leader sequence associates with HDLs by binding phospholipids: apolipoprotein A-I stabilizes activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 2214-2225, 1999. (Pubitemid 29422255)
318. Sorenson RC, Primo-Parmo SL, Kuo CL, Adkins S, Lockridge O, and La Du BN. Reconsideration of the catalytic center and mechanism of mammalian paraoxonase/ arylesterase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 7187-7191, 1995.
319. Sparrow CP, Parthasarathy S, and Steinberg D. A macrophage receptor that recognizes oxidized low density lipoprotein but not acetylated low density lipoprotein. J Biol Chem 264: 2599-2604, 1989. (Pubitemid 19057749)
320. Steinberg D. Low density lipoprotein oxidation and its pathobiological significance. J Biol Chem 272: 20963-20966, 1997. (Pubitemid 27373946)
321. Stevens RC, Suzuki SM, Cole TB, Park SS, Richter RJ, and Furlong CE. Engineered recombinant human paraoxonase 1 (rHuPON1) purified from Escherichia coli protects against organophosphate poisoning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 12780-12784, 2008.
322. Stubbs PJ, Al-Obaidi MK, Conroy RM, Collinson PO, Graham IM, and Noble IM. Effect of plasma homocysteine concentration on early and late events in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 102: 605-610, 2000. (Pubitemid 30640658)
323. Suda O, Tsutsui M, Morishita T, Tasaki H, Ueno S, Nakata S, Tsujimoto T, Toyohira Y, Hayashida Y, Sasaguri Y, Ueta Y, Nakashima Y, and Yanagihara N. Asymmetric dimethylarginine produces vascular lesions in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice: involvement of reninangiotensin system and oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 1682-1688, 2004. (Pubitemid 39180895)
324. Suehiro T, Nakamura T, Inoue M, Shiinoki T, Ikeda Y, Kumon Y, Shindo M, Tanaka H, and Hashimoto K. A polymorphism upstream from the human paraoxonase (PON1) gene and its association with PON1 expression. Atherosclerosis 150: 295-298, 2000. (Pubitemid 30336541)
325. Suhara T, Fukuo K, Yasuda O, Tsubakimoto M, Takemura Y, Kawamoto H, Yokoi T, Mogi M, Kaimoto T, and Ogihara T. Homocysteine enhances endothelial apoptosis via upregulation of Fas-mediated pathways. Hypertension 43: 1208-1213, 2004. (Pubitemid 38696913)
326. Sutherland WH, Manning PJ, de Jong SA, Allum AR, Jones SD, and Williams SM. Hormone-replacement therapy increases serum paraoxonase arylesterase activity in diabetic postmenopausal women. Metabolism 50: 319-324, 2001. (Pubitemid 32248979)
327. Tabur S, Torun AN, Sabuncu T, Turan MN, Celik H, Ocak AR, and Aksoy N. Non-diabetic metabolic syndrome and obesity do not affect serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities but do affect oxidative stress and inflammation. Eur J Endocrinol 162: 535-541, 2010.
328. Teiber JF, Draganov DI, and La Du BN. Lactonase and lactonizing activities of human serum paraoxonase (PON1) and rabbit serum PON3. Biochem Pharmacol 66: 887-896, 2003. (Pubitemid 37083585)
329. Teiber JF, Draganov DI, and La Du BN. Purified human serum PON1 does not protect LDL against oxidation in the in vitro assays initiated with copper or AAPH. J Lipid Res 45: 2260-2268, 2004. (Pubitemid 39602973)
330. Teiber JF, Horke S, Haines DC, Chowdhary PK, Xiao J, Kramer GL, Haley RW and Draganov DI. Dominant role of paraoxonases in inactivation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing signal N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone. Infect Immun 76: 2512-2519, 2008.
331. Thomas-Moya E, Nadal-Casellas A, Gianotti M, Llado I, and Proenza AM. Time-dependent modulation of rat serum paraoxonase 1 activity by fasting. Pflugers Arch 453: 831-837, 2007. (Pubitemid 46294939)
332. Tomas M, Senti M, Elosua R, Vila J, Sala J, Masia R, and Marrugat J. Interaction between the Gln-Arg 192 variants of the paraoxonase gene and oleic acid intake as a determinant of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and paraoxonase activity. Eur J Pharmacol 432: 121-128, 2001. (Pubitemid 34003591)
333. Tougou K, Nakamura A, Watanabe S, Okuyama Y, and Morino A. Paraoxonase has a major role in the hydrolysis of prulifloxacin (NM441), a prodrug of a new antibacterial agent. Drug Metab Dispos 26: 355-359, 1998. (Pubitemid 28201246)
334. Tsai JC, Perrella MA, Yoshizumi M, Hsieh CM, Haber E, Schlegel R, and Lee ME. Promotion of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by homocysteine: a link to atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 6369-6373, 1994. (Pubitemid 24200662)
335. Tsakiris S, Karikas GA, Parthimos T, Tsakiris T, Bakogiannis C, and Schulpis KH. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation prevents the exercise-induced reduction of serum paraoxonase 1/arylesterase activities in healthy individuals. Eur J Clin Nutr 63: 215-221, 2009.
336. Tsimihodimos V, Karabina SA, Tambaki AP, Bairaktari E, Goudevenos JA, Chapman MJ, Elisaf M, and Tselepis AD. Atorvastatin preferentially reduces LDL-associated platelet- activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in dyslipidemias of type IIA and type IIB. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22: 306-311, 2002. (Pubitemid 34127044)
337. Turfaner N, Uzun H, Balci H, Ercan MA, Karter YH, Caner M, Sipahioglu F, and Genc H. Ezetimibe therapy and its influence on oxidative stress and fibrinolytic activity. South Med J 103: 428-433, 2010.
338. Tward A, Xia YR, Wang XP, Shi YS, Park C, Castellani LW, Lusis AJ, and Shih DM. Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in human serum paraoxonase transgenic mice. Circulation 106: 484-490, 2002. (Pubitemid 34803695)
339. Undas A, Brozek J, Jankowski M, Siudak Z, Szczeklik A, and Jakubowski H. Plasma homocysteine affects fibrin clot permeability and resistance to lysis in human subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26: 1397-1404, 2006. (Pubitemid 44305388)
340. Ungvari Z, Csiszar A, Edwards JG, Kaminski PM, Wolin MS, Kaley G, and Koller A. Increased superoxide production in coronary arteries in hyperhomocysteinemia: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, NAD(P)H oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 418-424, 2003. (Pubitemid 36337217)
341. van den Berg SW, Jansen EH, Kruijshoop M, Beekhof PK, Blaak E, van der Kallen CJ, van Greevenbroek MM, and Feskens EJ. Paraoxonase 1 phenotype distribution and activity differs in subjects with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes (the CODAM Study). Diabet Med 25: 186-193, 2008. (Pubitemid 351293397)
342. van der Gaag MS, van Tol A, Scheek LM, James RW, Urgert R, Schaafsma G, and Hendriks HF. Daily moderate alcohol consumption increases serum paraoxonase activity; a dietcontrolled, randomised intervention study in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 147: 405-410, 1999. (Pubitemid 29512273)
343. Van Lenten BJ, Navab M, Shih D, Fogelman AM, and Lusis AJ. The role of high-density lipoproteins in oxidation and inflammation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 11: 155-161, 2001. (Pubitemid 33070340)
344. Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Navab M, and Fogelman AM. Oxidized phospholipids induce changes in hepatic paraoxonase and ApoJ but not monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 via interleukin-6. J Biol Chem 276: 1923-1929, 2001. (Pubitemid 32109669)
345. van Wijk J, Coll B, Cabezas MC, Koning E, Camps J, Mackness B, and Joven J. Rosiglitazone modulates fasting and post-prandial paraoxonase 1 activity in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33: 1134-1137, 2006. (Pubitemid 44923898)
346. Varatharajalu R, Garige M, Leckey LC, Gong M, and Lakshman MR. Betaine protects chronic alcohol and omega-3 PUFA-mediated down-regulations of PON1 gene, serum PON1 and homocysteine thiolactonase activities with restoration of liver GSH. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34: 424-431, 2010.
347. Vizzardi E, Nodari S, Fiorina C, Metra M, and Dei Cas L. Plasma homocysteine levels and late outcome in patients with unstable angina. Cardiology 107: 354-359, 2007. (Pubitemid 46788256)
348. Vohl MC, Neville TA, Kumarathasan R, Braschi S, and Sparks DL. A novel lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase antioxidant activity prevents the formation of oxidized lipids during lipoprotein oxidation. Biochemistry 38: 5976-5981, 1999.
349. Vos E. Homocysteine levels, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, and cardiovascular risk. JAMA 300: 168-169; author reply 169, 2008. (Pubitemid 351969310)
350. Wallace AJ, Sutherland WH, Mann JI, and Williams SM. The effect of meals rich in thermally stressed olive and safflower oils on postprandial serum paraoxonase activity in patients with diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr 55: 951-958, 2001. (Pubitemid 33040091)
351. Watson AD, Berliner JA, Hama SY, La Du BN, Faull KF, Fogelman AM, and Navab M. Protective effect of high density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase. Inhibition of the biological activity of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 96: 2882-2891, 1995.
352. Watson CE, Draganov DI, Billecke SS, Bisgaier CL, and La Du BN. Rabbits possess a serum paraoxonase polymorphism similar to the human Q192R. Pharmacogenetics 11: 123-134, 2001. (Pubitemid 32216123)
353. Watzinger N, Schmidt H, Schumacher M, Schmidt R, Eber B, Fruhwald FM, Zweiker R, Kostner GM, and Klein W. Human paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of coronary heart disease: a community-based study. Cardiology 98: 116-122, 2002. (Pubitemid 36158571)
354. Weiss N, Heydrick SJ, Postea O, Keller C, Keaney JF Jr., and Loscalzo J. Influence of hyperhomocysteinemia on the cellular redox state-impact on homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Clin Chem Lab Med 41: 1455-1461, 2003. (Pubitemid 37493560)
355. Willcox MD, Zhu H, Conibear TC, Hume EB, Givskov M, Kjelleberg S, and Rice SA. Role of quorum sensing byPseudomonas aeruginos in microbial keratitis and cystic fibrosis. Microbiology 154: 2184-2194, 2008.
356. Wojcicka G, Jamroz-Wisniewska A, Marciniak A, Lowicka E, and Beltowski J. The differentiating effect of glimepiride and glibenclamide on paraoxonase 1 and platelet-activating factor acetylohydrolase activity. Life Sci 87: 126-132, 2010.
357. Xia Y, Gueguen R, Vincent-Viry M, Siest G, and Visvikis S. Effect of six candidate genes on early aging in a French population. Aging Clin Exp Res 15: 111-116, 2003. (Pubitemid 36889495)
358. Yamada M, Sodeyama N, Itoh Y, Otomo E, Matsushita M, and Mizusawa H. No association of paraoxonase genotype or atherosclerosis with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke 33: 896-900, 2002. (Pubitemid 34293564)
359. Yang X, Gao Y, Zhou J, Zhen Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Song L, Liu Y, Xu H, Chen Z, and Hui R. Plasma homocysteine thiolactone adducts associated with risk of coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 364: 230-234, 2006. (Pubitemid 43120647)
360. Yesilbursa D, Serdar A, Saltan Y, Serdar Z, Heper Y, Guclu S, and Cordan J. The effect of fenofibrate on serum paraoxonase activity and inflammatory markers in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Kardiol Pol 62: 526-530, 2005. (Pubitemid 40961466)
361. Yoshida H, Quehenberger O, Kondratenko N, Green S, and Steinberg D. Minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein increases expression of scavenger receptor A, CD36, and macrosialin in resident mouse peritoneal macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 794-802, 1998. (Pubitemid 28267660)
362. Zettler ME, Prociuk MA, Austria JA, Zhong G, and Pierce GN. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein retards the growth of proliferating cells by inhibiting nuclear translocation of cell cycle proteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24: 727-732, 2004. (Pubitemid 38451611)
363. Zhang JG, Wang LZ, Han XQ, Jiang YD, Zhang RM, and Wang SR. [The pathogenic mechanism of homocysteine - induced endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction and the antagonistic effects by folic acid]. Fen Zi Xi Bao Sheng Wu Xue Bao 40: 17-23, 2007.
364. Zhao B, Ehringer WD, Dierichs R, and Miller FN. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein increases endothelial intracellular calcium and alters cytoskeletal f-actin distribution. Eur J Clin Invest 27: 48-54, 1997. (Pubitemid 27065173)
365. Zhao GF, Seng JJ, Zhang H, and She MP. Effects of oxidized low density lipoprotein on the growth of human artery smooth muscle cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 118: 1973-1978, 2005. (Pubitemid 47049841)