Population differences in major functional polymorphisms of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics-related genes in Eastern Asians and Europeans: Implications in the clinical trials for novel drug development

Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 9-54

  Kurose, Kouichi ^a   Sugiyama, Emiko ^a   Saito, Yoshiro ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES   (Japan)

Author keywords

Allele frequencies; Eastern asians; Europeans; Genetic polymorphisms; Population differences

Indexed keywords

ACENOCOUMAROL; AMLODIPINE; CANDESARTAN; CELECOXIB; CHLORPHENIRAMINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLOPIDOGREL; CYTOCHROME P450; DIAZEPAM; DICLOFENAC; FLURBIPROFEN; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; HALOPERIDOL; IBUPROFEN; LOSARTAN; MEPHENYTOIN; MEXILETINE; MIDAZOLAM; NORTRIPTYLINE; OMEPRAZOLE; PHENYTOIN; PROMETHAZINE; PROPAFENONE; RISPERIDONE; TENOXICAM; TOLBUTAMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

ABCG2 GENE; ALLELE; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; ASIAN; CAUCASIAN; CHINA; CHINESE; CYP2C19 GENE; CYP2C9 GENE; CYP2D6 GENE; CYP3A5 GENE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESEARCH; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; ETHNIC GROUP; FRAMESHIFT MUTATION; GENE CONVERSION; GENE DELETION; GENE DUPLICATION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE FUNCTION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENOTYPE; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN; GSTM1 GENE; GSTT1 GENE; HLA A GENE; HLA B GENE; HUMAN; JAPAN; JAPANESE; KOREA; KOREAN; MARKER GENE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NAT2 GENE; NULL ALLELE; OATP1B1 GENE; PHARMACOGENETICS; PHENOTYPE; POPULATION RESEARCH; REVIEW; RNA SPLICING; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; UGT1A1 GENE;

EID: 84857761731     PISSN: 13474367     EISSN: 18800920     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.DMPK-11-RV-111     Document Type: Review

References (394)

1. Ichimaru, K., Toyoshima, S. and Uyama, Y.: Effective global drug development strategy for obtaining regulatory approval in Japan in the context of ethnicity-related drug response factors. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 87: 362-366 (2010).
2. Ishibashi, T., Yasuda, K., Kusama, M., Sugiyama, Y. and Ono, S.: Clinical development and review times for new drugs in Japan: associated factors. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 88: 487-491 (2010).
3. Ichimaru, K., Toyoshima, S. and Uyama, Y.: PMDA's challenge to accelerate clinical development and review of new drugs in Japan. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 88: 454-457 (2010).
4. Arnold, F. L., Kusama, M. and Ono, S.: Exploring differences in drug doses between Japan and Western countries. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 87: 714-720 (2010).
5. Saito, Y., Maekawa, K., Ozawa, S. and Sawada, J.: Genetic Polymorphisms and Haplotypes of Major Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in East Asians and Their Comparison with Other Ethnic Populations. Cur. Pharmacogenomics, 5: 49-78 (2007).
6. Kirchheiner, J. and Brockmoller, J.: Clinical consequences of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 77: 1-16 (2005).
7. Yin, T., Maekawa, K., Kamide, K., Saito, Y., Hanada, H., Miyashita, K., Kokubo, Y., Akaiwa, Y., Otsubo, R., Nagatsuka, K., Otsuki, T., Horio, T., Takiuchi, S., Kawano, Y., Minematsu, K., Naritomi, H., Tomoike, H., Sawada, J. and Miyata, T.: Genetic variations of CYP2C9 in 724 Japanese individuals and their impact on the antihypertensive effects of losartan. Hypertens. Res., 31: 1549-1557 (2008).
8. Man, M., Farmen, M., Dumaual, C., Teng, C. H., Moser, B., Irie, S., Noh, G. J., Njau, R., Close, S., Wise, S. and Hockett, R.: Genetic variation in metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes: comprehensive assessment in 3 major East Asian subpopulations with comparison to Caucasians and Africans. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 50: 929-940 (2010).
9. Yoshizawa, M., Hayashi, H., Tashiro, Y., Sakawa, S., Moriwaki, H., Akimoto, T., Doi, O., Kimura, M., Kawarasaki, Y., Inoue, K. and Itoh, K.: Effect of VKORC1-1639 GhA polymorphism, body weight, age, and serum albumin alterations on warfarin response in Japanese patients. Thromb. Res., 124: 161-166 (2009).
10. Nasu, K., Kubota, T. and Ishizaki, T.: Genetic analysis of CYP2C9 polymorphism in a Japanese population. Pharmacogenetics, 7: 405-409 (1997).
11. Kimura, M., Ieiri, I., Mamiya, K., Urae, A. and Higuchi, S.: Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450s, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9 in a Japanese population. Ther. Drug Monit., 20: 243-247 (1998).
12. Myrand, S. P., Sekiguchi, K., Man, M. Z., Lin, X., Tzeng, R. Y., Teng, C. H., Hee, B., Garrett, M., Kikkawa, H., Lin, C. Y., Eddy, S. M., Dostalik, J., Mount, J., Azuma, J., Fujio, Y., Jang, I. J., Shin, S. G., Bleavins, M. R., Williams, J. A., Paulauskis, J. D. and Wilner, K. D.: Pharmacokinetics/genotype associations for major cytochrome P450 enzymes in native and first- and thirdgeneration Japanese populations: comparison with Korean, Chinese, and Caucasian populations. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 84: 347-361 (2008).
13. Takahashi, H., Wilkinson, G. R., Caraco, Y., Muszkat, M., Kim, R. B., Kashima, T., Kimura, S. and Echizen, H.: Population differences in S-warfarin metabolism between CYP2C9 genotypematched Caucasian and Japanese patients. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 73: 253-263 (2003).
14. Yoon, Y. R., Shon, J. H., Kim, M. K., Lim, Y. C., Lee, H. R., Park, J. Y., Cha, I. J. and Shin, J. G.: Frequency of cytochrome P450 2C9 mutant alleles in a Korean population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 51: 277-280 (2001).
15. Bae, J. W., Kim, H. K., Kim, J. H., Yang, S. I., Kim, M. J., Jang, C. G., Park, Y. S. and Lee, S. Y.: Allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C9 in a Korean population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 60: 418-422 (2005).
16. Lee, H. W., Lim, M. S., Lee, J., Jegal, M. Y., Kim, D. W., Lee, W. K., Jang, I. J., Shin, J. G. and Yoon, Y. R.: Frequency of CYP2C9 variant alleles, including CYP2C9*13 in a Korean population and effect on glimepiride pharmacokinetics. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., in press (2011).
17. Hong, X., Zhang, S., Mao, G., Jiang, S., Zhang, Y., Yu, Y., Tang, G., Xing, H. and Xu, X.: CYP2C9*3 allelic variant is associated with metabolism of irbesartan in Chinese population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 61: 627-634 (2005).
18. Yang, J. Q., Morin, S., Verstuyft, C., Fan, L. A., Zhang, Y., Xu, C. D., Barbu, V., Funck-Brentano, C., Jaillon, P. and Becquemont, L.: Frequency of cytochrome P450 2C9 allelic variants in the Chinese and French populations. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 17: 373-376 (2003).
19. Yang, Z. F., Cui, H. W., Hasi, T., Jia, S. Q., Gong, M. L. and Su, X. L.: Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C9 and 2C19 in a healthy Mongolian population in China. Genet. Mol. Res., 9: 1844-1851 (2010).
20. Yuan, H. Y., Chen, J. J., Lee, M. T., Wung, J. C., Chen, Y. F., Charng, M. J., Lu, M. J., Hung, C. R., Wei, C. Y., Chen, C. H., Wu, J. Y. and Chen, Y. T.: A novel functional VKORC1 promoter polymorphism is associated with inter-individual and inter-ethnic differences in warfarin sensitivity. Hum. Mol. Genet., 14: 1745-1751 (2005).
21. Sullivan-Klose, T. H., Ghanayem, B. I., Bell, D. A., Zhang, Z. Y., Kaminsky, L. S., Shenfield, G. M., Miners, J. O., Birkett, D. J. and Goldstein, J. A.: The role of the CYP2C9-Leu359 allelic variant in the tolbutamide polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics, 6: 341-349 (1996).
22. Kuanprasert, S., Dettrairat, S., Palacajornsuk, P., Kunachiwa, W. and Phrommintikul, A.: Prevalence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 mutation in patients with valvular heart disease in northern Thailand. J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 92: 1597-1601 (2009).
23. Sangviroon, A., Panomvana, D., Tassaneeyakul, W. and Namchaisiri, J.: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variation associated with VKORC1 and CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Thai patients taking warfarin. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 25: 531-538 (2010).
24. Lee, S. S., Kim, K. M., Thi-Le, H., Yea, S. S., Cha, I. J. and Shin, J. G.: Genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 in a Vietnamese Kinh population. Ther. Drug Monit., 27: 208-210 (2005).
25. Ngow, H. A., Wan Khairina, W. M., Teh, L. K., Lee, W. L., Harun, R., Ismail, R. and Salleh, M. Z.: CYP2C9 polymorphism: prevalence in healthy and warfarin-treated Malay and Chinese in Malaysia. Singapore Med. J., 50: 490-493 (2009).
26. Zainuddin, Z., Teh, L. K., Suhaimi, A. W. and Ismail, R.: Malaysian Indians are genetically similar to Caucasians: CYP2C9 polymorphism. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 31: 187-191 (2006).
27. Suriapranata, I. M., Tjong, W. Y., Wang, T., Utama, A., Raharjo, S. B., Yuniadi, Y. and Tai, S. S.: Genetic factors associated with patient-specific warfarin dose in ethnic Indonesians. BMC Med. Genet., 12: 80 (2011).
28. Jose, R., Chandrasekaran, A., Sam, S. S., Gerard, N., Chanolean, S., Abraham, B. K., Satyanarayanamoorthy, K., Peter, A. and Rajagopal, K.: CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms: frequencies in the south Indian population. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 19: 101-105 (2005).
29. Rathore, S. S., Agarwal, S. K., Pande, S., Mittal, T. and Mittal, B.: Frequencies of VKORC1-1639 GhA, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 genetic variants in the Northern Indian population. Biosci. Trends, 4: 333-337 (2010).
30. Siddiqi, A., Khan, D. A., Khan, F. A. and Naveed, A. K.: Impact of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism on warfarin dose requirements in Pakistani population. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 23: 417-422 (2010).
31. Afsar, N. A., Haenisch, S., Mateen, A., Usman, A., Ufer, M., Ahmed, K. Z., Ahmad, H. R. and Cascorbi, I.: Genotype frequencies of selected drug metabolizing enzymes and ABC drug transporters among breast cancer patients on FAC chemotherapy. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 107: 570-576 (2010).
32. Zand, N., Tajik, N., Moghaddam, A. S. and Milanian, I.: Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C9 and 2C19 in a healthy Iranian population. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 34: 102-105 (2007).
33. Peyvandi, F., Spreafico, M., Karimi, M., Zeinali, S., Mannucci, P. M. and Bianchi Bonomi, A.: Allele frequency of CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms in Iran. Thromb. Haemost., 88: 874-875 (2002).
34. Azarpira, N., Namazi, S., Hendijani, F., Banan, M. and Darai, M.: Investigation of allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and VKORC1 in Iran. Pharmacol. Rep., 62: 740-746 (2010).
35. Esmerian, M. O., Mitri, Z., Habbal, M. Z., Geryess, E., Zaatari, G., Alam, S., Skouri, H. N., Mahfouz, R. A., Taher, A. and Zgheib, N. K.: Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Polymorphisms on Warfarin and Acenocoumarol in a Sample of Lebanese People. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 51: 1418-1428 (2011).
36. Djaffar-Jureidini, I., Chamseddine, N., Keleshian, S., Naoufal, R., Zahed, L. and Hakime, N.: Pharmacogenetics of Coumarin Dosing: Prevalence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Polymorphisms in the Lebanese Population. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers, 15: 827-830 (2011).
37. Aynacioglu, A. S., Brockmoller, J., Bauer, S., Sachse, C., Guzelbey, P., Ongen, Z., Nacak, M. and Roots, I.: Frequency of cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 variants in a Turkish population and functional relevance for phenytoin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 48: 409-415 (1999).
38. Pedersen, R. S., Brasch-Andersen, C., Sim, S. C., Bergmann, T. K., Halling, J., Petersen, M. S., Weihe, P., Edvardsen, H., Kristensen, V. N., Brosen, K. and Ingelman-Sundberg, M.: Linkage disequilibrium between the CYP2C19*17 allele and wildtype CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 alleles: identification of CYP2C haplotypes in healthy Nordic populations. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 66: 1199-1205 (2010).
39. Halling, J., Petersen, M. S., Damkier, P., Nielsen, F., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., Lundgren, S., Lundblad, M. S. and Brosen, K.: Polymorphism of CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 in the Faroese population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 61: 491-497 (2005).
40. Tatarunas, V., Lesauskaite, V., Veikutiene, A., Jakuska, P. and Benetis, R.: The Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Gene Polymorphisms on Optimal Warfarin Doses After Heart Valve Replacement. Medicina (Kaunas), 47: 25-30 (2011).
41. Yasar, U., Lundgren, S., Eliasson, E., Bennet, A., Wiman, B., de Faire, U. and Rane, A.: Linkage between the CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 299: 25-28 (2002).
42. Yasar, U., Eliasson, E., Dahl, M. L., Johansson, I., Ingelman-Sundberg, M. and Sjoqvist, F.: Validation of methods for CYP2C9 genotyping: frequencies of mutant alleles in a Swedish population. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 254: 628-631 (1999).
43. Bray, J., Sludden, J., Griffin, M. J., Cole, M., Verrill, M., Jamieson, D. and Boddy, A. V.: Influence of pharmacogenetics on response and toxicity in breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. Br. J. Cancer, 102: 1003-1009 (2010).
44. Burian, M., Grosch, S., Tegeder, I. and Geisslinger, G.: Validation of a new fluorogenic real-time PCR assay for detection of CYP2C9 allelic variants and CYP2C9 allelic distribution in a German population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 54: 518-521 (2002).
45. Puehringer, H., Loreth, R. M., Klose, G., Schreyer, B., Krugluger, W., Schneider, B. and Oberkanins, C.: VKORC1-1639GhA and CYP2C9*3 are the major genetic predictors of phenprocoumon dose requirement. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 66: 591-598 (2010).
46. Schalekamp, T., Oosterhof, M., van Meegen, E., van Der Meer, F. J., Conemans, J., Hermans, M., Meijerman, I. and de Boer, A.: Effects of cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms on phenprocoumon anticoagulation status. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 76: 409-417 (2004).
47. Allabi, A. C., Gala, J. L., Desager, J. P., Heusterspreute, M. and Horsmans, Y.: Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in the Beninese and Belgian populations. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 56: 653-657 (2003).
48. Arvanitidis, K., Ragia, G., Iordanidou, M., Kyriaki, S., Xanthi, A., Tavridou, A. and Manolopoulos, V. G.: Genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 in the Greek population. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 21: 419-426 (2007).
49. Scordo, M. G., Caputi, A. P., D'Arrigo, C., Fava, G. and Spina, E.: Allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in an Italian population. Pharmacol. Res., 50: 195-200 (2004).
50. De Luca, C., Scordo, M. G., Cesareo, E., Pastore, S., Mariani, S., Maiani, G., Stancato, A., Loreti, B., Valacchi, G., Lubrano, C., Raskovic, D., De Padova, L., Genovesi, G. and Korkina, L. G.: Biological definition of multiple chemical sensitivity from redox state and cytokine profiling and not from polymorphisms of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 248: 285-292 (2010).
51. Scordo, M. G., Aklillu, E., Yasar, U., Dahl, M. L., Spina, E. and Ingelman-Sundberg, M.: Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 in a Caucasian and a black African population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 52: 447-450 (2001).
52. Borgiani, P., Ciccacci, C., Forte, V., Romano, S., Federici, G. and Novelli, G.: Allelic variants in the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 loci and interindividual variability in the anticoagulant dose effect of warfarin in Italians. Pharmacogenomics, 8: 1545-1550 (2007).
53. Oliveira, E., Marsh, S., van Booven, D. J., Amorim, A., Prata, M. J. and McLeod, H. L.: Pharmacogenetically relevant polymorphisms in Portugal. Pharmacogenomics, 8: 703-712 (2007).
54. Sánchez-Diz, P., Estany-Gestal, A., Aguirre, C., Blanco, A., Carracedo, A., Ibanez, L., Passiu, M., Provezza, L., Ramos-Ruiz, R., Ruiz, B., Salado-Valdivieso, I., Velasco, E. A. and Figueiras, A.: Prevalence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms in the south of Europe. Pharmacogenomics J., 9: 306-310 (2009).
55. Mas, S., Crescenti, A., Vidal-Taboada, J. M., Bergonon, S., Cuevillas, F., Laso, N., Molina, R., Ballesta, A. and Lafuente, A.: Simultaneous genotyping of CYP2C9*2, *3, and 5' flanking region (C-1189T) polymorphisms in a Spanish population through a new minisequencing multiplex single-base extension analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 61: 635-641 (2005).
56. Martínez, C., Garcia-Martin, E., Ladero, J. M., Sastre, J., Garcia-Gamito, F., Diaz-Rubio, M. and Agundez, J. A.: Association of CYP2C9 genotypes leading to high enzyme activity and colorectal cancer risk. Carcinogenesis, 22: 1323-1326 (2001).
57. Dorado, P., Berecz, R., Norberto, M. J., Yasar, U., Dahl, M. L. and LLerena, A.: CYP2C9 genotypes and diclofenac metabolism in Spanish healthy volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 59: 221-225 (2003).
58. Bozina, N., Granic, P., Lalic, Z., Tramisak, I., Lovric, M. and Stavljenic-Rukavina, A.: Genetic polymorphisms of cytochromes P450: CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 in Croatian population. Croat. Med. J., 44: 425-428 (2003).
59. Herman, D., Dolžan, V. and Breskvar, K.: Genetic polymorphism of cytochromes P450 2C9 and 2C19 in Slovenian population. Zdrav. Vestn., 72: 347-351 (2003).
60. Gra, O., Mityaeva, O., Berdichevets, I., Kozhekbaeva, Z., Fesenko, D., Kurbatova, O., Goldenkova-Pavlova, I. and Nasedkina, T.: Microarray-based detection of CYP1A1, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, GSTT1, GSTM1, MTHFR, MTRR, NQO1, NAT2, HLA-DQA1, and AB0 allele frequencies in native Russians. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers, 14: 329-342 (2010).
61. Gaikovitch, E. A., Cascorbi, I., Mrozikiewicz, P. M., Brockmoller, J., Frotschl, R., Kopke, K., Gerloff, T., Chernov, J. N. and Roots, I.: Polymorphisms of drugmetabolizing enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP1A1, NAT2 and of P-glycoprotein in a Russian population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 59: 303-312 (2003).
62. Makeeva, O., Stepanov, V., Puzyrev, V., Goldstein, D. B. and Grossman, I.: Global pharmacogenetics: genetic substructure of Eurasian populations and its effect on variants of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Pharmacogenomics, 9: 847-868 (2008).
63. Ozawa, S., Schoket, B., McDaniel, L. P., Tang, Y. M., Ambrosone, C. B., Kostic, S., Vincze, I. and Kadlubar, F. F.: Analyses of bronchial bulky DNA adduct levels and CYP2C9, GSTP1 and NQO1 genotypes in a Hungarian study population with pulmonary diseases. Carcinogenesis, 20: 991-995 (1999).
64. Limdi, N. A., Arnett, D. K., Goldstein, J. A., Beasley, T. M., McGwin, G., Adler, B. K. and Acton, R. T.: Influence of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on warfarin dose, anticoagulation attainment and maintenance among European-Americans and African-Americans. Pharmacogenomics, 9: 511-526 (2008).
65. Scott, S. A., Khasawneh, R., Peter, I., Kornreich, R. and Desnick, R. J.: Combined CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2 frequencies among racial and ethnic groups. Pharmacogenomics, 11: 781-791 (2010).
66. Dickmann, L. J., Rettie, A. E., Kneller, M. B., Kim, R. B., Wood, A. J., Stein, C. M., Wilkinson, G. R. and Schwarz, U. I.: Identification and functional characterization of a new CYP2C9 variant (CYP2C9*5) expressed among African Americans. Mol. Pharmacol., 60: 382-387 (2001).
67. Desta, Z., Zhao, X., Shin, J. G. and Flockhart, D. A.: Clinical significance of the cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 41: 913-958 (2002).
68. Mega, J. L., Close, S. L., Wiviott, S. D., Shen, L., Hockett, R. D., Brandt, J. T., Walker, J. R., Antman, E. M., Macias, W., Braunwald, E. and Sabatine, M. S.: Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N. Engl. J. Med., 360: 354-362 (2009).
69. Li-Wan-Po, A., Girard, T., Farndon, P., Cooley, C. and Lithgow, J.: Pharmacogenetics of CYP2C19: functional and clinical implications of a new variant CYP2C19*17. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 69: 222-230 (2010).
70. Sugimoto, K., Uno, T., Yamazaki, H. and Tateishi, T.: Limited frequency of the CYP2C19*17 allele and its minor role in a Japanese population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 65: 437-439 (2008).
71. Takakubo, F., Kuwano, A. and Kondo, I.: Evidence that poor metabolizers of (S)-mephenytoin could be identified by haplotypes of CYP2C19 in Japanese. Pharmacogenetics, 6: 265-267 (1996).
72. Kubota, T., Chiba, K. and Ishizaki, T.: Genotyping of Smephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation in an extended Japanese population. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 60: 661-666 (1996).
73. Fukushima-Uesaka, H., Saito, Y., Maekawa, K., Ozawa, S., Hasegawa, R., Kajio, H., Kuzuya, N., Yasuda, K., Kawamoto, M., Kamatani, N., Suzuki, K., Yanagawa, T., Tohkin, M. and Sawada, J.: Genetic variations and haplotypes of CYP2C19 in a Japanese population. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 20: 300-307 (2005).
74. Yamada, S., Onda, M., Kato, S., Matsuda, N., Matsuhisa, T., Yamada, N., Miki, M. and Matsukura, N.: Genetic differences in CYP2C19 single nucleotide polymorphisms among four Asian populations. J. Gastroenterol., 36: 669-672 (2001).
75. Lee, S. S., Lee, S. J., Gwak, J., Jung, H. J., Thi-Le, H., Song, I. S., Kim, E. Y. and Shin, J. G.: Comparisons of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms between Korean and Vietnamese populations. Ther. Drug Monit., 29: 455-459 (2007).
76. Kim, K. A., Song, W. K., Kim, K. R. and Park, J. Y.: Assessment of CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms in a Korean population using a simultaneous multiplex pyrosequencing method to simultaneously detect the CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*3, and CYP2C19*17 alleles. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 35: 697-703 (2010).
77. Ramsjö, M., Aklillu, E., Bohman, L., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Roh, H. K. and Bertilsson, L.: CYP2C19 activity comparison between Swedes and Koreans: effect of genotype, sex, oral contraceptive use, and smoking. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 66: 871-877 (2010).
78. Yoo, H. D., Cho, H. Y. and Lee, Y. B.: Population pharmacokinetic analysis of cilostazol in healthy subjects with genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5, CYP2C19 and ABCB1. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 69: 27-37 (2010).
79. Chen, L., Qin, S., Xie, J., Tang, J., Yang, L., Shen, W., Zhao, X., Du, J., He, G., Feng, G., He, L. and Xing, Q.: Genetic polymorphism analysis of CYP2C19 in Chinese Han populations from different geographic areas of mainland China. Pharmacogenomics, 9: 691-702 (2008).
80. Xiao, Z. S., Goldstein, J. A., Xie, H. G., Blaisdell, J., Wang, W., Jiang, C. H., Yan, F. X., He, N., Huang, S. L., Xu, Z. H. and Zhou, H. H.: Differences in the incidence of the CYP2C19 polymorphism affecting the S-mephenytoin phenotype in Chinese Han and Bai populations and identification of a new rare CYP2C19 mutant allele. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 281: 604-609 (1997).
81. Zhou, Q., Yu, X. M., Lin, H. B., Wang, L., Yun, Q. Z., Hu, S. N. and Wang, D. M.: Genetic polymorphism, linkage disequilibrium, haplotype structure and novel allele analysis of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in Han Chinese. Pharmacogenomics J., 9: 380-394 (2009).
82. He, N., Yan, F. X., Huang, S. L., Wang, W., Xiao, Z. S., Liu, Z. Q. and Zhou, H. H.: CYP2C19 genotype and S-mephenytoin 4ö-hydroxylation phenotype in a Chinese Dai population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 58: 15-18 (2002).
83. Tassaneeyakul, W., Mahatthanatrakul, W., Niwatananun, K., Na-Bangchang, K., Tawalee, A., Krikreangsak, N. and Cykleng, U.: CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in Thai, Burmese and Karen populations. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 21: 286-290 (2006).
84. Veiga, M. I., Asimus, S., Ferreira, P. E., Martins, J. P., Cavaco, I., Ribeiro, V., Hai, T. N., Petzold, M. G., Bjorkman, A., Ashton, M. and Gil, J. P.: Pharmacogenomics of CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and MDR1 in Vietnam. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 65: 355-363 (2009).
85. Yadav, S. S., Ruwali, M., Shah, P. P., Mathur, N., Singh, R. L., Pant, M. C. and Parmar, D.: Association of poor metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2C19 with head and neck cancer and poor treatment response. Mutat. Res., 644: 31-37 (2008).
86. Adithan, C., Gerard, N., Vasu, S., Rosemary, J., Shashindran, C. H. and Krishnamoorthy, R.: Allele and genotype frequency of CYP2C19 in a Tamilian population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 56: 331-333 (2003).
87. Djaffar Jureidini, I., Chamseddine, N., Keleshian, S., Naoufal, R., Zahed, L. and Hakime, N.: Prevalence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms in the Lebanese population. Mol. Biol. Rep., 38: 5449-5452 (2011).
88. Aynacioglu, A. S., Sachse, C., Bozkurt, A., Kortunay, S., Nacak, M., Schroder, T., Kayaalp, S. O., Roots, I. and Brockmoller, J.: Low frequency of defective alleles of cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C19 and 2D6 in the Turkish population. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 66: 185-192 (1999).
89. Sim, S. C., Risinger, C., Dahl, M. L., Aklillu, E., Christensen, M., Bertilsson, L. and Ingelman-Sundberg, M.: A common novel CYP2C19 gene variant causes ultrarapid drug metabolism relevant for the drug response to proton pump inhibitors and antidepressants. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 79: 103-113 (2006).
90. Geisler, T., Schaeffeler, E., Dippon, J., Winter, S., Buse, V., Bischofs, C., Zuern, C., Moerike, K., Gawaz, M. and Schwab, M.: CYP2C19 and nongenetic factors predict poor responsiveness to clopidogrel loading dose after coronary stent implantation. Pharmacogenomics, 9: 1251-1259 (2008).
91. Tamminga, W. J., Wemer, J., Oosterhuis, B., de Zeeuw, R. A., de Leij, L. F. and Jonkman, J. H.: The prevalence of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes in a population of healthy Dutch volunteers. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 57: 717-722 (2001).
92. Ragia, G., Arvanitidis, K. I., Tavridou, A. and Manolopoulos, V. G.: Need for reassessment of reported CYP2C19 allele frequencies in various populations in view of CYP2C19*17 discovery: the case of Greece. Pharmacogenomics, 10: 43-49 (2009).
93. Kurzawski, M., Gawronska-Szklarz, B., Wrzesniewska, J., Siuda, A., Starzynska, T. and Drozdzik, M.: Effect of CYP2C19*17 gene variant on Helicobacter pylori eradication in peptic ulcer patients. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 62: 877-880 (2006).
94. de Leon, J., Susce, M. T., Johnson, M., Hardin, M., Maw, L., Shao, A., Allen, A. C., Chiafari, F. A., Hillman, G. and Nikoloff, D. M.: DNA microarray technology in the clinical environment: the AmpliChip CYP450 test for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotyping. CNS Spectr., 14: 19-34 (2009).
95. Santos, P. C., Soares, R. A., Santos, D. B., Nascimento, R. M., Coelho, G. L., Nicolau, J. C., Mill, J. G., Krieger, J. E. and Pereira, A. C.: CYP2C19 and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms are differently distributed according to ethnicity in the Brazilian general population. BMC Med. Genet., 12: 13 (2011).
96. Luo, H. R., Poland, R. E., Lin, K. M. and Wan, Y. J.: Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C19 in Mexican Americans: a cross-ethnic comparative study. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 80: 33-40 (2006).
97. Kearns, G. L., Leeder, J. S. and Gaedigk, A.: Impact of the CYP2C19*17 allele on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole and pantoprazole in children: evidence for a differential effect. Drug Metab. Dispos., 38: 894-897 (2010).
98. Ingelman-Sundberg, M.: Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity. Pharmacogenomics J., 5: 6-13 (2005).
99. Gardiner, S. J. and Begg, E. J.: Pharmacogenetics, drugmetabolizing enzymes, and clinical practice. Pharmacol. Rev., 58: 521-590 (2006).
100. Hosono, N., Kato, M., Kiyotani, K., Mushiroda, T., Takata, S., Sato, H., Amitani, H., Tsuchiya, Y., Yamazaki, K., Tsunoda, T., Zembutsu, H., Nakamura, Y. and Kubo, M.: CYP2D6 genotyping for functional-gene dosage analysis by allele copy number detection. Clin. Chem., 55: 1546-1554 (2009).
101. Kubota, T., Yamaura, Y., Ohkawa, N., Hara, H. and Chiba, K.: Frequencies of CYP2D6 mutant alleles in a normal Japanese population and metabolic activity of dextromethorphan Odemethylation in different CYP2D6 genotypes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 50: 31-34 (2000).
102. Kiyotani, K., Shimizu, M., Kumai, T., Kamataki, T., Kobayashi, S. and Yamazaki, H.: Limited effects of frequent CYP2D6*36-*10 tandem duplication allele on in vivo dextromethorphan metabolism in a Japanese population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 66: 1065-1068 (2010).
103. Tateishi, T., Chida, M., Ariyoshi, N., Mizorogi, Y., Kamataki, T. and Kobayashi, S.: Analysis of the CYP2D6 gene in relation to dextromethorphan O-demethylation capacity in a Japanese population. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 65: 570-575 (1999).
104. Lee, S. J., Lee, S. S., Jung, H. J., Kim, H. S., Park, S. J., Yeo, C. W. and Shin, J. G.: Discovery of novel functional variants and extensive evaluation of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms in Koreans. Drug Metab. Dispos., 37: 1464-1470 (2009).
105. Lee, S. Y., Sohn, K. M., Ryu, J. Y., Yoon, Y. R., Shin, J. G. and Kim, J. W.: Sequence-based CYP2D6 genotyping in the Korean population. Ther. Drug Monit., 28: 382-387 (2006).
106. Garcia-Barceló, M., Chow, L. Y., Chiu, H. F., Wing, Y. K., Lee, D. T., Lam, K. L. and Waye, M. M.: Genetic analysis of the CYP2D6 locus in a Hong Kong Chinese population. Clin. Chem., 46: 18-23 (2000).
107. Qin, S., Shen, L., Zhang, A., Xie, J., Shen, W., Chen, L., Tang, J., Xiong, Y., Yang, L., Shi, Y., Feng, G., He, L. and Xing, Q.: Systematic polymorphism analysis of the CYP2D6 gene in four different geographical Han populations in mainland China. Genomics, 92: 152-158 (2008).
108. Ji, L., Pan, S., Marti-Jaun, J., Hanseler, E., Rentsch, K. and Hersberger, M.: Single-step assays to analyze CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms in Asians: allele frequencies and a novel *14B allele in mainland Chinese. Clin. Chem., 48: 983-988 (2002).
109. Kim, E. Y., Lee, S. S., Jung, H. J., Jung, H. E., Yeo, C. W., Shon, J. H. and Shin, J. G.: Robust CYP2D6 genotype assay including copy number variation using multiplex single-base extension for Asian populations. Clin. Chim. Acta, 411: 2043-2048 (2010).
110. Naveen, A. T., Adithan, C., Soya, S. S., Gerard, N. and Krishnamoorthy, R.: CYP2D6 genetic polymorphism in South Indian populations. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 29: 1655-1658 (2006).
111. Adithan, C., Gerard, N., Naveen, A. T., Koumaravelou, K., Shashindran, C. H. and Krishnamoorthy, R.: Genotype and allele frequency of CYP2D6 in Tamilian population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 59: 517-520 (2003).
112. Aydin, M., Hatirnaz, O., Erensoy, N. and Ozbek, U.: CYP2D6 and CYP1A1 mutations in the Turkish population. Cell Biochem. Funct., 23: 133-135 (2005).
113. Vangsted, A. J., Soeby, K., Klausen, T. W., Abildgaard, N., Andersen, N. F., Gimsing, P., Gregersen, H., Vogel, U., Werge, T. and Rasmussen, H. B.: No influence of the polymorphisms CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 on the efficacy of cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and bortezomib in patients with Multiple Myeloma. BMC Cancer, 10: 404 (2010).
114. Gjerde, J., Hauglid, M., Breilid, H., Lundgren, S., Varhaug, J. E., Kisanga, E. R., Mellgren, G., Steen, V. M. and Lien, E. A.: Effects of CYP2D6 and SULT1A1 genotypes including SULT1A1 gene copy number on tamoxifen metabolism. Ann. Oncol., 19: 56-61 (2008).
115. Molden, E., Johansen, P. W., Boe, G. H., Bergan, S., Christensen, H., Rugstad, H. E., Rootwelt, H., Reubsaet, L. and Lehne, G.: Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its metabolites in relation to CYP2D6 genotype. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 72: 333-342 (2002).
116. Zackrisson, A. L., Holmgren, P., Gladh, A. B., Ahlner, J. and Lindblom, B.: Fatal intoxication cases: cytochrome P450 2D6 and 2C19 genotype distributions. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 60: 547-552 (2004).
117. Zackrisson, A. L., Lindblom, B. and Ahlner, J.: High frequency of occurrence of CYP2D6 gene duplication/multiduplication indicating ultrarapid metabolism among suicide cases. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 88: 354-359 (2010).
118. Sachse, C., Brockmoller, J., Bauer, S. and Roots, I.: Cytochrome P450 2D6 variants in a Caucasian population: allele frequencies and phenotypic consequences. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 60: 284-295 (1997).
119. Stamer, U. M., Bayerer, B., Wolf, S., Hoeft, A. and Stuber, F.: Rapid and reliable method for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotyping. Clin. Chem., 48: 1412-1417 (2002).
120. Correia, C., Santos, P., Coutinho, A. M. and Vicente, A. M.: Characterization of pharmacogenetically relevant CYP2D6 and ABCB1 gene polymorphisms in a Portuguese population sample. Cell Biochem. Funct., 27: 251-255 (2009).
121. Fernández-Santander, A., Luna, F., Santiago, C., Rodriguez, M. T., Bandres, F., Ruiz, J. R., Lucia, A. and Gomez-Gallego, F.: CYP2D6 polymorphism screening in a selected population of Spain (La Alpujarra): no effect of geographical isolation. Ann. Hum. Biol., 37: 268-274 (2010).
122. Gaedigk, A., Bradford, L. D., Marcucci, K. A. and Leeder, J. S.: Unique CYP2D6 activity distribution and genotype-phenotype discordance in black Americans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 72: 76-89 (2002).
123. Ma, Q. and Lu, A. Y.: Pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, and individualized medicine. Pharmacol. Rev., 63: 437-459 (2011).
124. Shimada, N., Iwasaki, M., Kasuga, Y., Yokoyama, S., Onuma, H., Nishimura, H., Kusama, R., Hamada, G. S., Nishimoto, I. N., Iyeyasu, H., Motola, J., Jr., Laginha, F. M., Kurahashi, N. and Tsugane, S.: Genetic polymorphisms in estrogen metabolism and breast cancer risk in case-control studies in Japanese, Japanese Brazilians and non-Japanese Brazilians. J. Hum. Genet., 54: 209-215 (2009).
125. Fukuen, S., Fukuda, T., Maune, H., Ikenaga, Y., Yamamoto, I., Inaba, T. and Azuma, J.: Novel detection assay by PCR-RFLP and frequency of the CYP3A5 SNPs, CYP3A5*3 and *6, in a Japanese population. Pharmacogenetics, 12: 331-334 (2002).
126. Saeki, M., Saito, Y., Nakamura, T., Murayama, N., Kim, S. R., Ozawa, S., Komamura, K., Ueno, K., Kamakura, S., Nakajima, T., Saito, H., Kitamura, Y., Kamatani, N. and Sawada, J.: Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype frequencies of CYP3A5 in a Japanese population. Hum. Mutat., 21: 653 (2003).
127. Park, S. Y., Kang, Y. S., Jeong, M. S., Yoon, H. K. and Han, K. O.: Frequencies of CYP3A5 genotypes and haplotypes in a Korean population. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 33: 61-65 (2008).
128. Kim, K. A., Song, W. K. and Park, J. Y.: Association of CYP2B6, CYP3A5, and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms with sibutramine pharmacokinetics in healthy Korean subjects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 86: 511-518 (2009).
129. Choi, J. H., Lee, Y. J., Jang, S. B., Lee, J. E., Kim, K. H. and Park, K.: Influence of the CYP3A5 and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy Korean subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 64: 185-191 (2007).
130. Hu, Y. F., He, J., Chen, G. L., Wang, D., Liu, Z. Q., Zhang, C., Duan, L. F. and Zhou, H. H.: CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*18 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a Chinese population. Clin. Chim. Acta, 353: 187-192 (2005).
131. Zhang, W., Yuan, J. J., Kan, Q. C., Zhang, L. R., Chang, Y. Z., Wang, Z. Y. and Li, Z. S.: Influence of CYP3A5*3 polymorphism and interaction between CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1G polymorphisms on post-operative fentanyl analgesia in Chinese patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 28: 245-250 (2011).
132. Li, D., Zhang, G. L., Lou, Y. Q., Li, Q., Wang, X. and Bu, X. Y.: Genetic polymorphisms in MDR1 and CYP3A5 and MDR1 haplotype in mainland Chinese Han, Uygur and Kazakh ethnic groups. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 32: 89-95 (2007).
133. Lai, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, Y. X., Wang, X. D., Li, J. L., Wang, Y. H., Zeng, Y. J. and Huang, M.: CYP3A5*3 and MDR-1 C3435T single nucleotide polymorphisms in six Chinese ethnic groups. Pharmazie, 66: 136-140 (2011).
134. Pakakasama, S., Mukda, E., Sasanakul, W., Kadegasem, P., Udomsubpayakul, U., Thithapandha, A. and Hongeng, S.: Polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am. J. Hematol., 79: 202-205 (2005).
135. Balram, C., Zhou, Q., Cheung, Y. B. and Lee, E. J.: CYP3A5*3 and *6 single nucleotide polymorphisms in three distinct Asian populations. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 59: 123-126 (2003).
136. Krishnakumar, D., Gurusamy, U., Dhandapani, K., Surendiran, A., Baghel, R., Kukreti, R., Gangadhar, R., Prayaga, U., Manjunath, S. and Adithan, C.: Genetic polymorphisms of drugmetabolizing phase I enzymes CYP2E1, CYP2A6 and CYP3A5 in South Indian population. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., in press (2011).
137. Ashavaid, T., Raje, H., Shalia, K. and Shah, B.: Effect of gene polymorphisms on the levels of calcineurin inhibitors in Indian renal transplant recipients. Indian J. Nephrol., 20: 146-151 (2010).
138. Borst, L., Wallerek, S., Dalhoff, K., Rasmussen, K. K., Wesenberg, F., Wehner, P. S. and Schmiegelow, K.: The impact of CYP3A5*3 on risk and prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Eur. J. Haematol., 86: 477-483 (2011).
139. Vaarala, M. H., Mattila, H., Ohtonen, P., Tammela, T. L., Paavonen, T. K. and Schleutker, J.: The interaction of CYP3A5 polymorphisms along the androgen metabolism pathway in prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 122: 2511-2516 (2008).
140. Wegman, P., Elingarami, S., Carstensen, J., Stal, O., Nordenskjold, B. and Wingren, S.: Genetic variants of CYP3A5, CYP2D6, SULT1A1, UGT2B15 and tamoxifen response in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res., 9: R7 (2007).
141. Lieb, W., Bolbrinker, J., Doring, A., Hense, H. W., Erdmann, J., Schunkert, H. and Kreutz, R.: No association of the CYP3A5*1 allele with blood pressure and left ventricular mass and geometry: the KORA/MONICA Augsburg echocardiographic substudy. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 111: 365-372 (2006).
142. Dally, H., Bartsch, H., Jager, B., Edler, L., Schmezer, P., Spiegelhalder, B., Dienemann, H., Drings, P., Kayser, K., Schulz, V. and Risch, A.: Genotype relationships in the CYP3A locus in Caucasians. Cancer Lett., 207: 95-99 (2004).
143. van Schaik, R. H., van der Heiden, I. P., van den Anker, J. N. and Lindemans, J.: CYP3A5 variant allele frequencies in Dutch Caucasians. Clin. Chem., 48: 1668-1671 (2002).
144. Ekhart, C., Doodeman, V. D., Rodenhuis, S., Smits, P. H., Beijnen, J. H. and Huitema, A. D.: Polymorphisms of drugmetabolizing enzymes (GST, CYP2B6 and CYP3A) affect the pharmacokinetics of thiotepa and tepa. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 67: 50-60 (2009).
145. Anglicheau, D., Thervet, E., Etienne, I., Hurault De Ligny, B., Le Meur, Y., Touchard, G., Buchler, M., Laurent-Puig, P., Tregouet, D., Beaune, P., Daly, A., Legendre, C. and Marquet, P.: CYP3A5 and MDR1 genetic polymorphisms and cyclosporine pharmacokinetics after renal transplantation. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 75: 422-433 (2004).
146. Gervasini, G., Garcia-Martin, E., Ladero, J. M., Pizarro, R., Sastre, J., Martinez, C., Garcia, M., Diaz-Rubio, M. and Agundez, J. A.: Genetic variability in CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in primary liver, gastric and colorectal cancer patients. BMC Cancer, 7: 118 (2007).
147. Sinues, B., Vicente, J., Fanlo, A., Vasquez, P., Medina, J. C., Mayayo, E., Conde, B., Arenaz, I. and Martinez-Jarreta, B.: CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*1B allele distribution and genotype combinations: differences between Spaniards and Central Americans. Ther. Drug Monit., 29: 412-416 (2007).
148. Semiz, S., Dujic, T., Ostanek, B., Prnjavorac, B., Bego, T., Malenica, M., Mlinar, B., Marc, J. and Causevic, A.: Analysis of CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms in population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Med. Glas Ljek komore Zenicko-doboj kantona, 8: 84-89 (2011).
149. Adler, G., Loniewska, B., Parczewski, M., Kordek, A. and Ciechanowicz, A.: Frequency of common CYP3A5 gene variants in healthy Polish newborn infants. Pharmacol. Rep., 61: 947-951 (2009).
150. Dandara, C., Ballo, R. and Parker, M. I.: CYP3A5 genotypes and risk of oesophageal cancer in two South African populations. Cancer Lett., 225: 275-282 (2005).
151. Ho, H., Pinto, A., Hall, S. D., Flockhart, D. A., Li, L., Skaar, T. C., Cadman, P., OöConnor, D. T., Wagner, U., Fineberg, N. S. and Weinberger, M. H.: Association between the CYP3A5 genotype and blood pressure. Hypertension, 45: 294-298 (2005).
152. Roy, J. N., Lajoie, J., Zijenah, L. S., Barama, A., Poirier, C., Ward, B. J. and Roger, M.: CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms in different ethnic populations. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 884-887 (2005).
153. Radominska-Pandya, A., Czernik, P. J., Little, J. M., Battaglia, E. and Mackenzie, P. I.: Structural and functional studies of UDPglucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab. Rev., 31: 817-899 (1999).
154. Evans, W. E. and Relling, M. V.: Pharmacogenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science, 286: 487-491 (1999).
155. Ando, Y. and Hasegawa, Y.: Clinical pharmacogenetics of irinotecan (CPT-11). Drug Metab. Rev., 37: 565-574 (2005).
156. Beutler, E., Gelbart, T. and Demina, A.: Racial variability in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1A1) promoter: a balanced polymorphism for regulation of bilirubin metabolism? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 8170-8174 (1998).
157. Jinno, H., Tanaka-Kagawa, T., Hanioka, N., Saeki, M., Ishida, S., Nishimura, T., Ando, M., Saito, Y., Ozawa, S. and Sawada, J.: Glucuronidation of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), an active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11), by human UGT1A1 variants, G71R, P229Q, and Y486D. Drug Metab. Dispos., 31: 108-113 (2003).
158. Sai, K. and Saito, Y.: Ethnic differences in the metabolism, toxicology and efficacy of three anticancer drugs. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 7: 967-988 (2011).
159. Kaniwa, N., Kurose, K., Jinno, H., Tanaka-Kagawa, T., Saito, Y., Saeki, M., Sawada, J., Tohkin, M. and Hasegawa, R.: Racial variability in haplotype frequencies of UGT1A1 and glucuronidation activity of a novel single nucleotide polymorphism 686Ch T (P229L) found in an African-American. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 458-465 (2005).
160. Kanai, M., Kijima, K., Shirahata, E., Sasaki, A., Akaba, K., Umetsu, K., Tezuka, N., Kurachi, H., Aikawa, S. and Hayasaka, K.: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and the bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase gene: the common-3263T h G mutation of phenobarbital response enhancer module is not associated with the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Japanese. Pediatr. Int., 47: 137-141 (2005).
161. Hall, D., Ybazeta, G., Destro-Bisol, G., Petzl-Erler, M. L. and Di Rienzo, A.: Variability at the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 promoter in human populations and primates. Pharmacogenetics, 9: 591-599 (1999).
162. Saeki, M., Saito, Y., Jinno, H., Sai, K., Ozawa, S., Kurose, K., Kaniwa, N., Komamura, K., Kotake, T., Morishita, H., Kamakura, S., Kitakaze, M., Tomoike, H., Shirao, K., Tamura, T., Yamamoto, N., Kunitoh, H., Hamaguchi, T., Yoshida, T., Kubota, K., Ohtsu, A., Muto, M., Minami, H., Saijo, N., Kamatani, N. and Sawada, J. I.: Haplotype structures of the UGT1A gene complex in a Japanese population. Pharmacogenomics J., 6: 63-75 (2006).
163. Ki, C. S., Lee, K. A., Lee, S. Y., Kim, H. J., Cho, S. S., Park, J. H., Cho, S., Sohn, K. M. and Kim, J. W.: Haplotype structure of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) gene and its relationship to serum total bilirubin concentration in a male Korean population. Clin. Chem., 49: 2078-2081 (2003).
164. Han, J. Y., Lim, H. S., Shin, E. S., Yoo, Y. K., Park, Y. H., Lee, J. E., Jang, I. J., Lee, D. H. and Lee, J. S.: Comprehensive analysis of UGT1A polymorphisms predictive for pharmacokinetics and treatment outcome in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with irinotecan and cisplatin. J. Clin. Oncol., 24: 2237-2244 (2006).
165. Zhang, A., Xing, Q., Qin, S., Du, J., Wang, L., Yu, L., Li, X., Xu, L., Xu, M., Feng, G. and He, L.: Intra-ethnic differences in genetic variants of the UGT-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 gene in Chinese populations. Pharmacogenomics J., 7: 333-338 (2007).
166. Lin, R., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Fu, W., Zhang, D., Zheng, H., Yu, T., Wang, Y., Shen, M., Lei, R., Wu, H., Sun, A., Zhang, R., Wang, X., Xiong, M., Huang, W. and Jin, L.: Common variants of four bilirubin metabolism genes and their association with serum bilirubin and coronary artery disease in Chinese Han population. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 19: 310-318 (2009).
167. Premawardhena, A., Fisher, C. A., Liu, Y. T., Verma, I. C., de Silva, S., Arambepola, M., Clegg, J. B. and Weatherall, D. J.: The global distribution of length polymorphisms of the promoters of the glucuronosyltransferase 1 gene (UGT1A1): hematologic and evolutionary implications. Blood Cells Mol. Dis., 31: 98-101 (2003).
168. Huang, C. S., Chang, P. F., Huang, M. J., Chen, E. S., Hung, K. L. and Tsou, K. I.: Relationship between bilirubin UDPglucuronosyl transferase 1A1 gene and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatr. Res., 52: 601-605 (2002).
169. Boyd, M. A., Srasuebkul, P., Ruxrungtham, K., Mackenzie, P. I., Uchaipichat, V., Stek, M., Jr., Lange, J. M., Phanuphak, P., Cooper, D. A., Udomuksorn, W. and Miners, J. O.: Relationship between hyperbilirubinaemia and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) polymorphism in adult HIV-infected Thai patients treated with indinavir. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 16: 321-329 (2006).
170. Liu, J. Y., Qu, K., Sferruzza, A. D. and Bender, R. A.: Distribution of the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism in Caucasian and Asian populations in the US: a genomic analysis of 138 healthy individuals. Anticancer Drugs, 18: 693-696 (2007).
171. Yusoff, S., Van Rostenberghe, H., Yusoff, N. M., Talib, N. A., Ramli, N., Ismail, N. Z., Ismail, W. P., Matsuo, M. and Nishio, H.: Frequencies of A(TA)7TAA, G71R, and G493R mutations of the UGT1A1 gene in the Malaysian population. Biol. Neonate, 89: 171-176 (2006).
172. Balram, C., Sabapathy, K., Fei, G., Khoo, K. S. and Lee, E. J.: Genetic polymorphisms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in Asians: UGT1A1*28 is a common allele in Indians. Pharmacogenetics, 12: 81-83 (2002).
173. Mercke Odeberg, J., Andrade, J., Holmberg, K., Hoglund, P., Malmqvist, U. and Odeberg, J.: UGT1A polymorphisms in a Swedish cohort and a human diversity panel, and the relation to bilirubin plasma levels in males and females. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 62: 829-837 (2006).
174. Borucki, K., Weikert, C., Fisher, E., Jakubiczka, S., Luley, C., Westphal, S. and Dierkes, J.: Haplotypes in the UGT1A1 gene and their role as genetic determinants of bilirubin concentration in healthy German volunteers. Clin. Biochem., 42: 1635-1641 (2009).
175. Köhle, C., Möhrle, B., Münzel, P. A., Schwab, M., Wernet, D., Badary, O. A. and Bock, K. W.: Frequent co-occurrence of the TATA box mutation associated with Gilbertös syndrome (UGT1A1*28) with other polymorphisms of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase- 1 locus (UGT1A6*2 and UGT1A7*3) in Caucasians and Egyptians. Biochem. Pharmacol., 65: 1521-1527 (2003).
176. Biondi, M. L., Turri, O., Dilillo, D., Stival, G. and Guagnellini, E.: Contribution of the TATA-box genotype (Gilbert syndrome) to serum bilirubin concentrations in the Italian population. Clin. Chem., 45: 897-898 (1999).
177. Oliveira, E., Marsh, S., van Booven, D. J., Amorim, A., Prata, M. J. and McLeod, H. L.: Pharmacogenetically relevant polymorphisms in Portugal. Pharmacogenomics, 8: 703-712 (2007).
178. Seco, M. L., del Río, E., Barceló, M. J., Remacha, A., Ginovart, G., Moliner, E. and Baiget, M.: Interest in the study of genetic variants of the promoter region of the UGT1A1 gene in neonatal jaundice. An. Esp. Pediatr., 56: 139-143 (2002).
179. Tsezou, A., Tzetis, M., Giannatou, E., Gennatas, C., Pampanos, A., Kanavakis, E. and Kitsiou-Tzeli, S.: Genetic polymorphisms in the UGT1A1 gene and breast cancer risk in Greek women. Genet. Test., 11: 303-306 (2007).
180. Vítek, L., Novotná, M., Lenícek, M., Novotný, L., Eberová, J., Petrásek, J. and Jirsa, M.: Serum bilirubin levels and UGT1A1 promoter variations in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res., 178: 449-450 (2010).
181. Shatalova, E. G., Loginov, V. I., Braga, E. A., Kazubskaia, T. P., Sudomoina, M. A., Blanchard, R. L. and Favorova, O. O.: Association of polymorphisms in SULT1A1 and UGT1A1 Genes with breast cancer risk and phenotypes in Russian women. Mol. Biol. (Mosk.), 40: 263-270 (2006).
182. Innocenti, F., Grimsley, C., Das, S., Ramírez, J., Cheng, C., Kuttab-Boulos, H., Ratain, M. J. and Di Rienzo, A.: Haplotype structure of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 promoter in different ethnic groups. Pharmacogenetics, 12: 725-733 (2002).
183. Innocenti, F., Liu, W., Chen, P., Desai, A. A., Das, S. and Ratain, M. J.: Haplotypes of variants in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1A9 and 1A1 genes. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 15: 295-301 (2005).
184. Lampe, J. W., Bigler, J., Horner, N. K. and Potter, J. D.: UDPglucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A6*2) polymorphisms in Caucasians and Asians: relationships to serum bilirubin concentrations. Pharmacogenetics, 9: 341-349 (1999).
185. Ménard, V., Girard, H., Harvey, M., Pérusse, L. and Guillemette, C.: Analysis of inherited genetic variations at the UGT1 locus in the French-Canadian population. Hum. Mutat., 30: 677-687 (2009).
186. Fertrin, K. Y., Gonçalves, M. S., Saad, S. T. and Costa, F. F.: Frequencies of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (UGT1A1) gene promoter polymorphisms among distinct ethnic groups from Brazil. Am. J. Med. Genet., 108: 117-119 (2002).
187. Guillemette, C., Millikan, R. C., Newman, B. and Housman, D. E.: Genetic polymorphisms in uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and association with breast cancer among African Americans. Cancer Res., 60: 950-956 (2000).
188. Akaba, K., Kimura, T., Sasaki, A., Tanabe, S., Ikegami, T., Hashimoto, M., Umeda, H., Yoshida, H., Umetsu, K., Chiba, H., Yuasa, I. and Hayasaka, K.: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and mutation of the bilirubin uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase gene: a common missense mutation among Japanese, Koreans and Chinese. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 46: 21-26 (1998).
189. Lin, R., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, Y., Fu, W., Yu, T., Li, S., Xiong, M., Huang, W. and Jin, L.: Association of polymorphisms in four bilirubin metabolism genes with serum bilirubin in three Asian populations. Hum. Mutat., 30: 609-615 (2009).
190. Sutomo, R., Talib, N. A., Yusoff, N. M., Van Rostenberghe, H. and Sadewa, A. H.: Sunarti., Sofro, A.S., Yokoyama, N., Lee, M.J., Matsuo, M. and Nishio, H.: Screening for G71R mutation of the UGT1A1 gene in the Javanese-Indonesian and Malay- Malaysian populations. Pediatr. Int., 46: 565-569 (2004).
191. Jada, S. R., Lim, R., Wong, C. I., Shu, X., Lee, S. C., Zhou, Q., Goh, B. C. and Chowbay, B.: Role of UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*28 and ABCG2 c.421ChA polymorphisms in irinotecan-induced neutropenia in Asian cancer patients. Cancer Sci., 98: 1461-1467 (2007).
192. Thomas, S. S., Li, S. S., Lampe, J. W., Potter, J. D. and Bigler, J.: Genetic variability, haplotypes, and htSNPs for exons 1 at the human UGT1A locus. Hum. Mutat., 27: 717 (2006).
193. Hein, D. W.: Molecular genetics and function of NAT1 and NAT2: role in aromatic amine metabolism and carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res., 506-507: 65-77 (2002).
194. Hein, D. W., Doll, M. A., Fretland, A. J., Leff, M. A., Webb, S. J., Xiao, G. H., Devanaboyina, U. S., Nangju, N. A. and Feng, Y.: Molecular genetics and epidemiology of the NAT1 and NAT2 acetylation polymorphisms. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9: 29-42 (2000).
195. Zang, Y., Zhao, S., Doll, M. A., States, J. C. and Hein, D. W.: The T341C (Ile114Thr) polymorphism of N-acetyltransferase 2 yields slow acetylator phenotype by enhanced protein degradation. Pharmacogenetics, 14: 717-723 (2004).
196. Sabbagh, A., Langaney, A., Darlu, P., Gérard, N., Krishnamoorthy, R. and Poloni, E. S.: Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: implications for NAT2 evolutionary history. BMC Genet., 9: 21 (2008).
197. Martínez, C., Agúndez, J. A., Olivera, M., Martín, R., Ladero, J. M. and Benítez, J.: Lung cancer and mutations at the polymorphic NAT2 gene locus. Pharmacogenetics, 5: 207-214 (1995).
198. Agúndez, J. A., Olivera, M., Martínez, C., Ladero, J. M. and Benítez, J.: Identification and prevalence study of 17 allelic variants of the human NAT2 gene in a white population. Pharmacogenetics, 6: 423-428 (1996).
199. Agúndez, J. A., Golka, K., Martínez, C., Selinski, S., Blaszkewicz, M. and García-Martín, E.: Unraveling ambiguous NAT2 genotyping data. Clin. Chem., 54: 1390-1394 (2008).
200. Okumura, K., Kita, T., Chikazawa, S., Komada, F., Iwakawa, S. and Tanigawara, Y.: Genotyping of N-acetylation polymorphism and correlation with procainamide metabolism. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 61: 509-517 (1997).
201. Ohno, M., Yamaguchi, I., Yamamoto, I., Fukuda, T., Yokota, S., Maekura, R., Ito, M., Yamamoto, Y., Ogura, T., Maeda, K., Komuta, K., Igarashi, T. and Azuma, J.: Slow N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype affects the incidence of isoniazid and rifampicininduced hepatotoxicity. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis., 4: 256-261 (2000).
202. Sekine, A., Saito, S., Iida, A., Mitsunobu, Y., Higuchi, S., Harigae, S. and Nakamura, Y.: Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of human N-acetyltransferase genes NAT1, NAT2, AANAT, ARD1 and L1CAM in the Japanese population. J. Hum. Genet., 46: 314-319 (2001).
203. Machida, H., Tsukamoto, K., Wen, C. Y., Shikuwa, S., Isomoto, H., Mizuta, Y., Takeshima, F., Murase, K., Matsumoto, N., Murata, I., Kohno, S. and Wen, C. Y.: Crohnös disease in Japanese is associated with a SNP-haplotype of N-acetyltransferase 2 gene. World J. Gastroenterol., 11: 4833-4837 (2005).
204. Lee, S. Y., Lee, K. A., Ki, C. S., Kwon, O. J., Kim, H. J., Chung, M. P., Suh, G. Y. and Kim, J. W.: Complete sequencing of a genetic polymorphism in NAT2 in the Korean population. Clin. Chem., 48: 775-777 (2002).
205. Lee, K. M., Park, S. K., Kim, S. U., Doll, M. A., Yoo, K. Y., Ahn, S. H., Noh, D. Y., Hirvonen, A., Hein, D. W. and Kang, D.: N-acetyltransferase (NAT1, NAT2) and glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1) polymorphisms in breast cancer. Cancer Lett., 196: 179-186 (2003).
206. Rothman, N., Hayes, R. B., Bi, W., Caporaso, N., Broly, F., Woosley, R. L., Yin, S., Feng, P., You, X. and Meyer, U. A.: Correlation between N-acetyltransferase activity and NAT2 genotype in Chinese males. Pharmacogenetics, 3: 250-255 (1993).
207. Lu, J. F., Cao, X. M., Liu, Z. H., Cao, W., Guo, L. Q., Zhuo, H. T., Ling, S. S., Chen, Y. L., Zhao, Q., Wang, W. P. and Li, F. Q.: Genetic analysis of N-acetyltransferase polymorphism in a Chinese population. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao, 19: 347-351 (1998).
208. Ma, Q. W., Lin, G. F., Chen, J. G., Xiang, C. Q., Guo, W. C., Golka, K. and Shen, J. H.: Polymorphism of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphism in shanghai population: occupational and non-occupational bladder cancer patient groups. Biomed. Environ. Sci., 17: 291-298 (2004).
209. Chen, B., Zhang, W. X. and Cai, W. M.: The influence of various genotypes on the metabolic activity of NAT2 in a Chinese population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 62: 355-359 (2006).
210. Lin, H. J., Han, C. Y., Lin, B. K. and Hardy, S.: Ethnic distribution of slow acetylator mutations in the polymorphic N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) gene. Pharmacogenetics, 4: 125-134 (1994).
211. Huang, C. C., Chien, W. P., Wong, R. H., Cheng, Y. W., Chen, M. C., Chou, M. C. and Lee, H.: NAT2 fast acetylator genotype is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in Taiwan. Dis. Colon Rectum, 50: 981-989 (2007).
212. Kukongviriyapan, V., Prawan, A., Tassaneyakul, W., Aiemsa-Ard, J. and Warasiha, B.: Arylamine N-acetyltransferase-2 genotypes in the Thai population. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 55: 278-281 (2007).
213. Cavaco, I., Asimus, S., Peyrard-Janvid, M., Ferreira, P. E., Veiga, M. I., Hai, T. N., Ribeiro, V., Ashton, M. and Gil, J. P.: The Vietnamese Khin population harbors particular N-acetyltransferase 2 allele frequencies. Clin. Chem., 53: 1977-1979 (2007).
214. Bechtel, Y. C., Bechtel, P. R., Lelouët, H., Choisy, H. and Dy, N. R.: The acetylator polymorphism in a Khmer population: clinical consequences. Therapie, 56: 409-413 (2001).
215. Zhao, B., Lee, E. J., Wong, J. Y., Yeoh, P. N. and Gong, N. H.: Frequency of mutant CYP1A1, NAT2 and GSTM1 alleles in normal Indians and Malays. Pharmacogenetics, 5: 275-280 (1995).
216. Lee, E. J., Zhao, B., Moochhala, S. M. and Ngoi, S. S.: Frequency of mutant CYPIA1, NAT2 and GSTM1 alleles in a normal Chinese population. Pharmacogenetics, 4: 355-358 (1994).
217. Yuliwulandari, R., Sachrowardi, Q., Nishida, N., Takasu, M., Batubara, L., Susmiarsih, T. P., Rochani, J. T., Wikaningrum, R., Miyashita, R., Miyagawa, T., Sofro, A. S. and Tokunaga, K.: Polymorphisms of promoter and coding regions of the arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene in the Indonesian population: proposal for a new nomenclature. J. Hum. Genet., 53: 201-209 (2008).
218. Pandey, S. N., Modi, D. R., Choudhuri, G. and Mittall, B.: Slow acetylator genotype of N-acetyl transferase2 (NAT2) is associated with increased susceptibility to gallbladder cancer: the cancer risk not modulated by gallstone disease. Cancer Biol. Ther., 6: 91-96 (2007).
219. Bakayev, V. V., Mohammadi, F., Bahadori, M., Sheikholslami, M., Javeri, A., Masjedi, M. R. and Velayati, A. A.: Arylamine Nacetyltransferase 2 slow acetylator polymorphisms in unrelated Iranian individuals. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 60: 467-471 (2004).
220. Torkaman-Boutorabi, A., Hoormand, M., Naghdi, N., Bakhshayesh, M. and Milanian, I.: Genotype and allele frequencies of N-acetyltransferase 2 and glutathione S-transferase in the Iranian population. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 34: 1207-1211 (2007).
221. Rabstein, S., Unfried, K., Ranft, U., Illig, T., Kolz, M., Rihs, H. P., Mambetova, C., Vlad, M., Brüning, T. and Pesch, B.: Variation of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene in a Romanian and a Kyrgyz population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 15: 138-141 (2006).
222. Al-Moundhri, M. S., Al-Kindi, M., Al-Nabhani, M., Al-Bahrani, B., Burney, I. A., Al-Madhani, A., Ganguly, S. S. and Tanira, M.: NAT2 polymorphism in Omani gastric cancer patients-risk predisposition and clinicopathological associations. World J. Gastroenterol., 13: 2697-2702 (2007).
223. Okkels, H., Sigsgaard, T., Wolf, H. and Autrup, H.: Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2) polymorphisms in susceptibility to bladder cancer: the influence of smoking. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 6: 225-231 (1997).
224. Johnson, N., Bell, P., Jonovska, V., Budge, M. and Sim, E.: NAT gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Alzheimerös disease: identification of a novel NAT1 allelic variant. BMC Med. Genet., 5: 6 (2004).
225. Smith, C. A., Wadelius, M., Gough, A. C., Harrison, D. J., Wolf, C. R. and Rane, A.: A simplified assay for the arylamine Nacetyltransferase 2 polymorphism validated by phenotyping with isoniazid. J. Med. Genet., 34: 758-760 (1997).
226. Lemos, M. C. and Regateiro, F. J.: N-acetyltransferase genotypes in the Portuguese population. Pharmacogenetics, 8: 561-564 (1998).
227. Gajecka, M., Rydzanicz, M., Jaskula-Sztul, R., Kujawski, M., Szyfter, W. and Szyfter, K.: CYP1A1, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, NAT2, GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms or their combinations are associated with the increased risk of the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Mutat. Res., 574: 112-123 (2005).
228. Klimčáková, L., Habalová, V., Sivoňová, M., Nagy, V., Šalagovič, J. and Židzik, J.: Effect of NAT2 gene polymorphism on bladder cancer risk in Slovak population. Mol. Biol. Rep., 38: 1287-1293 (2011).
229. Bell, D. A., Taylor, J. A., Butler, M. A., Stephens, E. A., Wiest, J., Brubaker, L. H., Kadlubar, F. F. and Lucier, G. W.: Genotype/phenotype discordance for human arylamine Nacetyltransferase (NAT2) reveals a new slow-acetylator allele common in African-Americans. Carcinogenesis, 14: 1689-1692 (1993).
230. Probst-Hensch, N. M., Haile, R. W., Ingles, S. A., Longnecker, M. P., Han, C. Y., Lin, B. K., Lee, D. B., Sakamoto, G. T., Frankl, H. D., Lee, E. R. and Lin, H. J.: Acetylation polymorphism and prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Res., 55: 2017-2020 (1995).
231. Martínez, C., Agúndez, J. A., Olivera, M., Llerena, A., Ramirez, R., Hernández, M. and Benítez, J.: Influence of genetic admixture on polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes: analyses of mutations on NAT2 and C gamma P2E1 genes in a mixed Hispanic population. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 63: 623-628 (1998).
232. Whalen, R. and Boyer, T. D.: Human glutathione S-transferases. Semin. Liver Dis., 18: 345-358 (1998).
233. Landi, S.: Mammalian class theta GST and differential susceptibility to carcinogens: a review. Mutat. Res., 463: 247-283 (2000).
234. Goekkurt, E., Al-Batran, S. E., Hartmann, J. T., Mogck, U., Schuch, G., Kramer, M., Jaeger, E., Bokemeyer, C., Ehninger, G. and Stoehlmacher, J.: Pharmacogenetic analyses of a phase III trial in metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma with fluorouracil and leucovorin plus either oxaliplatin or cisplatin: a study of the arbeitsgemeinschaft internistische onkologie. J. Clin. Oncol., 27: 2863-2873 (2009).
235. Boige, V., Mendiboure, J., Pignon, J. P., Loriot, M. A., Castaing, M., Barrois, M., Malka, D., Trégouët, D. A., Bouché, O., Le Corre, D., Miran, I., Mulot, C., Ducreux, M., Beaune, P. and Laurent-Puig, P.: Pharmacogenetic assessment of toxicity and outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with LV5FU2, FOLFOX, and FOLFIRI: FFCD 2000-05. J. Clin. Oncol., 28: 2556-2564 (2010).
236. McLeod, H. L., Sargent, D. J., Marsh, S., Green, E. M., King, C. R., Fuchs, C. S., Ramanathan, R. K., Williamson, S. K., Findlay, B. P., Thibodeau, S. N., Grothey, A., Morton, R. F. and Goldberg, R. M.: Pharmacogenetic predictors of adverse events and response to chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from North American Gastrointestinal Intergroup Trial N9741. J. Clin. Oncol., 28: 3227-3233 (2010).
237. Watanabe, I., Tomita, A., Shimizu, M., Sugawara, M., Yasumo, H., Koishi, R., Takahashi, T., Miyoshi, K., Nakamura, K., Izumi, T., Matsushita, Y., Furukawa, H., Haruyama, H. and Koga, T.: A study to survey susceptible genetic factors responsible for troglitazone-associated hepatotoxicity in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 73: 435-455 (2003).
238. Lucena, M. I., Andrade, R. J., Martínez, C., Ulzurrun, E., García-Martín, E., Borraz, Y., Fernández, M. C., Romero-Gomez, M., Castiella, A., Planas, R., Costa, J., Anzola, S. and Agúndez, J. A.: Spanish Group for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Disease.: Glutathione S-transferase m1 and t1 null genotypes increase susceptibility to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology, 48: 588-596 (2008).
239. Kihara, M., Kihara, M. and Noda, K.: Lung cancer risk of GSTM1 null genotype is dependent on the extent of tobacco smoke exposure. Carcinogenesis, 15: 415-418 (1994).
240. Oyama, T., Kawamoto, T., Mizoue, T., Nishida, K., Osaki, T., Sugio, K., Yasumoto, K. and Mitsudomi, T.: p53 mutations of lung cancer are not significantly affected by CYP1A1 or GSTM1 polymorphisms. Int. J. Oncol., 11: 305-309 (1997).
241. Morinobu, A., Kanagawa, S., Koshiba, M., Sugai, S. and Kumagai, S.: Association of the glutathione S-transferase M1 homozygous null genotype with susceptibility to Sjögren's syndrome in Japanese individuals. Arthritis Rheum., 42: 2612-2615 (1999).
242. Inoue, H., Kiyohara, C., Shinomiya, S., Marugame, T., Tsuji, E., Handa, K., Hayabuchi, H., Eguchi, H., Fukushima, Y. and Kono, S.: Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and risk of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Lett., 163: 201-206 (2001).
243. Naoe, T., Takeyama, K., Yokozawa, T., Kiyoi, H., Seto, M., Uike, N., Ino, T., Utsunomiya, A., Maruta, A., Jin-nai, I., Kamada, N., Kubota, Y., Nakamura, H., Shimazaki, C., Horiike, S., Kodera, Y., Saito, H., Ueda, R., Wiemels, J. and Ohno, R.: Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism in NQO1, GST-M1, GST-T1, and CYP3A4 in 469 Japanese Patients with Therapy-related Leukemia/ Myelodysplastic Syndrome and de novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia1. Clin. Cancer Res., 6: 4091-4095 (2000).
244. Murata, M., Watanabe, M., Yamanaka, M., Kubota, Y., Ito, H., Nagao, M., Katoh, T., Kamataki, T., Kawamura, J., Yatani, R. and Shiraishi, T.: Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and GSTT1 and susceptibility to prostate cancer in the Japanese population. Cancer Lett., 165: 171-177 (2001).
245. Hishida, A., Terakura, S., Emi, N., Yamamoto, K., Murata, M., Nishio, K., Sekido, Y., Niwa, T., Hamajima, N. and Naoe, T.: GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletions, NQO1 C609T polymorphism and risk of chronic myelogenous leukemia in Japanese. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 6: 251-255 (2005).
246. Tamaki, Y., Arai, T., Sugimura, H., Sasaki, T., Honda, M., Muroi, Y., Matsubara, Y., Kanno, S., Ishikawa, M., Hirasawa, N. and Hiratsuka, M.: Association between Cancer Risk and Drug Metabolizing Enzyme Gene (CYP2A6, CYP2A13, CYP4B1, SULT1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1) Polymorphisms in Japanese Cases of Lung Cancer. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 26: 516-522 (2011).
247. Hong, Y. S., Chang, J. H., Know, O. J., Ham, Y. A. and Choi, J. H.: Polymorphism of the CYP1A1 and glutathione-S-transferase genes in Korean lung cancer patients. Exp. Mol. Med., 30: 192-198 (1998).
248. Park, S. K., Yoo, K. Y., Lee, S. J., Kim, S. U., Ahn, S. H., Noh, D. Y., Choe, K. J., Strickland, P. T., Hirvonen, A. and Kang, D.: Alcohol consumption, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics, 10: 301-309 (2000).
249. Kim, W. J., Lee, H. L., Lee, S. C., Kim, Y. T. and Kim, H.: Polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase 2, glutathione S-transferase mu and theta genes as risk factors of bladder cancer in relation to asthma and tuberculosis. J. Urol., 164: 209-213 (2000).
250. Choi, S. C., Yun, K. J., Kim, T. H., Kim, H. J., Park, S. G., Oh, G. J., Chae, S. C., Oh, G. J., Nah, Y. H., Kim, J. J. and Chung, H. T.: Prognostic potential of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 null genotypes for gastric cancer progression. Cancer Lett., 195: 169-175 (2003).
251. Cho, H. J., Lee, S. Y., Ki, C. S. and Kim, J. W.: GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms in the Korean population. J. Korean Med. Sci., 20: 1089-1092 (2005).
252. Piao, J. M., Shin, M. H., Kweon, S. S., Kim, H. N., Choi, J. S., Bae, W. K., Shim, H. J., Kim, H. R., Park, Y. K., Choi, Y. D. and Kim, S. H.: Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1, GSTT1) and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer in a Korean population. World J. Gastroenterol., 15: 5716-5721 (2009).
253. Kwon, D. D., Lee, J. W., Han, D. Y., Seo, I. Y., Park, S. C., Jeong, H. J., Yang, Y. S., Chae, S. C., Na, K. S., Mo, K. J., Kim, J. J. and Rim, J. S.: Relationship between the Glutathione- S-Transferase P1, M1, and T1 Genotypes and Prostate Cancer Risk in Korean Subjects. Korean J. Urol, 52: 247-252 (2011).
254. Setiawan, V. W., Zhang, Z. F., Yu, G. P., Li, Y. L., Lu, M. L., Tsai, C. J., Cordova, D., Wang, M. R., Guo, C. H., Yu, S. Z. and Kurtz, R. C.: GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes and the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in a Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9: 73-80 (2000).
255. Chen, S., Xue, K., Xu, L., Ma, G. and Wu, J.: Polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genes in relation to individual susceptibility to lung carcinoma in Chinese population. Mutat. Res., 458: 41-47 (2001).
256. Mu, L. N., Lu, Q. Y., Yu, S. Z., Jiang, Q. W., Cao, W., You, N. C., Setiawan, V. W., Zhou, X. F., Ding, B. G., Wang, R. H., Zhao, J., Cai, L., Rao, J. Y., Heber, D. and Zhang, Z. F.: Green tea drinking and multigenetic index on the risk of stomach cancer in a Chinese population. Int. J. Cancer, 116: 972-983 (2005).
257. Liu, L., Li, C., Gao, J., Li, K., Gao, L. and Gao, T.: Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase and risk of vitiligo in the Chinese population. J. Invest. Dermatol., 129: 2646-2652 (2009).
258. Zhong, S. L., Zhou, S., Chen, X. and Huang, M.: Rapid determination of common mutations in glutathione S-transferase gene by PCR-based methods in healthy Chinese. Clin. Chim. Acta, 364: 205-208 (2006).
259. Guo, X., OöBrien, S. J., Zeng, Y., Nelson, G. W. and Winkler, C. A.: GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletions and the risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Han Chinese. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 17: 1760-1763 (2008).
260. Lee, Y. L., Hsiue, T. R., Lee, Y. C., Lin, Y. C. and Guo, Y. L.: The association between glutathione S-transferase P1, M1 polymorphisms and asthma in Taiwanese schoolchildren. Chest, 128: 1156-1162 (2005).
261. Fujihara, J., Yasuda, T., Iida, R., Takatsuka, H., Fujii, Y. and Takeshita, H.: Cytochrome P450 1A1, glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 polymorphisms in Ovambos and Mongolians. Leg. Med. (Tokyo), 11 (Suppl 1): S408-S410 (2009).
262. Agusa, T., Iwata, H., Fujihara, J., Kunito, T., Takeshita, H., Minh, T. B., Trang, P. T., Viet, P. H. and Tanabe, S.: Genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily and arsenic metabolism in residents of the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 242: 352-362 (2010).
263. Rimando, M. G., Chua, M. N., Yuson, E., de Castro-Bernas, G. and Okamoto, T.: Prevalence of GSTT1, GSTM1 and NQO1 (609ChT) in Filipino children with ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukaemia). Biosci. Rep., 28: 117-124 (2008).
264. Pakakasama, S., Mukda, E., Sasanakul, W., Kadegasem, P., Udomsubpayakul, U., Thithapandha, A. and Hongeng, S.: Polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am. J. Hematol., 79: 202-205 (2005).
265. Tiwawech, D., Srivatanakul, P., Karalak, A. and Ishida, T.: Glutathione S-transferase M1 gene polymorphism in Thai nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 6: 270-275 (2005).
266. Sangrajrang, S., Jedpiyawongse, A. and Srivatanakul, P.: Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1 and GSTM1 in a Thai population. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 7: 415-419 (2006).
267. Klinchid, J., Chewaskulyoung, B., Saeteng, S., Lertprasertsuke, N., Kasinrerk, W. and Cressey, R.: Effect of combined genetic polymorphisms on lung cancer risk in northern Thai women. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 195: 143-149 (2009).
268. Amtha, R., Ching, C. S., Zain, R., Razak, I. A., Basuki, B., Roeslan, B. O., Gautama, W. and Purwanto, D.: GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 polymorphisms and risk of oral cancer: a case-control study in Jakarta, Indonesia. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 10: 21-26 (2009).
269. Zhao, B., Lee, E. J., Wong, J. Y., Yeoh, P. N. and Gong, N. H.: Frequency of mutant CYP1A1, NAT2 and GSTM1 alleles in normal Indians and Malays. Pharmacogenetics, 5: 275-280 (1995).
270. Zhao, B., Seow, A., Lee, E. J. and Poh, W. T.: The, M., Eng, P., Wang, Y.T., Tan, W.C., Yu, M.C. and Lee, H.P.: Dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase -M1, -T1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10: 1063-1067 (2001).
271. Lee, E. J., Wong, J. Y., Yeoh, P. N. and Gong, N. H.: Glutathione S transferase-theta (GSTT1) genetic polymorphism among Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore. Pharmacogenetics, 5: 332-334 (1995).
272. Buch, S. C., Notani, P. N. and Bhisey, R. A.: Polymorphism at GSTM1, GSTM3 and GSTT1 gene loci and susceptibility to oral cancer in an Indian population. Carcinogenesis, 23: 803-807 (2002).
273. Mishra, D. K., Kumar, A., Srivastava, D. S. and Mittal, R. D.: Allelic variation of GSTT1, GSTM1 and GSTP1 genes in North Indian population. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 5: 362-365 (2004).
274. Konwar, R., Manchanda, P. K., Chaudhary, P., Nayak, V. L., Singh, V. and Bid, H. K.: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene variants and risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a report in a North Indian population. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 11: 1067-1072 (2010).
275. Sreeja, L., Syamala, V., Hariharan, S., Madhavan, J., Devan, S. C. and Ankathil, R.: Possible risk modification by CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms in lung cancer susceptibility in a South Indian population. J. Hum. Genet., 50: 618-627 (2005).
276. Vettriselvi, V., Vijayalakshmi, K., Solomon, F.D.P. and Venkatachalam, P.: Genetic variation of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes in a South Indian population. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 7: 325-328 (2006).
277. Hou, S. M., Ryberg, D., Fält, S., Deverill, A., Tefre, T., Børresen, A. L., Haugen, A. and Lambert, B.: GSTM1 and NAT2 polymorphisms in operable and non-operable lung cancer patients. Carcinogenesis, 21: 49-54 (2000).
278. Garte, S., Gaspari, L., Alexandrie, A. K., Ambrosone, C., Autrup, H., Autrup, J. L., Baranova, H., Bathum, L., Benhamou, S., Boffetta, P., Bouchardy, C., Breskvar, K., Brockmoller, J., Cascorbi, I., Clapper, M. L., Coutelle, C., Daly, A., DellöOmo, M., Dolzan, V., Dresler, C. M., Fryer, A., Haugen, A., Hein, D. W., Hildesheim, A., Hirvonen, A., Hsieh, L. L., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Kalina, I., Kang, D., Kihara, M., Kiyohara, C., Kremers, P., Lazarus, P., Le Marchand, L., Lechner, M. C., van Lieshout, E. M., London, S., Manni, J. J., Maugard, C. M., Morita, S., Nazar-Stewart, V., Noda, K., Oda, Y., Parl, F. F., Pastorelli, R., Persson, I., Peters, W. H., Rannug, A., Rebbeck, T., Risch, A., Roelandt, L., Romkes, M., Ryberg, D., Salagovic, J., Schoket, B., Seidegard, J., Shields, P. G., Sim, E., Sinnet, D., Strange, R. C., Stücker, I., Sugimura, H., To-Figueras, J., Vineis, P., Yu, M. C. and Taioli, E.: Metabolic gene polymorphism frequencies in control populations. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 10: 1239-1248 (2001).
279. Bu, H., Rosdahl, I., Holmdahl-Källen, K., Sun, X. F. and Zhang, H.: Significance of glutathione S-transferases M1, T1 and P1 polymorphisms in Swedish melanoma patients. Oncol. Rep., 17: 859-864 (2007).
280. Risch, A., Wikman, H., Thiel, S., Schmezer, P., Edler, L., Drings, P., Dienemann, H., Kayser, K., Schulz, V., Spiegelhalder, B. and Bartsch, H.: Glutathione-S-transferase M1, M3, T1 and P1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to non-small-cell lung cancer subtypes and hamartomas. Pharmacogenetics, 11: 757-764 (2001).
281. Schneider, J., Bernges, U., Philipp, M. and Woitowitz, H. J.: GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphism and lung cancer risk in relation to tobacco smoking. Cancer Lett., 208: 65-74 (2004).
282. Kabesch, M., Hoefler, C., Carr, D., Leupold, W., Weiland, S. K. and von Mutius, E.: Glutathione S transferase deficiency and passive smoking increase childhood asthma. Thorax, 59: 569-573 (2004).
283. Abbas, A., Delvinquiere, K., Lechevrel, M., Lebailly, P., Gauduchon, P., Launoy, G. and Sichel, F.: GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to esophageal cancer in a French population: different pattern of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. World J. Gastroenterol., 10: 3389-3393 (2004).
284. Alberti, G., Oguni, M., Podgor, M., Sperduto, R. D., Tomarev, S., Grassi, C., Williams, S., Kaiser-Kupfer, M., Maraini, G. and Hejtmancik, J. F.: Glutathione S-transferase M1 genotype and age-related cataracts. Lack of association in an Italian population. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 37: 1167-1173 (1996).
285. Boccia, S., Sayed-Tabatabaei, F. A., Persiani, R., Gianfagna, F., Rausei, S., Arzani, D., La Greca, A., DöUgo, D., La Torre, G., van Duijn, C. M. and Ricciardi, G.: Polymorphisms in metabolic genes, their combination and interaction with tobacco smoke and alcohol consumption and risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in an Italian population. BMC Cancer, 7: 206 (2007).
286. García-Closas, M., Malats, N., Silverman, D., Dosemeci, M., Kogevinas, M., Hein, D. W., Tardón, A., Serra, C., Carrato, A., García-Closas, R., Lloreta, J., Castaño-Vinyals, G., Yeager, M., Welch, R., Chanock, S., Chatterjee, N., Wacholder, S., Samanic, C., Torà, M., Fernández, F., Real, F. X. and Rothman, N.: NAT2 slow acetylation, GSTM1 null genotype, and risk of bladder cancer: results from the Spanish Bladder Cancer Study and meta-analyses. Lancet, 366: 649-659 (2005).
287. Varela-Lema, L., Ruano-Ravina, A., Juiz, Crespo, M. A., Kelsey, K. T., Loidi, L. and Barros-Dios, J. M.: CYP1A1, mEH, and GSTM1 Polymophisms and Risk of Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer: A Spanish Case-Control Study. J. Oncol., 2008: 741310 (2008).
288. Conde, A. R., Martins, G., Saraiva, C., Rueff, J. and Monteiro, C.: Association of p53 genomic instability with the glutathione Stransferase null genotype in gastric cancer in the Portuguese population. Mol. Pathol., 52: 131-134 (1999).
289. Dialyna, I. A., Miyakis, S., Georgatou, N. and Spandidos, D. A.: Genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes and lung cancer risk. Oncol. Rep., 10: 1829-1835 (2003).
290. Georgiou, I., Filiadis, I. F., Alamanos, Y., Bouba, I., Giannakopoulos, X. and Lolis, D.: Glutathione S-transferase null genotypes in transitional cell bladder cancer: a case-control study. Eur. Urol., 37: 660-664 (2000).
291. Binková, B., Smerhovský, Z., Strejc, P., Boubelík, O., Stávková, Z., Chvátalová, I. and Srám, R. J.: DNA-adducts and atherosclerosis: a study of accidental and sudden death males in the Czech Republic. Mutat. Res., 501: 115-128 (2002).
292. Toncheva, D. I., Von Ahsen, N., Atanasova, S. Y., Dimitrov, T. G., Armstrong, V. W. and Oellerich, M.: Identification of NQO1 and GSTs genotype frequencies in Bulgarian patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy. J. Nephrol., 17: 384-389 (2004).
293. Cote, M. L., Kardia, S. L., Wenzlaff, A. S., Land, S. J. and Schwartz, A. G.: Combinations of glutathione S-transferase genotypes and risk of early-onset lung cancer in Caucasians and African Americans: a population-based study. Carcinogenesis, 26: 811-819 (2005).
294. Millikan, R., Pittman, G., Tse, C. K., Savitz, D. A., Newman, B. and Bell, D.: Glutathione S-transferases M1, T1, and P1 and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 9: 567-573 (2000).
295. Van Emburgh, B. O., Hu, J. J., Levine, E. A., Mosley, L. J., Perrier, N. D., Freimanis, R. I., Allen, G. O., Rubin, P., Sherrill, G. B., Shaw, C. S., Carey, L. A., Sawyer, L. R. and Miller, M. S.: Polymorphisms in CYP1B1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1, and susceptibility to breast cancer. Oncol. Rep., 19: 1311-1321 (2008).
296. Adams, C. H., Werely, C. J., Victor, T. C., Hoal, E. G., Rossouw, G. and van Helden, P. D.: Allele frequencies for glutathione S-transferase and N-acetyltransferase 2 differ in African population groups and may be associated with oesophageal cancer or tuberculosis incidence. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 41: 600-605 (2003).
297. Katoh, T., Nagata, N., Kuroda, Y., Itoh, H., Kawahara, A., Kuroki, N., Ookuma, R. and Bell, D. A.: Glutathione Stransferase M1 (GSTM1) and T1 (GSTT1) genetic polymorphism and susceptibility to gastric and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 17: 1855-1859 (1996).
298. Niemi, M., Pasanen, M. K. and Neuvonen, P. J.: Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1: a genetically polymorphic transporter of major importance for hepatic drug uptake. Pharmacol. Rev., 63: 157-181 (2011).
299. Kalliokoski, A. and Niemi, M.: Impact of OATP transporters on pharmacokinetics. Br. J. Pharmacol., 158: 693-705 (2009).
300. Niemi, M., SchaeŠeler, E., Lang, T., Fromm, M. F., Neuvonen, M., Kyrklund, C., Backman, J. T., Kerb, R., Schwab, M., Neuvonen, P. J., Eichelbaum, M. and Kivisto, K. T.: High plasma pravastatin concentrations are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of organic anion transporting polypeptide-C (OATP-C, SLCO1B1). Pharmacogenetics, 14: 429-440 (2004).
301. Niemi, M., Neuvonen, P. J., Hofmann, U., Backman, J. T., Schwab, M., Lutjohann, D., von Bergmann, K., Eichelbaum, M. and Kivisto, K. T.: Acute efects of pravastatin on cholesterol synthesis are associated with SLCO1B1 (encoding OATP1B1) haplotype *17. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 15: 303-309 (2005).
302. Nozawa, T., Nakajima, M., Tamai, I., Noda, K., Nezu, J., Sai, Y., Tsuji, A. and Yokoi, T.: Genetic polymorphisms of human organic anion transporters OATP-C (SLC21A6) and OATP-B (SLC21A9): allele frequencies in the Japanese population and functional analysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 302: 804-813 (2002).
303. Nishizato, Y., Ieiri, I., Suzuki, H., Kimura, M., Kawabata, K., Hirota, T., Takane, H., Irie, S., Kusuhara, H., Urasaki, Y., Urae, A., Higuchi, S., Otsubo, K. and Sugiyama, Y.: Polymorphisms of OATP-C (SLC21A6) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) genes: consequences for pravastatin pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 73: 554-565 (2003).
304. Kim, S. R., Saito, Y., Sai, K., Kurose, K., Maekawa, K., Kaniwa, N., Ozawa, S., Kamatani, N., Shirao, K., Yamamoto, N., Hamaguchi, T., Kunitoh, H., Ohe, Y., Yamada, Y., Tamura, T., Yoshida, T., Minami, H., Ohtsu, A., Saijo, N. and Sawada, J.: Genetic variations and frequencies of major haplotypes in SLCO1B1 encoding the transporter OATP1B1 in Japanese subjects: SLCO1B1*17 is more prevalent than *15. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 22: 456-461 (2007).
305. Kim, E. Y., Cho, D. Y., Shin, H. J., Lee, S. S., Shon, J. H., Shin, J. G. and Shin, S. G.: Duplex pyrosequencing assay of the 388AhG and 521ThC SLCO1B1 polymorphisms in three Asian populations. Clin. Chim. Acta, 388: 68-72 (2008).
306. Choi, J. H., Lee, M. G. and Cho, J. Y.: Lee, J.E., Kim, K.H. and Park, K.: Influence of OATP1B1 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in Koreans. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 83: 251-257 (2008).
307. Xu, L. Y., He, Y. J., Zhang, W., Deng, S., Li, Q., Zhang, W. X., Liu, Z. Q., Wang, D., Huang, Y. F., Zhou, H. H. and Sun, Z. Q.: Organic anion transporting polypeptide-1B1 haplotypes in Chinese patients. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 28: 1693-1697 (2007).
308. Jada, S. R., Xiaochen, S., Yan, L. Y., Xiaoqiang, X., Lal, S., Zhou, S. F., Ooi, L. L. and Chowbay, B.: Pharmacogenetics of SLCO1B1: haplotypes, htSNPs and hepatic expression in three distinct Asian populations. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 63: 555-563 (2007).
309. Lee, E., Ryan, S., Birmingham, B., Zalikowski, J., March, R., Ambrose, H., Moore, R., Lee, C., Chen, Y. and Schneck, D.: Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in white and Asian subjects residing in the same environment. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 78: 330-341 (2005).
310. Ho, W. F., Koo, S. H., Yee, J. Y. and Lee, E. J.: Genetic variations of the SLCO1B1 gene in the Chinese, Malay and Indian populations of Singapore. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 23: 476-482 (2008).
311. Srivastava, A., Srivastava, A., Srivastava, N., Choudhuri, G. and Mittal, B.: Organic anion transporter 1B1 (SLCO1B1) polymorphism and gallstone formation: High incidence of Exon4 CA genotype in female patients in North India. Hepatol. Res., 41: 71-78 (2011).
312. Mwinyi, J., Köpke, K., Schaefer, M., Roots, I. and Gerloff, T.: Comparison of SLCO1B1 sequence variability among German, Turkish, and African populations. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 64: 257-266 (2008).
313. Pasanen, M. K., Backman, J. T., Neuvonen, P. J. and Niemi, M.: Frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 SLCO1B1 gene in a Finnish population. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 62: 409-415 (2006).
314. Pasanen, M. K., Neuvonen, P. J. and Niemi, M.: Global analysis of genetic variation in SLCO1B1. Pharmacogenomics, 9: 19-33 (2008).
315. Rohrbacher, M., Kirchhof, A., Skarke, C., Geisslinger, G. and Lötsch, J.: Rapid identification of three functionally relevant polymorphisms in the OATP1B1 transporter gene using Pyrosequencing. Pharmacogenomics, 7: 167-176 (2006).
316. Tirona, R. G., Leake, B. F., Merino, G. and Kim, R. B.: Polymorphisms in OATP-C: identification of multiple allelic variants associated with altered transport activity among European- and African-Americans. J. Biol. Chem., 276: 35669-35675 (2001).
317. Boivin, A. A., Cardinal, H., Barama, A., Pichette, V., Hébert, M. J. and Roger, M.: Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and OATP1B3: genetic variability and haplotype analysis in white Canadians. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 25: 508-515 (2010).
318. Ni, Z., Bikadi, Z., Rosenberg, M. F. and Mao, Q.: Structure and function of the human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ ABCG2). Curr. Drug Metab., 11: 603-617 (2010).
319. Cusatis, G. and Sparreboom, A.: Pharmacogenomic importance of ABCG2. Pharmacogenomics, 9: 1005-1009 (2008).
320. Cusatis, G., Gregorc, V., Li, J., Spreafico, A., Ingersoll, R. G., Verweij, J., Ludovini, V., Villa, E., Hidalgo, M., Sparreboom, A. and Baker, S. D.: Pharmacogenetics of ABCG2 and adverse reactions to gefitinib. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 98: 1739-1742 (2006).
321. Kim, I. S., Kim, H. G., Kim, D. C., Eom, H. S., Kong, S. Y., Shin, H. J., Hwang, S. H., Lee, E. Y. and Lee, G. W.: ABCG2 Q141K polymorphism is associated with chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who received frontline rituximab plus cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/ vincristine/prednisone chemotherapy. Cancer Sci., 99: 2496-2501 (2008).
322. Zamber, C. P., Lamba, J. K., Yasuda, K., Farnum, J., Thummel, K., Schuetz, J. D. and Schuetz, E. G.: Natural allelic variants of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and their relationship to BCRP expression in human intestine. Pharmacogenetics, 13: 19-28 (2003).
323. Kobayashi, D., Ieiri, I., Hirota, T., Takane, H., Maegawa, S., Kigawa, J., Suzuki, H., Nanba, E., Oshimura, M., Terakawa, N., Otsubo, K., Mine, K. and Sugiyama, Y.: Functional assessment of ABCG2 (BCRP) gene polymorphisms to protein expression in human placenta. Drug Metab. Dispos., 33: 94-101 (2005).
324. Imai, Y., Nakane, M., Kage, K., Tsukahara, S., Ishikawa, E., Tsuruo, T., Miki, Y. and Sugimoto, Y.: C421A polymorphism in the human breast cancer resistance protein gene is associated with low expression of Q141K protein and low-level drug resistance. Mol. Cancer Ther., 1: 611-616 (2002).
325. Maekawa, K., Itoda, M., Sai, K., Saito, Y., Kaniwa, N., Shirao, K., Hamaguchi, T., Kunitoh, H., Yamamoto, N., Tamura, T., Minami, H., Kubota, K., Ohtsu, A., Yoshida, T., Saijo, N., Kamatani, N., Ozawa, S. and Sawada, J.: Genetic variation and haplotype structure of the ABC transporter gene ABCG2 in a Japanese population. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 21: 109-121 (2006).
326. Kim, K. A., Joo, H. J. and Park, J. Y.: ABCG2 polymorphisms, 34GhA and 421ChA in a Korean population: analysis and a comprehensive comparison with other populations. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 35: 705-712 (2010).
327. Lee, S. S., Jeong, H. E., Yi, J. M., Jung, H. J., Jang, J. E., Kim, E. Y., Lee, S. J. and Shin, J. G.: Identification and functional assessment of BCRP polymorphisms in a Korean population. Drug Metab. Dispos., 35: 623-632 (2007).
328. Kim, I. S., Kim, H. G., Kim, D. C., Eom, H. S., Kong, S. Y., Shin, H. J., Hwang, S. H., Lee, E. Y. and Lee, G. W.: ABCG2 Q141K polymorphism is associated with chemotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who received frontline rituximab plus cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/ vincristine/prednisone chemotherapy. Cancer Sci., 99: 2496-2501 (2008).
329. de Jong, F. A., Marsh, S., Mathijssen, R. H., King, C., Verweij, J., Sparreboom, A. and McLeod, H. L.: ABCG2 pharmacogenetics: ethnic differences in allele frequency and assessment of influence on irinotecan disposition. Clin. Cancer Res., 10: 5889-5894 (2004).
330. Wang, B., Miao, Z., Liu, S., Wang, J., Zhou, S., Han, L., Meng, D., Wang, Y., Li, C. and Ma, X.: Genetic analysis of ABCG2 gene C421A polymorphism with gout disease in Chinese Han male population. Hum. Genet., 127: 245-246 (2010).
331. Bäckström, G., Taipalensuu, J., Melhus, H., Brändström, H., Svensson, A. C., Artursson, P. and Kindmark, A.: Genetic variation in the ATP-binding cassette transporter gene ABCG2 (BCRP) in a Swedish population. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 18: 359-364 (2003).
332. Bosch, T. M., Kjellberg, L. M., Bouwers, A., Koeleman, B. P., Schellens, J. H., Beijnen, J. H., Smits, P. H. and Meijerman, I.: Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ABCG2 gene in a Dutch population. Am. J. Pharmacogenomics, 5: 123-131 (2005).
333. Müller, P. J., Dally, H., Klappenecker, C. N., Edler, L., Jäger, B., Gerst, M., Spiegelhalder, B., Tuengerthal, S., Fischer, J. R., Drings, P., Bartsch, H. and Risch, A.: Polymorphisms in ABCG2, ABCC3 and CNT1 genes and their possible impact on chemotherapy outcome of lung cancer patients. Int. J. Cancer, 124: 1669-1674 (2009).
334. Stark, K., Reinhard, W., Grassl, M., Erdmann, J., Schunkert, H., Illig, T. and Hengstenberg, C.: Common polymorphisms influencing serum uric acid levels contribute to susceptibility to gout, but not to coronary artery disease. PLoS ONE, 4: e7729 (2009).
335. Fischer, S. and Lakatos, P. L.: Hungarian IBD Study Group: Lakatos, L., Kovacs, A., Molnar, T., Altorjay, I., Papp, M., Szilvasi, A., Tulassay, Z., Osztovits, J., Papp, J., Demeter, P., Schwab, R., Tordai, A. and Andrikovics, H.: ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (BCRP) and ABCB1 (MDR1) variants are not associated with disease susceptibility, disease phenotype response to medical therapy or need for surgery in Hungarian patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 42: 726-733 (2007).
336. Mizuarai, S., Aozasa, N. and Kotani, H.: Single nucleotide polymorphisms result in impaired membrane localization and reduced atpase activity in multidrug transporter ABCG2. Int. J. Cancer, 109: 238-246 (2004).
337. Ho, R. H., Choi, L., Lee, W., Mayo, G., Schwarz, U. I., Tirona, R. G., Bailey, D. G., Michael Stein, C. and Kim, R. B.: Effect of drug transporter genotypes on pravastatin disposition in Europeanand African-American participants. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 17: 647-656 (2007).
338. Steven, G. E. M., Peter, P. and Linda, D. B.: THE HLA Facts Book. pp. 14-45.
339. Tohkin, M., Ishiguro, A., Kaniwa, N., Saito, Y., Kurose, K. and Hasegawa, R.: Prediction of severe adverse drug reactions using pharmacogenetic biomarkers. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet., 25: 122-133 (2010).
340. Hung, S. I., Chung, W. H., Jee, S. H., Chen, W. C., Chang, Y. T., Lee, W. R., Hu, S. L., Wu, M. T., Chen, G. S., Wong, T. W., Hsiao, P. F., Chen, W. H., Shih, H. Y., Fang, W. H., Wei, C. Y., Lou, Y. H., Huang, Y. L., Lin, J. J. and Chen, Y. T.: Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 16: 297-306 (2006).
341. Ozeki, T., Mushiroda, T., Yowang, A., Takahashi, A., Kubo, M., Shirakata, Y., Ikezawa, Z., Iijima, M., Shiohara, T., Hashimoto, K., Kamatani, N. and Nakamura, Y.: Genome-wide association study identifies HLA-A*3101 allele as a genetic risk factor for carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Japanese population. Hum. Mol. Genet., 20: 1034-1041 (2011).
342. McCormack, M., Alfirevic, A., Bourgeois, S., Farrell, J. J., Kasperavičiute, D., Carrington, M., Sills, G. J., Marson, T., Jia, X., de Bakker, P. I., Chinthapalli, K., Molokhia, M., Johnson, M. R., OöConnor, G. D., Chaila, E., Alhusaini, S., Shianna, K. V., Radtke, R. A., Heinzen, E. L., Walley, N., Pandolfo, M., Pichler, W., Park, B. K., Depondt, C., Sisodiya, S. M., Goldstein, D. B., Deloukas, P., Delanty, N., Cavalleri, G. L. and Pirmohamed, M.: HLA-A*3101 and carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions in Europeans. N. Engl. J. Med., 364: 1134-1143 (2011).
343. Hung, S. I., Chung, W. H., Liou, L. B., Chu, C. C., Lin, M., Huang, H. P., Lin, Y. L., Lan, J. L., Yang, L. C., Hong, H. S., Chen, M. J., Lai, P. C., Wu, M. S., Chu, C. Y., Wang, K. H., Chen, C. H., Fann, C. S., Wu, J. Y. and Chen, Y. T.: HLAB* 5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102: 4134-4139 (2005).
344. Tassaneeyakul, W., Jantararoungtong, T., Chen, P., Lin, P. Y., Tiamkao, S., Khunarkornsiri, U., Chucherd, P., Konyoung, P., Vannaprasaht, S., Choonhakarn, C., Pisuttimarn, P., Sangviroon, A. and Tassaneeyakul, W.: Strong association between HLAB* 5801 and allopurinol-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a Thai population. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 19: 704-709 (2009).
345. Kaniwa, N., Saito, Y., Aihara, M., Matsunaga, K., Tohkin, M., Kurose, K., Sawada, J., Furuya, H., Takahashi, Y., Muramatsu, M., Kinoshita, S., Abe, M., Ikeda, H., Kashiwagi, M., Song, Y., Ueta, M., Sotozono, C., Ikezawa, Z. and Hasegawa, R.: JSAR research group: HLA-B locus in Japanese patients with antiepileptics and allopurinol-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Pharmacogenomics, 9: 1617-1622 (2008).
346. Lonjou, C., Borot, N., Sekula, P., Ledger, N., Thomas, L., Halevy, S., Naldi, L., Bouwes-Bavinck, J. N., Sidoroff, A., de Toma, C., Schumacher, M., Roujeau, J. C., Hovnanian, A. and Mockenhaupt, M.: RegiSCAR study group: A European study of HLA-B in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs. Pharmacogenet. Genomics, 18: 99-107 (2008).
347. Itoh, Y., Mizuki, N., Shimada, T., Azuma, F., Itakura, M., Kashiwase, K., Kikkawa, E., Kulski, J. K., Satake, M. and Inoko, H.: High-throughput DNA typing of HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 loci by a PCR-SSOP-Luminex method in the Japanese population. Immunogenetics, 57: 717-729 (2005).
348. Saito, S., Ota, S., Yamada, E., Inoko, H. and Ota, M.: Allele frequencies and haplotypic associations defined by allelic DNA typing at HLA class I and class II loci in the Japanese population. Tissue Antigens, 56: 522-529 (2000).
349. Tokunaga, K., Ishikawa, Y., Ogawa, A., Wang, H., Mitsunaga, S., Moriyama, S., Lin, L., Bannai, M., Watanabe, Y., Kashiwase, K., Tanaka, H., Akaza, T., Tadokoro, K. and Juji, T.: Sequencebased association analysis of HLA class I and II alleles in Japanese supports conservation of common haplotypes. Immunogenetics, 46: 199-205 (1997).
350. Lee, K. W., Oh, D. H., Lee, C. and Yang, S. Y.: Allelic and haplotypic diversity of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 genes in the Korean population. Tissue Antigens, 65: 437-447 (2005).
351. Chung, H. Y., Yoon, J. A., Han, B. Y., Song, E. Y. and Park, M. H.: Allelic and haplotypic diversity of HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 genes in Koreans defined by high-resolution DNA typing. Korean J. Lab. Med., 30: 685-696 (2010).
352. Yang, G., Deng, Y. J., Hu, S. N., Wu, D. Y., Li, S. B., Zhu, J., Zhu, B. F. and Liu, Y.: HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 polymorphism defined by sequence-based typing of the Han population in Northern China. Tissue Antigens, 67: 146-152 (2006).
353. Hong, W., Fu, Y., Chen, S., Wang, F., Ren, X. and Xu, A.: Distributions of HLA class I alleles and haplotypes in Northern Han Chinese. Tissue Antigens, 66: 297-304 (2005).
354. Feng, M. L., Guo, X. J., Zhang, J. Y., Xie, J. H., Chen, L., Lu, Q., Yang, J. H., Ji, Y. and Qian, K. C.: Study on the haplotypes of MICA and MICB microsatellite and HLA-B locus in the Guangzhou Han population. Tissue Antigens, 64: 281-285 (2004).
355. Chen, S., Li, W., Hu, Q., Liu, Z., Xu, Y. and Xu, A.: Polymorphism of HLA class I genes in Meizhou Han population of Guangdong, China. Int. J. Immunogenet., 34: 131-136 (2007).
356. Yao, Y., Shi, L., Shi, L., Matsushita, M., Yu, L., Lin, K., Tao, Y., Huang, X., Yi, W., Oka, T., Tokunaga, K. and Chu, J.: Distribution of HLA-A, -B, -Cw, and -DRB1 alleles and haplotypes in an isolated Han population in Southwest China. Tissue Antigens, 73: 561-568 (2009).
357. Middleton, D., Hawkins, B. R., Williams, F., Meenagh, A., Moscoso, J., Zamora, J. and Arnaiz-Villena, A.: HLA class I allele distribution of a Hong Kong Chinese population based on highresolution PCR-SSOP typing. Tissue Antigens, 63: 555-561 (2004).
358. Chen, S., Hong, W., Shao, H., Fu, Y., Liu, X., Chen, D. and Xu, A.: Allelic distribution of HLA class I genes in the Tibetan ethnic population of China. Int. J. Immunogenet., 33: 439-445 (2006).
359. Hong, W., Chen, S., Shao, H., Fu, Y., Hu, Z. and Xu, A.: HLA class I polymorphism in Mongolian and Hui ethnic groups from Northern China. Hum. Immunol., 68: 439-448 (2007).
360. Wen, S. H., Lai, M. J. and Yang, K. L.: Human leukocyte antigen-A, -B, and -DRB1 haplotypes of cord blood units in the Tzu Chi Taiwan Cord Blood Bank. Hum. Immunol., 69: 430-436 (2008).
361. Yang, K. L., Chen, S. P., Shyr, M. H. and Lin, P. Y.: Highresolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium of HLA-B and -C and HLA-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles in a Taiwanese population. Hum. Immunol., 70: 269-276 (2009).
362. Yu, K. J., Gao, X., Chen, C. J., Yang, X. R., Diehl, S. R., Goldstein, A., Hsu, W. L., Liang, X. S., Marti, D., Liu, M. Y., Chen, J. Y., Carrington, M. and Hildesheim, A.: Association of human leukocyte antigens with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in highrisk multiplex families in Taiwan. Hum. Immunol., 70: 910-914 (2009).
363. Chen, P. L., Fann, C. S., Chu, C. C., Chang, C. C., Chang, S. W., Hsieh, H. Y., Lin, M., Yang, W. S. and Chang, T. C.: Comprehensive genotyping in two homogeneous Gravesö disease samples reveals major and novel HLA association alleles. PLoS ONE, 6: e16635 (2011).
364. Yuliwulandari, R., Sachrowardi, Q., Nakajima, H., Kashiwase, K., Hirayasu, K., Mabuchi, A., Sofro, A. S. and Tokunaga, K.: Association of HLA-A, -B, and -DRB1 with pulmonary tuberculosis in western Javanese Indonesia. Hum. Immunol., 71: 697-701 (2010).
365. Yuliwulandari, R., Kashiwase, K., Nakajima, H., Uddin, J., Susmiarsih, T. P., Sofro, A. S. and Tokunaga, K.: Polymorphisms of HLA genes in Western Javanese (Indonesia): close affinities to Southeast Asian populations. Tissue Antigens, 73: 46-53 (2009).
366. Romphruk, A. V., Romphruk, A., Kongmaroeng, C., Klumkrathok, K., Paupairoj, C. and Leelayuwat, C.: HLA class I and II alleles and haplotypes in ethnic Northeast Thais. Tissue Antigens, 75: 701-711 (2010).
367. Pimtanothai, N., Charoenwongse, P., Mutirangura, A. and Hurley, C. K.: Distribution of HLA-B alleles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and normal controls in Thailand. Tissue Antigens, 59: 223-225 (2002).
368. Hoa, B. K., Hang, N. T., Kashiwase, K., Ohashi, J., Lien, L. T., Horie, T., Shojima, J., Hijikata, M., Sakurada, S., Satake, M., Tokunaga, K., Sasazuki, T. and Keicho, N.: HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in the Kinh population in Vietnam. Tissue Antigens, 71: 127-134 (2008).
369. Rani, R., Marcos, C., Lazaro, A. M., Zhang, Y. and Stastny, P.: Molecular diversity of HLA-A, -B and -C alleles in a North Indian population as determined by PCR-SSOP. Int. J. Immunogenet., 34: 201-208 (2007).
370. Rajalingam, R., Krausa, P., Shilling, H. G., Stein, J. B., Balamurugan, A., McGinnis, D., Cheng, N., Mehra, N. K. and Parham, P.: Distinctive KIR and HLA diversity in a panel of north Indian Hindus. Immunogenetics, 53: 1009-1019 (2002).
371. Shankarkumar, U., Sridharan, B. and Pitchappan, R. M.: HLA diversity among Nadars, a primitive Dravidian caste of South India. Tissue Antigens, 62: 542-547 (2003).
372. Mohyuddin, A., Ayub, Q., Khaliq, S., Mansoor, A., Mazhar, K., Rehman, S. and Mehdi, S. Q.: HLA polymorphism in six ethnic groups from Pakistan. Tissue Antigens, 59: 492-501 (2002).
373. Farjadian, S., Naruse, T., Kawata, H., Ghaderi, A., Bahram, S. and Inoko, H.: Molecular analysis of HLA allele frequencies and haplotypes in Baloch of Iran compared with related populations of Pakistan. Tissue Antigens, 64: 581-587 (2004).
374. Sánchez-Velasco, P., Karadsheh, N. S., García-Martín, A., Ruíz de Alegría, C. and Leyva-Cobián, F.: Molecular analysis of HLA allelic frequencies and haplotypes in Jordanians and comparison with other related populations. Hum. Immunol., 62: 901-909 (2001).
375. Darke, C., Guttridge, M. G., Thompson, J., McNamara, S., Street, J. and Thomas, M.: HLA class I (A, B) and II (DR, DQ) gene and haplotype frequencies in blood donors from Wales. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet., 15: 69-83 (1998).
376. Middleton, D., Williams, F., Meenagh, A., Daar, A. S., Gorodezky, C., Hammond, M., Nascimento, E., Briceno, I. and Perez, M. P.: Analysis of the distribution of HLA-A alleles in populations from five continents. Hum. Immunol., 61: 1048-1052 (2000).
377. Williams, F., Meenagh, A., Darke, C., Acosta, A., Daar, A. S., Gorodezky, C., Hammond, M., Nascimento, E. and Middleton, D.: Analysis of the distribution of HLA-B alleles in populations from five continents. Hum. Immunol., 62: 645-650 (2001).
378. Dunne, C., Crowley, J., Hagan, R., Rooney, G. and Lawlor, E.: HLA-A, B, Cw, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 alleles and haplotypes in the genetically homogenous Irish population. Int. J. Immunogenet., 35: 295-302 (2008).
379. Hidajat, H., Andrien, M., De Canck, I. and Dupont, E.: Caucasian Belgian Normal. In Terasaki, P.I. and Gjertson, D.W. (ed.): HLA 1998, Los Angeles, American Society for Histocompatibility, 1998, pp. 119-121.
380. Schmidt, A. H., Baier, D., Solloch, U. V., Stahr, A., Cereb, N., Wassmuth, R., Ehninger, G. and Rutt, C.: Estimation of highresolution HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies based on 8862 German stem cell donors and implications for strategic donor registry planning. Hum. Immunol., 70: 895-902 (2009).
381. Ferrara, G. B., Delfino, L., Longo, A., Morabito, A., Pera, C. and Pozzi, C.: Caucasian Italian Normal. In Terasaki, P.I. and Gjertson, D.W. (ed.): HLA 1998, Los Angeles, American Society for Histocompatibility, 1998, pp. 166-167.
382. Comas, D., Mateu, E., Calafell, F., Pérez-Lezaun, A., Bosch, E., Martínez-Arias, R. and Bertranpetit, J.: HLA class I and class II DNA typing and the origin of Basques. Tissue Antigens, 51: 30-40 (1998).
383. Ivanova, M., Rozemuller, E., Tyufekchiev, N., Michailova, A., Tilanus, M. and Naumova, E.: HLA polymorphism in Bulgarians defined by high-resolution typing methods in comparison with other populations. Tissue Antigens, 60: 496-504 (2002).
384. Nowak, J., Mika-Witkowska, R., Polak, M., Zajko, M., Rogatko-Koroś, M., Graczyk-Pol, E. and Lange, A.: Allele and extended haplotype polymorphism of HLA-A, -C, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 loci in Polish population and genetic affinities to other populations. Tissue Antigens, 71: 193-205 (2008).
385. Piancatelli, D., Canossi, A., Aureli, A., Oumhani, K., Del Beato, T., Di Rocco, M., Liberatore, G., Tessitore, A., Witter, K., El Aouad, R. and Adorno, D.: Human leukocyte antigen-A, -B, and -Cw polymorphism in a Berber population from North Morocco using sequence-based typing. Tissue Antigens, 63: 158-172 (2004).
386. Ayed, K., Ayed-Jendoubi, S., Sfar, I., Labonne, M. P. and Gebuhrer, L.: HLA class-I and HLA class-II phenotypic, gene and haplotypic frequencies in Tunisians by using molecular typing data. Tissue Antigens, 64: 520-532 (2004).
387. Kijak, G. H., Walsh, A. M., Koehler, R. N., Moqueet, N., Eller, L. A., Eller, M., Currier, J. R., Wang, Z., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Kibuuka, H. N., Michael, N. L., Robb, M. L. and McCutchan, F. E.: HLA class I allele and haplotype diversity in Ugandans supports the presence of a major east African genetic cluster. Tissue Antigens, 73: 262-269 (2009).
388. Cao, K., Moormann, A. M., Lyke, K. E., Masaberg, C., Sumba, O. P., Doumbo, O. K., Koech, D., Lancaster, A., Nelson, M., Meyer, D., Single, R., Hartzman, R. J., Plowe, C. V., Kazura, J., Mann, D. L., Sztein, M. B., Thomson, G. and Fernández-Viña, M. A.: Differentiation between African populations is evidenced by the diversity of alleles and haplotypes of HLA class I loci. Tissue Antigens, 63: 293-325 (2004).
389. Tang, J., Naik, E., Costello, C., Karita, E., Rivers, C., Allen, S. and Kaslow, R. A.: Characteristics of HLA class I and class II polymorphisms in Rwandan women. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet., 17: 185-198 (2000).
390. Ellis, J. M., Mack, S. J., Leke, R. F., Quakyi, I., Johnson, A. H. and Hurley, C. K.: Diversity is demonstrated in class I HLA-A and HLA-B alleles in Cameroon, Africa: description of HLAA* 03012, *2612, *3006 and HLA-B*1403, *4016, *4703. Tissue Antigens, 56: 291-302 (2000).
391. Maiers, M., Gragert, L. and Klitz, W.: High-resolution HLA alleles and haplotypes in the United States population. Hum. Immunol., 68: 779-788 (2007).
392. Mack, S. J., Tu, B., Lazaro, A., Yang, R., Lancaster, A. K., Cao, K., Ng, J. and Hurley, C. K.: HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies distinguish Eastern European Americans from the general European American population. Tissue Antigens, 73: 17-32 (2009).
393. Tu, B., Mack, S. J., Lazaro, A., Lancaster, A., Thomson, G., Cao, K., Chen, M., Ling, G., Hartzman, R., Ng, J. and Hurley, C. K.: HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in an African American population. Tissue Antigens, 69: 73-85 (2007).
394. Klitz, W., Gragert, L., Maiers, M., Tu, B., Lazaro, A., Yang, R., Xu, Q., Masaberg, C., Ng, J. and Hurley, C. K.: Four-locus high-resolution HLA typing in a sample of Mexican Americans. Tissue Antigens, 74: 508-513 (2009).